STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES- R.C.

SLAB
Many strengthening techniques are available depending on the purpose needed from
strengthening. Some of those techniques are explained in details in the following sections.
Why do we strengthen or retrofit buildings?
Increase in the applied loads.
Mistakes or unsafe design.
R.steel corrosion or insufficient number of bars
Cracks in concrete or stress less than design stress.
The settlement in the foundation is more than the allowable.
STRENGTHENING OF R.C.SLABS
In some cases, and due to increasing the applied loads on slabs or their unsafe design, or
corrosion of the reinforcing steel bars, or cracks in the slabs, one of the following solutions
should be made:
1. If the slab is unable to carry the negative moment and the lower steel is sufficient, upper steel
mesh should be added with a new concrete layer.
2. If the slab is unable to carry the positive moment or when the dead load (that will be added to
the slab)is much less than the live load carried by the slab , a new concrete layer on the bottom of
the slab should be added.
In order to implement the previous solutions, the following steps should be made as shown in
Fig 1and Fig 2:
1. Removing the concrete cover.
2. Cleaning the reinforcing steel bars using a wire brush or a sand compressor.
3. Coating the steel bars with an epoxy material that would prevent corrosion.
4.If a high percent of corrosion was found in the steel bars, a new steel mesh, designed according
to the codes requirements, must be added.
5.The new reinforcing steel mesh is then installed and fastened vertically to the slab of the roof
and horizontally to the surrounding beams ,using steel dowels.
6. Coating the concrete surface with an appropriate epoxy material that would guarantee the
bond between the old and new concrete.
7.Before the epoxy dries, the concrete is poured with the required thickness .Additional materials
that would lower the shrinkage should be added to the concrete.

Fig.1: Strengthening a slab by increasing its depth from bottom

Fig.2: Strengthening a slab by increasing its depth from top.

There are also some other techniques used for strengthening a reinforced concrete slab such as:
Increasing the shear bearing capacity of the slab by adding steel plates strengthened by
vertical screw bolts.
Strengthening of the slab by post stressed reinforcement.
Adding steel beams.
In case of hollow slabs, reinforced concrete is added inside the holes of the slab.

STRENGTHENING OF R.C.BEAMS
Reinforced concrete beams need strengthening when the existing steel bars in the beam are
unsafe or insufficient, or when the loads applied to the beam are increased. In such cases, there
are different solutions that could be followed:
I-ADDING REINFORCEMENT STEEL BARS TO THE MAIN STEEL WITHOUT
INCREASING THE BEAMS CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
This solution is carried out when the reinforcing steel bars are not capable to carry the stresses
applied to the beam. The following steps should be followed:
1. The concrete cover is removed for both the upper and lower steel bars.
2. The steel bars are well cleaned and coated with an appropriate material that would prevent
corrosion.
3. Holes are made, in the whole span of the beam under the slab, as shown in Fig.1, 15-25cm
apart, a diameter of 1.3cm and extend to the total width of the beam.
.
Fig.1: Holes in the span of a beam
4. The holes are filled with an epoxy material with low viscosity and installing steel connectors
for fastening the new stirrups.
5. Steel connectors are installed into the columns in order to fasten the steel bars added to the
beam.
6. The added stirrups are closed using steel wires and the new steel is installed into these stirrups.
7. The surface is then coated with a bonding epoxy material.
8. The concrete cover is poured over the new steel and the new stirrups.
The previous steps are illustrated in Fig 2.

Fig.2- Strengthening a beam without increasing cross sectional area.
II-INCREASING BOTH THE REINFORCING STEEL BARS AND THE CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA OF CONCRETE
This solution is chosen when both the steel and concrete are not able to carry the additional loads
applied to the beam. In such cases the following steps should be followed as in Fig 3.
1. Removing the concrete cover, roughing the beams surface, cleaning the reinforcement steel
bars and coating them with an appropriate material that would prevent corrosion.
2. Making holes in the whole span and width of the beam under the slab at
15-25cm.
3. Filling the holes with cement mortar with low viscosity and installing steel connectors for
fastening the new stirrups.
4. Installing the steel connectors into the columns in order to fasten the steel bars added to the
beam.
5. Closing the added stirrups using steel wires and the new steel is installed into these stirrups.
6. Coating the concrete surface with an appropriate epoxy material that would guarantee the
bond between the old and new concrete, exactly before pouring the concrete.
7. Pouring the concrete jacket using low shrinkage concrete.

Fig.3: Strengthening of beam by increasing the cross-sectional area and bars
III-ADDING STEEL PLATES TO THE BEAM
When it is required to strengthen the beams resistance against the applied moment or shear
stress, steel plates are designed with the appropriate size and thickness.
Then those plates are attached to the beam as follows:
1. Roughing and cleaning the concrete surfaces where the plates will be attached.
2. Coating the concrete surfaces with a bonding epoxy material.
3. Making holes in the concrete surfaces and plates.
4. Putting a layer of epoxy mortar on top of the plates with a 5mm thickness.
5. Attaching the steel plates to the concrete using bolts.
The previous steps are illustrated in Fig 4.

Fig.4: Strengthening of Beam by adding steel plates
In some cases, it is needed to reduce the load on the beam that needs strengthening before
implementing the previous steps, either partial or complete unloading.
This is made by putting steel beams on top or below the concrete beams, as shown in Fig5.

Fig.5: Reducing the load on the beam using steel beam.
The following photos (8-11) were taken during strengthening an existing building; they present
the practical method of implementing some strengthening techniques.



STRENGTHENING OF R.C.COLUMNS
Strengthening of reinforced concrete columns is needed when:
1. The load carried by the column is increased due to either increasing the number of floors or
due to mistakes in the design.
2. The compressive strength of the concrete or the percent and type of reinforcement are not
according to the codes requirements.
3. The inclination of the column is more than the allowable.
4. The settlement in the foundation is more than the allowable.
There are two major techniques for strengthening reinforced concrete columns:
1 REINFORCED CONCRETE JACKET
The size of the jacket and the number and diameter of the steel bars used in the jacketing process
depend on the structural analysis that was made to the column.
In some cases, before this technique is carried out, we need to reduce or even eliminate
temporarily the loads applied to the column; this is done by the following steps:
Putting mechanical jacks between floors.
Putting additional props between floors.
Moreover, in some cases, where corrosion in the reinforcement steel bars was found, the
following steps should be carried out:
Remove the concrete cover.
Clean the steel bars using a wire brush or sand compressor.
Coat the steel bars with an epoxy material that would prevent corrosion.
If there was no need for the previous steps, the jacketing process could start by the following
steps:
1. Adding steel connectors into the existing column in order to fasten the new stirrups of the jacket
in both the vertical and horizontal directions at spaces not more than 50cm.Those connectors
are added into the column by making holes 3-4mm larger than the diameter of the used steel
connectors and 10-15cm depth.
2. Filling the holes with an appropriate epoxy material then inserting the connectors into the holes.
3. Adding vertical steel connectors to fasten the vertical steel bars of the jacket following the same
procedure in step 1 and 2.
4. Installing the new vertical steel bars and stirrups of the jacket according to the designed
dimensions and diameters.
5. Coating the existing column with an appropriate epoxy material that would guarantee the bond
between the old and new concrete.
6. Pouring the concrete of the jacket before the epoxy material dries. The concrete used should be
of low shrinkage and consists of small aggregates, sand, cement and additional materials to
prevent shrinkage.
The previous steps are illustrated in Fig 1.

Fig:1. Increasing the cross-sectional area of column by RC jacketing.
2 STEEL JACKET
This technique is chosen when the loads applied to the column will be increased, and at the same
time, increasing the cross sectional area of the column is not permitted.
This technique is implemented by the following steps as shown in Fig 2:
1. Removing the concrete cover.
2. Cleaning the reinforcement steel bars using a wire brush or a sand compressor.
3. Coating the steel bars with an epoxy material that would prevent corrosion.
4. Installing the steel jacket with the required size and thickness, according to the design, and
making openings to pour through them the epoxy material that would guarantee the needed bond
between the concrete column and the steel jacket.
5. Filling the space between the concrete column and the steel jacket with an appropriate epoxy
material.

Fig:2. Increasing the cross-sectional area of column by steel jacketing.
In some cases, where the column is needed to carry bending moment and transfer it successfully
through the floors, one should install a steel collar at the neck of the column by means of bolts or
a suitable bonding material.

Fig:3. shows a column which was strengthened with steel angles.
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STRENGTHENING OF FOUNDATIONS
Columns foundations need strengthening in the case of applying additional loads. Widening and
strengthening of existing foundations may be carried out by constructing a concrete jacket to the
existing footings. The new jacket hould be properly anchored to the existing footing and column
neck in order o guarantee proper transfer of loads. The size of the "jacket" shall be selected such
that the average maximum foundation pressure does not exceed the recommended allowable
value. Attention shall be given during construction in rder that the excavations for the new
"jackets" do not affect the existing djacent foundations.
An isolated footing is strengthened by increasing the size of the footing and the reinforcement
steel bars as follows:
1. Excavating around the footing
2. Cleaning and roughening the concrete surface.
3. Installing dowels at 25-30cm spacing in both directions using an appropriate epoxy material.
4. Fastening the new steel bars with the dowels using steel wires. The diameter and number of
steel bars should be according to the design.
5. Coating the footing surface with a bonding agent in order to achieve the equired bond between
old and new concrete.
6. Pouring the new concrete before the bonding agent dries. The new oncrete should contain a
non-shrinkage material.
The previous steps are illustrated in Fig 1.

Fig.1: Steps for strengthening foundations
The following photos (13-16) illustrate the practical way of jacketing a footing by reinforced
concrete.


STRENGTHENING OF R.C.WALLS
The dimensions of the wall and its reinforcement are in creased by the following steps:
1. Roughing the total area of the concrete surface.
2. Installing steel connectors for the whole surface at 25-30cm spaces in both directions. The
diameter of the steel connectors is determined according to the design and their depth should be
5-7 times their diameter.
3. Installing steel connectors into the wall footings, with the same number and diameter of the
main vertical steel bars, using an epoxy material.
4. Installing the steel mesh and fasten it by steel wires to the steel connectors.
5. Coating the surface of the wall with an appropriate epoxy material.
6. Pouring the concrete jacket using low shrinkage concrete before drying of the epoxy material.
The previous steps are illustrated in Fig 1.

Fig1. Strengthening of RC Walls