1 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

INSTITUT KEMAHIRAN MARA LUMUT

CERTIFICATE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (NETWORKING)



(KFC 2044 NETWORK FUNDAMENTAL)


ASSINGMENT
UNIT 1

NAMA: MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN
I.C NO. : 951207-14-5463
NO DAFTAR: 1401120
PENGAJAR: MOHD SHUKRI BIN MUHAMAD HUSIN

2 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

CERTIFICATE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (NETWORKING)
ASSIGNMENT (KFC 2044 NETWORK FUNDAMENTAL)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO INDEX PAGE
1
IP ADDRESS CLASSES
CALCULATION
3 - 5
2 PROBLEM 1 6
3 PROBLEM 2 7
4 PROBLEM 3 8
5 PROBLEM 4 9
6 PROBLEM 5 10
7 PROBLEM 6 11
8
SUBNETTING
CALCULATION
12 14
9 PROBLEM 1 15
10 PROBLEM 2 16
11 PROBLEM 3 17
12 PROBLEM 4 18
13 PROBLEM 5 19
14 PROBLEM 6 20
15 NOTE 21



3 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN



4 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

IP ADDRESS CLASSES
HOW TO CALCULATION FOR IP ADDRESS CLASSES

TASK 1: For a given IP Address, Determine Network Information
Given:
INDEX RESULT
Host IP Address 172.25.114.250
Network Mask 255.255.0.0 (/16)

Find:
Network Address 172.25.0.0
Network Broadcast Address 172.25.255.255
Total Number of Hosts Bits 65534
Number of Hosts 2
16


Step 1: Determine the Network Address
Network Address = 172.25.0.0
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+32+8+4=172
16+8+1=25
0=0
0=0

: Just a coloured box that can only be added.
Step 2: Determine the Broadcast Address for the Network Address
Network Broadcast Address:
172.25.255.255


2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Binary Number
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+32+8+4=172
16+8+1=25
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary Number
5 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN


How to Determine the Host ID and Host ID Number

Steps as follows:
a. Aware of Any IP Classes will we find host, the aim is to determine the amount of
net bits or id host id (a).
b. To know the subnet bits, can be determined by:
2n = Subnet
n = lots of bits Subnet
c. Now that you know a lot of bits used subnet, then we find a lot of bits used to
calculate the number of host id, by the way:
b = a-n
d. Formulas Total Host ID = 2b-2
Okay, after knowing the steps needed to find and count the number of hosts, it is time to
find the answer:
Q: Ip Address: 192.168.1.0 Subnet there are 4
Diket: Class C
JML bit host id = 8 bits
JML bit subnet: 2n = 4, n = 2 bits
JML bit of waste: 8-2 = 6, then b = 6
Number of Host Bits
10101100 : 00011001 : 00000000 : 00000000
8x2=24
32-24=16
Host bits = 16
Total number of hosts:
2
^
16

= 65536
65536-2 = 65534 (Address that cannot use the all OS Address, Network Address, or the all
1
st
Address, Broadcast Address).

Classes of IP Address
The following are the classes of IP addresses.
Class AThe first octet denotes the network address, and the last three octets are the host portion. Any
IP address whose first octet is between 1 and 126 is a Class A address. Note that 0 is reserved as a
part of the default address, and 127 is reserved for internal loopback testing.
Class BThe first two octets denote the network address, and the last two octets are the host portion.
Any address whose first octet is in the range 128 to 191 is a Class B address.
Class CThe first three octets denote the network address, and the last octet is the host portion. The
first octet range of 192 to 223 is a Class C address.
Class DUsed for multicast. Multicast IP addresses have their first octets in the range 224 to 239.
Class EReserved for future use and includes the range of addresses with a first octet from 240 to 255.

6 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN


TASK 2: CHALLAGE
Problem 1
Host IP Address 172.30.1.33
Network Mask 255.255.0.0
Network Address 172.30.0.0
Network Broadcast Address 172.30.255.255
Total Number of Host Bits 65,536
Number of Hosts 2
16


Network Address = 172.30.0.0
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+32+8+4=172
16+8+4+2=30
0=0
0=0


Network Broadcast Address = 172.30.255.255







Number of Host Bits:
10101100 : 00011110 : 00000000 : 00000000
8x2=16
32-16=16
Host bits = 16
Total Number of Hosts:
2^16

= 65536
65536-2 = 65534

2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Binary Number
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+32+8+4=172
16+8+4+2=30
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary Number
7 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 2
Host IP Address 172.30.1.33
Network Mask 255.255.255.0
Network Address 172.30.1.0
Network Broadcast Address 172.30.1.255
Total Number of Host Bits 254
Number of Hosts 2
8


Network Address =172.30.1.0

Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+32+8+4=172
16+8+4+2=30
1=1
0=0


Network Broadcast Address = 172.30.1.255





Nu
mb
er of Host Bits:
10101100 : 00011110 : 00000001 : 00000000
8x3=24
32-24=8
Host bits = 8
Total Number of Host:
2
^
8=256
256-2=254


2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Binary Number
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+32+8+4=172
16+8+4+2=30
1=1
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary Number
8 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 3
Host IP Address 192.168.10.234
Network Mask 255.255.255.0
Network Address 192.168.10.0
Network Broadcast Address 192.168.10.255
Total Number of Host Bits 254
Number of Hosts 2
8


Network Address =
192.168.10.0
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+64=192
128+32+8=168
8+2=10
0=0


Network Broadcast Address = 192.168.10.255







Number of Host Bits:
11000000 : 10101000 : 00001010 : 00000000
8x3=24
32-24=8
Host bits = 8
Total Number of Host:
2
^
8=256
256-2=254
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Binary Number
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+64=192
128+32+8=168
8+2=10
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary Number
9 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 4
Host IP Address 172.17.99.71
Network Mask 255.255.0.0
Network Address 172.17.0.0
Network Broadcast Address 172.17.255.255
Total Number of Host Bits 65534
Number of Hosts 2
16


Network Address =172.17.0.0

Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+32+8+4=172
16+1=17
0=0
0=0


Network Broadcast Address = 172.17.255.255



Nu
mb
er
of
Host Bits:
10101100 : 00010001 : 00000000 : 00000000
8x2=16
32-16=16
Host bits = 16
Total Number of Hosts:
2^16

= 65536
65536-2 = 65534



Problem 5
Host IP Address 192.168.3.219
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Binary Number
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+32+8+4=172
16+1=17
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary Number
10 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Network Mask 255.255.0.0
Network Address 192.168.0.0
Network Broadcast Address 192.168.255.255
Total Number of Host Bits 65534
Number of Hosts 2
16


Network Address =
192.168.0.0
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+64=192
128+32+8=168
0=0
0=0


Network Broadcast Address = 192.168.255.255








Number of Host Bits:
11000000 : 10101000 : 00000000 : 00000000
8x2=16
32-16=16
Host bits = 16
Total Number of Hosts:
2^16

= 65536
65536-2 = 65534


2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Binary Number
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+64=192
128+32+8=168
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary Number
11 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 6
Host IP Address 192.168.3.219
Network Mask 255.255.255.224
Network Address 192.168.3.192
Network Broadcast Address 192.168.3.223
Total Number of Host Bits 30
Number of Hosts 2
5


Network Address =
192.168.3.192
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+64=192
128+32+8=168
2+1=3
128+64=192



Network Broadcast Address = 192.168.3.223











Number of Host Bits:
11000000 : 10101000 : 00000011 : 11000000
Subnet #6 = Subnet ID 110 / Host #0 = Host ID 00000
Host Bits = 5

Total Number of Hosts:
2^5 = 32
32-2 = 30



2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Binary Number
Decimal Number
(IP Address)
128+64=192
128+32+8=168
2+1=3
128+64+16+8+4+2+1=223
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
Binary Number
12 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN




13 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

TASK 2
TASK 1: For a given IP Address, Determine Network Information.
Given:
INDEX RESULT
Host IP Address 172.25.114.250
Network Mask 255.255.0.0 (/16)
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192 (/26)

Find:
Host IP Address 172.25.114.250
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192 (/26)
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnet
10 Bits
2
10
= 1024 Subnet
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
6 Bits
= 2^6 = 64 -2 = 62 hosts per subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address 172.25.114.192
IP Address of First Host on this Subnet 172.25.114.193
IP Address of Last Host on this Subnet 172.25.114.254
Broadcast Address for this Subnet 172.25.114.255

IP Address: 172.25.114.250
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 = 11111111,11111111,11111111,11000000

NUMBER OF SUBNET BITS

Network = 11111111,11000000 = 2^10 = 1024
: Host = 2^10 = 1024 Subnet
: 10 Bits

NUMBER OF HOST BITS PER SUBNET
: 11111111,11000000 = 2^6
: 6 Bits

NUMBER OF USABLE HOST PER SUBNET
= 2^6 = 64 -2 = 62 hosts per subnet









14 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Major Divide (M.D) Subnet Divide (S.D)
IP Address 172.25.114.250 10101100 00011001 01110010 11111010
Subnet
Mask
255.255.255.192
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
Subnet
Address
172.25.114.192
10101100 00011001 01110010 11000000

-Subnet
Counting Range
-Host Counting
Range
First Host 172.25.114.193 10101100 00011001 01110010 11000001
172 25 114 193
Last Host 172.25.114.254 10101100 00011001 01110010 11111110
172 25 114 254
Broadcast 172.25.114.255 10101100 00011001 01110010 11111111
172 25 114 255































15 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 1
Host IP Address 172.30.1.33
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnet
8 Bits
= 2^8 = 256 Subnet
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
8 Bits
= 2^8 = 256 2 = 254 hosts per subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address 172.30.1.0
IP Address of First Host on this Subnet 172.30.1.1
IP Address of Last Host on this Subnet 172.30.1.254
Broadcast Address for this Subnet 172.30.1.255

IP Address: 172.30.1.33
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 = 11111111,11111111,11111111,00000000

NUMBER OF SUBNET BITS

Network = 11111111,00000000 = 2^8 = 256
: Host = 2^8 = 256 Subnet
: 8 Bits

NUMBER OF HOST BITS PER SUBNET
: 2^8
: 8 Bits

NUMBER OF USABLE HOST PER SUBNET
= 2^8 = 256 2 = 254 hosts per subnet

Major Divide (M.D) Subnet Divide (S.D)
IP Address 172.30.1.33 10101100 00011110 00000001 00100001
Subnet
Mask
255.2555.255.0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Subnet
Address
172.30.1.0
10101100 00011110 00000001 00000000

-Subnet
Counting Range
-Host Counting
Range
First Host 172.30.1.1 10101100 00011110 00000001 00000001
172 30 1 1
Last Host 172.30.1.254 10101100 00011110 00000001 11111110
172 30 1 254
Broadcast 172.30.1.255 10101100 00011110 00000001 11111111
172 30 1 255



16 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 2
Host IP Address 172.30.1.33
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.252
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnet
14 Bits
= 2^14 = 16,384 Subnet
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
14 Bits
= 2^2 = 4 2 = 2 hosts per subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address 172.30.1.32
IP Address of First Host on this Subnet 172.30.1.33
IP Address of Last Host on this Subnet 172.30.1.62
Broadcast Address for this Subnet 172.30.1.63

IP Address: 172.30.1.33
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252 = 11111111,11111111,11111111,00000011

NUMBER OF SUBNET BITS

Network = 11111111,00000011 = 2^14 = 16,384
: Host = 2^14 = 16,384 Subnet
: 14 Bits

NUMBER OF HOST BITS PER SUBNET
: 2^2
: 2 Bits

NUMBER OF USABLE HOST PER SUBNET
= 2^2 = 4 2 = 2 hosts per subnet

Major Divide (M.D) Subnet Divide (S.D)
IP Address 172.30.1.33 10101100 00011110 000000001 00100001
Subnet
Mask
255.255.255.252
11111111 11111111 111111111 11111100
Subnet
Address
172.30.1.32
10101100 00011110 00000001 00100000

-Subnet
Counting Range
-Host Counting
Range
First Host 172.30.1.33 10101100 00011110 00000001 00100001
172 30 1 33
Last Host 172.30.1.62 10101100 00011110 00000001 00111110
172 30 1 62
Broadcast 172.30.1.63 10101100 00011110 00000001 00111111
172 30 1 63



17 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 3
Host IP Address 192.192.10.234
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnet
8 Bits
= 2^8 = 256 Subnet
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
8 Bits
= 2^8 = 256 2 = 254 hosts per subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address 192.192.10.0
IP Address of First Host on this Subnet 192.192.10.1
IP Address of Last Host on this Subnet 192.192.10.254
Broadcast Address for this Subnet 192.192.10.255

IP Address: 192.192.10.234
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 = 11111111,11111111,11111111,00000000

NUMBER OF SUBNET BITS

Network = 11111111,00000000 = 2^8 = 256
: Host = 2^8 = 256 Subnet
: 8 Bits

NUMBER OF HOST BITS PER SUBNET
: 2^8
: 8 Bits

NUMBER OF USABLE HOST PER SUBNET
= 2^8 = 256 2 = 254 hosts per subnet

Major Divide (M.D) Subnet Divide (S.D)
IP Address 192.192.10.234 11000000 11000000 00001010 11101010
Subnet
Mask
255.255.255.0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Subnet
Address
192.192.10.0
11000000 11000000 00001010 00000000

-Subnet
Counting Range
-Host Counting
Range
First Host 192.192.10.1 11000000 11000000 00001010 00000001
192 192 10 1
Last Host 192.192.10.254 11000000 11000000 00001010 11111110
192 192 10 254
Broadcast 192.192.10.255 11000000 11000000 00001010 11111111
192 192 10 255



18 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 4
Host IP Address 171.17.99.71
Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnet
0 Bits
= 2^0 = 1 Subnet
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
16 Bits
= 2^16 = 65536 2 = 65534 hosts per subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address 171.17.0.0
IP Address of First Host on this Subnet 171.17.0.1
IP Address of Last Host on this Subnet 171.17.255.254
Broadcast Address for this Subnet 171.17.255.255

IP Address: 171.17.99.71
Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 = 11111111,11111111,00000000,00000000

NUMBER OF SUBNET BITS

Network =00000000,00000000 = 2^0 = 1
: Host = 2^0 = 1
: 0 Bits

NUMBER OF HOST BITS PER SUBNET
: 2^16
: 16 Bits

NUMBER OF USABLE HOST PER SUBNET
= 2^16 = 65536 2 = 65534 hosts per subnet

Major Divide (M.D) Subnet Divide (S.D)
IP Address 171.17.99.71 10101011 00010001 01100011 01000111
Subnet
Mask
255.255.0.0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Subnet
Address
171.17.0.0
10101011 00010001 00000000 00000000

-Subnet
Counting Range
-Host Counting
Range
First Host 171.17.0.1 10101011 00010001 00000000 00000001
171 17 0 1
Last Host 171.17.255.254 10101011 00010001 11111111 11111110
171 17 255 254
Broadcast 171.17.255.255 10101011 00010001 11111111 11111111
171 17 255 255


19 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 5
Host IP Address 192.168.3.219
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnet
8 Bits
= 2^8 = 256 Subnet
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
8 Bits
= 2^8 = 256 2 = 254 hosts per subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address 192.168.3.0
IP Address of First Host on this Subnet 192.168.3.1
IP Address of Last Host on this Subnet 192.168.3.254
Broadcast Address for this Subnet 192.168.3.255

IP Address: 192.168.3.219
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 = 11111111,11111111,11111111,00000000

NUMBER OF SUBNET BITS

Network = 11111111,00000000 = 2^8 = 256
: Host = 2^8 = 256 Subnet
: 8 Bits

NUMBER OF HOST BITS PER SUBNET
: 2^8
: 8 Bits

NUMBER OF USABLE HOST PER SUBNET
= 2^8 = 256 2 = 254 hosts per subnet

Major Divide (M.D) Subnet Divide (S.D)
IP Address 192.168.3.219 11000000 10101000 00000011 11011011
Subnet
Mask
255.255.255.0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Subnet
Address
192.168.3.0
11000000 10101000 00000011 00000000

-Subnet
Counting Range
-Host Counting
Range
First Host 192.168.3.1 11000000 10101000 00000011 00000001
192 168 3 1
Last Host 192.168.3.254 11000000 10101000 00000011 11111110
192 168 3 254
Broadcast 192.168.3.255 11000000 10101000 00000011 111111111
192 168 3 255


20 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

Problem 6
Host IP Address 192.168.3.219
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.252
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnet
14 Bits
= 2^14 = 16,384 Subnet
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
2 Bits
= 2^2 = 4 -2 = 2 hosts per subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address 192.168.3.216
IP Address of First Host on this Subnet 192.168.3.217
IP Address of Last Host on this Subnet 192.168.3.222
Broadcast Address for this Subnet 192.168.3.223

IP Address: 192.168.3.219
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252 = 11111111,11111111,11111111,00000011

NUMBER OF SUBNET BITS

Network = 11111111,00000011 = 2^14 = 16,384
: Host = 2^14 = 16,384 Subnet
: 14 Bits

NUMBER OF HOST BITS PER SUBNET
: 2^2
: 2 Bits

NUMBER OF USABLE HOST PER SUBNET
= 2^2 = 4 -2 = 2 hosts per subnet

Major Divide (M.D) Subnet Divide (S.D)
IP Address 192.168.3.219 11000000 10101000 00000011 11011011
Subnet
Mask
255.255.255.252
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100
Subnet
Address
192.168.3.216
11000000 10101000 00000011 11011000

-Subnet
Counting Range
-Host Counting
Range
First Host 192.168.3.217 11000000 10101000 00000011 11011001
192 168 3 217
Last Host 192.168.3.222 11000000 10101000 00000011 11011110
192 168 3 222
Broadcast 192.168.3.223 11000000 10101000 00000011 11011111
192 168 3 223


21 MUHAMMAD FAIZUUN BIN HUSSIN

NOTE:

Step One

Use the first octet of the IP address to determine the class of address (A, B, or
C).

169.199.109.137 = CLASS B
255.255.255.192


Step Two

Use the class of the address to determine which octets are available for hosts.

CLASS B = Network. Network. Host. Host
169.199.109.137
255.255.255.192


Step Three

Look at the host octet(s) in the subnet mask. Use the "Possible Masks" chart to
determine which bits are set to one. If no bits are set to one, there are no
subnets. If any bits are set to one, proceed to step four.

169.199.109.137
255.255.255.192 = 11111111 11000000 (host octets only)


Step Four

Count the total number of ones in the host octet(s) of the subnet mask. Call this
number X. Raise 2 to the power of X. Use the "Powers of 2" chart if necessary.
This is the number of potential subnets created by the mask. Two of these
potential subnets are normally not usable.

11111111 11000000 = 10 ones. 2
10
= 1,024 - 2 = 1,022 usable subnets created.


Step Five

Count the total number of zeros in the host octet(s) of the subnet mask. Call this
number Y. Raise 2 to the power of Y. Use the "Powers of 2" chart if necessary.
This is the number of potential subnets created by the mask. Two of these
numbers are never used to address hosts.

11111111 11000000 = 6 zeros. 2
6
= 64 - 2 = 62 usable host addresses created.