It is a gross understatement to argue that the central African country of Cameroon was insignificant in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Quite to the contrary, the territory which was demarcated Cameroon in 1884.
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It is a gross understatement to argue that the central African country of Cameroon was insignificant in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Quite to the contrary, the territory which was demarcated Cameroon in 1884.
It is a gross understatement to argue that the central African country of Cameroon was insignificant in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Quite to the contrary, the territory which was demarcated Cameroon in 1884.
It is a gross understatement to argue that the central African country of Cameroon was insignificant in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Quite to the contrary, the territory which was demarcated Cameroon in 1884.
The document discusses the extensive role of Cameroon in the transatlantic slave trade, with thousands captured and transported from various ethnic groups to the Americas and elsewhere between the 17th-19th centuries.
Thousands from various ethnic groups of Cameroon including the Bimbia, Douala, and Bakweri peoples were captured and enslaved for transport.
Countries involved in the slave trade from Cameroon included the Netherlands, Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, and the United States who engaged in both government sanctioned and private slave trading ventures.
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Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade:
A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
Cameroon, the Transatlantic Slave Trade, and Bimbia the Apertura: Research Findings of 166 Slave Ship Voyages And Their Disembarkations*
By Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 28, 2014
It is a gross understatement to argue that the central African country of Cameroon was insignificant in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Quite to the contrary, the territory which was demarcated Cameroon in the 1884 European Scramble for Africa was a hotbed for the enslavement, capture, and transport of human beings of various African ethnic origins into mainly the Americas and the Caribbean, and other points in Africa and Europe as well. The Transatlantic Slave Trade on the Cameroon coast raged from the mid-17 th century to the late 19 th century. What the data reveals from researching various secondary sources, but from mainly primary sources, is that several European countries plied the Cameroon coast in a roving trade for human beings in exchange for petty goods secured by European merchants from Europe and Asia. That is, thousands from ethnic groups of the Cameroon territory were traded for whiskey, beads, cloth and clothing, guns, gun powder, iron bars, brandy, jars, basins, writing implements, cowries, ornaments and figurines, and other petty goods. Those European countries, in a melee of slave ships that were both government sanctioned and privately owned, included the Netherlands, Britain, Spain (sometimes under the guise of Uruguay), Portugal (sometimes under the guise of Brazil), France, and the United States of America. What the data from my research also tells us is that some Africans lost their lives resisting their capture, and that the European slave traders in some instances particularly feared African women. Some slave ship captains and crews referred to African women as riotous as they would use any methods and means necessary to resist, including pelting with rocks, fish, sand and anything else within their reach. They, women like men, would also physically attack European enslavers. Moreover, in some instances, Africans, under attack, would seize slave ships as a way to resist capture, enslavement, and transport to foreign lands. 2 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
The available data on Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave trade also reveals that too many times, however, those not old enough or strong enough to defend themselves and resist were enslaved and transported. Approximately, one-third of all the slave ship voyages that I have located thus far that embarked from the Cameroon territory enslaved and transported children, both boys and girls. In some instances, children were barely weaned from their mothers. In one related instance, records show that a young baby was killed as the European slave traders demanded that the mother be enslaved, but without the child. Hence, the child, torn from the mothers bosom, was murdered to facilitate the mothers enslavement and transport. The distraught and mourning mother was chained and placed aboard the slave ship. This happened on the shores of Bimbia in Southwest Cameroon. Bimbia, the site of this murder and others, as well the site of thousands of forced captures, enslavements, and other horrific torture and tragedies meted out by European enslavers against Africans, was recognized by the Cameroon government in May 2013 as a National Cultural Heritage site. Denoted as a slave trade site, Bimbia represents countless physical deaths of the many who fought against the slave trade, as well as the thousands who were taken into the realm of the unknown to become the backbone of European capitalism and imperialism. The enslaved were treated as sub- human and chattel, referred to as black ivory by European slave traders; and, and were stripped of their identity. Those Africans enslaved and transported from the Cameroon territory would come to be the progenitors of the African Slavery Historic Diaspora carrying African DNA of Cameroon ethnicities with them. Concomitantly, they would also remain the lost family members of Cameroon ethnic groups and families who would carry the sorrow of their loss for generations, with the heaviness of heart of never being able to touch their loved ones again. The enslaved would concomitantly be the link, even in their physical invisibility, that binds Cameroon and its Historic Diaspora. The same genetic makeup would continue to be born in them and their progeny into perpetuity. That the Cameroon government would recognize Bimbia as a National Cultural Heritage Site is one major step toward recognizing the human tragedy, universally known as the Transatlantic Slave Trade that took place on the shores of the country that today we call Cameroon. The Minister of Arts and Culture Ama Tutu Muna mentioned Bimbia at the United Nations 68 th General Assembly Plenary 77 th
Meeting on March 25, 2014 Commemorating Transatlantic Slave Trades Victims. Stretching back to Portuguese claims of founding Cameroon as the Rios dos Camaroes as she briefly discussed Cameroons history, the Minister called for more intensive research on Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, which would further justify and qualify Bimbia for inclusion on UNESCOs World Heritage List. 3 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
My research is demonstrating that while Bimbia is extremely significant, it is the apertura. It is one site at which African ethnicities in Cameroon were forcibly and cruelly whisked away from their homeland, or killed. Bimbia is opening the door for broader research. There are other sites of enslavement, and forced embarkation and transport as well, according to data I have found and validated. They include the Wouri River and Rio Del Rey, where it is logical to assume that similar egregious acts against Africans unfolded as Europeans attempted to pull thousands into the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Slave ship accounts also validate this. For example, from the Wouri River, there is a case in which European enslavers who loaded a slave ship attempted to recoup financial compensation for the loss of 75% of enslaved Africanstheir human cargo they called the enslavedwho perished on a voyage from the Wouri River. Their intended disembarkation was Grenada, but they instead disembarked in Barbardos which was closer. The slave ship owner argued that inclement weather on the seas had prolonged the voyage beyond its scheduled arrival. He specifically argued that the weather-induced delay rendered the food supply for the enslaved insufficient, thereby causing their starvation and death. On those bases, the slave ship owner sued for compensation from the insurers of his slave ship and its contents, as it was commonplace among Europeans for slave ship cargo, material and human, to be insured during the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Slave ship owners wanted to protect their financial investments, as the African enslaved were considered chattel and investments to be sold to earn them profit. Other slave ships from the Cameroon territory for which I have calculated mortality rates, when I have been able to secure and validate the requisite data, have also shown that, at times, half of the Africans enslaved and embarked perished before disembarkation. It is quizzical that so many historians to date have not recognized the significance of Cameroon in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Conventional recounts of history generally tell us that Cameroon was affected in only a minor way in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. This academic assessment about Cameroon to date has been made vis--vis other countries such as Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Angola that were considered central to Africas slave coasts and affected in a major way in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, not like Cameroon. It is fair to say that what has been widely believed and taught is that only a relatively small number of persons from Cameroon ethnic groups were enslaved and transported in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. As we are now learning however, this may not be the case. In fact, it may be the opposite. My research is suggesting that the numbers are likely significantly higher than the latest estimates of 68,000 that Cameroonian experts purported in 1999, and more than the approximated 76,000 in 2002. 4 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
Some historians, however, have left the door open for further research by arguing that it has been difficult, at best, to find numbers of the Cameroonian enslaved. They have further argued that DNA technology may take history to new frontiers. This may indeed be the case for Cameroon. It is advances in DNA technology, that is Deoxyribonucleic Acid technology, since the last decade of the 20 th century that began to turn on its head the belief that Cameroon was not a major victim in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. It was a major victim.
DNA test results, which reveal the origins of the descendants of the African enslaved from the African Slavery Historic Diaspora who voluntarily take the test, suggest that it is not only that Cameroonians were enslaved, but also it was specifically persons from ethnic groups that populate the interior of the country today that were the most vulnerable. Specifically and in descending order, according to the DNA testing company, African Ancestry in Washington, DC which houses the largest African DNA database with 30,000 lineages and which serves a vast global Black community, the most frequent test results with links to Cameroon ethnicities trace those who take the test back to the Tikar, then the Bamileke, then the Hausa, followed by many other Cameroonian ethnic groups. This is based on reported data from 2010. My historical research, from secondary and primary source data, including a cursory analysis of names of the enslaved, supports that many of those captured, enslaved, and transported, in fact, came from the interior of Cameroon. They were shoved in the belly of the slave ship with other ethnic groups from the Cameroon coast, albeit the latter in significantly smaller numbers. This gives us some idea of who was on the slave ships, what ethnic groups lost members to the Transatlantic Slave trade, what families suffered unimaginable loss and grief, and who was taken into the Diaspora. I, with my undergraduate student volunteer research team, from late September 2010 to date July 2014 have been able to locate and validate the following 166 slave ship voyages that left the Cameroon territory. Included in the charts below, divided by points of embarkation in Cameroon, are the following: ship names, year of sail with the African enslaved, national flag depicting origin of slave ships, and disembarkations points of the slave ships and enslaved. This information gives us an idea of the diasporization scope of the Cameroonian enslaved, and pinpoints places and countries in which the Cameroon Diaspora exists today. Of the slave ships, 9 sailed in the 1600s; 98 sailed in the 1700s; and, 59 sailed in the 1800s. Fifteen embarked the enslaved at Bimbia; 9 embarked the enslaved at Rio del Rey, 32 embarked the enslaved at Wouri, and 110 embarked the enslaved at locations that will hopefully be determined through our continued research. 5 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
The national origin of the slave ships and the number of their ships among the 166 follow in this numerically ascending order: USA 1; France 1; Undetermined 1; Netherlands 6; Spain/Uruguay 8; Portugal/Brazil 30; Britain 119. Britains volume of slave ships constitutes over 70% of the slave ships that I have located that embarked, enslaved, and transported the African enslaved from the Cameroon territory. I have located other ships, in addition to the 166, in which we are in the process of validating. One ship is named Bimbia. Its nation origin is Denmark. It sailed it 1802, and disembarked 143 enslaved Africans in St. Croix, of the 158 it embarked. The Bimbia embarkation location in Africa in not yet determined. Would we be surprised if it embarked at Bimbia in Southwest, Cameroon? There are likely other slave ship voyages from the Cameroon territory that we are yet to unearth. We continue to dig deep to recover the history of Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Our speed is heavily influenced by having access the necessary human, financial, and material resources needed to proceed with the research. Bimbia is the apertura. It leads us to the Cameroon Diaspora, and our African continental-Diaspora reconnection.
Dr. Lisa Aubrey and Student Research Team Findings BIMBIA: Point of Embarkation SLAVE SHIP NAME YEAR SLAVE SHIP NATIONAL FLAG DISEMBARKATION POINT(S) ANT 1784 Britain Grenada ANT 1786 Britain Grenada BEATRICE 1790 Britain Jamaica COBRA da AFRICA 1837 Portugal/Brazil Freetown COMET 1788 Britain St. Vincent CONCEICAO de MARIA SANTISSIMA 1813 Portugal/Brazil Brazil CONCEICAO de MARIA SANTISSIMA 1814 Portugal/Brazil Brazil GABRIEL (a) DOIS AMIGOS 1838 Portugal/Brazil Cuba GALEAO 1811 Portugal/Brazil Brazil MARIA 1790 Britain Martinique MARIA 1787 Britain St. Vincent SEARLE 1787 Britain Grenada VIBORA de CABO VERDE 1837 Spain/Uruguay Sierra Leone ANTONINA 1836 N/A Cuba NINFA (a) MANTANZERA** 1835 Spain/Uruguay Cuba 6 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
RIO DEL REY: Point of Embarkation SLAVE SHIP NAME YEAR SLAVE SHIP NATIONAL FLAG DISEMBARKATION POINT(S) NIEUW ENKHUIZEN 1644 Netherlands Brazil RAPHAEL 1645 Britain Bardados SALAMANDER 1645 Britain N/A RODE LEEUW 1654 Netherlands Martinique EMPLOYMENT 1656 Britain N/A EENDRACHT 1657 Netherlands Spain HOOP (a) ESPERANZA 1659 Netherlands Argentina ZWARTE AREND 1659 Netherlands Panama NEPTUNE 1773 Britain Dominica
WOURI RIVER: Point of Embarkation SLAVE SHIP NAME YEAR SLAVE SHIP NATIONAL FLAG DISEMBARKATION POINT(S) JONGE PRINS 1658 Netherlands Guyana FOX 1773 Britain Barbados KING OF PRUSSIA 1774 Britain Barbados BADGER 1777 Britain Dominica ANN 1778 Britain Barbados, Grenada HAWKE 1780 Britain Jamaica HAWKE 1781 Britain St. Lucia SARAH 1790 Britain Jamaica SAINT ANNA 1803 Britain Grenada NS da CONCEICAO da Maria Santissima 1810 Portugal/ Brazil N/A DIDO 1812 Portugal/ Brazil Brazil 7 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
S JOAQUIM AUGUSTO 1812 Portugal/ Brazil Brazil DIDO 1814 Portugal/ Brazil Brazil S JOSE ARLEQUIM 1814 Portugal/ Brazil Brazil DIDO 1815 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone EMILIA 1821 Portugal/ Brazil Brazil COMERCIANTE 1822 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone NS da CONCEICAO 1822 Portugal/ Brazil SIerra Leone POLIFEMO 1823 Portugal/ Brazil Brazil HYPPOLITE 1826 France Cuba, Bahamas INVENCIVEL 1827 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone ARSENIA 1828 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone CLEMENTINA 1828 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone ESTRELA do MAR 1828 Portugal/ Brazil N/A JOSEFINA 1828 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone VOADORA 1828 Portugal/ Brazil Fernando Po, Sierra Leone CERES 1829 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone DOS AMIGOS 1830 Spain/Uruguay Sierra Leone PLANETA 1832 Spain/Uruguay Cuba PEPITA 1834 Spain/Uruguay Sierra Leone MINDELO 1836 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone OLIMPIA 1836 Portugal/ Brazil Sierra Leone
CAMEROON: Point of Embarkation To Be Determined in Continued Research SLAVE SHIP NAME YEAR SLAVE SHIP NATIONAL FLAG DISEMBARKATION POINT(S) POLLY 1755 USA USA (South Carolina/New York) RACOON 1756 Britain N/A CALVELEY 1758 Britain Windward Coast SALISBURY 1758 Britain Guadeloupe UNION 1761 Britain Barbados, Guadeloupe HENRY 1763 Britain Grenada UNION 1764 Britain St. Kitts 8 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
HENRY 1766 Britain Grenada UNION 1766 Britain St. Kitts CATHERINE 1767 Britain N/A EDWARD 1767 Britain St. Kitts FANNY 1767 Britain Barbados WILLIAM 1767 Britain Antigua KING OF PRUSSIA 1768 Britain Grenada UNION 1768 Britain Antigua BELLA 1769 Britain Barbados HENRY 1769 Britain Grenada UNION 1769 Britain Barbados WILLIAM 1769 Britain Barbados CHARLES 1770 Britain Dominica KING OF PRUSSIA 1770 Britain Barbados WILLIAM 1770 Britain Barbados BELLA 1771 Britain Dominica CAMBRIDGE 1771 Britain USA (Virginia) FERRET 1771 Britain Grenada UNION 1771 Britain Barbados WHIM 1771 Britain St. Vincent BELLA 1772 Britain Jamaica CHARLES 1772 Britain Grenada FOX 1772 Britain USA (Virginia) KING OF PRUSSIA 1772 Britain St. Vincent PEGGY 1772 Britain Dominica SURRY 1772 Britain Grenada KING OF PRUSSIA 1773 Britain Grenada PEGGY 1773 Britain Jamaica BADGER 1774 Britain Barbados BELLA 1774 Britain Dominica BELLA 1774 Britain Grenada, Dominica FAVOURITE 1774 Britain Grenada FAVOURITE 1774 Britain Grenada FOX 1774 Britain Dominica SAM 1774 Britain St. Kitts BADGER 1775 Britain Dominica BELLA 1775 Britain Jamaica 9 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
HOPE 1775 Britain Jamaica KING OF PRUSSIA 1775 Britain Dominica KITTY 1775 Britain Jamaica FAVOURITE 1776 Britain Jamaica FOX 1776 Britain N/A SAM 1776 Britain Barbados KING OF PRUSSIA 1777 Britain Dominica PRESTON 1780 Britain St. Kitts PRESTON 1782 Britain Antigua HORNET 1783 Britain Tortola ADVENTURE 1784 Britain St. Lucia PRESTON 1784 Britain Antigua WILL 1785 Britain Dominica FANNY 1787 Britain Barbados LORD STANLEY 1787 Britain Barbados SWALLOW 1787 Britain Dominica ELLEN 1788 Britain Grenada MOLLY 1788 Britain Dominica OTHELLO 1788 Britain Dominica BETSEY 1789 Britain Dominica FANNY 1789 Britain Dominica JOHN 1789 Britain Jamaica MARS 1789 Britain Grenada PRESIDENT 1789 Britain Jamaica VIPER 1789 Britain Taken in African Resistance GIPSEY 1790 Britain Grenada ELIZA 1791 Britain Grenada GIPSEY 1791 Britain Grenada HALL 1791 Britain Jamaica PRESIDENT 1791 Britain Grenada ARIEL 1792 Britain Grenada GIPSEY 1792 Britain Grenada HAZARD 1792 Britain Jamaica LORD HOWE 1793 Britain Grenada TOM 1793 Britain Barbados BRIDGET 1796 Britain Martinique MARY 1797 Britain St. Croix 10 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
GOVERNOR PARRY 1798 Britain Martinique ALEXANDER 1799 Britain Martinique JOHN BULL 1801 Britain N/A, not America or Europe ARTHUR HOWE 1802 Britain Trinidad LADY HOBART 1802 Britain Trinidad BLANCHE 1803 Britain St. Thomas EXPEDITION 1803 Britain Dominica KING BELL 1803 Britain Surinam LADY HOBART 1803 Britain Barbados MARY 1803 Britain Surinam STORK 1803 Britain Cuba EMERALD 1804 Britain Tortola, Guyana OTTER 1804 Britain Guyana SARAH 1804 Britain Jamaica EMERALD 1806 Britain Tortola RACHAEL 1806 Britain St. Thomas EAGLE 1807 Britain Jamaica EMERALD 1807 Britain Grenada, Trinidad RACHAEL 1807 Britain Barbados ROBERT 1808 Britain Martinique S ANTONIO DILIGENTE 1810 Portugal/Brazil N/A SANTANA FLOR de AFRICA (A) ALERTA 1810 Portugal/Brazil Brazil MARIA 1811 Portugal/Brazil N/A PENA 1811 Portugal/Brazil N/A S ISABEL 1811 Spain/Uruguay Cuba, Bahamas S ANTONIO DILIGENTE** 1812 Portugal/Brazil N/A S ANTONIO MILAGROSO 1816 Portugal/Brazil Sierra Leone TRIUNFANTE 1816 SpaIn/Uruguay Sierra Leone ANA 1825 Spain/Uruguay Sierra Leone
So WHERE is the Cameroon Diaspora? The Cameroon Slavery Historic Diaspora begins with those aboard the slave ship voyages from the Cameroon territory. The places that the slave ships disembarked with the enslaved, as afore-listed, are 11 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
forever stamped with an indelible mark of the enslaved that were taken from the Cameroon territory and sold as slaves. Many of their descendants remain in those places today, and their Africanity and ethnicities have remained in their DNA across generations. Below I have listed the frequencies of the disembarkations of the 166 slave ship voyages from various points of embarkation in Cameroon. From Grenada, a country of 110,000 people of African descent in the Caribbean where 26 slave ship disembarked enslaved Africans from the Cameroon territory; to Dominica a county of 73,000 people of African descent where 18 slave ships disembarked; to St. Vincent, the spiritual homeland of the dispersed Garifuna nation (people of African and Native American descent), where 4 slave ships from the Cameroon territory disembarked; to Sierra Leone, where the British hypocritically claimed to be liberating Africans empowered by the British Slave Trade Act of 1807; to the USA of which we speak little of slave ships sailing to Africa for capture and enslavement of human beings; to Argentina, to Spain to Guyana and numerous other locations across 4 continents, the Cameroon Slavery Historic Diaspora lives.
Dr. Lisa Aubrey and Student Research Team Findings SLAVE SHIP DISEMBARKATIONS FROM BIMBIA Grenada 3 St. Vincent 2 Jamaica 1 Martinique 1 Brazil 3 Cuba 3 Sierra Leone 2 (1 specifies Freetown) TOTAL VOYAGES 15 SIX DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF DISEMBARKATION OUTSIDE OF CONTINENTAL AFRICA ONE COUNTRY OF DISEMBARKATION WITHIN CONTINENTAL AFRICA
12 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
SLAVE SHIP DISEMBARKATIONS FROM RIO DEL REY Brazil 1 Barbados 1 Martinique 1 Spain 1 Argentina 1 Panama 1 Dominica 1 N/A 2 TOTAL VOYAGES 9
AT LEAST 7 DIFFERENT COU NTRIES OF DISEMBARKATIONS OUTSIDE OF CONTINENTAL AFRICA NO KNOWN DISEMBARKATIONS WITHIN CONTINENTAL AFRICA
SLAVE SHIP DISEMBARKATIONS FROM WOURI
Guyana 1 Barbados 3 Dominica 1 Grenada 2 Jamaica 2 13 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
St. Lucia 1 Brazil 6 Sierra Leone 13 Cuba 2 Bahamas 1 Equatorial Guinea 1 (Fernando Po specified)
TOTAL VOYAGES 32, WITH 2 VOYAGES HAVING MULTIPLE DISEMBARKATIONS NINE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF DISEMBARKATION OUTSIDE OF CONTINENTAL AFRICA TWO COUNTRIES OF DISEMBARKATION WITHIN CONTINENTAL AFRICA
SLAVE SHIP DISEMBARKATIONS FROM POINTS YET TO BE DETERMINED
St. Lucia 1 Martinique 4 Sierra Leone 3 Grenada 21 Trinidad 3 Barbados 15 Dominica 16 Jamaica 12 St. Thomas 2 14 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
Windward Coast 1 (present day Liberia and Ivory Coast) USA 3 (2 specify Virginia, 1 South Carolina, 1 New York) St. Kitts 5 Antigua 4 Tortola 3 Guyana 2 Surinam 2 St. Croix 1 Cuba 2 Bahamas 1 Guadeloupe 2 Taken in African Resistance 1 St. Vincent 2 N/A 8 TOTAL VOYAGES 114, WITH 5 VOYAGES HAVING MULTIPLE DISEMBARKATIONS AT LEAST TWENTY-ONE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF DISEMBARKATION OUTSIDE OF CONTINENTAL AFRICA AT LEAST THREE COUNTRIES OF DISEMBARKATION WITHIN CONTINENTAL AFRICA
So WHO is the Cameroon Diaspora? I have also located over 2,000 names of the enslaved, who were boarded on some of the slave ships from the Cameroon territory afore-listed. Cursory analysis and consultations with colleagues and communities have confirmed that the names carry a high probability of identifying regions, villages, and perhaps even families of the enslaved who were taken away in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. My students and I continue to research to unearth and trace more names.
15 Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A List of 166 Slave Voyages Dr. Lisa Aubrey Arizona State University, USA University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon exposingbimbia@gmail.com July 27, 2014
Respectful of loss and generations of suffering, and with the recognition of the importance and sanctity of funeral rites, I shall deliver the names to various ethnic communities in the proper environment and with the proper protocol before publishing them.
For more information on Cameroon and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, please see http://exposingbimbia.blogspot.com/ and my article Exposing Cameroons Connection to the Transatlantic Slave Trade Via Its Slavery Diaspora and Bimbia: Research Impetus, Methodology, and Initial Findings in Universite de Yaounde I ANNALS De La Faculte Des Arts, Lettres, Et Sciences Humaines, Culture and Developpment, No 15, Nouvelle serie 2013, Premier Semestre . Also available on http://www.scribd.com/doc/179985731/Exposing-Cameroon-s-Connection-to-the-Transatlantic-Slave- Trade
*I wish to thank my team of student volunteer researchers at Arizona State University who have worked with me diligently, and who never cease to give of their time, interest, insight, and encouragement. I could not do this research without them, or without the academic support of the School of School of Social Transformation, Professor Mary Margaret Fonow, Director; African and American American Studies, Professor Arna Bontemps, Head; and the School of Politics and Global Studies. I also wish to thank Professor Richard Omgba, Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences of University of Yaounde I and my colleagues on his faculty, especially Professor Stephen Fomin, for continued support of my work and for impending collaborations as I spend a Fulbright academic year 2014-2015 in Cameroon. Our work continues. I can be reached at exposingbimbia@gmail.com