Seismic Analysis of Structures

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SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

By


R. Kalyani Reddy Sheela S.
4/4 Civil Engineering 4/4 Civil Engineering

VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad.
Ibrahimbagh, HYDERABAD !! !"# $A.%.&



Contents
AB'(RA)(
I*(RODU)(IO*
)O+%,I)A(I*- .EA(URE' O. 'U'%E*'IO* BRID-E RE'%O*'E'/
),O'E,Y '%A)ED +ODE'/
*O*,I*EAR BEHA0IOR/
)URRE*(,Y E+%,OYED +E(HOD'
RE'%O*'E '%E)(RU+ (E)H*I1UE/
.RE1UE*)Y DO+AI* RA*DO+ 0IBRA(IO* A%%ROA)H
%RE.ERRED +E(HOD
RE.ERE*)E'
)O*(A)( I*.OR+A(IO*



SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
(BRIDGES)


ABSTRACT

Wind efects have historically been the primary
concern in the design of suspension bridge deck stifeners, but
concern about seismic efects has been increasing in recent decades
The large number of closely spaced modes, varying ground motion
characteristics at diferent supports, and the potential for nonlinear
behavior complicate the seismic response of suspension bridges
Application of the response spectrum techni!ue, fre!uency domain
random vibration analysis, and time history analysis to the seismic
response of suspension bridges is considered Time history analysis
is recommended because it is better suited to handling the transient
and nonlinear characteristics that may be important in the response
of suspension bridges to earth!uake ground motions
INTRODUCTION:
Suspension brides !"#e no$ been %onsidered sus%ep$ib&e $o
e"r$!'u"(e d")"e un$i& 'ui$e re%en$&y* +is$ori%"&&y, -ind e.e%$s !"#e been "
)u%! re"$er %on%ern $o desiners* In $!e !is$ori%"& de#e&op)en$ o/
suspension bride desin "nd $!eory, -e dis%uss !o- $!e s$i.ness
re'uire)en$s /or suspension bride de%(s !"#e &on been o#erned by -ind0
resis$"n$ %ri$eri"* T!e Suspension Bride use $o underoin &"re -ind0indu%ed
os%i&&"$ions o/ "round 12 /ee$ in ")p&i$ude, "nd suspension brides e3!ibi$ed
si)i&"r ins$"bi&i$ies in -ind* Enineers o/ $!e d"y %on%&uded $!"$ suspension
brides )us$ be desined -i$! )ore s$i.ness in $!e de%(s $o e&i)in"$e $!e
#ibr"$ions* As $!e $!eory o/ suspension brides "d#"n%ed, $!e R"n(ine $!eory
"nd $!e subse'uen$ 2e&"s$i%3 $!eory -ere in$rodu%ed $o )ode& $!e %on$ribu$ion
o/ $!e bride de%( $o $!e o#er"&& s$i.ness o/ $!e bride* T!ese $!eories
ne&e%$ed $!e de/or)"$ion o/ $!e )"in suspension %"b&es under &i#e &o"d, $!us
re'uirin $!e bride de%( $o "%$ pri)"ri&y "s " si)p&e be") "nd re'uirin
$re)endous s$i.ness o/ $!e de%(* As suspension brides -ere desined -i$!
#ery s$i. de%(s "%%ordin $o $!ese $!eories, -ind0indu%ed #ibr"$ions -ere no
&oner en%oun$ered* T!e 2de4e%$ion3 $!eory, in$rodu%ed in1555, $oo( in$o
"%%oun$ $!e %!"ne in s!"pe o/ $!e )"in %"b&es under &i#e &o"d, $!us "&&o-in
desiners $o $"(e "d#"n$"e o/ $!e s$i.ness o/ $!e suspension %"b&es in
resis$in &i#e &o"ds* T!is $!eory p&"%ed no &o-er &i)i$ on $!e de%( s$i.ness* By
$!is $i)e $!e po$en$i"& o/ -ind0indu%ed #ibr"$ions -"s " %on%ern o/ $!e p"s$,
"nd i)p&e)en$"$ion o/ $!e de4e%$ion $!eory &ed $o brides -i$! in%re"sin&y
s&ender de%(s* T!ese brides e3!ibi$ed sus%ep$ibi&i$y $o -ind0indu%ed
os%i&&"$ions, %u&)in"$in in $!e spe%$"%u&"r /"i&ure o/ $!e T"%o)" N"rro-s
Bride in 1678* A/$er $!is dr")"$i% /"i&ure, -ind resis$"n%e ""in be%")e "
pri)"ry %on%ern in $!e desin o/ suspension brides* 9!i&e $!e /"i&ure o/ $!e
T"%o)" N"rro-s Bride due $o -ind0indu%ed /or%es is -e&& (no-n "nd !"d "
sini:%"n$ i)p"%$ on $!e desin o/ subse'uen$ suspension brides, $!ere !"s
been no su%! dr")"$i% /"i&ure o/ " &on0sp"n suspension bride due $o
e"r$!'u"(e0indu%ed /or%es* Repor$s o/ se#er"& %"ses in -!i%! s!or$er
suspension brides sus$"ined e3$ensi#e d")"e in e"r$!'u"(es* ;er!"ps $!e
)os$ dr")"$i% e"r$!'u"(e e.e%$ on " &on0sp"n suspension bride o%%urred
durin $!e 166< E"r$!'u"(e (M=>*?)* T!e e"r$!'u"(e s$ru%( $!e A("s!i0
@"i(yo Bride, %urren$&y $!e -or&d4s &ones$ suspension bride, -!i&e i$ -"s
s$i&& under %ons$ru%$ionA $!e )"in %"b&es -ere in p&"%e, bu$ $!e de%( !"d no$
ye$ been %ons$ru%$ed* T!e e"r$!'u"(e /"u&$ r"n dire%$&y bene"$! $!e )"in
sp"n o/ $!e bride* Repor$s de&i#er $!"$ disp&"%e)en$s o/ $!e /ound"$ions &ed
$o &en$!enin o/ $!e %en$er sp"n by 58%) "nd $!e side sp"n by B8%)* Ap"r$
/ro) $!e /ound"$ion disp&"%e)en$s, $!ere -"s no e#iden$ s$ru%$ur"& d")"e,
"nd $!e %ons$ru%$ion %on$inued, -i$! " )odi:ed desin $o "%%oun$ /or $!e
&oner sp"n &en$!s* +"d $!e de%( been in p&"%e -!en $!e e"r$!'u"(e
o%%urred, i$ is &i(e&y $!"$ )ore sini:%"n$ d")"e %ou&d !"#e o%%urred*
Lon0sp"n brides in ener"& (no$ Cus$ suspension brides) !"#e been
per%ei#ed "s &ess #u&ner"b&e $o e"r$!'u"(es $!"n s!or$ "nd )ediu) sp"n
brides* Sini:%"n$&y )ore rese"r%! e.or$ !"s been in#es$ed in e"r$!'u"(e0
resis$"n$ "n"&ysis "nd desin o/ s!or$ "nd )ediu) sp"n brides $!"n o/ &on0
sp"n brides "nd sues$ $!ree re"sons /or $!e re&"$i#e ne&e%$ o/ seis)i%
e.e%$s on &on0sp"n bridesD
1* Fe-, i/ "ny, ne- &on0sp"n brides !"#e been bui&$ in re%en$ ye"rs in !i!
seis)i% Eones*
?* T!ere is " -idespre"d per%ep$ion $!"$ &on0sp"n brides "re no$ "$ ris(,
sin%e /e- !"#e su.ered )"Cor seis)i%0re&"$ed d")"e*
B* Lon0sp"n brides $end $o be 4e3ib&e -i$! /und")en$"& )odes o/ #ibr"$ion
$!"$ !"#e &on n"$ur"& periods*
As " resu&$, $!ey do no$ respond $o $!e !i! enery, s!or$ period %o)ponen$s
o/ $ypi%"& round )o$ions*
COMPLICATING FEATURES OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE RESPONSES:
In e3$endin $!e prin%ip&es e)bodied in $!e %ode $o $!e e"r$!'u"(e
"n"&ysis o/ &on0sp"n suspension brides, nu)erous %o)p&e3i$ies "rise*
Rese"r%! in re%en$ de%"des !"s sues$ed $!"$ $!e /o&&o-in /"%$ors )"y need
$o be %onsideredD
C&ose&y sp"%ed )odesD Suspension brides "re %!"r"%$eriEed by
nu)erous %&ose&y sp"%ed )odes* Mos$ )odes %"n be %!"r"%$eriEed "s
predo)in"n$&y &"$er"&, #er$i%"&, or $orsion"&* So)e )odes "re %!"r"%$eriEed by
pure %"b&e #ibr"$ion* O$!er )odes e3!ibi$ s$ron %oup&in, e**, %oup&ed $o-er0
bride )odes "nd %oup&ed &"$er"& de%( "nd $orsion"& de%( )odes*
T-o0di)ension"& )ode&in is un"b&e $o %"p$ure "&& o/ $!e )odes
des%ribed* Be%"use o/ $!e %&ose sp"%in o/ $!e )od"& /re'uen%ies, posi$i#e
%orre&"$ions be$-een $!e dyn")i% responses in )"ny )odes resu&$*
Conse'uen$&y, $!e %o)p&e$e 'u"dr"$i% %o)bin"$ion (CFC) )e$!od is
pre/er"b&e $o $!e s'u"re roo$ o/ $!e su) o/ $!e s'u"res (SRSS) )e$!od /or
%o)binin )od"& responses* I$ s!ou&d "&so be no$ed $!"$ " &"re nu)ber o/
)odes )us$ be %onsidered $o ob$"in " re"son"b&e represen$"$ion o/ $!e
response*In %onsiderin $!e &"$er"& response o/ " suspension bride $o
e"r$!'u"(e e3%i$"$ion, i$ -"s /ound ne%ess"ry $o in%&ude )"ny )odes /or
suG%ien$ %on#eren%e o/ disp&"%e)en$s "nd s$resses*
I$ is repor$ed $!"$ $!e )odes o/ /ree #ibr"$ion o/ suspension brides
%"n be di#ided in$o )odes do)in"$ed by $o-er #ibr"$ions "nd )odes
do)in"$ed by %"b&e "nd s$i.enin bride #ibr"$ions, so $!"$ $!e e"r$!'u"(e
e.e%$ %"n be -e&& "ppro3i)"$ed by "n"&yEin $!e response o/ $!ese
subbrides independen$&y* 9"n (1666) re%en$&y %on:r)ed $!is obser#"$ion*
Sp"$i"& #"ri"$ion o/ round )o$ionD Be%"use o/ $!e &"re sp"ns o/
suspension brides, $!e round )o$ion %!"r"%$eris$i%s "$ di.eren$ bride
suppor$s )"y be e3pe%$ed $o di.er* Iden$i/yin $!ree p!eno)en" $!"$ "re
responsib&e /or $!e sp"$i"& #"ri"$ion o/ round )o$ionD
1* T!e 2-"#e p"ss"e3 e.e%$, resu&$in /ro) $!e di.eren%e in "rri#"& $i)es o/
seis)i% -"#es "$ di.eren$ s$"$ions*
?* T!e 2in%o!eren%e3 e.e%$, resu&$in /ro)
re4e%$ions H re/r"%$ions o/ seis)i% -"#es * B* T!e 2&o%"&3 e.e%$, due
$o $!e di.eren%e in soi& %ondi$ions "$ e"%! s$"$ion*
I$ -"s in#es$i"$ed $!"$ $!e e.e%$ o/ sp"$i"& #"ri"$ion on suspension
bride &"$er"&, #er$i%"&, "nd $orsion"& response, usin e"r$!'u"(e "%%e&er"$ions
re%orded "$ di.eren$ s$"$ions in " %&ose&y sp"%ed "rr"y "s )u&$i0suppor$ inpu$s
$o " suspension bride :ni$e e&e)en$ )ode&* T!e sp"$i"& #"ri"$ion o/ round
)o$ion -"s de)ons$r"$ed $o !"#e " sini:%"n$ e.e%$A $!e )"3i)u) response
'u"n$i$ies di.ered sini:%"n$&y /ro) $!ose %o)pu$ed usin $!e "ssu)p$ion o/
uni/or) round )o$ion "$ "&& suppor$s "nd /ro) $!ose %o)pu$ed "ssu)in
un%orre&"$ed e3%i$"$ions "$ $!e suppor$s*
I/ -e %onsider $!e &"$er"& response o/ " suspension bride :ni$e
e&e)en$ )ode& $o )u&$i suppor$ e3%i$"$ion ener"$ed usin " ener"& sp"$i"&&y
#"ryin e"r$!'u"(e round )o$ion )ode& -!i%! in%orpor"$es "&& $!e e.e%$s
&is$ed * T!e resu&$s o/ $!is )ode& -ere %o)p"red -i$! resu&$s %o)pu$ed usin
iden$i%"& e3%i$"$ion "$ "&& suppor$s "nd usin de&"yed e3%i$"$ion* I$ -"s /ound
$!"$ usin iden$i%"& e3%i$"$ions sini:%"n$&y o#eres$i)"$ed so)e responses
"nd sini:%"n$&y underes$i)"$ed o$!ers, so $!is "ppro"%! is no$
re%o))ended*
Usin de&"yed e3%i$"$ions, -!i%! in%&udes $!e wave passage3 e.e%$
"nd ne&e%$s $!e incoheenc!3 e.e%$, -"s s!o-n $o i#e "%%ep$"b&e resu&$s
/or s!or$er sp"ns, bu$ $o sini:%"n$&y underes$i)"$e )o)en$s "nd s!e"rs
-!i%! %on%urred $!e 2-"#e p"ss"e3 e.e%$ !"s " )u%! )ore sini:%"n$ e.e%$
$!"n $!e 2in%o!eren%y3 e.e%$, "nd sues$ed $!"$ $!e &oss o/ %o!eren%e %"n
be ne&e%$ed* T!ey "&so de)ons$r"$ed $!e i)por$"n$ e.e%$ o/ #"ryin eo&oi%
%ondi$ions "$ $!e suppor$s "nd %on%&ude $!"$ $!is e.e%$ )us$ no$ be
ne&e%$ed*
Sp"$i"& #"ri"$ion o/ round )o$ion /ound"$ion "re" %"n "&so resu&$ in
2oc"ing3 o/ $!e /ound"$ions "nd $o-ers "nd $orsion "bou$ " #er$i%"& "3is, "nd
$!ese e.e%$s e3%i$e $orsion"& )odes o/ #ibr"$ion *I$ s!ou&d "&so be no$ed $!"$
sp"$i"& #"ri"$ion in &oni$udin"& suppor$ )o$ions %"n e3%i$e #er$i%"& )odes o/
#ibr"$ion * Mu&$i0suppor$ e3%i$"$ion %"n "&so e3%i$e "n$i sy))e$ri% )odes,
-!i%! -ou&d no$ be e3%i$ed by uni/or) suppor$ )o$ions *
Soi&0bride in$er"%$ion )"y "&so !"#e "n i)por$"n$ e.e%$ on
suspension bride response, "nd )"y ")p&i/y $!e e.e%$s o/ sp"$i"&&y #"ryin
round )o$ion*Fu&&0s%"&e )e"sure)en$s o/ T!e suspension bride durin $!e
9!i$$ier e"r$!'u"(e (ML=<*6) o/ 165> %on:r)ed " sp"$i"& #"ri"$ion in $!e
re%orded /ound"$ion )o$ions "nd $!e i)por$"n%e o/ $!is e.e%$ on $!e bride
response *
Non#inea $ehavio: T!e dyn")i% response o/ " suspension bride
is usu"&&y ob$"ined by &ine"riEin $!e s$i.ness "bou$ $!e de"d s$"$i%
e'ui&ibriu) posi$ion T-o prin%ip"& sour%es o/ non&ine"ri$y in $!e dyn")i%
#er$i%"& response o/ suspension brides* One sour%e is $!e eo)e$ri%
non&ine"ri$y, due $o $!e %!"ne o/ s$i.ness -i$! de/or)"$ion* A se%ond sour%e
o/ non&ine"ri$y resu&$s /ro) $!e in"bi&i$y o/ $!e suspender %"b&es $o %"rry
%o)pressi#e /or%es* Rese"r%! usin "n onIo. )ode& o/ suspender s$i.ness
!"s sues$ed $!"$ $!is sour%e o/ non&ine"ri$y %ou&d resu&$ in ins$"bi&i$y,
&e"din $o %"$"s$rop!i% &"re os%i&&"$ions* 9i$! )ore riorous in#es$i"$ion,
usin :ni$e e&e)en$ )ode&in o/ "n "%$u"& suspension bride, re#e"&ed $!"$
$!e &oss o/ !"ner s$i.ness in %o)pression is " proressi#e non&ine"ri$y, "nd
s!ou&d no$ be )ode&ed -i$! " si)p&e onIo. s$i.ness* T!e in#es$i"$ion did
sues$ $!"$ non&ine"ri$y o/ !"ner s$i.ness )i!$ !"#e " sini:%"n$ e.e%$
)ore sini:%"n$ $!"n e#en $!e eo)e$ri% non0&ine"ri$y* +o-e#er, no ins$"bi&i$y
&e"din $o &"re0")p&i$ude os%i&&"$ions -"s obser#ed* I$ is obser#ed $!"$ in $!e
)"Cori$y o/ %"ses, /or s)"&& os%i&&"$ions, " &ine"riEed dyn")i% "n"&ysis is
"%%ep$"b&e* Fu&&0s%"&e )e"sure)en$s o/ $!e suspension bride durin $!e
e"r$!'u"(e4s re#e"&ed $!"$ "ny non&ine"ri$ies in $!e bride be!"#ior is
ne&iib&e, "nd $!ere is no e#iden%e o/ "ny s&"%(ness in $!e suspension %"b&es
or !"ners *
In %on%&usion, i$ )"y be re"son"b&e $o ne&e%$ non&ine"r e.e%$s in $!e
dyn")i% response, bu$ " non&ine"r s$"$i% "n"&ysis s!ou&d be used $o ob$"in $!e
$"nen$ s$i.ness "bou$ $!e de"d &o"d e'ui&ibriu) %on:ur"$ion*

CURRENTLY EM;LOYED MET+ODS
T!is se%$ion dis%usses $-o "#"i&"b&e "n"&ysis op$ions /or $!e seis)i% response
o/ suspension bridesD
T!e %&"ssi% response spe%$ru) $e%!ni'ue, H T!e /re'uen%y do)"in r"ndo)
#ibr"$ion $e%!ni'ue* T!e s!or$%o)ins o/ $!ese $e%!ni'ues -i&& be ou$&ined,
Response Spe%$ru) Te%!ni'ueD Enineer4s re%en$&y presen$ed "
seis)i% "n"&ysis o/ $!e !is$ori% 9!ee&in suspension bride usin $!e response
spe%$ru) $e%!ni'ue ou$&ined in $!e spe%i:%"$ions* T!e Enineer4s %on%&udeD
2T!e )e$!odo&oy %ou&d be "pp&ied $o " -ide r"ne o/ %"b&e suspension
brides*3 As no$ed "bo#e, i$ "pp&ies on&y $o brides -i$! sp"ns o/ &ess $!"n <88
/$* Gre"$ %"u$ion s!ou&d be e3er%ised in i)p&e)en$in $!is )e$!odo&oy, "s i$
ne&e%$s "&)os$ "&& o/ $!e %o)p&i%"$in /e"$ures o/ suspension bride response
ou$&ined* T!e e&"s$i% seis)i% response spe%$ru) is used in $!e desin* Be%"use
$!e spe%$ru) "ssu)es <J d")pin, $!e spe%$r"& #"&ues -ere in%re"sed by
?<J $o "ppro3i)"$e " response spe%$ru) %orrespondin $o ?J d")pin,
-!i%! is )ore $ypi%"& /or suspension brides* A &ine"r0e&"s$i% B0di)ension"&
:ni$e e&e)en$ )ode& o/ $!e bride is used $o :nd $!e si3 &o-es$ n"$ur"&
/re'uen%ies "nd )ode s!"pes* T!e s$ress %on$ribu$ions /ro) $!e di.eren$
)odes is %o)bined usin $!e SRSS )e$!od* A response )odi:%"$ion /"%$or o/
R=1 is se&e%$ed, be%"use &ine"r be!"#ior is desired* Ker$i%"& seis)i% &o"din
-"s "&so in%&uded in $!e "n"&ysis* T!e )os$ se#ere seis)i% &o"d %o)bin"$ion is
/ound $o be 188J o/ $!e $r"ns#erse &o"d p&us 22J o/ $!e #er$i%"& &o"d p&us
B8J o/ $!e &oni$udin"& &o"d*
No$e $!"$ usin si3 )odes "re !"rd&y suG%ien$ $o "%!ie#e "
represen$"$i#e response* A&so no$e $!"$ $!e CFC )e$!od -ou&d be )ore
"ppropri"$e /or %o)binin )od"& responses be%"use o/ $!e %&ose&y sp"%ed
)odes* T!is pro%edure "&so ne&e%$s $!e sp"$i"& #"ri"$ion o/ round )o$ion,
-!i%! %"n be sini:%"n$ in &on0sp"n suspension brides* T!e response
spe%$ru) $e%!ni'ue )"y be "%%ep$"b&e /or "n"&yEin $!e response o/
suspension bride $o-ers $o e"r$!'u"(e e3%i$"$ion* Enineer4s %o)p"red $!e
seis)i% response o/ suspension bride $o-ers usin $i)e0!is$ory in$er"$ion
"nd response spe%$ru) $e%!ni'ues, "nd /ound $!"$ $!e $-o )e$!ods "reed
#ery -e&&* T!e SRSS )e$!od o/ )od"& %o)bin"$ion -"s e)p&oyed*
Fre'uen%y Do)"in R"ndo) Kibr"$ion Appro"%!D Mos$ rese"r%! s$udies
o/ suspension bride response $o e"r$!'u"(e e3%i$"$ion !"#e used $!e r"ndo)
#ibr"$ion "ppro"%! in -!i%! $!e "u$o0spe%$r"& densi$y /un%$ion o/ $!e response
is %"&%u&"$ed /ro) $!e "u$o0spe%$r"& densi$y /un%$ions o/ $!e inpu$ e3%i$"$ion
usin $!e sys$e) $r"ns/er /un%$ion* Roo$0)e"n0s'u"re (r*)*s*) response
'u"n$i$ies, -!i%! "re re"di&y %o)pu$ed /ro) $!e "u$o0spe%$r"& densi$y o/ $!e
response, "re usu"&&y repor$ed* Co)p"rison -i$! $i)e !is$ory "n"&ysis !"s
sues$ed $!"$ pe"( 'u"n$i$ies, -!i%! "re )ore i)por$"n$ /or desin, %"n be
es$i)"$ed by B*< $i)es $!e r*)*s* #"&ue Fini$e e&e)en$ )ode&in !"s been used
$o de$er)ine $!e sys$e) $r"ns/er /un%$ion, "nd $!e :ni$e e&e)en$ )ode&s !"#e
been de#e&oped $o %onsider on&y one %o)ponen$ o/ response "$ " $i)e (e**,
&"$er"&, #er$i%"&, or $orsion"&)* To "pp&y $!ese )e$!ods in $!e desin o/ "n
"%$u"& suspension bride, response 'u"n$i$ies /ro) "&& )odes )us$ be
%onsidered, so sep"r"$e "n"&yses -ou&d need $o be per/or)ed /or &"$er"&,
#er$i%"&, "nd $orsion"& )odes, "s -e&& "s $!e $o-er )odes "nd pure %"b&e
)odes* T!e responses /ro) "&& )odes %ou&d $!en be %o)bined usin $!e CFC
)e$!od* Mode&s b"sed on r"ndo) #ibr"$ion $!eory !"#e been de#e&oped $o
in%&ude $!e e.e%$ o/ )u&$i0suppor$ e3%i$"$ion, "%%oun$in /or $!e %orre&"$ion
be$-een suppor$ )o$ions *T!ese )ode&s %"n be eG%ien$&y in%orpor"$ed in $!e
r"ndo) #ibr"$ion "n"&ysis $o "%%oun$ /or $!e e.e%$ o/ sp"$i"&&y #"ryin round
)o$ion*
Fues$ions !"#e been r"ised "bou$ $!e "pp&i%"bi&i$y o/ r"ndo) #ibr"$ion
$!eory $o $!e prob&e) o/ seis)i% e.e%$s on suspension brides be%"use o/ $!e
s!or$ dur"$ion o/ )os$ e"r$!'u"(e re%ords "nd $!e &on /und")en$"& periods
o/ suspension brides )"ny %on:r)ed $!"$ s$"$ion"ry r"ndo) #ibr"$ion
"n"&ysis is in"de'u"$e in $!e %"se o/ suspension brides "nd e3p&i%i$&y
"%%oun$ed /or $!e $r"nsien$ e.e%$s due $o $!e sudden s$"r$up o/ $!e round
s!"(in ")p&i$ude "nd $o $!e suspension bride bein ini$i"&&y "$ res$* T!e
/re'uen%y0do)"in r"ndo)0#ibr"$ion "ppro"%! 'ui%(&y &oses i$s "ppe"& -!en
$r"nsien$ e.e%$s "re i)por$"n$* In "ddi$ion, i/ non&ine"r e.e%$s "re e3pe%$ed $o
be sini:%"n$, $!e r"ndo) #ibr"$ion "ppro"%! %"nno$ be used, "nd $!e "n"&ys$
)us$ resor$ $o $i)e !is$ory "n"&ysis*
;REFERRED MET+OD
Ti)e +is$ory An"&ysis is $!e pre/erred )e$!od o/ "n"&ysis /or suspension
bride response $o seis)i% e3%i$"$ion* In s$udies, $!e resu&$s o/ $!e )e$!ods
ou$&ined "bo#e "re /re'uen$&y #eri:ed by %o)p"rison -i$! $i)e !is$ory
in$er"$ions* A&$!ou! $!is )e$!od is %o)pu$"$ion"&&y in$ensi#e, i$ %"n "%%oun$
/or "&& o/ $!e %o)p&i%"$in /e"$ures ou$&ined *I$ "&so "&&o-s /or $!e in%orpor"$ion
o/ !ydr"u&i% d")pers, -!i%! !"#e been s!o-n $o be e.e%$i#e in redu%in $!e
#u&ner"bi&i$y o/ suspension brides $o seis)i% e3%i$"$ion, "nd !"#e been used
in seis)i% re$ro:$s*M"ny per/or)ed "n"&ysis $o de$er)ine $!e seis)i%
#u&ner"bi&i$y o/ $!e suspension bride4s "nd $o desin " re$ro:$ sys$e)* T!e
bride4s "re %onsidered 'ui$e #u&ner"b&e $o e"r$!'u"(e d")"e be%"use "n
"%$i#e /"u&$ runs bene"$! $!e )"in sp"n, "nd " sop!is$i%"$ed "n"&ysis )us$ be
per/or)ed in#o&#in $!e non&ine"r $i)e !is$ory "n"&ysis o/ " de$"i&ed $!ree0
di)ension"& :ni$e0e&e)en$ )ode& o/ $!e bride* T!e bride )ode&4s in%&ude
ini$i"& s$resses in $!e %"b&es, suspenders, "nd $o-ers in e'ui&ibriu) -i$! $!e
de"d &o"d o/ $!e bride, "nd e'ui&ibriu) o/ $!e bride in $!e de/or)ed
%ondi$ion is )"in$"ined "$ e"%! $i)e s$ep* In "ddi$ion $o $!e eo)e$ri%
non&ine"ri$y o/ $!e bride, $!e non&ine"ri$y o/ $!e !"ners is in%&uded by
)ode&in $!e) "s $russ e&e)en$s usin "n ine&"s$i% )"$eri"& -i$! " s)"&&
s$i.ness in %o)pression $o si)u&"$e $!e s&"%(enin o/ !"ners -!en $ension is
&os$* T!e $i)e0s$eppin "&ori$!) redu%ed $!e $i)e s$ep "s needed $o %"p$ure
"ny non&ine"r be!"#ior*D")pin is )ode&ed usin R"y&ei! d")pin* T!e
%oeG%ien$s /or $!e R"y&ei! d")pin )ode& is %!osen $o )"$%! d")pin
#"&ues ob$"ined /ro)
sys$e) iden$i:%"$ion resu&$s o/ /u&&0s%"&e )e"sure)en$s $"(en on $!e bride
durin $!e e"r$!'u"(e "nd /ro) resu&$s o/ ")bien$ #ibr"$ion $es$in on o$!er
brides* In $!e re$ro:$ desin, !ydr"u&i% d")pers "re "dded be$-een $!e
$o-ers "nd $!e suspended bride, "nd "re s!o-n $o be e.e%$i#e in redu%in
$!e seis)i% #u&ner"bi&i$y*
Mu&$i0suppor$ e3%i$"$ion is "pp&ied $o $!e bride, "nd $!e round
)o$ions "$ e"%! suppor$ poin$ "re ener"$ed usin " $!ree0di)ension"&
non&ine"r )ode& o/ $!e eo&oi%"& si$e %ondi$ions* A $"re$ spe%$ru) is used $o
ener"$e !ypo$!e$i%"& )o$ions o/ $!e bedro%(, "nd $!ese )o$ions "re
prop""$ed $!rou! $!e soi& )ode&* T!e soi& )ode& "%%oun$ed /or $!e
prop""$ion o/ $!e seis)i% -"#es /ro) $!e /"u&$ $!rou! $!e bride si$e* Soi&0
bride in$er"%$ion is )ode&ed by riid&y %onne%$in e"%! "n%!or"e $o p"r"&&e&
d")pin "nd s$i.ness )"$ri%es %oup&in $!e 2 derees o/
/reedo) o/ $!e "n%!or"e $o $!e 2 derees o/ /reedo) o/ $!e poin$ -!ere $!e
round )o$ion "re "pp&ied* T!e d")pin "nd s$i.ness )"$ri%es "%%oun$ed /or
d")pin in $!e soi& bene"$! $!e "n%!or"es "nd $!e r"di"$ion o/ enery "-"y
/ro) $!e "n%!or"es* T!e non&ine"r $i)e !is$ory "n"&ysis des%ribed !ere is
%onsidered $!e s$"$e o/ $!e "r$ in seis)i% desin o/ suspension brides* A
si)i&"r "n"&ysis pro%edure is re%o))ended /or " &on0sp"n suspension bride
$o be %ons$ru%$ed in " seis)i%"&&y "%$i#e reion, or /or $!e desin o/ " re$ro:$
sys$e) /or "n e3is$in
bride $!"$ is %onsidered seis)i%"&&y #u&ner"b&e*

REFERENCES
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4. bridge-.1 Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 0'! 1'91-1':;.
9. 4#/n/.ane! S.G. and 4illing*/n! <.=. $1%%'(.>he/ry and hi-*/ry / -#-.en-i/n bridge de-ign
r/3 1&0' */ 1%4?.1 Journal of Structural Engineering! 11%$'(! %94-%;;.
:. Ca-*ellani! A. $1%&;(. )Sae*y 3argin- / -#-.en-i/n bridge- #nder -ei-3i2 2/ndi*i/n-.1
;. <#3an/gl#! A.A. and Severn! R.>. $1%%?(. )S*/2ha-*i2 re-./n-e / -#-.en-i/n bridge- */
ear*h+#a,e /r2e-.1 Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1%! 1''-190.
&. @ari2handran! R.S.! @a55ari! A.! and S5eidan! 4.N. $1%%:(. )Re-./n-e / l/ng--.an bridge-
*/ -.a*ially varying gr/#nd 3/*i/n.1 Journal of Structural Engineering!
%. Shri,hande! ". and G#.*a! V.K. )<yna3i2 -/il-bridge In*era2*i/n ee2*- /n *he -ei-3i2
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)O*(A)( I*.OR+A(IO* /
'heela.' R.5alyani
676 )ivil Engineering 676 )ivil Engineering
E8+ail / hai9ha::y ; rediffmail.<om E8+ail / =alyani ; yahoo.<om

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