CONVERSION TABLES

 
Length Weight Area
                 
metres m/ft. feet grammes g/ozs ounces sq.cm sq.cm/sq.ins sq.
0.30 1 3.28 28.35 1 0.04 6.45 1
0.61 2 6.56 56.70 2 0.07 12.90 2
0.91 3 9.84 85.05 3 0.11 19.35 3
1.22 4 13.12 113.40 4 0.14 25.81 4
1.52 5 16.40 141.80 5 0.18 32.26 5
1.83 6 19.68 170.10 6 0.21 38.71 6
2.13 7 22.97 198.50 7 0.25 45.16 7
2.44 8 26.25 226.80 8 0.28 51.61 8
2.74 9 29.53 255.20 9 0.32 58.06 9
3.05 10 32.81 283.50 10 0.35 64.32 10
6.10 20 65.62 567.00 20 0.71 129.03 20
9.14 30 98.42 850.50 30 1.06 193.55 30
12.20 40 131.20 1134.00 40 1.41 258.06 40
15.24 50 164.00 1417.50 50 1.76 322.58 50
18.29 60 196.90 1701.00 60 2.12 387.10 60
21.34 70 229.70 1984.50 70 2.47 451.61 70
24.38 80 262.50 2268.00 80 2.82 516.13 80
27.43 90 295.30 2551.50 90 3.17 580.64 90
30.49 100 328.10 2835.00 100 3.53 645.16 100
                
centimetres cm/ins inches kilograms kg/lbs pounds cu.metres cum/cu.ft cubic
                
2.54 1 0.40 0.45 1 2.21 0.03 1
5.08 2 0.80 0.91 2 4.41 0.06 2
7.62 3 1.20 1.36 3 6.61 0.08 3 1
10.16 4 1.60 1.81 4 8.82 0.11 4 1
12.70 5 2.00 2.27 5 11.02 0.14 5 1
15.24 6 2.40 2.72 6 13.23 0.17 6 2
17.78 7 2.80 3.18 7 15.43 0.20 7 2
20.32 8 3.20 3.63 8 17.64 0.23 8 2
22.86 9 3.50 4.08 9 19.84 0.25 9 3
25.40 10 3.90 4.54 10 22.05 0.28 10 3
50.80 20 7.90 9.07 20 44.09 0.57 20 7
76.20 30 11.80 13.61 30 66.14 0.85 30 10
101.60 40 15.80 18.14 40 88.19 1.13 40 14
127.00 50 19.70 22.68 50 110.20 1.42 50 17
152.00 60 23.60 27.22 60 132.30 1.70 60 21
 177.08 70 27.60 31.75 70 154.30 2.00 70 24
203.20 80 31.50 36.29 80 176.40 2.27 80 28
228.60 90 35.40 40.82 90 198.40 2.55 90 31
254.00 100 39.40 45.36 100 220.50 2.83 100 35

CONVERSION TABLES
 
 Length Weight Area
                 
kilometres km/miles miles metric tonnes tonnes/tons tons hectares ha./acres
1.61 1 0.62 1.02 1 0.98 0.41 1
3.22 2 1.24 2.03 2 1.97 0.81 2
4.83 3 1.86 3.05 3 1.95 1.21 3
6.44 4 2.49 4.06 4 3.94 1.62 4
8.05 5 3.11 5.08 5 4.92 2.02 5
9.66 6 3.73 6.10 6 5.91 2.43 6
11.27 7 4.35 7.11 7 6.89 2.83 7
12.88 8 4.97 8.13 8 7.87 3.24 8
14.48 9 5.59 9.14 9 8.86 3.64 9
16.09 10 6.21 10.16 10 9.84 4.05 10
32.19 20 12.43 20.32 20 19.68 8.09 20
48.28 30 18.64 30.48 30 29.53 12.14 30
64.37 40 24.86 40.64 40 39.37 16.19 40
80.47 50 31.07 50.80 50 49.21 20.23 50
96.56 60 37.28 60.96 60 59.05 24.28 60
112.70 70 43.50 71.12 70 68.89 28.33 70
128.60 80 49.71 81.28 80 78.74 32.88 80
144.80 90 55.92 91.44 90 88.58 36.42 90
160.90 100 62.14 101.60 100 98.42 40.47 100

Useful Conversion Factors in Paperboard & Packaging Industry

Conventional Units to SI Units
 
Conventional Units Multiply by SI Units Conventional Units Multiply by S
           
A = Angstrom 0.100 nm cm x gf 0.0980665 m
atm 0.101325 MPa cm x kgf 0.0980665 J
atm 101.325 kPa cm x kgf x 0.305   
     (puncture)   
bar 0.1 Mpa cm²/g 0.100 m
bar 100 kPa cP 1.000 m
Bte(IT) 1.055056 kJ cSt 1.000 m
Btu/h 0.23307 W     
Btu/(h x ft x *F) 1.7307 W/(m x K) dyn 0.0100 m
Btu/(h x ft2 x *F) 5.6783 W/(m² x K) dyn 10 N
Btu/lb 2.3260 J/g dyn x cm 0.1000 µN
Btu/(lb x *F) 4.1868 x 10² J/(kg x K) dyn/cm 1.000 m
     dyn/cm 0.001 N/
cal(IT) 4.1863 J     
cal/(cm x s x *C) 418.68 W/(m x K) ergs 10 J
cal/(cm² x s x *C) 4.1368 x10³ x 10 W/(m² x K)     
Cal/(g x *C) 4.1868 x 10³ J/(kg x K) faraday   
centipoises, see cP    (based on carbon-12) 96.4870 kC
centipoises, see cSt    faraday (chemical) 96.4957 kC
faraday(physial) 96.5219 kC kgf/15 mm 0.85378 kN
fc 10.76391 lm/m² kgf/25 mm 0.39227 kN
fc 10.76391 1 x kgf x m/m² 9.80665 j/m
f1 ox (lmp) 28.413 cm² kN/m² 1.000 N/
f1 oz (US) 29.574 cm³ kW x h 3.600 MJ
ft H2O (39.2ºF) 2.98898 kPa     
ft/min 5.080 mm/s lb 0.4535924 kg
ft/min 0.00508 m/s lbf 4448.222 m
ft²/min 1.69901 m²/b lbf 4.448222 N
ft/s 0.30480 m/s lbf x in 0.1128848 Nm
ft³/s 28.31685 L/s lbf/in² 6.324757 kP
ft x lbf 1.355818 J lbf/in 175.1258 N/
ft x lbf/in² 2101.5 J/m² lbf/in 0.1751268 kN
ft x lbf/in² 2.1015 kJ/m² lbf/in² 6.891757 kN
ft x lbf/ft² 14.59390 J/m² lbf x ft 1.35582 N
ft x lbf/s 1.353582 W lbf/ft² 47.83026 Pa
     lbf/15 mm 0.29855 kN
gal(lmp) 4.546092 L lbf x s/ft² 47.880278 Pa
gal/d 0.00378541 m²/d lbf/ft² 16.01846 kg
gal/min 3.785412 L/min lb/1000 ft² 4.8824 g/
gal(lmp)/min 7.5768 x 10² m²/s lb/3000 ft² 1.6275 g/
gal(US)/min 6.3090 x 10² m²/s lb/in³ 27.67990 Mg
g/cm² 1000 kg/m³ lb/gal (US) 0.1198264 kg
g/L 1.000 kg/m lb/ream, 17 x 22.500 3.7597 g/
gf 9.80665 mN lb/ream, 24 x 36.500 1.6275 g/
gf x cm 98.0665 µN x m lb/ream, 25 x 38.500 1.4801 g/
gf x cm 0.0980665 mN x M     
gf/cm² 98.0665 Pa mgf 9.80665 µN
gf/mm 9.80665 N/m mg/100 m 10.000 µg
(gf/cm²)/g/gm² 0.0980665 kPa x m²/g mg /100m 0.0100 m
100 gf/(g/m²)(Tear) 0.0980665 mN x m²/g microns 1000 µm
grains/yd² 0.07750 g/m² mll (0.001 ln) 25.4 µm
     mll (0.00* ln) 0.0254 m
hp 745.700 W m x kgf 9.80665 J
hp 0.74570 kW mL/min 0.01134 µm
metric hp 735.499 W mxn 1.000 J
hp x h 2.68452 MJ     
     N/15 mm 86.66667 Nm
inHg(32º F) 1.6387 x 10² L N/m² 1.000 Pa
inHg(60º F) 3.38639 kPa     
inH2O (60º F) 0.24884 kPa ozf 0.278014 N
in x lbf 0.1129848 N x m ozf/in 10.945 N/
in x lbf 0.1129848 J oz/gal (US) 7.489152 g/
in x ozf 7.061552 mJ P 0.100 Pa
     (Pa x s) (m/s) 1.000 N/
kcal 4.1868 kJ P x m/s 0.100 N/
kgf 9.80665 N points (Burst) 8.895 kP
kgf x cm 0.0980865 N x m     
kgf/cm 0.980685 kN/m ton/ ft² 0.093 t/m
kgf/cm² 98.0665 kPa     
kgf/in 0.38609 kN/m yd³/s 0.7645549 m
kgf/mm 9.80635 kN/m     

List of Useful Parameters and their Units in Paper,

Printing & Packaging Industry
 
Parameter Recommended Parameter
  Unit or method  
  of expression  
     
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES   Light absorption coefficient
Apparentbulk density g/cm³ Light absorbing power
Apparentsheet density g/cm³ Light scattering power
Bending stiffness µm, mNm, Nm Light scattering coefficient
Bending stiffness index Nm²/kg² Opacity
Box compression resistance BCT kN Reflectance factor
Breaking length km Reflection (optical) density
Bulking thickness µm Transmission (optical) density
Burst energy absorption s/m²  
Burst index kPam²/g SURFACE PROPERTIES
Bursting strength kPa Adhesion on strength of glue
Compression resistance SCT kN/m bonds of corrugated fibreboard
Compression resistance SCT Index kNm/kg Air permeance
Edgewise crush resistance kN/m Air resistance (Gurley)
Flat compression resistance kPa Friction
Flat compression resistance FCT   Ink absorbency "K and N"
(corrugated board) kPa Picking velocity, IGT
Flat crush resistance of laboratory   Resistance to water penetration
fluted corrugated medium N Resistance to grease penetration
Fracture toughness J/m Roughness, Print-surf
Fracture toughness index Jm/kg Roughness, Sheffield
Fold number, double folds numeriacl value Roughness, Bendtsen
Folding endurance log10( number of Smoothness, Bekk
  folds) Water absorbency
Grammage g/m² *area basis
Puncture resistance J, kj  
Ring crush kN/m  
Static bending force mN, N OTHERS
Stretch at break % Ash
Tear index mNm²/g Conductivity of extracts
Tearing strength N Dimensional change after
Tensile index Nm/g immersion in water
Tensile energy absorption J/m² Dint and shives in pulps
Tensile stiffness N/m  
Tensile stiffness index Nm/kg Drainability of pulp "CSF"
Tensile stiffness orientation *(degree with and Schopper-Riegler
  decimalsub- Electric strength
  divisions) Hygroexpansivity
Tensile strength kN/m Moisture content or dry matter
Tensile toughness Index Jm/kg content
Tensile toughness J/m Stock concentration
Thickness µm, mm Swelling after water immersion
z-direction strength properties kN/m² Surface resistivity
    Volume resistivity
    Water absorbency
OPTICAL PROPERTIES   *mass basis
Gloss % or numerical *capillary rise
  value Water vapour transmission rate