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    Limitations of Dalton's Atomic Theory: Hydrogen Atoms

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    shuvofindu
    Dalton's atomic theory has several limitations: 1) Atoms can no longer be considered indivisible with the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, neutrons, and protons. 2) Atoms of the same element can vary in mass and density, which are known as isotopes. 3) Atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass are called isobars. 4) Dalton's theory cannot explain the existence of allotropes or complex organic compounds that do not combine in simple whole number ratios.

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    Limitations of Dalton's Atomic Theory: Hydrogen Atoms

    Uploaded by

    shuvofindu
    33 views4 pages
    Dalton's atomic theory has several limitations: 1) Atoms can no longer be considered indivisible with the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, neutrons, and protons. 2) Atoms of the same element can vary in mass and density, which are known as isotopes. 3) Atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass are called isobars. 4) Dalton's theory cannot explain the existence of allotropes or complex organic compounds that do not combine in simple whole number ratios.

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    Chemistry

    Original Title

    Chemistry 2

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    Dalton's atomic theory has several limitations: 1) Atoms can no longer be considered indivisible with the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, neutrons, and protons. 2) Atoms of the same element can vary in mass and density, which are known as isotopes. 3) Atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass are called isobars. 4) Dalton's theory cannot explain the existence of allotropes or complex organic compounds that do not combine in simple whole number ratios.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    33 views4 pages

    Limitations of Dalton's Atomic Theory: Hydrogen Atoms

    Uploaded by

    shuvofindu
    Dalton's atomic theory has several limitations: 1) Atoms can no longer be considered indivisible with the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, neutrons, and protons. 2) Atoms of the same element can vary in mass and density, which are known as isotopes. 3) Atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass are called isobars. 4) Dalton's theory cannot explain the existence of allotropes or complex organic compounds that do not combine in simple whole number ratios.

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    Limitations of Daltons Atomic Theory

    With the discovery of sub-atomic particles, e.g.,


    electrons, neutrons and protons, the atom can no
    longer be considered indivisible.
    The atoms of same elements are not similar in all
    respect. They may vary in mass and density. These
    are known as Isotopes. For example: chlorine has
    two isotopes having mass numbers 35 a.m.u and 37
    a.m.u.
    Atoms of different elements are not different in all
    respects. Atoms of different elements that have the
    same atomic mass are called Isobar.
    Different elements combine in simple whole number
    ratio to form compounds. This is not seen in complex
    organic compounds like sugar C12H22O11.
    The theory fails to explain the existence of
    Allotropes.

    A covalent bond forming H2 (right) where two hydrogen


    atoms share the two electrons

    Comparison chart
    Polarity:
    Formation:

    Shape:
    What is it?

    Covalent Bonds
    Low
    A covalent bond is
    formed between two
    non-metals that have
    similar
    electronegativities.
    Neither atom is
    "strong" enough to
    attract electrons from
    the other. For
    stabilization, they share
    their electrons from
    outer molecular orbit
    with others.

    Definite shape
    Covalent bonding is a
    form of chemical
    bonding between two
    nonmetallic atoms
    which is characterized
    by the sharing of pairs
    of electrons between

    Ionic Bonds
    High
    An ionic bond is
    formed between a
    metal and a nonmetal. Nonmetals (-ve ion)
    are "stronger"
    than the
    metal(+ve ion)
    and can get
    electrons very
    easily from the
    metal. These two
    opposite ions
    attract each other
    and form the ionic
    bond.
    No definite shape
    Ionic bond, also
    known as
    electrovalent
    bond is a type of
    bond formed from
    the electrostatic
    attraction between

    atoms and other


    covalent bonds.

    Melting
    point:
    Examples:

    low

    oppositely
    charged ions in a
    chemical
    compound. These
    kinds of bonds
    occur mainly
    between a
    metallic and a
    nonmetallic atom.
    High

    Methane (CH4), Hydro Sodium chloride


    Chloric acid (HCl)
    (NaCl), Sulphuric
    Acid (H2SO4 )
    Two non-metals
    One metal and
    one non-metal
    Low
    High

    Occurs
    between:
    Boiling
    point:
    State at
    Liquid or gaseous
    room
    temperature:

    Solid

    Sodium and fluorine undergoing a redox reaction to form


    sodium fluoride. Sodium loses its outer electron to give it
    a stable electron configuration, and this electron enters the
    fluorine atom exothermically. The oppositely charged
    ions -typically a great many of them- are then attracted to
    each other to form a solid.
    Electric current is the flow of electrons. Metals are good
    conductors of electricity because their valence electrons
    are delocalized. This means that the valence electrons are
    not tightly associated to a single atom, but can move
    through the entire metal. This is the kind of bonding
    present between metals (metal bonds). In a metal bond,
    electrostatic forces are at play between the delocalized
    electrons and the positive metal ions. This forms a 'sea of
    electrons'. Since the electrons are free to move in the
    lattice of positive metal ions, they can easily move.
    This, however, is not the sole requirement. They also need
    partially filled energy bands. When both are satisfied,
    application of an electric field will cause the to move
    across the lattice and migrate.
    Hence, metals are good conductors because (D)electrons
    are free to move in the lattice.

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