Advanced English Grammar

Advanced English Grammar
Learning advanced English grammar doesn't need to be that difficult. Over the 20
years that I've been teaching English, I've noticed that some learners of the
English Language have difficulties with "the details."
It always seems to be the 'exceptions to the rules' that can make things a little
harder for them to grasp.
Sound familiar?
If yes, please read on...
When you add to this, phrasal verbs :( infinitives, gerunds, parallel structures,
inversion, dangling modifiers and the like... what do you get? You get intimidated
or discouraged students and frustrated and listless (tired) teachers.
Not exactly the best situation for learning to take place, right? Now, I'm not going
to promise you that I can change any of the above, or that Advanced English
Grammar dot com is the answer to all of the world's problems. Students will learn
English grammar in a systematic, practical, and sometimes entertaining way.
Learning English Grammar Definite Article 'THE'
1. 'The' is omitted before the following:
A city, a country, [in the singular] a continent: Detroit, France, Europe [But in the
plural: The Netherlands]
Exceptions: The United Kingdom, The Hague

2. a family name in the singular: Mr White [But in the plural: the Whites OR: the
White family]
3. a mountain, a lake [in the singular]: Mt Olympus, Lake Michigan [But in the
plural: the Alps, the Rockies, the Great Lakes, etc.]
4. an island [singular]: They went to Tahiti.[But in the plural: The Philippines, the
Canaries, the Falklands, etc.]
5. a meal: breakfast, lunch, dinner I rarely ever miss dinner.
6. a color, a game: Green is my favorite color. Football is my favorite game.
7. a language (when the word language is not used): Is Greek difficult to learn?
[BUT: Is the Greek language difficult to learn?]
8. a street, a square, a park: Maple street, Freedom Square, Central Park
9. Most magazines, periodicals: National Geographic, Newsweek, Car and Driver
[BUT: The Economist]
10. a bridge, station, airport: Mackinaw Bridge, Kings Cross Station, Heathrow
Airport
11. airlines, companies: British Airways, Swiss Air, Sony, Ford

12. illnesses, diseases: diabetes, cancer, hepatitis, etc. [But we say: (the) flu, (the)
measles, (the) mumps]
13. a bank, store, theater, hotel or restaurant when it is in the genitive (the
apostrophe before the 's' is sometimes omitted): [McDonalds, Woolworths,
Harrods]
14. a planet: Venus, Jupiter, etc.
15. a title: Doctor Smith, Professor Todd, President Bush, Captain Cook
16. heaven, hell, paradise: I can assure you that heaven and hell are real and do
exist.
17. means of transport with the word by before them: by car, bus, taxi, train, etc.
[BUT: in his car, in a taxi, on the bus, on a bike]
18. the word work meaning place of work: Shes still at work and won't be home
for some time.
19. percentages, fractions: Ten per cent of the population don't have internet
access.One half of the flights were canceled due to bad weather.
20. a noun + number: Your train leaves from track 3. Im staying in room 333.
Learning English Grammar *** NOTE 1***

Dont use the before uncountable nouns, abstract nouns, or plurals in general
statements.
I like coffee. [NOT: the coffee.]

Good health is important. [NOT: The good health]
Bananas are good for you. [NOT: The bananas]
The IS USED before the following:
1. a hotel, movie theater, theater, gallery, museum: the Mirage (hotel), the Harbor
(theater). the Multiplex (cinema), the Van Gogh Museum
2. a river, sea, ocean, gulf, desert: the Nile (River), the Red Sea, the Pacific
(Ocean), the Sahara (Desert), the Gulf of Mexico
3. a ship, canal: the Titanic, the Suez Canal
4. objects considered to be unique: the Parthenon, the Pyramids

5. some organizations: the UN (The United Nations) [But if an abbreviation is
pronounced as a word, then there is no article] UNICEF (United Nations
International Childrens Fund) NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
6. plural nationalities ending in 'sh', 'ch' or 'ese': the English, the French, the
Japanese [But the is optional with plural nationality names ending in 's': (the)
Germans, (the) Greeks, etc.
7. a singular countable noun to refer to all things of that type in general: The
computer is a valuable office tool. OR: A computer is OR: Computers are
Learning English Grammar ***NOTE 2***
'The' is optional:
i) with seasons. He is leaving in (the) summer.
ii) with the word TV.
I watched a movie on (the) TV.
Learning English Grammar - Indefinite Articles a/an
1. 'a' is used before a consonant sound: a university student, a one-horse sleigh
2. 'an' is used before a vowel sound: an hourly wage, an heirloom, an egg

3. It is used in expressions like the following: 30 miles an hour, 90 cents a pint,
twice a day, $1.00 a gallon
4. Would you like a drink? Ill have a coffee, please.
The indefinite article is generally NOT USED before uncountable or abstract
nouns: anarchy, fun, assistance, lightning, behavior, luck, chaos, permission,
confusion, progress, damage, propaganda, evidence, scenery, excitement
thunder, first aid, work (= ones job) etc.
Example: Did you give him permission to leave?
NOT: Did you give him the permission to leave?
Learning English Grammar Exercises
** Learning English Grammar... ARTICLES PRACTICE
Correct where necessary -- remove or add the right article.
1. The Greek islands are beautiful in the summer.

2. Did you visit Van Gogh Museum?
3. I always go to work by my car.
4. The fish you bought wasnt fresh.
5. Can you tell me what happiness means to you?
6. Theyre wealthy enough to be staying at Ritz Hotel.
7. Shell be arriving at the Kennedy Airport.
8. You must see Colosseum while in Rome.
9. How much does gallon of gas cost?
10. The Himalayas are spectacular.
11. Your son has made a very good progress.
12. Whats showing at Becks Movie Theater?
13. The ancient Greek and the Latin are referred to as dead languages.
14. There was an interesting article in The Washington Post today.
15. The diabetes can be very dangerous.
16. Everyone says he is honest man.

17. I used to work out at a gym twice the week.
18. Do you have an evidence to support your claims?
19. Microwave oven is handy to have in the home.
20. Approximately the twenty per cent of the crops were destroyed by the
unseasonable weather.
**Learning English Grammar... ARTICLES ANSWERS

1. The Greek island are beautiful in the summer.
The
2. Did you visit ^ Van Gogh Museum?
in OR by car
3. I always go to work by my car.
4. The fish you bought wasnt fresh.
5. Can you tell me what happiness means to you?
6. Theyre wealthy enough to be staying at the Ritz Hotel.
7. Shell be arriving at the Kennedy Airport.
8. You must see ^ Colosseum while in Rome.
9. How much does a gallon of gas cost?
10. The Himalayas are spectacular.
11. Your son has made a very good progress.
12. Whats showing at Becks Movie Theater?
13. Ancient Greek and Latin are referred to as dead languages.
14. There was an interesting article in The Washington Post today.

15. Diabetes can be very dangerous.
16. Everyone says he is ^ honest man.
A
17. I used to work out at a gym twice the week.
18. Do you have an evidence to support your claims?
19. ^ Microwave oven is handy to have in the home.
20. Approximately twenty per cent of the crops were destroyed by unseasonable
weather.
ENGLISH PUNCTUATION
The purpose of English punctuation (or punctuation of any language) is to make
clear the reading of written communication.
In a sense, punctuation helps put into writing that which we do naturally when we
speak.
In other words, we pause, we breathe, we get excited and angry, we communicate
with whole sentences and we ask questions as we speak -- all of which and more
is communicated in the written word through the use of punctuation.
Sadly, for the learner of English, there is no direct correspondence between
phrases and commas, or voice drops and periods.
Question marks, for instance, can tell you that an answer is expected, but they do
not tell us how to read the question. There are three different intonation patterns
to questions (voice rise, voice fall and voice level) which precede question marks.
Some of the punctuation rules can be considered more a matter of style than
grammar; however, many rules do exist and should be understood by the learner
of the language.
Learn the rules of punctuation.
Remember to place a full stop at the end of each sentence. The following lists
some of the most common English punctuation; I recommend you print it out to
use as a quick and ready reference.
Full stop or period = (.)
All statements are followed by a full stop. Full stops come at the end of a
complete thought.
Most abbreviations are followed by periods, (Mr., Mrs., Dr.) some, however,
now consider this use optional (I still use it and recommend my students do
too). An abbreviation is a short way of writing something. Abbreviations
follow standard forms; there is no 'inventing' them. Some short forms, like
TV and UN are not abbreviations at all. They are pronounced as they are
written and they are not followed by full stops. When an abbreviation occurs
at the end of a sentence a closing period is required (DEA, TWA, RAF).
A full stop, not a comma, separates the two parts of a decimal in
English punctuation (e.g., 23.16 and is read twenty-three point sixteen.)
Modal Verbs
Learning modal verbs can be difficult for some learners of the English language.
Of course, it helps to know what they are, and how they are used, but it's just as
important to know the phrase combinations you'll find them in at the advanced
level of the English language.
As an introduction to modal verbs, please look through the following information.

It will help you to get the most out of the modal verb pages on this site.
First off, there are a few things worthy to note concerning these types of verbs.
Typically, the following apply to all modals.
interested
futures
medicines
expres
search
interactive
Modal Verbs - Main Points To Remember
A. Modals come first in a verb group.
B. All modals (except ought) are followed by the base form of the verb.
C. Ought is followed by a to infinitive.
D. Modals have only one form - they don't change from first, to second, to third
person like other verbs.
A.Modals are always the first word in a verb group.

I should go visit them.
I think it will be rather boring.
Things could have been so different.
B.All modals except for ought are followed by the base form of a verb.
I should go visit them.
I think it will rain tomorrow.
Things could have been better.
Someone may have seen them.
They might be home tomorrow.

They may be late.
They should have known.
He can come by anytime.
C. Ought is always followed by a to-infinitive.

She ought to go out with Tom.
Sam ought to have taken his medicine.
You ought to be doing this, not me.
D. There is no s form for the third person singular of the present tense modal
verbs. Also, there is no -ing or -ed forms.
She can't help him now.
I'm sure he can do it tomorrow.
She ought to have called him yesterday.
** Important Notes **
Modals usually do NOT indicate the time something happens. Shall and will,
however, can often indicate a future event or situation
I shall do whatever you suggest.

He will not be back for a few days.
Could is used as the past form of can to express ability.
When I was young, I could run really fast.
Would is used as the past form of will to express the future.

She remembered that she would be seeing him the next day.
Sometimes (especially when spoken) shall and will are shortened to 'll and
would to 'd and then added to a pronoun
Ill see you on Monday.

I thought shed agree to go out with me
If you're interested in more information about modal verbs, Wikipedia may be of

some help.

Advanced English Grammar

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Advanced English Grammar

Exceptions: The United Kingdom, The Hague

11. airlines, companies: British Airways, Swiss Air, Sony, Ford

Learning English Grammar *** NOTE 1***

I like coffee. [NOT: the coffee.]

4. objects considered to be unique: the Parthenon, the Pyramids

Learning English Grammar ***NOTE 2***

1. 'a' is used before a consonant sound: a university student, a one-horse sleigh

2. 'an' is used before a vowel sound: an hourly wage, an heirloom, an egg

NOT: Did you give him the permission to leave?

Learning English Grammar Exercises

** Learning English Grammar... ARTICLES PRACTICE

Correct where necessary -- remove or add the right article.

1. The Greek islands are beautiful in the summer.

16. Everyone says he is honest man.

**Learning English Grammar... ARTICLES ANSWERS

14. There was an interesting article in The Washington Post today.

As an introduction to modal verbs, please look through the following information.

A.Modals are always the first word in a verb group.

They might be home tomorrow.

C. Ought is always followed by a to-infinitive.

I shall do whatever you suggest.

Would is used as the past form of will to express the future.

Ill see you on Monday.

If you're interested in more information about modal verbs, Wikipedia may be of

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Learning English Grammar * NOTE 1*

Learning English Grammar NOTE 2