Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA: Example

Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA
The standard method of connecting transformers in parallel is to have the same turn ratios, percent impedances, and kVA
ratings. Connecting transformers in parallel with the same parameters results in equal load sharing and no circulating
currents in the transformer windings
Example Connecting two 2000 kVA, 5.75% impedance transformers in parallel, each with the same turn ratios to a 4000
kVA load.
Loading on the transformers-1 =KVA1=[( KVA1 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+ (KVA2 / %Z2))]X KVAl
kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA.
Loading on the transformers-2 =KVA1=[( KVA2 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+ (KVA2 / %Z2))]X KVAl
kVA2 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA
Hence KVA1=KVA2=2000KVA
Case 2: Equal Impedances, Ratios and Different kVA

This Parameter is not in common practice for new installations, sometimes two transformers with different kVAs and
the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this situation, the current division causes each
transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the
same.
Example Connecting 3000 kVA and 1000 kVA transformers in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, each with the
same turn ratios, connected to a common 4000 kVA load.
Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 3000 kVA

From above calculation it is seen that different kVA ratings on transformers connected to one common load, that
current division causes each transformer to only be loaded to its kVA rating. The key here is that the percent
impedance are the same.
Case 3: Unequal Impedance but Same Ratios and kVA

Mostly used this Parameter to enhance plant power capacity by connecting existing transformers in parallel that have
the same kVA rating, but with different percent impedances.
This is common when budget constraints limit the purchase of a new transformer with the same parameters.
We need to understand is that the current divides in inverse proportions to the impedances, and larger current flows
through the smaller impedance. Thus, the lower percent impedance transformer can be overloaded when subjected
to heavy loading while the other higher percent impedance transformer will be lightly loaded.
Example Two 2000 kVA transformers in parallel, one with 5.75% impedance and the other with 4% impedance, each
with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load.

It can be seen that because transformer percent impedances do not match, they cannot be loaded to their combined
kVA rating. Load division between the transformers is not equal. At below combined rated kVA loading, the 4%
impedance transformer is overloaded by 3.2%, while the 5.75% impedance transformer is loaded by 72%.
Case 4: Unequal Impedance and KVA Same Ratios

This particular of transformers used rarely in industrial and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with
different kVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be that one situation where two single-ended
substations may be tied together via bussing or cables to provide better voltage support when starting large Load.
If the percent impedance and kVA ratings are different, care should be taken when loading these transformers.
Example Two transformers in parallel with one 3000 kVA (kVA1) with 5.75% impedance, and the other a 1000 kVA
(kVA2) with 4% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load.

Because the percent impedance is less in the 1000 kVA transformer, it is overloaded with a less than combined rated
load.
Case 5: Equal Impedance and KVA Unequal Ratios

Small differences in voltage cause a large amount of current to circulate. It is important to point out that paralleled
transformers should always be on the same tap connection. Circulating current is completely independent of the load
and load division. If transformers are fully loaded there will be a considerable amount of overheating due to circulating
currents.
The Point which should be Remember that circulating currents do not flow on the line, they cannot be measured if
monitoring equipment is upstream or downstream of the common connection points.
Example Two 2000 kVA transformers connected in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, same X/R ratio (8),
transformer 1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and transformer 2 tapped at nominal. What is the percent
circulating current (%IC)
%Z1 = 5.75, So %R = %Z1 / [(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / ((8)2 + 1)=0.713
%R1 = %R2 = 0.713
%X1 = %R x (X/R)=%X1= %X2= 0.713 x 8 = 5.7
Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal and k = kVA1/ kVA2
Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.
%IC = 2.5X100 / (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2
%IC = 250 / 11.7 = 21.7

The circulating current is 21.7% of the full load current.
Case 6: Unequal Impedance, KVA and Different Ratios

This type of parameter would be unlikely in practice. If both the ratios and the impedance are different, the circulating
current (because of the unequal ratio) should be combined with each transformers share of the load current to obtain
the actual total current in each unit.
For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn ratios) results in only half percent to the total
current. At lower power factors, the circulating current will change dramatically.
Example Two transformers connected in parallel, 2000 kVA1 with 5.75% impedance, X/R ratio of 8, 1000 kVA2 with
4% impedance, X/R ratio of 5, 2000 kVA1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and 1000 kVA2 tapped at nominal.
%Z1 = 5.75, So %R = %Z1 / [(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / ((8)2 + 1)=0.713
%X1= %R x (X/R)=0.713 x 8 = 5.7
%Z2= 4, So %R2 = %Z2 / [(X/R)2 + 1)]= 4 / ((5)2 + 1) =0.784
%X2 = %R x (X/R)=0.784 x 5 = 3.92
Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal and k = kVA1/ kVA2
Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.
%IC = 2.5X100 / (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2
%IC = 250 / 13.73 = 18.21.

The circulating current is 18.21% of the full load current.

Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA: Example

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA: Example

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA: Example

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA

kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA.

kVA2 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA

Case 2: Equal Impedances, Ratios and Different kVA

Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 3000 kVA

Loading on Transformer-1=kVA2 = 174 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 1000 kVA

Case 3: Unequal Impedance but Same Ratios and kVA

Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 500) x 3500 = 1436 kVA

Loading on Transformer-2=kVA2 = 500 / (348 + 500) x 3500 = 2064 kVA

Case 4: Unequal Impedance and KVA Same Ratios

Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 2366 kVA

Loading on Transformer-2=kVA2 = 250 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 1134 kVA

Case 5: Equal Impedance and KVA Unequal Ratios

%Z1 = 5.75, So %R = %Z1 / [(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / ((8)2 + 1)=0.713

%R1 = %R2 = 0.713

%X1 = %R x (X/R)=%X1= %X2= 0.713 x 8 = 5.7

Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.

%IC = 2.5X100 / (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2

%IC = 250 / 11.7 = 21.7

Case 6: Unequal Impedance, KVA and Different Ratios

%Z1 = 5.75, So %R = %Z1 / [(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / ((8)2 + 1)=0.713

%X1= %R x (X/R)=0.713 x 8 = 5.7

%Z2= 4, So %R2 = %Z2 / [(X/R)2 + 1)]= 4 / ((5)2 + 1) =0.784

%X2 = %R x (X/R)=0.784 x 5 = 3.92

Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.

%IC = 2.5X100 / (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2

%IC = 250 / 13.73 = 18.21.

You might also like