DOPPLER SPECTRUMPROBING OF FLOWS TRANSVERSE WITH RESPECT TO BEAM AXIS*

V.L. Newhouse, J.A.

Cisneros**,

D. Censor*** and B. Goldberg****

B i o m e d i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g and S c i e n c e I n s t i t u t e
Drexel U n i v e r s i t y
P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA 19104
US A
ABSTRACT

flow t r a n s v e r s e t o t h e wave d i r e c t i o n o f propaga-

T h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s and e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s a r e
g i v e n f o r a Doppler method f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e
a s s e s s m e n t of f l o w p a r a m e t e r s , u s i n g a sound beam
whose a x i s is p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e f l o w .
The
s i m p l i s t i c Doppler e f f e c t f o r m u l a p r e d i c t s z e r o
f r e q u e n c y s h i f t s f o r t h i s geometry. However t h e
p r e s e n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n of a f i n i t e a p e r t u r e and
f o c u s e d beam c o n t a l n s o b l i q u e r a y s which p r o v i d e
t h e d e t e c t i b l e Doppler s i g n a l s , i n s p i t e of t h e
f a c t t h a t t h e f l o w is t r a n s v e r s e w i t h r e s p e c t t o
the axis.
Using p u l s e d U l t r a s o n i c D o p p l e r , w i t h
a t r a n s d u c e r having a c i r c u l a r a p e r t u r e , i n - v i t r o
f l o w measurements have been performed, which comp a r e w e l l w i t h r e s u l t s of c l a s s i c a l t e c h n i q u e s ,
and are a l s o i n agreement w i t h t h e p r e s e n t theoretical analysis.

I.

Introduction

The w e l l known Doppler formula

f d = (2V/x)

COS

(1)

s t a t e s t h a t a p l a n e wave o f wavelength A, insoni f y i n g a p a r t i c l e f l o w of v e l o c i t y v , moving a t

an a n g l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p r o p a g a t i o n v e c t o r ,
w i l l be r e f l e c t e d w i t h a Doppler f r e q u e n c y s h i f t
f d [ I ] . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t f o r B=n/2 i . e . , a f l o w

P a r t i a l l y based on Ph.D. t h e s i s of J . A . C i s n e r o s
under t h e s u p e r v i s i o n of V.L. Newhouse, submitt e d t o t h e F a c u l t y of D r e x e l U n i v e r s i t y , 1985.
S u p p o r t e d by t h e Bessie and L o u i s S t e i n Foundation.
Supported by NSF G r a n t No. ECS-8219736.

**
***

P r e s e n t l y w i t h t h e S c h o o l of M e d i c i n e , C e n t r a l
U n i v e r s i t y o f Venezuela, and S c h o o l of Engin e e r i n g , Simon B o l i v a r U n i v e r s i t y
On l e a v e of a b s e n c e from t h e Dept. o f E l e c t r i c a l and Computer Eng., Ben Gurion U n i v e r s i t y
of t h e Negev, Beer Sheva, I s r a e l .

****

Dept. of R a d i o l o g y , D i v i s i o n of U l t r a s o u n d
and R a d i o l o g i c Imaging, Thomas J e f f e r s o n
U n i v e r s i t y H o s p i t a l , P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA 19107.

0090-5607/85/0000-0971$1.00 0 1985 IEEE

t i o n , fd=O. However, i t h a s been r e c e n t l y shown,

[ l ] , t h a t t h e o b l i q u e r a y s i n a f o c u s e d beam
produce a n o t i c e a b l e b r o a d e n i n g of t h e Doppler
s p e c t r u m , even when t h e f l o w d i r e c t i o n i s normal
t o t h e beam a x i s .
P r e s e n t l y i t i s demonstrated
t h a t t h e e f f e c t i s s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e t o be meas u r e d by c u r r e n t m e d i c a l imaging equipment, and
c a n be used to probe f l o w s , even i f t h e s e are
normal t o t h e beam's a x i s .
T h i s mode s h o u l d be
u s e f u l i n both m e d i c a l and i n d u s t r i a l f l o w meas u r e m e n t s under c o n d i t i o n s where o b l i q u e o r i e n t a tion is inaccessible.

Theory

11.

I n t h e a c t u a l e x p e r i m e n t 121, 131, a t r a n s d u c e r
h a v i n g a c i r c u l a r a p e r t u r e was used. The a n a l y s i s
is however much s i m p l e r i f a two-dimensional configuration is treated.
We t h e r e f o r e begin by
c o n s i d e r i n g a ( t h e o r e t i c a l l y i n f i n i t e l y -) l o n g
s t r i p t r a n s d u c e r , o r i e n t e d a l o n g t h e y - a x i s and
e x t e n d i n g from x=F,=-w/2 t o x=F,=w/2.
C o n s i d e r an
element of w i d t h d g s i t u a t e d a t 5. T h i s is a l i n e
s o u r c e p r o d u c i n g an a c o u s t i c a l p r e s s u r e dp a t
l o c a t i o n x , y , z , where z>>W, g i v e n by
ik( r-@in

e)-i

ut

dp z Kdce

(2)

where K is a p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r . f = o / 2 n i s t h e
f r e q u e n c y , k=2n/X is t h e p r o p a g a t i o n v e c t o r , r2=
x&z2, and s i n 9 = x / r . F o r a t r a n s d u c e r of uniform
a p e r t u r e K i s i n d e p e n d e n t of 5, and t h e p r e s s u r e
is g i v e n by
w/2
p(r,e,t) =
dp =
-w/2

i k r - i w t W/2

f5

e - i k 5 s i n e df.

-ill2

ikr-iwt
(3)

where s i n c a = ( s i n a ) / a . A c o n v e r g i n g l e n s a d j a c e n t
t o t h e t r a n s d u c e r produces i n t h e f o c a l p l a n e
s i n B = x / F , where F i s t h e f o c a l l e n g t h .
See F i g .
1. Hence f o r r = F ( 3 ) becomes
p ( x , t ) = K'sinc(yx)e-iot,

y =

k W/2F

(4)

where K' i s a new c o n s t a n t a b s o r b i n g a l l t h e e x t r a

f a c t o r s in ( 3 ) .

1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM

- 971

TRANSDUCER
LENS

w/2

Y
F i g . 1:

FOCAL
PLANE

r---

Geometry f o r t h e two-dimensional a n a l y sis

We now c o n s i d e r t h e e f f e c t of t h e moving p a r t i c l e s . F o r a r e c e n t comprehensive r e v i e w o f t h e

t h e o r y of Doppler u l t r a s o u n d s y s t e m s , see Azimi
and Kak [ 4 ] . For t h e p r e s e n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n t h e
combined e f f e c t of p a r t i c l e s i n t h e y - d i r e c t i o n ,
a l o n g t h e s t r i p t r a n s d u c e r , is e q u i v a l e n t t o
having l i n e scatterers o r i e n t e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e
t r a n s d u c e r . The m a t h e m a t i c a l d e t a i l s j u s t i f y i n g
t h i s s t a t e m e n t are n o t g i v e n h e r e .
Each l i n e
p a r t i c l e scatters according t o

ik

'K

'-iw't

'

(9)

where K" is y e t a n o t h e r p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r .
By F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m i n g ( 9 ) , i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e
p r o f i l e of t h e s p e c t r u n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o pt i s
t r i a n g u l a r , w i t h a maximm at w and z e r o a t
w [ l f ( v / c ) ( W / F ) ] , where 2 w(v/c)(W/F) i s t h e exp e c t e d Doppler f r e q u e n c y (1) produced and measured
by t h e t r a n s d u c e r ' s e d g e s . The s c a t t e r i n g by t h e
ensemble of p a r t i c l e s i s i n c o h e r e n t and t h e r e f o r e
t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y f u n c t i o n p o s s e s s e s t h e same
s t r u c t u r e . The e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s below and
( 9 ) are in good a g r e e m e n t , in s p i t e o f t h e p r i m i t i v e model used i n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s .
The t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l a n a l y s i s i s much more comp l i c a t e d and w i l l be d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e . EssenE s s e n t i a l l y ( 5 ) , f o r a c i r c u l a r a p e r t u r e of r a d i u s
L, ( 4 ) is r e p l a c e d by
Jl(tk9)/ik9

9 = (v2t2

+ y2)'12/F

(10)

Even i f a l l p a r t i c l e s have t h e same v , t h e i r

d i s t a n c e from t h e beam a x i s y = 0 is d i f f e r e n t
and t h e e n s u i n g i n t e g r a l s a r e c o m p l i c a t e d . Q u a l i t a t i v e arguments i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e e f f e c t o f t h e
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s t o f u r t h e r peak
t h e s p e c t r u m n e a r t h e c e n t r a l f r e q u e n c y 0 ' = W.

111.

a/ Jr'

Experimental Procedures

(5)

where a=a(w') is a f r e q u e n c y dependent c o e f f i c i e n t , k ' , w ' depend on t h e e x c i t a t i o n and r ' is

t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e p a r t i c l e .
For p a r t i c l e s
moving a c c o r d i n g t o x - v t , t h e e x c i t a t i o n ( 4 ) becomes t i m e dependent

i . e . , a r e c t a n g u l a r p r o f i l e spectrum w i t h i n t h e
l i m i t s i n d i c a t e d i n ( 6 ) . Combining (5) and ( 6 ) ,
t h e f i e l d s c a t t e r e d from a l i n e p a r t i c l e i s g i v e n
by

where t ' is t h e r e t a r d e d t i m e , c i s t h e phase

velocity. A t the transducer's plane r '
F, and
depending on t h e a s p e c t a n g l e , t h e r e is a Doppler
e f f e c t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a c o u s t i c a l p r e s s u r e meas u r e d a t t h e t r a n s d u c e r is

t ' = t-F/c

(8)

The second i n t e g r a l i s a l r e a d y of o r d e r v / c , hence

in t h e exponent w e a p p r o x i m a t e w't'S/Fc
wt'S/Fc
and t h e two i n t e g r a t i o n s become i n d e p e n d e n t ,
finally yielding

972

pt = K"sinc2[ u t ' ( ~ / c ) ( W / 2 F ) ] e - ~ ' ~

'

- 1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM

In o r d e r t o v e r i f y t h e t h e o r y , e x p e r i m e n t s have
been performed [ 3 ] , o b s e r v i n g a b l o o d s i m u l a t i n g
m i x t u r e , in c o n t i n u o u s flow t h r o u g h a p l a s t i c
t u b e . A s t a n d a r d commercially a v a i l a b l e u l t r a s o n i c m e d i c a l "Duplex" system h a s been used,
which c o u l d s w i t c h from imaging t o Doppler f l o w
measurements w i t h o u t changing t r a n s d u c e r p o s i t i o n .
The Duplex i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n c o n s i s t e d of a Technicare Auto S e c t o r which had a b u i l t in s p e c t r u m
analyzer. T h i s w a s operated with a mechanical
r o t a t i n g t r a n s d u c e r assembly ( p r o b e model 8106D)
c o n t a i n i n g t h r e e t r a n s d u c e r e l e m e n t s , one o f them
a Doppler o p t i m i z e r s i n g l e c r y s t a l e l e m e n t . Imagi n g w a s performed w i t h 7.5MHz, image o p t i m i z e d
s i n g l e c r y s t a l t r a n s d u c e r elements i n a r o t a t i n g
assembly d e s i g n f o r real-time s e c t o r a l imaging.
Doppler s i g n a l s were o b t a i n e d i n t h e p u l s e mode,
u s i n g a r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y of 15KHz. The Dopp l e r t r a n s d u c e r - had a c r y s t a l d i a m e t e r of llmm
and, according t o t h e manufacturer's s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , a beam e n t r a n c e d i a m e t e r of 8.5mm.
The
c e n t e r f r e q u e n c y of t h e t r a n s d u c e r was 4.55MHz,
w i t h a p e r c e n t bandwidtH of 20%, w i t h a range
c e l l of l m m l e n g t h . The f o c a l d i s t a n c e F o f t h e
t r a n s d u c e r w a s 22mm and a t t h a t l o c a t i o n t h e beam
w i d t h w a s 1.7nnn, which c o n s t i t u t e s t h e l a t e r a l
d i m e n s i o n s of t h e r a n g e c e l l .
The h i g h p a s s f i l t e r of t h e spectrum a n a l y z e r of
t h e Duplex s y s t e m had a c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y of 60Hz.
T h i s a n a l y z e r had a 6OHz u p d a t e r a t e , t a k i n g 128
samples f o r b i d i r e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s of t h e Doppler
s i g n a l s . The Duplex s y s t e m c o u l d p r o v i d e d i s p l a y s
of t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s power s p e c t r a , t h a t i s , o f
t h e f r e q u e n c y v e r s u s t h e s q u a r e r o o t of t h e
amplitude.

a t various t i m e instances.
These s p e c t r a v a r y
from one i n t e r v a l t o t h e n e x t , a n d , i n o r d e r t o
convey t h e i n t e r e s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n , s h o u l d be
smoothed o u t by t i m e a v e r a g i n g .
T h i s h a s been
accomplished i n a s i m p l e manner by m u l t i p l e
e x p o s u r e of many e v e n t s on one f i l m frame. The
a d d i t i v e s u p e r p o s i t i o n t h u s enhanced t h e p o i n t s
on t h e frame which were common t o many s p e c t r a .
S t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , t h i s is n o t a l i n e a r a v e r a g i n g
p r o c e s s , however, i t e n a b l e d us t o see t h e a v e r a g e
s p e c t r u m , as w e l l as t h e a s s o c i a t e d v a r i a t i o n s .
Examples are shown i n F i g . 3 .

Fig. 3:

F i g . 2:

( a ) t o p , and ( b ) bottom; r e l e v a n t
beam a l i g n m e n t . S e e t e x t .

to

T y p i c a l i n s t a n t a n e o u s s p e c t r a are shown i n F i g . 2
a , b , f o r beam a n g l e s of 9 0 , 6 0 " , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
r e l a t i v e t o t h e flow d i r e c t i o n .
Note t h e upper
l e f t hand p o r t i o n of t h e s e p i c t u r e s , d i s p l a y i n g
a B-mode image of t h e f l o w t u b e , w i t h t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e sound beam i n d i c a t e d by a l i n e . These
images were used t o o r i e n t t h e t r a n s d u c e r beam a t
r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e t u b e w a l l , and t h u s a l s o t o
t h e flow.
D i s p l a y s of s p e c t r u m f r e q u e n c y v e r s u s
t i m e , w i t h t h e a m p l i t u d e r e p r e s e n t e d by a g r e y
s c a l e , are shown a t t h e bottom o f t h e s e two p i c t u r e s . The spectrum a n a l y z e r w a s a l s o used t o
compute t h e t i m e a v e r a g e o v e r s e v e r a l s e c o n d s , o f
t h e peak f r e q u e n c y of c o n t i n u o u s f l o w s p e c t r a ,
d e f i n e d as t h e f r e q u e n c y which i n c l u d e s 95% of
t h e s i g n a l power.
T h i s f r e q u e n c y w a s used t o
e s t i m a t e f l o w v e l o c i t y i n t h e range c e l l , o r
normal o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e beam w i t h r e s p e c t t o
t h e f l o w . The s y s t e m c o u l d a l s o compute and d i s p l a y peak f r e q u e n c i e s of i n s t a n t a n e o u s s p e c t r a .
T h i s mode w a s used t o d i s p l a y p u l s a t i l e f l o w
v e l o c i t i e s in the transverse direction r e l a t i v e
t o t h e beam.
The power s p e c t r a p r e s e n t e d by t h e i n s t r u m e n t are
instantaneous, i.e., derived f o r a short duration

FREQ

FREQ

FREQ

(a)

(b)

(C)

Averaged spectrum f o r ( a ) 25 cm/sec,

( b ) 40 cm/sec and ( c ) 67 cm/sec.

The f l o w model p r e p a r a t i o n c o n s i s t e d of a p l a s t i c
t a n k c o n t a i n i n g t w o t y p e s of t u b e s , one made o f
s e m i - r i g i d p l a s t i c w i t h an i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r of
7.9mm. a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f 0.49cm and 1 . 5 m
l o n g . This w a s c o n n e c t e d t o a p l a s t i c r e s e r v o i r
c o n t a i n i n g 3 l i t r e s o f a blood s i m u l a t i n g m i x t u r e
of water and g l y c e r o l , s e e d e d w i t h chromatography
c e l l u l o s e powder.
The o t h e r t u b e w a s of l a t e x
The two
w i t h same i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r and l e n g t h .
t u b e s were i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e t a n k p a r a l l e l t o
e a c h o t h e r , t o ease t h e r e c o n n e c t i o n of t u b e s when
interchanging tubes.
Flow p a s s e d t h r o u g h e i t h e r
t u b e from an upper t o a lower r e s e r v o i r , w i t h a
pump b e i n g used t o r e t u r n t h e f l u i d t o t h e upper
reservoir, thus maintaining a constant f l u i d l e v e l
For c o n t i n u o u s f l o w , t h e
i n t h e top reservoir.
f l o w r a t e was r e g u l a t e d by c h a n g i n g t h e h e i g h t of
t h e top r e s e r v o i r .
Timed volume measurements
were performed, i n o r d e r t o c a l i b r a t e t h e f l o w
r a t e as a f u n c t i o n of h e i g h t o f t h e t o p r e s e r v o i r .
From t h i s t h e a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y h a s been computed.
F o r p u l s a t i l e f l o w e x p e r i m e n t s , a Harvard I n s t r u ments pump was c o n n e c t e d between t h e t o p r e s e r v o i r
and t h e water t a n k . T h i s pump o p e r a t e d i n a puls a t i l e p a t t e r n , g e n e r a t i n g waveforms s i m i l a r t o
t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n t h e human body.
The a v e r a g e
f l o w r a t e and v e l o c i t y have been d e r i v e d as f o r
t h e c o n t i n u o u s flow.
IV.

Experimental R e s u l t s

E x p e r i m e n t s were performed i n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e
t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of u s i n g t h e t r a n s v e r s e f l o w t e c h n i q u e f o r measuring c o n t i n u o u s and p u l s a t i l e f l o w s
and t o v e r i f y , as f a r as p o s s i b l e , t h e t h e o r e t i c a l
p r e d i c t i o n s . It h a s been shown above t h a t f o r an
i n f i n i t e s t r i p transducer t h e expected shape f o r
t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y f u n c t i o n i s t r i a n g u l a r , and

1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM

- 973

t h e Doppler s h i f t s are f w(v/c)(W/F).

The photog r a p h i c a l l y a v e r a g e d s p e c t r a shown i n F i g . 3 f o r
s e v e r a l v a l u e s o f t h e v e l o c i t y a r e i n good a g r e e ment w i t h t h e p r e d i c t e d s h a p e and t h e Doppler
frequency s h i f t s .
Moreover, t h e y a r e a l i t t l e
cusped, i.e.,
t h e c e n t r a l f r e q u e n c y is peaked
above t h e v a l u e e x p e c t e d f o r a t r i a n g u l a r s h a p e .
W
e b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s i s due t o t h e three-dimens i o n a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n , namely t h e f a c t t h a t (10)
h a s t o be a v e r a g e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o y. We have a
q u a l i t a t i v e argument which e x p l a i n s t h i s f a c t . A
more complete d i s c u s s i o n , based on n u m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s w i l l be g i v e n e l s e w h e r e .
F i n a l l y , a t e s t of t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e Doppler
s h i f t s ? w(v/c)(W/F) f o r computing v e l o c i t i e s f o r
been f a c i l i t a t e d by comparing r e s u l t s t o t h e vel o c i t i e s computed from timed volume measurements
The r e s u l t s are shown i n F i g . 4. The agreement
is v e r y r e a s o n a b l e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e f a c t s t h a t t h e
Doppler s h i f t s above have been deduced u s i n g t h e
two d i m e n s i o n a l i n f i n i t e s t r i p model, and t h a t
t h e real f l o w is a P o i s e u i l l e ( p a r a b o l i c ) flow.
I n f a c t , b o t h t h e e r r o r s and t h e v a r i a n c e of t h e
d a t a are w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s of t h o s e found when
t h e same i n s t r u m e n t is used t o perform o b l i q u e
a n g l e Doppler measurements.
When m o d e r a t e p u l s a t i l e f l o w v e l o c i t i e s were meas u r e d , u s i n g t h e t r a n s v e r s e method, i t was found
t h a t t h e Technicare system could only d i s p l a y t h e
waveform d u r i n g s y s t o l e , s i n c e t h e Doppler s h i f t s
produced d u r i n g d i a s t o l e were t o o l o w or t h e
s y s t e m t o p r o c e s s and d i s p l a y . Presumably, t h i s
was due t o t h e h i g h p a s s f i l t e r c u t o f f o c c u r r i n g
a t 60Hz.

cm/sec vd

150

F i g . 4:

974

Comparison of timed volume e x p e r i m e n t s

d e r i v e d v e l o c i t y v t , compared t o t h e
Doppler d e r i v e d v e l o c i t y Vd.

- 1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM

V.

Conclusions

Using commercially a v a i l a b l e Duplex system and

t r a n s d u c e r s , i t h a s been d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t Doppler
measurements of s t a n d a r d a c c u r a c y c a n b e made f o r
c o n t i n u o u s f l o w , and f o r p u l s a t i l e f l o w a t l e a s t
during diastole,
u s i n g t h e t r a n s v e r s e Doppler
method d e s c r i b e d above. A c c u r a t e p u l s a t i l e f l o w
o b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g d i a s t o l e a r e e x p e c t e d i n Dopp l e r s y s t e m s w i t h an u p - s h i f t e d o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y .
The l a t t e r do n o t have t h e problems e n c o u n t e r e d
w i t h t h e p r e s e n t equipment. T h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s
of a s i m p l i f i e d two d i m e n s i o n a l model p r e d i c t e d a
t r i a n g u l a r l y shaped spectrum. T h i s h a s been found
t o be i n r e a s o n a b l e agreement w i t h t h e e x p e r i mental r e s u l t s .
It is b e l i e v e d t h a t n u m e r i c a l
c o m p u t a t i o n s based on a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l model
w i l l y i e l d even b e t t e r agreement.

VI.

References

V. L. Newhouse, E. S. Furguson, G . F. Johnson

and D. A. Wolf, "The dependence of u l t r a s o u n d
Doppler bandwidth on beam geometry", I E E E
T r a n s . on S o n i c s and U l t r a s o u n d , SU-27, 5059, 1980.
J. A. C i s n e r o s , "Medical a p p l i c a t o n s of
Doppler s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s u s i n g a normal
o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e beam w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
d i r e c t i o n of f l o w " , t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e
F a c u l t y o f D r e x e l U n i v e r s i t y , 1985.
J . A. C i s n e r o s , V . L. Newhouse and B. Goldb e r g , "Doppler s p e c t r a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of
f l o w d i s t u r b a n c e s in t h e c a r t o i d w i t h t h e
Doppler p r o b e a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e v e s s e l
a x i s " , U l t r a s o u n d i n Medicine and B i o l o g y ,
11, 319-328, 1985.

M. Azimi and A. C. Kak, "An a n a l y t i c a l s t u d y

of Doppler u l t r a s o u n d s y s t e m s " ,
Imaging, 7 , 1-48, 1985.
J . W.
Goodman,
Introduction
O p t i c s , M c G r a w - H i l l , 1968.

Ultrasound

to

Fourier