INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR

SOIL MECHANICS AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

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 4/1

I n ve st ig a t ion o f S o ils C re e p
Etude Fluidite des Sols

M .Y . A B E L E V D e p t. H e a d , M o s c o w C iv il E n g in e e rin g I n s titu te , U S S R
V .L . K U B E T S K I A s s o c . P ro f., M o s c o w C iv il E n g in e e rin g In s t it u t e , U S S R
A .V . T S O I E n g ., M o s c o w C iv il E n g in e e rin g I n s titu te , U S S R
S .R . M E S C H Y A N P ro f., A r m e n ia n A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s , Y e re v a n , U S S R

Synapsi s, The paper pr esent s t he r esul t s of l ong- t er m i nvest i gat i ons of t he Theol ogi c al pr oper ­
t i es of Hi ghl y compr essi bl e ( weak) wat er - sat ur at ed cl ays, expansi ve cl ays and shat t er ed har d
cl ays as wel l as f r ozen and t hawed sands.
The i nvest i gat i ons wer e conduct ed i n moder ni z ed oedomet er s equi pped wi t h por e pr essur e gai ges,
t ot al st r ess gauges and suppl e. uent ar y i nst r ument at i on l or r ec or di ng t he dynami c ef f ect s on t he
soi l speci mens. Ri ng shear appar at us of var i ous desi gns wer e al so used.
Theor et i cal and exper i ment al dat a ar e pr esent ed t o demonst r at e t he f easi bi l i t y of appl yi ng
r el axat i on appar at us t o det er mi ne t he r heol ogi cal char act er i st i cs i n r api dl y c onduct ed t est s,
as wel l as t o obt ai n dat a on soi l cr eep l aws i n compr essi on and r i ng shear t hat can be appl i ed
f or cal cul at i ng cr eep def or mat i on of t he f oundat i on bas es of st r uct ur es.
Basi c l ayout s ar e gi ven f or l abor at or y i nst al l at i ons of var i ous desi gns, ana t ne r esul t s ar e
l i st ed of numer ous exper i ment s, ext endi ng over a per i od of many year s, conduct ed t o st udy t he
r heol ogi cal pr oper t i es of v ar i ous soi l s.
Recommendat i ons ar e gi ven on t ne l i mi t s of ef f i ci ent appl i cat i on of v ar i ous appar at us and
i nvest i gat i on t echni ques i n accor dance wi t h t he speci f i c engi neer i ng pr obl ems Enc ount er ed i n
t he desi gn of t he f oundat i on bas es of st r uct ur es.
I nt r oduct i on
An anal ysi s of def or mat i ons of di f f er ent
st r uct ur es has shown t hat i n maj or i t y of ca­
ses di st ur bances of t hei r nor mal behavi our
occur af t er a cer t ai n ser vi ce l i f e due t o de­
v el opment of cr eep def or mat i ons i n soi l s.
I n a number of cases t he def or mat i ons ar e
as s oci at ed wi t h i ncor r ect det er mi nat i on of
c har act er i st i cs per t ai ni ng t o pr i mar y and
secondar y consol i dat i on of wat er - sat ur at ed
cl ayey soi l s, vi br ocr eep and cr eep i n st i f f
and f r ozen soi l s subj ect t o t hawi ng.
Ther e exi st suf f i ci ent l y exact sol ut i ons f or
bot h f i nal set t l ement s and set t l ement s i n t he
pr ocess of consol i dat i on, never t hel es t he
c har act er i st i cs used i n such cal cul at i ons ar e
of t en ei t her not det er mi ned at al l , or det er ­
mi ned wi t h i nsuf f i ci ent pr eci si on. I n t hi s
paper new appar at us and new t echni ques f or de­ Fi g. l . Scheme of a r el axat i on appar at us
t er mi ni ng t he r heol ogi cal pr oper t i es of di f f e­ 1. scr ew pr ess; 2- oedomet er ; 3- dynamome­
r ent soi l s ar e suggest ed. t er ; 4—por e pr essur e ^age.
DETERMI NI NG THE CHARACTERI STI CS 01' ’ PRI MARY r e changes i n t ot al st r esses and por e pr essu­
AUD SECRUDARY CONSOLI DATI ON OF vVATER SATURATED r e i n t he speci men dur i ng t he t est .
CLAYED SOI LS , VI TH THE AI D OF RELAXATI ON
APPARATUS To est abl i su what r el at i on t her e exi st s bet ­
ween t he pr ocesses of r el axat i on of t he ef ­
I n speci al i nvest i gat i ons car r i ed out by f ect i ve st r esses and t he pr ocesses of secun-
Abel ev M. Yu. and Tsoy A. B. ( 1971- 1980) wat er - der y consol i dat i on, a ser i es of compr essi on
sat ur at ed soi l s wer e t est ed wi t h t he ai d of t est s wi t h si mi l ar soi l speci mens subj ect ed
r el axat i on appar at us. A scheme of t he appar a­ t o const ant i n t i me l oads was si mul t aneousl y
t us i s shown i n Fi g. l . A speci men 2cm t o 5cm car r i ed out . I n t hese t est s measur ement s wer e
hi gh was set i n t he oedomet er t hat al l owed t o done of how def or mat i on of t he speci nens and
meas ur e por e pr essur e at t he speci men' s bot ­ por e pr essur e i n t hem v ar i ed wi t h t i n®.
t om end. The oedomet er was set under a scr ew An anal ysi s of t he por e pr essur e var i at i on
pr ess and was def or med t o a pr edet er mi ned deg­ i n t he r el axat i on t est s made i t possi bl e t o
r ee of def or mat i on. The val ue of t he def or ma­ est abl i sh, t hat t he v ar i at i on r at e of t be por e
t i ons was mai nt ai ned const ant i n t he pr ocess pr essur e, APw / A*t , i s pr opor t i onal t o i t s ab­
of t he t est . Speci al gages wer e us ed t o measu- sol ut e val ue, Pw (-t 1 :

523
4/1

3- T h e f o r m u l a of t he r elat ion b e t we e n 6 (- ft )
± 5* = - b[ Pw ( t ) - Poo] (1 ) and e (t )i
A -fc
e ( t] '6 ( tle .- 6 . (6 )
wh e r e b - c o n s t a n t o f p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y w h i c h i s Th e r e e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l e s ma k e i t p o s s i b l e t o
e q u a l i n a mo u nt t o t h e t a n g e n t o f t h e s l o p e o f q u a n t i t a t i v e l y d e s c r i b e t h e Th e o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s
c u r v e " P w(t ) ^ i P w / At " , p l o t t e d w i t h t h e u s e of es (r e l a x a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s e s a n d
t h e r e l a x a t i o n t e s t s d a t a j P„ - l e n g t h c u t by d e f o r m a t i o n o f s e c o n d a r y c o n s o l i d a t i o n i n c om-
t h e c u r v e o n t h e Pw ( - t ) - a x i s . p a c t i o n o f wa t e r - s a t u r a t e d c l a y s o i l s wi t h t h e
Re l a t i o n ( I ) makes i f p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e u s e o f t h e s a m e T h e o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s , JJ , K p ,
f i l t r a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f wa t e r - s a t u r a t e d c l a y ­ , e- t h a t c a n be de t e r mi ne d u s i n g s hor t
ey s o i l s us ing t he r e l a xa t i o n t e s t s da t a . A t i m e r e l a x a t i o n t e s t s d a t a . To d e t e r m i n e p a ­
for mul a fo r det er mining t he i n i t i a l gr a dient r amet er s p and it is necessary to plot a
of head ma y b e e x p r e s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c u r v e ( P i g . 2 ) "e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s , 6 (t )- c h a n g e
wa y s p„
0 !Tw Fi
wh e r e - specific ma s s of wa t e r ;
c on .ji
Pi -
h i g h t of t he s pecimen de for med i n
t he cour s e of t he r e l a xa t i o n t e s t .
Pe r mea bil it y of s o i l , K i s found by t ne f o l ­
l o wi n g f o r m u l a s
K= A‘ mu ^
p 4f i ^
wher e A= — e- v oi d r at i o f or t he de-
for med s o i l s p e c i m e n c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y of
g a s s e d wa t e r i n t h e p o r e s .
T a b l e I c a n f i n d s o me r e s u l t s p e r t a i n i n g t o
det er minat ion of per meabil it y of s o i l s us ing F i g .2. a) Re l a x a t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e st resses,
r e l a x a t i o n t e s t s d a t a , a nd c ompr es s ion- per mea- 6 ( t ) ; b ) A< DL- ^6 (t ) - cur ve.
b i l i t y t e s t s d a t a o b t a i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e wi t h
t h e M.Yu . Ab e l e v ' s m e t h o d ( 1 9 7 3 } . of t he e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s d u r i n g one c y c l e o f
Ta b l e I t h e n a t u r a l l o g a r i t h m o f t i m e , a 6- l " , Th e
t angent of t he sl ope of t he a l i gne d cur ve wi l l
b e o q u a l i n a m o u n t t o p a r a m e t e r Jl . Th e l e n g t h
Lo c a l i t y Re l a x a t i o n Te s t s i n c u t b y t h e c u r v e on t h e 6 (t )- a x i s w i l l be
t est s F i l t r a t 1s appa- e q u a l i n a mo unt t o p a r a m e t e r . Th e s o-
r at us c a l l e d c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e l a x a t i o n , Kp - w i l l b e
e q u a l t o t h e r a t i o o f <3«, t o 6 0 , t h e l a t t e r
K . 1 0 - 8c m /s K . 1 0 “ 8 c m /s b e i n g t h e s t r e s s a t a mo me n t t 0 wh i c h i s a r ­
;: i o ; xo
b i t r a r i l y t a k e n a s a r e f e r e n c e mo me n t o f t i m e .
Od e s s a , U S S R 8- 1 40- 80 4- 1 20 -3 0
CR E E P I N STHJ CTURALLY HE TE ROGE NE OUS CLAYE T
Kh e r s o n , U S S R 6- 1 10- 20 3 0 -1 4 -15 S OI L S
Fa o, Ir a q 3- 6 4- 8 10- 1 - To e s t i m a t e c r e e p i n a s o i l m o n o l i t h a s a
wh o l e i t i s s u g g e s t e d t o t e s t s e v e r a l s p e c i ­
me n s (t a k e n f r o m o n e a n d t h e s a me m o n o l i t h )
On e m e r i t o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e f i l t r a t i o n c h a ­ by s t e p wi s e i n c r e a s i n g l o a d s . I n t h i s c a s e a
r a c t e r i s t i c s of s o i l s by r e l a xa t i o n t e s t s i a s ingl e cr eep cur ve i s pl ot t ed us ing aver aged
s i m p l i c i t y of t he met hod and s pe e d of c a r r y i n g t e s t da t a . It i s t hen us ed i n det er mining t he
out t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s (t h e d u r a t i o n i s a b o u t r e l a t i o n "s t r e s s , 6 - r e l a t i v e c r e e p d e f o r m a t i ­
1 0 t o 15 t i m e s s h o r t e r ) . o n , e Kn , and t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n , 6 " ,t h e
I t ha s been f o u n d t h a t t he f o l l o wi n g empir ic par amet er s of cr eep measur e, C K ( t ) , ( Me s c h y a n
for mules des cr ibing r el axat ion of t he e ffe c t i ­ S . R . ,1 9 7 4 ) b e i n g de t e r mi ne d by a ppr o xi ma t i o n
ve s t r e s s e s , 6 (t ), defor mat ion of secondar y p a r t of a l e n g t h of t he c u r v e .
c o n s o l i d a t i o n , e ( t ) , a n d t h e r e l a t i o n b e t we e n In F i g .3 an e xa mpl e of s uc h a c u r ve d e s c r i ­
6 ( t ) a n d e ( t ; f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d s o i l s ma y b i n g t h e c o mp r e s s i o n c r e e p i n a l oam s peci men
b e u s e d ( t h e s e f o r m u l e s c o n t a i n t h e s a me Th e o ­ ( 70 mm i n d i a m e t e r , 20mm h i g h ) i s s h o wn ( s e e
l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s ). c u r v e s " e Kn -r 6 " ) . Th e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n s a n d
1. Th e f o r m u l a d e s c r i b i n g r e l a x a t i o n o f t h e t he c r ee p measur e have been founds
e ffe c t i v e s t r es s es at const ant defor mat ion, t- /, , n ^0, 4347 , m 0, 007974
F( 6 ) = 6 =6 ; CK( t ) = A- t 0, 562- t
i n a s o i l specimen i n r e l a xa t i o n t e s t s s
t he cr eep cur ves fo r di ffe r e n t const ant s t r e s ­
( 4) s e s h a v e be e n p l o t t e d wi t h t h e us e of t he f o l ­
l o wi n g r e l a t i o n
e Kn ( t ) = C K ( t ) - T ( 6 ) ( 7 )
2. Th e f o r m u l a d e s c r i b i n g d e f o r m a t i o n s o f
s econdar y c o n s o l i da t i o n of a s o i l specimen i n A compar ison o f t he above c r e e p cur ve
compr ession t e s t s at cons t ant i n t ime p r e s s ur e , wi t h a c u r ve b a s e d on a t e s t of one l a r g e , ge o ­
m e t r i c a l l y s i m i l a r s p e c i m e n (210m m i n d i a m e t e r ,
<1= : e««> 60m m h i g h ) s h o ws t h e i r s u f f i c i e n t c l o s e n e s s
■’ - + -n (5) (s e e F i g .3 ) j t h u s a f e a s i b i l i t y o f f u s i n g a v e ­
r a g e d d a t a o b t a i n e d i n t e s t i n g s i x o r mo r e
s t a nda r d specimens t o es t imat e cr eep pr ope r t ies

524
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DETERMI NI NG THE MECHANI CAL PROPERTI ES OF SOI LS

BY TORQUE TESTS
The ba s i c s c he me s of t e s t i ng by t he s ugge s ­
t e d me t hod a r e s hown i n Fi g. 5« The e s s e nc e of

4 3 2 1 0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112

Pi g. 3. Compr e s s i on c r e e p of l oa m
I . Ave r a ge d c r e e p c ur ve f or s t a nda r d s pe ­
c i me ns ; 2 . l a r ge s pe c i me n c r e e p c ur ve ;
3. 4. " 6 -r e Kn ' ' - cur ves f or s t a nda r d
a nd l a r ge s pe c i me ns ; 5 . a ppr oxi ma t i on of
" 6 v e " c ur ve ; 6 . c r e e p c ur ve s pl ot t e d Fi g. 5« Pr i nc i pa l s c he me of t e s t s
a c c or di ng t o c a l c ul a t i ons a) f or t or que a t c ompr e s s i on,
b) f or t or que a t t e ns i on,
of a he t e r oge ne ous s oi l monol i t h a s a whol e c) wi t h s ur c ha r ge a r ound t he r i ng pi l l ar ,
ha s be e n pr ove d. 1. r i ng s oi l pi l l a r ,
I n Fi g. 4 one c a n s ee t he a ve r a ge d s i ngl e 2 . s oi l ma s s i f
t he me t hod r e s i de s i n t he f a c t t ha t t he de t e r ­
r ~Soi T- ZZ- 73A 6 = 5Kgf / c* _ ______ —
mi na t i on of t he me c ha ni c a l pr ope r t i e u of s oi l s
i s ma de by us i ng t he r e s ul t s obt a i ne d i n s ub­
3 j e c t i ng a r i ng s oi l pi l l or t o c ompr e s s i on or
0,05 V *s i =0,78 t e ns i on v/ i t h c ons e que nt t or que , t he pi l l a r
/
be i ng bound t o i t s ba s e ( Kube t s ky V. L. , 1976) .
0,04
To a c e r t a i n de gr e e t hi s me t hod i s s i mi l a r t o
t he r i ng s he a r i ng of a s oi l s pe c i me n ( Me s c hya n
0,03 — r' r u = 0,5 5- S. R. , 1974, Bi s hop et a l . , 1971) . The pr i nc i pa l
2A 0,02
di f f e r e nc e of t he s ugge s t e d me t hod l i e s i n t he
f a c t t ha t no r i ng s pe c i me n i s t e s t e d, but a
r i ng l oa d i s a ppl i e d t o t he s ur f a c e of an un­
di s t ur be d s oi l ma s s i f . The r i ng pi l l a r s e r ve s
1 0,8 0,4 0 10 20
1
30 i /0 SO
77 me (a a y s )
60 70 80
onl y f or t r a ns mi t t i ng a pr ope r f or c e t o t he
bas e. The de f onna bi l i t y of a s oi l at di f f e r e nt
s t r e s s s t a t e s i s de t e r mi ne d by i nt e r pr e t i ng
Fi g. 4. She a r c r e e p of l oa m t he e xpe r i me nt a l da t a t hr ough a s ol ut i on of a
I . e xpe r i me nt a l c r e e p c ur ve s ; 2 . " ynTT/ r rt t hr e e - di me ns i ona l pr obl e m i n t e r ms of t he e l a s ­
cur ve ; 3 . c r e e p c ur ve s pl ot t e d i n a c c or ­ t i c i t y or c r e e p t he or y.
da nc e wi t h c a l c ul a t i ons by a f or mul a of
( I ) - t ype . The c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s i n c ompr e s s i on a r e de t e r ­
mi ne d, us i ng s c he me ( a) , Fi g. 5» i n muc h t he
t he a r c r e e p c ur ve s f or l oam, ba s e d on t or que s a me wa y a s i t i s done i n t he l oa d pl a t e t es t s ;
t e s t s of s ol i d s pe c i me ns ( Me s c hya n S . R . , 1974) . de f or ma bi l i t y i n s he a r , pe a k a nd r e s i dua l
Unl i ke t he a bove c a s e , t hi s t i me t wo s e r i e s of s he a r s t r e ngt h a r e e s t i ma t e d s i mi l a r l y. The
s pe c i me ns we r e t e s t e d by s ubj e c t i ng t he m t o de f or ma bi l i t y c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t e ns i on, as
c ons t a nt a nd s t e pwi s e i nc r e a s i ng r e l a t i ve t a n­ we l l a s t e ns i on a na s he a r s t r e ngt hs a r e de t e r ­
ge nt i a l s t r e s s e s a t 6 =5 kgf / c m2 , Xst =1 . 8 8 kgf / mi ne d a c c or di ng t o s c he me ( a) Fi g. 5 . Sc he me ( c)
c m2 ( T st - s t a nda r d s he a r r e s i s t a nc e of t he i s us e d i n t e s t i ng we a k s oi l s . The r e qui r e d
s oi l ) . Us i ng t he c ur ve " y n -7 T/ t st ", t he r e ­ va l ue of t he s ur c ha r ge P, i s e s t a bl i s he d by t he
l a t i ve t a nge nt i a l s t r e s s f unc t i on wa s f ound, us e of t he i ni t i a l c r i t i c a l l oa d f o r mu l a , a s s u­
mi ng t ha t 6 4 begPU m .
H T / T st ) = - 5, 54( T/ Tst + 6, 54( T/ Tst ) 1' 1
Di f f e r e nt s e que nc e s of l oa di ng t he ma s s i f
c r e e p me a s ur e s we r e de t e r mi ne d, U> ( t ) = ma y be us e d de pe ndi ng on t he c ha r a c t e r of i n­
ve s t i ga t i ons ; . . i t gi ve s a pos s i bi l i t y of i nve s ­
=0 . 0 7 6 2 . t o, 0 5 0 7 f and. us i ng a r e l a t i on of t he t i ga t i ng t he i nf l ue nc e of t he l oa di ng t r a j e c t o­
■type ( 7 ) , s he a r c r e e p c ur ve s f or di f f e r e nt r y on t he obt a i ne d e xpe r i me nt a l c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s .
c ons t a nt va l ue s of T / T s - t we r e pl ot t e d ( da­ A ge ne r a l i z e d c ha r t ( Fi g. 6 ) ha s be e n pl ot t e d
s he d l i ne s ) . As i t c a n be s e e n f r om Fi g. 4, us i ng t he r e s ul t s obt a i ne d i n s e r i e s of t e s t s
t he a ppr oxi ma t i on of e xpe r i me nt a l c ur ve s i s a c c or di ng t o t he s c he me s ( a) a nd ( b) Fi g. 5;
qui t e s a t i s a f a c t or y ( e xc e pt t he c ur ve f or t hi s c ha r t c ha r a c t e r i z e s t he de f or ma bi l i t y a nd
T/ Tst =0. 39) . s t r e ngt h of i nve s t i ga t e d s oi l s i n di f f e r e nt
The f or e goi ng pr ove s , t ha t t he e s t i ma t i ng of s t r e s s s t at es , t he f a l l owi ng ga a e r a l r e l a t i ons
c r e e p pr ope r t i e s of he t e r oge ne ous c l a ye y s oi l s be i ng e s t a bl i s he d wi t h due r e ga r d f or c r e e p a nd
c a n be done wi t h t he us e of s t a t i s t i c a l me a n va r i a t i on of s t r e ngt h wi t h t i me:
da t a obt a i ne d i n s ubj e c t i ng t he s oi l s pe c i me ns
t o s t e pwi s e i nc r e a s i ng l oads .

525
 4/1

Fi g. 6 shows some r esul t s of t est i ng pr act i cal ­

l y homogeneous massi f s 0 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm) of gy p­
sum ( model mat er i al ) , and ai r - dr y coar se sand,
of medi um densi t y; t he t est s wer e made accor ­
di ng t o t he suggest ed met hod and t he r esul t s
wer e compar ed wi t h t hose of t he t es t s f or uni ­
axi al compr essi on and t ensi on as wel l as f or
shear at si mi l ar l oadi ng r at es. I n al l cases
t he sur f ace of f ai l ur e was annul ar and near l y
f l at and occur ed i n t he v i c i ni t y of t he con­
t act pl ane bet ween t he pi l l ar and i t s base.
A descr i pt i on of t he set - up and an anal ysi s
of t he t est r esul t s f or sand ar e gi ven i n t he
Fi g. 6.
Li mi t shear r esi st ance cur ves paper by Kubet skey V. L. a t al l . ( 1979) . Tbe
a) gypsum, b) coar se sand. , t est r esul t s f or pr act i cal l y homogeneous
soi l s ver i f y f ai r l y wel l t he cor r ect ness of
- - - l i mi t envel ope pl ot t ed accor di ng t o t he pr opos ed met hod of i nvest i gat i ons.
dat a obt ai ned i n t est s f or umaxi al
compr essi on and t ensi on; REFERENCES
r esul t s of t est s f or di r ect shear i n a
si ngl e pl ane appar at us M. Tu. At i el ev, ( 1973) » ' .Vea.c . / at er - oat ur at ed
Cl ayey Soi l s as Foundat i on f or St r uct ur es,
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S. RvMeschyan, ( 197/t-)* Mechani c al Pr oper t i es
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Det er mi nat i on, " Nedr a1, M. pp. 1- 100 ( i n Rus s i ­
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modul s at compr essi on and t ensi on, v, v p - coef ­ K. l l ar , Pr oc eedi ngs of Ci vi l Engi neer i ng
f i ci ent s of r el at i ve t r ansver se def or mat i on I nst i t ut e, Moscow, N 179i pp. 40- 45.
at compr essi on and t e n s i o n , - p e a k st r engt h,
T - r esi dual st r engt h, 6 t - t ensi on st r engt h. N. A«Ts yt ovi ch, Soi l Mechani cs, " Vysshaya Shkol a"
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