Optimal Placement of STATCOM in Power Systems

ISSN 2347 - 3983
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER), Vol. 3 No.1, Pages : 30 33 (2015)
Special Issue of ICEEMC 2015 - Held during January 27, 2015, Chennai, India
Optimal Placement of STATCOM in Power Systems

Mubeena.M.M1, Baratraj E2 , Reshma.C.K 3
1
KCG College of Technology - Chennai-97, India, mubeena.mohammedsali@gmail.com.

2
KCG College of Technology - Chennai-97,India, ebr6491@gmail.com.
3
KCG College of Technology - Chennai-97,India, ckreshma183@gmail.com
Abstract: In countries like India with fast growing demand of

electric power it is difficult to extend the transmission system in
time by either building new lines or by introduction of a new voltage
level. Power is therefore transmitted through weak system leading to
unsatisfactory quality and reliability of power supply. So, the need
for new power flow controllers capable of increasing transmission
capacity and controlling power flows through predefined
transmission corridors will certainly increase. For this reason, as
well known in recent years a new class of controllers, Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) controllers have rapidly met with
favour. Considering the practical application of the FACTS
controllers, it is of importance to investigate the benefits as well as
optimal placement of these devices for power system steady state
operation. We have performed the comprehensive modeling of
STATCOM placement for power flow study. The effectiveness of
modeling for optimal placement and convergence is tested with a
three bus study system without STATCOM device and further
analyzed it with STATCOM. Also, the study is extended for IEEE
30 bus system. Programming of the power flow studies stated above
is implemented with MATLAB.
Key words: FACTS, STATCOM, Optimal Placement, IEEE
Bus.
INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth in electrical energy use, combined with
the demand for low cost energy, has gradually led to the
development of generation sites remotely located from the
load center. The generation of bulk power at remote locations
necessitates the use of transmission lines to connect
generation sites to load centers. Furthermore, to enhance the
system reliability, multiple lines that connect load centers to
several sources, interlink neighboring utilities, and build the
needed levels of redundancy have gradually led to the
evolution of complex interconnected electrical transmission
networks [1], [2].
In a complex interconnected ac transmission network, the
source-to-load power flow finds multiple transmission paths.
The main problems with interconnected lines are at loaded
conditions the voltage drop increases resulting in a decrease
of transmittable power. This may lead to voltage collapse and
voltage instability. This situation has necessitated a need for
reactive power compensation to achieve a larger stability
margin, greater operating flexibility, and better utilization of
the existing power system [1], [2] and [11].
The conventional approaches for voltage regulation and
power compensation include shunt and series compensators.
These devices are mechanically controlled at low speed and
the system is not fully controlled and optimized from a
dynamic and steady-state point of view. This has led to the
need for flexible compensating devices to mitigate the above
problems. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) have
gained a great interest during the last few years, due to recent
advances in power electronics. FACTS devices have been

mainly used for solving various power system steady state
control problems such as voltage regulation, power flow
control, and transfer capability enhancement. Among the
FACTS controllers, STATCOM provides fast acting
dynamic reactive compensation for voltage support during
contingency events which would otherwise depress the
voltage for a significant length of time. It also dampens
power swings and reduces system losses by optimized
reactive power control [5], [6].
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (FACTS)
FACTS defined by IEEE Alternating-current
transmission systems incorporating power electronic-based
and other static controllers to enhance controllability and
increase power transfer capability [1].The opportunities of
FACTS technology arise through the ability of FACTS
controllers to control the inter related parameters that govern
the operation of the transmission system including series
impedance, shunt impedance , current, voltage, phase angle
and the damping oscillation at various frequencies below the
rated frequency [2].
The need for more efficient electricity systems
management has given rise to innovative technologies in
power generation and transmission. Worldwide transmission
systems are undergoing continuous changes and
restructuring. They are becoming more heavily loaded and
are being operated in ways not originally envisioned.
Transmission systems must be flexible to react to more
diverse generation and load patterns [2], [4].
STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR
(STATCOM)
STATCOM is a shunt-connected reactive-power
compensation device that is capable of generating and/or
absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be
varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power
system [1].
STATCOM can provide instantaneous and continuously
variable reactive power in response to grid voltage transients,
enhancing the grid voltage stability. The STATCOM
operates according to voltage source principles, which
together with unique PWM (Pulsed Width Modulation)
switching of IGBTs(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors)
gives it unequalled performance in terms of effective rating
and response speed. This performance can be dedicated to
active harmonic filtering and voltage flicker mitigation, but it
also allows for a STATCOM to be comparatively downsized,
its footprint can be extremely small [1].The STATCOM
equivalent circuit shown in fig.1.
ISSN 2347 - 3983

Fig.1:Static Compensator(STATCOM) equivalent circuit.
MODELING OF STATCOM:
Accurate power flow calculation should consider the
steady state losses of STATCOM. The converter losses
include mainly three parts: the power losses in the dc
capacitor, the switching losses, and conduction losses. The
percentage of each loss component relates to the control
mode of STATCOM and the steady-state operating point [1].
The equivalent circuit of STATCOM is shown in Fig.2. In
this circuit, the inductance, xs represents the leakage
inductance of the transformer, the series resistance,
rsrepresents the sum of the switching and conduction losses,
and the shunt resistance, rp represents the power losses in the
dc capacitor. From Fig., it can be seen that the VSC acts as an
AC voltage source behind equivalent impedance, where both
magnitude and Phase angle of the source are controllable.
The voltage vector is given as
(9)
and
are calculated real and reactive powers
respectively at bus s.
and
are fixed for load
buses.
is fixed for generation buses. As the STATCOM
being connected to the ac system at bus s,
and
are
not fixed. Since real and reactive power exchange between
the ac system and STATCOM is varying. The active power
output at the ac side of VSC is given as,
)
(10)
The real power of dc side of VSC is givenas,

=
(11)
The power balance between the ac and dc side of the

STATCOM is given as,
=
(12)
The active power exchange equation is given as,

=
(1)
=
whereVdc is the DC voltage across the capacitor,Kc is the

converter dc to ac gain, Kt is the ratio of the coupling
transformer, m is the modulation ratio of PWM control and
is the control angle of VSC.
(13)
By substituting equations (10) and (11) in equation(13) and

setting , the active power exchange equation is reduced to,
=
)2
cos (
+ ) = 0(14)
Using these power equations, the linearized STATCOM

model is given below,
Fig.2: Equivalent circuit of STATCOM
The current injected by STATCOM into the ac system is

given as,
=
(2)
Where
is the voltage of ac system bus s, and
(3)
The active and reactive power injections of STATCOM into

the ac system are given as,
=
(4)
)
(5)
Then the power balance equations at the ac system bus, s are

expressed as,
where
(6)
(7)
(8)
(15)
Here the voltage magnitude dc,phase angle are taken to

be the state variables [2], [4] and [9].
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF STATCOM
The optimal buses for the placement of compensating
device are found here based on the voltage sensitivity
factor.Base case power flow analysis is performed for the test
system with mixed load model to be introduced here.
Currently, sensitivity analysis is becoming more and more
important in practical power system operations. The power
operator uses these to study and monitor system behaviour
and detect possible problems in the operations.
Voltage sensitivity analysis can detect the weak buses in
the power system where the voltage is low. This sensitivity
factor is related to voltage stability. Voltage instability is
mainly associated with reactive power imbalance in a local
network or a specified bus in a system which is called the
weak bus. Therefore voltage sensitivity factor is used select
the optimal locations of VAR support.
Voltage sensitivity factor is the variation of voltage
stability index with respect to changes in real and reactive
power injections at a bus[26,30]. Sensitivity indices that
ISSN 2347 - 3983

relate the changes in the voltage stability index with respect

to changes in injected active and reactive power at a load bus
are derived from the voltage stability index formulation.
Voltage stability index at a load bus identifies critical buses
i.e. buses which are prone to voltage collapse in power
system. Voltage stability index is calculated using voltage
equation.
The voltage stability index is given by,
Li=4[VoiVLicos I - VLi2cos
2
i ]/
Voi2 (16)
Where, VLi= Load bus voltage at bus i

Voi= No load voltage at bus i
i= oi Li
Li= Load angle at bus i
oi= no load angle at bus i
The first sensitivity factor is the change in Li with respect to
the injected real power Pi in ith bus.
(17)
WITHOUT
STATCOM
WITH STATCOM
Bus
No.
Voltage
Mag.
Angle
Degree
Bus
No.
Voltage
Mag.
Angle
Degree
0.965
-2.426
-0.074
(18)
The second sensitivity factor is the change in Li with respect

to the injected reactive power Qi in the ith bus.
The STATCOM parameters are,

rs =0.01
Xs=0.1
rp=200
K=Kc*Kt=0.9
Table.1: IEEE 3 Bus Result With and Without STATCOM
The above equation can be expressed in a matrix as below,
Fig.3: Single line diagram of 3 bus system
(19)
Expressing the above in a matrix we get,
The table 1 shows the IEEE 3 bus result with and without
STATCOM and it is clear that there is a voltage improvement
in the third bus of the system i.e., it reduces the system losses
and improves the power transfer capability of the system.
B. IEEE-30 Bus System:
(20)
The elements of the row matrix of equations (19) and (20) are
obtained as follows,
=
+2
(21)
(21)
=4
Elements of the column matrix i.e.
(22)
,
are
obtained from the inverse of load flow jacobian matrix [4],

[10].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Three Bus System (with STATCOM):
The single line diagram of the IEEE 3 bus system is shown
in fig.3. The result of the normal load flow analysis and load
flow analysis with the incorporation of STATCOM in the bus
no. 3 is applied to the three bus sample system gives the
following results.
Fig.4: Single line diagram of 30 bus system
The single line diagram of the IEEE 30 bus system is

shown in fig.4.The sensitivity factors derived earlier are used
to find the optimal siting of STATCOM. MATLAB code has
been developed for both voltage and loss sensitivity factor.
The sensitivity values for the test system taken are found out.
In a IEEE-30 bus system bus 1 is a slack bus, bus 2, bus 5
bus 8 bus 11 bus 13 are generator buses(PV buses) and all
other buses are load bus. Voltage sensitivity factor is
calculated for all the load buses. Buses with highest
ISSN 2347 - 3983

sensitivity values are selected for the location of the

embedded generators. The table 2 shows the sensitivity
values of an IEEE 30 bus system.
Here uncompensated network is taken as base case.

Newton Raphson load flow solution was carried and it is
inferred that the voltage at some buses is out of the tolerance
range(0.95 1.05). Voltage sensitivity factor was used to find
the most sensitive buses of the system. These factors are
tabulated with top 4 buses which are the most sensitive
compared to other buses. From the manual calculation, it is
inferred that buses 26 and 30 is the candidate location for the
placement of compensation devices and hence STATCOM
are placed at this bus individually and their performance is
studied.
Table.2:Sensitivity Values for an IEEE 30 Bus System.
BUS NO.
3
0.4278
0.3308
0.2809
0.1066
0.0947
0.0751
0.2848
0.1906
1.3781
0.4232
CONCLUSION
10
0.8686
0.3561
12
1.0962
0.4185
14
2.237
0.282
15
1.8014
0.2438
16
0.8311
0.6041
17
1.5399
0.3918
18
2.6883
0.2905
Load flow analysis of IEEE 3,30 bus systems using

Newton- Raphson method was successfully accomplished.
Optimal placement of compensation device was achieved by
considering voltage sensitivity factor. This provided the best
location for compensation devices which improves voltage
profile and reduces system losses. Compensation devices
increased the static voltage stability margin and power
transfer capability of transmission lines. The simulation
results with STATCOM have produced the solutions that
have been found advantageous.
19
2.3239
0.4035
20
2.5535
0.3182
REFERENCES
21
1.8943
0.2735
[1]
22
1.8969
0.2706
23
2.8467
0.2086
24
2.3706
0.2112
25
3.1079
0.4857
26
6.5732
0.2039
27
1.1103
1.0978
28
0.1635
0.256
29
4.2099
1.1713
30
0.0309
3.0215
R. Mohan Mathur, Rajiv.k.Varma,.Thyristor based FACTS

controllers for electrical transmission systems. Wiley-student edition,
2011.
[2] Hingorani and L.Gyugyi,2000, Understanding FACTS: Concepts &
technology
of
FACTS.
Wiley-IEEE
press
New
York,NY.ISBN:0-7803-3464-7
[3] Hadi Saadat,2002, Power System Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill.
[4] Enrique Acha, Claudio R. Fueste-Esquivel, Hugo Ambriz-Perez, Cesar
Angeles-Camacho,2004, FACTS-Modelling and simulation in power
networks, Wiley-student edition.
[5] A.K.Sahoo,S.S.Dash,&T.Thyagarajan, Power flow study including
FACTS devices Journal of applied science 10(15), 2010.
[6] M.A.Abido, Power system stability enhancement using FACTS
controllers: A review. The arabian journal for science and
engineering,vol-34, 2008.
[7] MohdFirdaus Bin Daud, Testing of STATCOM model in IEEE
power system network using PSCAD software. The journal for power
system,vol-23, 2008.
[8] SamehKamel Mena Kodsi, Claudio A. Canizares, Modelling and
simulation of IEEE 14 bus system with FACTS controllers, Technical
report #2003-3, 2003.
[9] Zihiping Yang, Chen Shen, Mariesa L. Crow, An improved
STATCOM model for power flow analysis, IEEE, PES W M paper
No.38, 2000.
[10] C. R. Ozansoy, R. Coulter, A. Zayeh, A. kalam, Modelling of a zone
substation STATCOM using load flow algorithms, IEEE Trans. On
power systems, vol.15, 2007.
[11] S. Suresh Reddy, S. Sarat Kumar, Dr. S.V.J. Kumar. Load flow
solution for ill-conditioned power systems using Runge-Kutta method
with FACTS devices, Journal of theoretical and applied information
technology ,2009.
The top most bus in both the factor are given more priority.
Therefore bus 26 and 30 are chosen for accommodating the
STATCOM.
The base case power flow results reveal that around 42%
of generated power is lost while transmitting. More power
can be usefully transmitted if this loss percentage is reduced.
STATCOM is made to operate to achieve a target voltage.
This action of the device can be turned ON or OFF using
VSTATCOM option; this indicates the control status over the bus
voltage magnitude .Converters reactance is 10p.u.
STATCOM is placed at buses 26,30 and load flow was
carried out. The table 3 shows the results for normal and
improved voltage of an IEEE 30 bus which is clearly
indicates that there is a voltage profile improvement.
Table.3:Normal and Improved Voltage ofan IEEE 30 Bus System
NORMAL VOLTAGE
IMPROVED VOLTAGE
Bus
No.
Voltage
Mag.
Angle
Degree
Bus
No.
Voltage
Mag.
Angle
Degree
26
1.001
-16.842
26
1.0014
-16.7872
30
0.995
-18.015
30
1.002
-18.0321
33

Optimal Placement of STATCOM in Power Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Optimal Placement of STATCOM in Power Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Optimal Placement of STATCOM in Power Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ISSN 2347 - 3983