Advantages of Cyber Laws

Advantages of Cyber Laws
1) From the perspective of e-commerce in India, the IT Act 2000 and its
provisions contain many positive aspects. Firstly, the implications of these
provisions for the e-businesses would be that email would now be a valid
and legal form of communication in our country that can be duly produced
and approved in a court of law.
2) Companies shall now be able to carry out electronic commerce using the
legal infrastructure provided by the Act.
3) Digital signatures have been given legal validity and sanction in the Act.
4) The Act throws open the doors for the entry of corporate companies in the
business of being Certifying Authorities for issuing Digital Signatures
Certificates.
5) The Act now allows Government to issue notification on the web thus
heralding e-governance.
6) The Act enables the companies to file any form, application or any other
document with any office, authority, body or agency owned or controlled by
the appropriate Government in electronic form by means of such electronic
form as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government.
7) The IT Act also addresses the important issues of security, which are so
critical to the success of electronic transactions. The Act has given a legal
definition to the concept of secure digital signatures that would be required
to have been passed through a system of a security procedure, as stipulated
by the Government at a later date.
8) Under the IT Act, 2000, it shall now be possible for corporates to have a
statutory remedy in case if anyone breaks into their computer systems or
network and cause loss.ses damages or copies data. The remedy provided by
the Act is in the form of monetary damages, not exceeding Rs. 1 crore.
intro
The term Cyber is understood as computer and the mathematical analysis

of theflow of information. The word Cyber comes from the Greek word for
navigatororiginating in kybernt s meaning "helmsman
Internet and World Wide Web
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that
use thestandardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). It is a network of
networks thatconsists of millions of private and public, academic, business,
and governmentnetworks of local to global scope that are linked by copper
wires, fiber-optic cables,wireless connections, and other technologies. The
Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most
notably the inter-linked hypertextdocuments of the World Wide Web
(WWW) and the infrastructure to supportelectronic mail, in addition to
popular services such as online chat, file transfer andfile sharing, online
gaming, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) person-topersoncommunication via voice and video. The origins of the Internet reach
back to the 1960s when the United States fundedresearch projects of its
military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and
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distributed computer networks. This research and a period of civilian

funding of anew U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation
spawned worldwideparticipation in the development of new networking
technologies and led to thecommercialization of an international network in
the mid 1990s, and resulted in thefollowing popularization of countless
applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an
estimated quarter of Earth's population uses theservices of the
Internet. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in
everyday speech withoutmuch distinction. However, the Internet and the
World Wide Web are not one andthe same. The Internet is a global data
communications system. It is a hardwareand software infrastructure that
provides connectivity between computers. Incontrast, the Web is one of the
services communicated via the Internet. It is acollection of interconnected
documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinksand Uniform Resource
Locator [URLs] The World Wide Web was invented in 1989 by the English
physicist Tim Berners-Lee, now the Director of the World Wide Web
Consortium, and later assisted byRobert Cailliau, a Belgian computer
scientist, while both were working at CERN inGeneva, Switzerland. In
1990, they proposed building a "web of nodes" storing"hypertext pages"
viewed by "browsers" on a network and released that web inDecember
Cyber Law
Cyber law is a term used to describe the legal issues related to use
of communications technology, particularly "cyberspace", i.e. the Internet. It
is less adistinct field of law in the way that property or contract are, as it is
an intersectionof many legal fields, including intellectual property, privacy,
freedom of expression,and jurisdiction. In essence, cyber law is an attempt
to apply laws designed for thephysical world to human activity on the
Internet. There is no one exhaustive definition of the term
Cyberlaw. Simply speaking,Cyberlaw is a generic term which refers to all
the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the World Wide Web.
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Classification Of Cyber Crimes
1. Cyber Crimes against Persons:

There are certain offences which affects the personality of individuals can be
defined as:
Harassment via E-Mails: It is very common type of harassment through

sending letters, attachments of files & folders i.e. via e-mails. At present
harassment is common as usage of social sites i.e. Facebook, Twitter etc.
increasing day by day.
Cyber-Stalking: It means expressed or implied a physical threat that creates

fear through the use to computer technology such as internet, e-mail, phones,
text messages, webcam, websites or videos.
Dissemination of Obscene Material: It includes Indecent exposure/

Pornography (basically child pornography), hosting of web site containing
these prohibited materials. These obscene matters may cause harm to the
mind of the adolescent and tend to deprave or corrupt their mind.
Defamation: It is an act of imputing any person with intent to lower down

the dignity of the person by hacking his mail account and sending some mails
with using vulgar language to unknown persons mail account.
Hacking: It means unauthorized control/access over computer system and

act of hacking completely destroys the whole data as well as computer
programmes. Hackers usually hacks telecommunication and mobile network.
Cracking: It is amongst the gravest cyber crimes known till date. It is a

dreadful feeling to know that a stranger has broken into your computer
systems without your knowledge and consent and has tampered with precious
confidential data and information.
E-Mail Spoofing: A spoofed e-mail may be said to be one, which

misrepresents its origin. It shows its origin to be different from which
actually it originates.
SMS Spoofing: Spoofing is a blocking through spam which means the

unwanted uninvited messages. Here a offender steals identity of another in
the form of mobile phone number and sending SMS via internet and receiver
gets the SMS from the mobile phone number of the victim. It is very serious
cyber crime against any individual.
Carding: It means false ATM cards i.e. Debit and Credit cards used by
criminals for their monetary benefits through withdrawing money from the
victims bank account mala-fidely. There is always unauthorized use of ATM
cards in this type of cyber crimes.
Cheating & Fraud: It means the person who is doing the act of cyber crime
i.e. stealing password and data storage has done it with having guilty mind
which leads to fraud and cheating.
Child Pornography: It involves the use of computer networks to create,

distribute, or access materials that sexually exploit underage children.
Assault by Threat: refers to threatening a person with fear for their lives or
lives of their families through the use of a computer network i.e. E-mail,
videos or phones.
2. Crimes Against Persons Property:

As there is rapid growth in the international trade where businesses and consumers
are increasingly using computers to create, transmit and to store information in the
electronic form instead of traditional paper documents. There are certain offences
which affects persons property which are as follows:
Intellectual Property Crimes: Intellectual property consists of a bundle of

rights. Any unlawful act by which the owner is deprived completely or
partially of his rights is an offence. The common form of IPR violation may
be said to be software piracy, infringement of copyright, trademark, patents,
designs and service mark violation, theft of computer source code, etc.
Cyber Squatting: It means where two persons claim for the same Domain
Name either by claiming that they had registered the name first on by right of
using it before the other or using something similar to that previously. For
example two similar names i.e. www.yahoo.com and www.yaahoo.com.
Cyber Vandalism: Vandalism means deliberately destroying or damaging

property of another. Thus cyber vandalism means destroying or damaging the
data when a network service is stopped or disrupted. It may include within its
purview any kind of physical harm done to the computer of any person.
These acts may take the form of the theft of a computer, some part of a
computer or a peripheral attached to the computer.
Hacking Computer System: Hacktivism attacks those included Famous

Twitter, blogging platform by unauthorized access/control over the computer.
Due to the hacking activity there will be loss of data as well as computer.
Also research especially indicates that those attacks were not mainly intended
for financial gain too and to diminish the reputation of particular person or
company.
Transmitting Virus: Viruses are programs that attach themselves to a

computer or a file and then circulate themselves to other files and to other
computers on a network. They usually affect the data on a computer, either
by altering or deleting it. Worm attacks plays major role in affecting the
computerize system of the individuals.
Cyber Trespass: It means to access someones computer without the right

authorization of the owner and does not disturb, alter, misuse, or damage data
or system by using wireless internet connection.
Internet Time Thefts: Basically, Internet time theft comes under hacking. It
is the use by an unauthorised person, of the Internet hours paid for by another
person. The person who gets access to someone elses ISP user ID and
password, either by hacking or by gaining access to it by illegal means, uses
it to access the Internet without the other persons knowledge. You can
identify time theft if your Internet time has to be recharged often, despite
infrequent usage.
3. Cybercrimes Against Government:

There are certain offences done by group of persons intending to threaten the
international governments by using internet facilities. It includes:
Cyber Terrorism: Cyber terrorism is a major burning issue in the domestic

as well as global concern. The common form of these terrorist attacks on the
Internet is by distributed denial of service attacks, hate websites and hate emails, attacks on sensitive computer networks etc. Cyber terrorism activities
endanger the sovereignty and integrity of the nation.
Cyber Warfare: It refers to politically motivated hacking to conduct

sabotage and espionage. It is a form of information warfare sometimes seen
as analogous to conventional warfare although this analogy is controversial
for both its accuracy and its political motivation.
Distribution of pirated software: It means distributing pirated software

from one computer to another intending to destroy the data and official
records of the government.
Possession of Unauthorized Information: It is very easy to access any

information by the terrorists with the aid of internet and to possess that
information for political, religious, social, ideological objectives.
4. Cybercrimes Against Society at large:

An unlawful act done with the intention of causing harm to the cyberspace will
affect large number of persons. These offences includes:
Child Pornography: It involves the use of computer networks to create,

distribute, or access materials that sexually exploit underage children. It also
includes activities concerning indecent exposure and obscenity.
Cyber Trafficking: It may be trafficking in drugs, human beings, arms

weapons etc. which affects large number of persons. Trafficking in the
cyberspace is also a gravest crime.
Online Gambling: Online fraud and cheating is one of the most lucrative
businesses that are growing today in the cyber space. There are many cases
that have come to light are those pertaining to credit card crimes, contractual
crimes, offering jobs, etc.
Financial Crimes: This type of offence is common as there is rapid growth

in the users of networking sites and phone networking where culprit will try
to attack by sending bogus mails or messages through internet. Ex: Using
credit cards by obtaining password illegally.
Forgery: It means to deceive large number of persons by sending

threatening mails as online business transactions are becoming the habitual
need of todays life style.

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What are some advantages of cyber laws according to the passage?

What are some advantages of cyber laws according to the passage?

What are some types of cybercrimes against individuals mentioned in the passage?

What are some types of cybercrimes against individuals mentioned in the passage?

Advantages of Cyber Laws

The term Cyber is understood as computer and the mathematical analysis

distributed computer networks. This research and a period of civilian

Classification Of Cyber Crimes

1. Cyber Crimes against Persons:

Harassment via E-Mails: It is very common type of harassment through

Cyber-Stalking: It means expressed or implied a physical threat that creates

Dissemination of Obscene Material: It includes Indecent exposure/

Defamation: It is an act of imputing any person with intent to lower down

Hacking: It means unauthorized control/access over computer system and

Cracking: It is amongst the gravest cyber crimes known till date. It is a

E-Mail Spoofing: A spoofed e-mail may be said to be one, which

SMS Spoofing: Spoofing is a blocking through spam which means the

Child Pornography: It involves the use of computer networks to create,

2. Crimes Against Persons Property:

Intellectual Property Crimes: Intellectual property consists of a bundle of

Cyber Vandalism: Vandalism means deliberately destroying or damaging

Hacking Computer System: Hacktivism attacks those included Famous

Transmitting Virus: Viruses are programs that attach themselves to a

Cyber Trespass: It means to access someones computer without the right

3. Cybercrimes Against Government:

Cyber Terrorism: Cyber terrorism is a major burning issue in the domestic

Cyber Warfare: It refers to politically motivated hacking to conduct

Distribution of pirated software: It means distributing pirated software

Possession of Unauthorized Information: It is very easy to access any

4. Cybercrimes Against Society at large:

Child Pornography: It involves the use of computer networks to create,

Cyber Trafficking: It may be trafficking in drugs, human beings, arms

Financial Crimes: This type of offence is common as there is rapid growth

Forgery: It means to deceive large number of persons by sending

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