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    Experiment 7

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    Anonymous 75TDy2y
    This document describes experiments involving reactions of aldehydes and ketones. It tests various carbonyl compounds with oxidizing agents like potassium dichromate and Fehling's solution. Addition reactions with sodium hydrogensulfite and Schiff's reagent are also described. Carbonyl compounds undergo condensation reactions with hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and phenylhydrazine. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is identified as the most useful reagent for identifying early aldehydes and ketones. The iodoform reaction is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones based on the products formed. A list of distinguishing reactions is requested for specific carbonyl compound pairs and between aldehydes

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    Experiment 7

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 75TDy2y
    224 views4 pages
    This document describes experiments involving reactions of aldehydes and ketones. It tests various carbonyl compounds with oxidizing agents like potassium dichromate and Fehling's solution. Addition reactions with sodium hydrogensulfite and Schiff's reagent are also described. Carbonyl compounds undergo condensation reactions with hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and phenylhydrazine. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is identified as the most useful reagent for identifying early aldehydes and ketones. The iodoform reaction is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones based on the products formed. A list of distinguishing reactions is requested for specific carbonyl compound pairs and between aldehydes

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    This document describes experiments involving reactions of aldehydes and ketones. It tests various carbonyl compounds with oxidizing agents like potassium dichromate and Fehling's solution. Addition reactions with sodium hydrogensulfite and Schiff's reagent are also described. Carbonyl compounds undergo condensation reactions with hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and phenylhydrazine. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is identified as the most useful reagent for identifying early aldehydes and ketones. The iodoform reaction is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones based on the products formed. A list of distinguishing reactions is requested for specific carbonyl compound pairs and between aldehydes

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    224 views4 pages

    Experiment 7

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 75TDy2y
    This document describes experiments involving reactions of aldehydes and ketones. It tests various carbonyl compounds with oxidizing agents like potassium dichromate and Fehling's solution. Addition reactions with sodium hydrogensulfite and Schiff's reagent are also described. Carbonyl compounds undergo condensation reactions with hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and phenylhydrazine. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is identified as the most useful reagent for identifying early aldehydes and ketones. The iodoform reaction is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones based on the products formed. A list of distinguishing reactions is requested for specific carbonyl compound pairs and between aldehydes

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    EXPERIMENT 7: REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

    APPARATUS AND MATERIAL


    Chemical: Pure samples of ethanal and propanone, 10 cm3; 40% aqueous solutions of methanal,
    ethanal and propanone, 10 cm3; potassium dichromate solution, 1 cm3; Fehlings solution A and B, 3
    cm3; saturated sodium hydrogensulphite solution, 3 cm3; Schiff reagent, 1 cm3; chlorine water, 1
    cm3; 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent, 10 cm3; iodine in aqueous potassium iodide solution 5
    cm3; common laboratory reagents.
    Apparatus: Test tubes; hard glass test tube; teat pipette; Bunsen burner; watch glass.
    INTRODUCTION
    Aldehyde and keotne contain the carbonyl group which has polar character because of the different
    in electronegativity of the carbon and oxygen.
    1. Bearing in mind the mechanism of addition to the unsaturated carbonyl group, predict the
    relative reactivity of methanal, ethanal and propanone.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    2. Predict the relative ease of oxidation of methanal, ethanal and propanone
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    PROCEDURE
    (A) OXIDATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
    *** Use aqueous solutions of the carbonyl compounds unless otherwise instructed.***
    a. With acidified potassium dichromate solution:
    Add 5 drops of each of the carbonyl compounds in turn to 2 drops of potassium dichromate
    solution and 10 drops of dilute sulphuric acid in the test tube. Record your observations.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    b. With Tollens Reagent:
    To 10 drops of silver nitrate solution in a CLEAN test tube. Add 1 drop of sodium hydroxide
    followed by drops of dilute ammonia solution until the precipitate just redissolves. Add 5 drops
    of each carbonyl compound to separated samples and warm the resulting solution in a beaker of
    hot water. Record your observations.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________

    3. What species are present in Tollens Reagent? Explain how they are formed.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    c. With Fehlings solution:
    Mix 10 drops of Fehlings solution A with an equal volume of Felhings solution B and add 5
    drops of each carbonyl compound in turn. Warm the mixture gently. Record your observations
    and try to explain.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    4. Fehlings test if used to detect sugar in the urine of people suffering from diabetes. Why do you
    think sugars can be detected in this way?
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    (B) ADDITION REACTIONS
    a.
    Addition of sodium hydrogensulphite:
    To about 1 cm3 of saturate sodium hydrogensulphite solution add about 0.5 cm 3 of each
    carbonyl compound in ture (use pure ethanal and propanone rather than aqueous solutions).
    Cool each tube under the tap and record your observations.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    b. Reaction with Schiffs reagent:
    Schiffs Reagent is a magenta dye decolourized by sulphur dioxide. The magenta colour would
    be restored if the sulphur dioxide is removed. Try boiling a few drops of Schiffs reagent and
    explain what happens.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    Now add a few drops of Schiffs reagent to each carbonyl compound in turn and explain what
    happens.
    _____________________________________________________________________________

    _____________________________________________________________________________
    ( C ) Condensation reactions
    Carbonyl compounds undergo condensation reactions with hydroxylamine, hydrazine and
    phenylhydrazine, but these are of little use in identifying the first few members of the
    aldehyde and ketone series.
    5. What feature have these reagents in common? Use this to explain the mechanism of these
    condensation reactions.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    6. The most useful reagent for the identification of early members of the aldehyde and ketone
    series is 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Explain thow this can be done. What advantage has it over
    the simpler reagents mentioned above?
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    Add 2 or 3 drops of each of the carbonyl compound, in turn, to about 3 cm3 of the solution of
    2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in hydrochloric acid. Record your observations.
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    7. Could this reaction be used as a general test for carbonyl compounds ? Explain
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    (D) IODOFORM REACTION
    To 5 drops of each carbonyl compound, in turn, add about 1 cm3 of a solution of iodine in aqueous
    potassium iodide, followed by sodium hydroxide solution added dropwise until the colour of the
    iodine is removed. Warm, if necessary, and note the smell and appearance of the mixtures.
    8.

    Which of the carbonyl compound have produced iodoform ?


    _____________________________________________________________________________

    9.

    Which functional group must present for this test to be positive?


    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________

    10. Make a list of reactions you could use to distinguish between:


    (a)
    methanal and ethanal
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    (b) ethanal and propanone
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    (b)
    aldehydes and ketones in general
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    _____________________________________________________________________________

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