What is Electricity?

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All matters are made up of atoms. Then ask the next question, "What are atoms?"
Atoms are the smallest part of an element. They are composed of nucleus and electrons, electrons surround nucleus.
Elements are identified by the number of electrons in orbit around nucleus of atoms and by the number of protons in nucleus.

Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and the number of protons and neutrons are balanced. Neutrons have no
electric charge, protons have positive charges (+) and electrons have negative charges (-). A positive charge of proton
equals a negative charge of electron.
Electrons are bound in their orbit by attraction of protons, but electrons in the outer band can become free of their orbit by
some external forces. These are referred to as free electrons, which move from one atom to the next, electron flows are
produced. These are the basis of electricity. Materials that allow many electrons to move freely are called conductors and
materials that allow few free electrons to move are called insulators.
All matters are made up of atoms that have electric charges. Therefore, they have electric charges. For the matter that has a
balanced the number of protons and electrons, positive charge force and negative charge force are balanced. It is called
neutral state of an atom. (The number of protons and electrons remains equal.)

"Static electricity" represents a situation that all things are made up of electric charges. For example, the rubbing of material
against another can cause the static electricity. Free electrons of one material move forcefully till they are freed of their orbits
around nucleus and move to another. Electrons of one material decrease, it presents positive charges. At the same time,
electrons of another increase, it has negative charges.

In general, charge producing of the matter means the matter has electric charges. It has positive and negative charges, which
is expressed in coulomb.

Current, Voltage and Resistance

What is Current?
An electrical phenomenon is caused by flow
of free electrons from one atom to another.
The characteristics of current electricity are
opposite to those of static electricity.
Wires are made up of conductors such as
copper or aluminum. Atoms of metal are made
up of free electrons, which freely move from
one atom to the next. If an electron is added in
wire, a free electron is attracted to a proton to
be neutral. Forcing electrons out of their orbits
can cause a lack of electrons. Electrons,
which continuously move in wire, are called
Electric Current.
For solid conductors, electric current refers to directional negative-topositive electrons from one atom to the next. Liquid conductors and gas
conductors, electric current refers to electrons and protons flow in the
opposite direction.

Current is flow of electrons, but current and electron flow in the opposite
direction. Current flows from positive to negative and electron flows from
negative to positive.

Current is determined by the number of electrons passing through a cross-section of a conductor in one second. Current is
measured in amperes, which is abbreviated "amps". The symbol for amps is a letter "A".
A current of one amp means that current pass through a cross-section of two conductors, which are placed in parallel 1
meter apart with 2x10-7 Newton per meter force occur in each conductor. It can also mean charges of one coulomb (or
6.24x1018 electrons) passing through a cross-section of a conductor in one second.
What is voltage?
Electric current is flow of electrons in a
conductor. The force required to make
current flow through a conductor is called
voltage and potential is the other term of
voltage. For example, the first element has
more positive charges, so it has higher
potential. On the other hand, the second
element has charges that are more negative
so it has lower potential. The difference
between two points is called potential
difference.
Electromotive force means the force which
makes current continuously flows through a
conductor. This force can be generated from
power generator, battery, flashlight battery
and fuel cell, etc.
Volt, abbreviated "V", is the unit of
measurement used interchangeably for
voltage, potential, and electromotive force.
One volt means a force which makes current
of one amp move through a resistance of one
ohm.

What is resistance?
Electrons move through a conductor when electric current flows. All materials impede flow of electric current to some extent.
This characteristic is called resistance. Resistance increases with an increase of length or decrease of cross-section of a
material.
The unit of measurement for resistance is ohms and its symbol is the Greek letter omega (). The resistance of one ohm
means a conductor allows a current of one amp to flow with a voltage of one volt.
All materials are difference in allowing electrons flow. Materials that allow many electrons to flow freely are called conductors
such as copper, silver, aluminium, hydrochloric solution, sulphuric acid and saltwater. In contrast, materials which allow few
electrons to flow are called insulators such as plastic, rubber, glass and dry paper. Another type of materials,
semiconductors have characteristics of both conductors and insulators. They allow electrons to move while being able to
control flow of electrons and examples are carbon, silicon and germanium, etc.
The resistance of conductor depends on two main factors as the followings:
1. Types of material
2. Temperature of material

How to measure current

The instrument used to measure current is called ampere meter or ammeter.
Steps for current measurement Connect a small light bulb to a dry cell. Measure current
that passes through light bulb by connecting positive terminal (+) of ammeter to negative
terminal (-) of a dry cell (see figure)

 Safety instructions for current measurement;

1. Estimate current that required measuring then choose a suitable ammeter, since
each ammeter has different limit of current measurement.
2. Be sure that the connection to positive terminal (+) and negative terminal (-) of
ammeter are correct.
3. Do not directly connect ammeter terminals to dry cell terminals. Since it can damage
the meter.
How to measure voltage
The instrument used to measure voltage, difference potential or electromotive force is called voltmeter.
Steps for voltage measurement
Connect a small light bulb to a dry cell. A voltmeter is wired in parallel with the light bulb to
measure voltage across the light bulb. Connect positive terminal (+) of voltmeter to
positive terminal (+) of a dry cell and connect negative terminal (-) of voltmeter to
negative terminal (-) of a dry cell (see figure).
Safety instructions for measuring voltage;
1. Estimate voltage that required measuring then choose
a suitable voltmeter, since each voltmeter is designed with
the limit of voltage measurement.
2. Be sure that the connecting of positive terminal (+) and negative terminal (-) of
voltmeter are correct.
How to measure resistance
The instrument used to measure resistance is called test meter or multimeter. The multimeter or test meter is used to make
various electrical measurements such as current, voltage and resistance. It combines the functions of ammeter, voltmeter
and ohmmeter.
Steps for resistance measurement
Turn the face dial to a position for required measuring, resistance, then touch
both of terminals of multimeter (see figure 1) and adjust the meter range to 0
. Touch both of terminals of meter to a resistance and take the reading (see
figure 2).

How Electricity works?

Electric current is the ability to do work. Electric current can be converted to heat, power and magnetism, to name a few.
Electric current is classified by its functions and three primary types are:
1. Heat and power
2. Electrochemistry
3. Magnetism
1. Heat and power is used to make heat and power.
For example, current-carrying nichrom wire that nichrom wire has a high resistance and creates heat. This is applied to
be component of electric ovens, toasters, electric irons and light bulbs, etc.

Experiment is made by measuring heat quantity of water by calorimeter. Increase voltage across wire by the variac and
connect ammeter and voltmeter to measure current and voltage.
Set the variac scale to adjust voltage and current value of nichrom wire and current is passed through periodically and
measure heat quantity from nichrom wire. There are any indications of voltage and current. If voltage, current and time
increase, heat quantity will also increase. They are expressed by the relation as below.

This is called Joule's law. Heat quantity depends on voltage time current and interval of time. From Ohm's law, V
(Voltage) = I (Current) x R (Resistance) therefore

Heat quantity depends on current squared times resistance and interval of time.
When current is passed through nichrom wire in water, current is converted to heat and temperature rises. Work is done
by heat generated in an electrical circuit, which is called Electric power.

Electric power is measured in Watts-hour (Wh) and heat quantity is measured in calories (Cal).

Work is done by heat generated in an electrical circuit is written in power, which it means that the rate work is done in a
circuit when 1 Amp flows with 1 Volt applied and its unit of measurement is Watt.

Conclusion

2. Electrochemistry
For example, when current is passed through sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, a chemical reaction called electrolysis
occurs. This is applied to produce electrolysis, galvanizing and battery, etc.
Experiment is made by soaking two platinum (Pt) plates in
molten salt. Connect batteries to two platinum plates,
current is passed through molten salt and produces
chlorine bubbles around positive plate (+) and hydrogen
bubbles around negative plate (-) since sodium chloride
composes of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). When sodium
chloride melts in water, the elements are separated.
Sodium has positive charges (+), while chlorine has
negative charges (-) and these charges are called ions.
The molten salt has both positive charges, called anodes,
and negative charges called cathodes. The state of
separated elements is called ionization. If salt is melted
by water, solution is available ions, called electrolyte
solution. And if current is passed through electrolyte
solution, a chemical reaction known as electrolysis
occurs.

3. Magnetism
The example of this electric work is a current-carrying wire, magnetic lines of flux occur. This is applied to produce
electric motors, electric transformers and tape recorders, etc.
Understanding meaning of magnetism:
What is magnetism?
The compound formula of magnet is Fe3O4. All magnets have two characteristics. First,
they attract and hold iron. Secondary, if free to move like the compass needle, they will
assume a north-south position. Any materials have these characteristics, they are called
magnet.
The characteristics of magnet are
Every magnet has two poles, one north pole and one south pole.
Opposite poles attract each other, while like poles repel each other.
Electricity and magnetic field
When magnetic needle is placed near electric wire, which current is
passed through, magnetic needle turns on the direction of current
flow (see figure 1 and 2). Therefore, electric current flow also
produces an associated magnetic force or it is said that electricity is
able to produce magnetic field.

When magnetic needle is placed in wire coil with one loop (see
figure) and current is passed through wire coil, magnetic needle
turns on the direction as shown in above figure. And the directions of
magnetic lines of flux are shown by the arrows.

When magnetic needle is placed in wire coil with many loops as

shown in right figure, then current is passed through coil. The
direction of magnetic lines of flux parallels wire coil. The
characteristics of magnetic lines of flux like the characteristics of
magnet, but no magnetic pole.

When a current-carrying wire coil is placed near iron bar, the iron bar
move slightly (see figure 1). If core is placed in a wire coil, the iron
bar is attracted strongly (see figure 2). Because core is a soft iron,
which conducts magnetic lines of force, when current is passed
through wire coil around core, the core becomes magnetized with
high power that is called electromagnets. This function is widely
applied for using in industries.

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