Thermodynamics of heat-transfer equipment. Heat loads transferred essentially at a steady temperature difference. Solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity are important.
Thermodynamics of heat-transfer equipment. Heat loads transferred essentially at a steady temperature difference. Solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity are important.
Thermodynamics of heat-transfer equipment. Heat loads transferred essentially at a steady temperature difference. Solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity are important.
Thermodynamics of heat-transfer equipment. Heat loads transferred essentially at a steady temperature difference. Solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity are important.
*Values listed are for moderate nonproximity agitation. CS = carbon steel.
jH = 0.14(NRe /)0.68
(11-53b)
In Eqs. (11-53a) and (11-53b), NRe is based on particle diameter and
superficial fluid velocity. Zenz and Othmer (see Introduction: General References) give an excellent summary of fluidized bed-to-wall heat-transfer investigations. Solidification involves heavy heat loads transferred essentially at a steady temperature difference. It also involves the varying values of liquid- and solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity. When these are substantial and/or in the case of a liquid flowing over a changing solid TABLE 11-8
External Coils; Typical Overall Coefficients*
U expressed in Btu/(h ft2 F)
Type of coil r in. o.d. copper tubing attached with bands at 24-in. spacing r in. o.d. copper tubing attached with bands at 24-in. spacing Panel coils
layer interface, Siegel and Savino (ASME Paper 67-WA/Ht-34, November 1967) offer equations and charts for prediction of the layer-growth time. For solidification (or melting) of a slab or a semi-infinite bar, initially at its transition temperature, the position of the interface is given by the one-dimensional Newmanns solution given in Carslaw and Jaeger (Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959). Later work by Hashem and Sliepcevich [Chem. Eng. Prog., 63, Symp. Ser. 79, 35, 42 (1967)] offers more accurate second-order finite-difference equations. The heat-transfer rate is found to be substantially higher under conditions of agitation. The heat transfer is usually said to occur by com-
Coil spacing, in. 2 3f 6d 12a or greater 2 3f 6d 12a or greater
Fluid in coil
Fluid in vessel
5 to 50 lb./sq. in. gage
steam
Water under light agitation
50 lb./sq. in. gage steam
No. 6 fuel oil under light
agitation
50 lb./sq. in. gage steam
Water Water
Boiling water Water No. 6 fuel oil Water No. 6 fuel oil
External surface of tubing or side of panel coil facing tank. For tubing, the coefficients are more dependent upon tightness of the coil against the tank than upon either fluid. The low end of the range is recommended. NOTE: To convert British thermal units per hour-square foot-degrees Fahrenheit to joules per square meter-second-kelvins, multiply by 5.6783; to convert inches to meters, multiply by 0.0254; and to convert pounds-force per square inch to kilopascals, multiply by 6.895.
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The Steam Engine Explained and Illustrated (Seventh Edition)
With an Account of its Invention and Progressive Improvement, and its Application to Navigation and Railways; Including also a Memoir of Watt
