Corrosion Titanium

corrosion resistance of
t i ta n i u m
Titanium Metals Corporation
TIMET
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TIMET 40 YEAR WARRANTY

In most power plant surface condenser tubing, tubesheet and service water pipe applications, TIMET CODEWELD
Tubing and CODEROLL Sheet, Strip and Plate can be covered by written warranties against failure by corrosion for
a period of 40 years.
For additional information and copies of these warranties, please contact any of the TIMET locations shown on the
back cover of this brochure.
The data and other information contained herein are derived from a variety of sources which TIMET believes are reliable.
Because it is not possible to anticipate specific uses and operating conditions, TIMET urges you to consult with our
technical service personnel on your particular applications. A copy of TIMETs warranty is available on request.
TIMET , TIMETAL, CODEROLL and CODEWELD are registered trademarks of Titanium Metals Corporation.
FORWARD
Since titanium metal first became a

commercial reality in 1950, corrosion
resistance has been an important
consideration in its selection as an
engineering structural material.
Titanium has gained acceptance
in many media where its corrosion
resistance and engineering properties
have provided the corrosion and
design engineer with a reliable and
economic material.
This brochure summarizes the

corrosion resistance data accumulated
in over forty years of laboratory
testing and application experience.
The corrosion data were obtained
using generally acceptable testing
methods; however, since service
conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET
recommends testing under the actual
anticipated operating conditions.
CONTENTS
Forward ........................................................................... i
Introduction ...................................................................... 1
Chlorine, Chlorine Chemicals, and Chlorides ............................ 2
Chlorine Gas
Chlorine Chemicals
Chlorides
Bromine, Iodine, and Fluorine ............................................... 4
Resistance to Waters ........................................................... 5
Fresh Water Steam
Seawater
General Corrosion
Erosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Corrosion Fatigue
Biofouling/MIC
Crevice Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion
Acids ............................................................................... 8
Oxidizing Acids
Nitric Acid
Red Fuming Nitric Acid
Chromic Acid
Reducing Acids
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Sulfurous Acid
Other Inorganic Acids
Mixed Acids
A l k a l i n e M e d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
I n o r g a n i c S a l t S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
O r g a n i c C h e m i c a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
O r g a n i c A c i d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
O x y g e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
H y d r o g e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
S u l f u r D i o x i d e a n d H y d r o g e n S u l f i d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
N i t r o g e n a n d A m m o n i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
L i q u i d M e t a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A n o d i z i n g a n d O x i d a t i o n T r e a t m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
T y p e s o f C o r r o s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
General Corrosion
Crevice Corrosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Anodic Breakdown Pitting
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Galvanic Corrosion
R e f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
A p p e n d i x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
INTRODUCTION
Many titanium alloys have been

developed for aerospace applications
where mechanical properties are the
primary consideration. In industrial
applications, however, corrosion
resistance is the most important property.
The commercially pure (c.p.) and alloy
grades typically used in industrial service
are listed in Table 1. Discussion of
corrosion resistance in this brochure will
be limited to these alloys.
In the following sections, the resistance
of titanium to specific environments is
discussed followed by an explanation of
the types of corrosion that can affect
titanium. The principles outlined and the
data given should be used with caution
as a guide for the application of titanium.
In many cases, data were obtained in the
laboratory. Actual in-plant environments
often contain impurities which can exert
their own effects. Heat transfer
conditions or unanticipated deposited
residues can also alter results. Such
factors may require in-plant corrosion
tests. Corrosion coupons are available
from TIMET for laboratory or in-plant
testing programs. A tabulation of
available general corrosion data is given
in the Appendix.
Titanium offers outstanding resistance

to a wide variety of environments.
In general, TIMETAL Code 12 and
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd extend the
usefulness of unalloyed titanium to
more severe conditions. TIMETAL 6-4,
on the other hand, has somewhat less
resistance than unalloyed titanium, but
is still outstanding in many environments
compared to other structural metals.
Recently, ASTM incorporated a series of
new titanium grades containing 0.05%
Pd. (See Table 1 below.) These new
grades exhibit nearly identical corrosion
resistance to the old 0.15% Pd grades,
yet offer considerable cost savings. TIMET
is pleased to offer these new titanium
grades: 16 (TIMETAL 50A .05Pd),
17 (TIMETAL 35A .05Pd), and
18 (TIMETAL 3-2.5 .05Pd).
Throughout this brochure, wherever
information is given regarding Grade 7
(TIMETAL 50A .15Pd), these new
grades may be substituted. As always,
this information should only be used as
a guideline. TIMET technical
representatives should be consulted to
assure proper titanium material
selection. Additional information
concerning these new grades may be
obtained from TIMET.
Ta bl e 1
Titanium alloys commonly used in industry

TIMET
Designation
TIMETAL
35A
50A
65A
75A
6-4
50A .15Pd
3-2.5
35A .15Pd
Code 12
50A .05Pd
35A .05Pd
3-2.5 .05Pd
ASTM
Grade
UNS
Designation
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
11
12
16
17
18
R50250
R50400
R50550
R50700
R56400
R52400
R56320
R52250
R53400
R52402
R52252
R56322
Ultimate Tensile Yield Strength (min.)

Nominal
Strength (min.)
0.2% Offset
Composition
35,000
50,000
65,000
80,000
130,000
50,000
90,000
35,000
70,000
50,000
35,000
90,000
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
25,000
40,000
55,000
70,000
120,000
40,000
70,000
25,000
50,000
40,000
25,000
70,000
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
C.P. Titanium*
C.P. Titanium*
C.P. Titanium*
C.P. Titanium*
6% AI, 4% V
Grade 2+0.15% Pd
3.0% AI, 2.5% V
Grade 1+0.15% Pd
0.3% Mo, 0.8% Ni
Grade 2+0.05% Pd
Grade 1+0.05% Pd
Grade 9+0.05% Pd
Titanium and its alloys provide excellent

resistance to general localized attack
under most oxidizing, neutral and
inhibited reducing conditions. They also
remain passive under mildly reducing
conditions, although they may be
attacked by strongly reducing or
complexing media.
Titanium metals corrosion resistance is
due to a stable, protective, strongly
adherent oxide film. This film forms
instantly when a fresh surface is
exposed to air or moisture. According to
Andreeva(1) the oxide film formed on
titanium at room temperature
immediately after a clean surface is
exposed to air is 12-16 Angstroms thick.
After 70 days it is about 50 Angstroms.
It continues to grow slowly reaching a
thickness of 80-90 Angstroms in 545
days and 250 Angstroms in four years.
The film growth is accelerated under
strongly oxidizing conditions, such as
heating in air, anodic polarization in an
electrolyte or exposure to oxidizing
agents such as HNO3, CrO3 etc.
The composition of this film varies from
TiO2 at the surface to Ti2O3, to TiO at
the metal interface.(2) Oxidizing
conditions promote the formation of
TiO2 so that in such environments the
film is primarily TiO2. This film is
transparent in its normal thin
configuration and not detectable by
visual means.
A study of the corrosion resistance of
titanium is basically a study of the
properties of the oxide film. The oxide
film on titanium is very stable and is
only attacked by a few substances, most
notably, hydrofluoric acid. Titanium is
capable of healing this film almost
instantly in any environment where a
trace of moisture or oxygen is present
because of its strong affinity for oxygen.
Anhydrous conditions in the absence of
a source of oxygen should be avoided
since the protective film may not be
regenerated if damaged.
*Commercially Pure (Unalloyed) Titanium
CHLORINE, CHLORINE
CHEMICALS AND CHLORIDES
Chlorine and chlorine compounds in

aqueous solution are not corrosive
toward titanium because of their
strongly oxidizing natures. Titanium is
unique among metals in handling
these environments.
The corrosion resistance of titanium
to moist chlorine gas and chloridecontaining solutions is the basis for the
largest number of titanium applications.
Titanium is widely used in chlor-alkali
cells; dimensionally stable anodes;
bleaching equipment for pulp and
paper; heat exchangers, pumps, piping
and vessels used in the production of
organic intermediates; pollution control
devices; and even for human body
prosthetic devices.
The equipment manufacturer or user
faced with a chlorine or chloride
corrosion problem will find titaniums
resistance over a wide range of
temperatures and concentrations
particularly useful.
Chlorine Gas
Titanium is widely used to handle
moist chlorine gas and has earned a
reputation for outstanding performance
in this service. The strongly oxidizing
nature of moist chlorine passivates
titanium resulting in low corrosion rates
in moist chlorine.
mechanical damage to titanium in

chlorine gas under static conditions at
room temperature (Figure 1).(4) Factors
such as gas pressure, gas flow, and
temperature as well as mechanical
damage to the oxide film on the
titanium, influence the actual amount of
moisture required. Approximately 1.5
percent moisture is apparently required
for passivation at 390F (199C).(3)
Caution should be exercised when
employing titanium in chlorine gas
where moisture content is low.
FIGURE 1
*Welded Samples
50-190 (10-88)
220
(104)
Corrosion Rate mpy (mm/y)

TIMETAL 50A
TIMETAL Code 12
Nil-0.02 (0.001)
T E M P E R AT U R E F ( C )
200
(93)
180
(82)
AREA OF
U N C E R TA I N T Y
160
(71)
POSITIVE
REACTION
140
(60)
NO
REACTION
120
(49)
100
(38)
80
(27)
190 (88)
86 (30)
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P R E L I M I N A R Y D ATA R E F L E C T I N G
P E R C E N T WAT E R C O N T E N T
N E C E S S A R Y T O PA S S I VAT E
U N A L L O Y E D T I TA N I U M I N
CHLORINE GAS
RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM TO CHLORINE
Wet Chlorine
Water Saturated,
Chlorine Cell Gas
Dry Chlorine
The limiting factor for application of

titanium and its alloys to aqueous
chloride environments appears to be
crevice corrosion. When crevices are
present, unalloyed titanium will
sometimes corrode under conditions not
predicted by general corrosion rates
(See Crevice Corrosion). TIMET studies
have shown that pH and temperature
are important variables with regard to
crevice corrosion in brines.
Titanium is fully resistant to solutions of

chlorites, hypochlorites, chlorates,
perchlorates and chlorine dioxide.
Titanium equipment has been used to
handle these chemicals in the pulp and
paper industry for many years with no
evidence of corrosion.(5) Titanium is used
today in nearly every piece of
equipment handling wet chlorine or
chlorine chemicals in a modern bleach
plant, such as chlorine dioxide mixers,
piping, and washers. In the future it is
expected that these applications will
expand including use of titanium in
equipment for ClO2 generators and
waste water recovery.
Ta bl e 2
Temperature
F (C)
Titanium has excellent resistance to

corrosion by neutral chloride solutions
even at relatively high temperatures
(Table 3). Titanium generally exhibits
very low corrosion rates in chloride
environments.
Chlorine Chemicals
Dry chlorine can cause rapid attack on

titanium and may even cause ignition if
moisture content is sufficiently low
(Table 2).(3) However, one percent of
water is generally sufficient for
passivation or repassivation after
Environment
Chlorides
0.065* (0.002)
Rapid Attack,
Ignition
0.035* (0.001)
60
(16)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
P E R C E N T O F W AT E R B Y W E I G H T I N C H L O R I N E G A S
The temperature-pH relationship defines

crevice corrosion susceptibility for
TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL Code 12, and
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd in saturated
sodium chloride brines (Figures 2, 3,
and 4). Corrosion in sharp crevices in
near neutral brine is possible with
unalloyed titanium at about 200F
(93C) and above (Figure 2). Lowering
the pH of the brine lowers the
temperature at which crevice corrosion
is likely, whereas raising the pH reduces
crevice corrosion susceptibility. However,
crevice corrosion on titanium is not
likely to occur below 158F (70C). The
presence of high concentrations of
cations other than sodium such as Ca + 2
or Mg + 2, can also alter this relationship
and cause localized corrosion at lower
temperatures than those indicated in
the diagrams.
TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A
.15Pd offer considerably improved
resistance to crevice corrosion compared
to unalloyed titanium (Figures 3 and 4).
These alloys have not shown any
indication of any kind of corrosion in
laboratory tests in neutral saturated
brines to temperatures in excess of 600F
(316C). TIMETAL Code 12 maintains
excellent resistance to crevice corrosion
down to pH values of about 3. Below pH
3, TIMETAL 50A .15Pd offers distinctly
better resistance than TIMETAL Code 12.
TIMETAL Code 12 or TIMETAL 50A .15Pd
will resist crevice corrosion in boiling,
low pH salt solutions which corrode
TIMETAL 50A (Table 4).
Table 3
resistance of unalloyed titanium to

corrosion by aerated Chloride solutions
(R EF. 17)
Chloride
Aluminum chloride
Ammonium chloride
Barium chloride
Calcium chloride
Cupric chloride
Cuprous chloride
Ferric chloride
Lithium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Manganous chloride
Mercuric chloride
Nickel chloride
Potassium chloride
Stannic chloride
Stannous chloride
Sodium chloride
Zinc chloride
Concentration
%
Temperature
F (C)
5-10
10
10
20
25
25
40
All
5-25
5
10
20
55
60
62
73
1-20
40
50
1-20
1-40
50
50
50
5
20
50
5-20
1
5
10
55
5-20
Saturated
Saturated
5
Saturated
3
20
29
Saturated
Saturated
20
50
75
80
140 (60)
212 (100)
302 (150)
300 (149)
68 (20)
212 (100)
250 (121)
68-212 (20-100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
220 (104)
300 (149)
310 (154)
350 (177)
212 (100)
Boiling
194 (90)
70 (21)
Boiling
Boiling
302 (150)
300 (149)
212 (100)
212 (100)
390 (199)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
215 (102)
212 (100)
70 (21)
140 (60)
212 (100)
70 (21)
Boiling
165 (74)
230 (110)
70 (21)
Boiling
220 (104)
302 (150)
392 (200)
392 (200)
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
0.12
0.09
1.3
630
0.04
258
4300
<0.5
<0.01
0.02
0.3
0.6
0.02
<0.01
2-16
84
<0.5
0.2
<0.1
<0.5
0.16
<0.7
0.03
0.4
0.2
0.01
0.42
0.04
0.14
<0.01
0.12
0.01
0.01
0.01
24
8000
(0.003)
(0.002)
(0.033)
(16.0)
(0.001)
(6.55)
(109.2)
(<0.013)
(<0.000)
(0.001)
(0.008)
(0.015)
(0.001)
(<0.000)
(0.051-0.406)
(2.13)
(<0.013)
(0.005)
(<0.003)
Nil
(<0.013)
(0.004)
(<0.018)
Nil
(0.001)
(0.010)
(0.005)
Nil
(0.000)
(0.011)
(0.001)
Nil
(0.004)
Nil
(<0.000)
(0.003)
Nil
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.0003)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
(0.610)
(203.2)
BROMINE IODINE
AND FLUORINE
FIGURE 2
Titanium is not recommended for use in

contact with fluorine gas. The possibility
of formation of hydrofluoric acid
even in minute quantities can lead to
very high corrosion rates. Similarly,
the presence of free fluorides in acid
aqueous environments can lead to
formation of hydrofluoric acid and,
consequently, rapid attack on titanium.
On the other hand, fluorides chemically
bound or fully complexed by metal ions,
or highly stable fluorine containing
compounds (e.g., fluorocarbons), are
generally noncorrosive to titanium.
E F F E C T O F T E M P E R AT U R E a n d P H
on Crevice Corrosion of
u n a l l o y e d T i ta n i u m ( T I M E T A L 5 0 A )
i n S at u r at e d N a C L B r i n e
14
12
,,,,
yyyy
yyyy
,,,,
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
IMMUNE
10
8
pH
The resistance of titanium to bromine

and iodines is similar to its resistance to
chlorine. It is attacked by the dry gas
but is passivated by the presence of
moisture. Titanium is reported to be
resistant to bromine water.(4)
CREVICE CORROSION
100
(38)
200
300
400
500
(93)
(149)
(204)
(260)
600
(316)
FIGURE 3
E F F E C T O F T E M P E R AT U R E a n d
TIMETAL Code 12
PH
14
12
yyyy
,,,,
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
IMMUNE
10
pH
CREVICE CORROSION
100
(38)
200
300
400
500
(93)
(149)
(204)
(260)
600
(316)
FIGURE 4
E F F E C T O F T E M P E R AT U R E a n d
TIMETAL 50A .15PD
PH
14
12
yyyy
,,,,
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
IMMUNE
10
pH
CREVICE CORROSION
100
(38)
200
300
400
500
(93)
(149)
(204)
(260)
600
(316)
R E S I S TA N C E T O WAT E R S
Fresh Water Steam

Titanium resists all forms of corrosive
attack by fresh water and steam to
temperatures in excess of 600F
(316C).(7) The corrosion rate is very low
or a slight weight gain is experienced.
Titanium surfaces are likely to acquire a
tarnished appearance in hot water steam
but will be free of corrosion.
Some natural river waters contain
manganese which deposits as
manganese dioxide on heat exchanger
surfaces. Chlorination treatments used
to control sliming results in severe
pitting and crevice corrosion on stainless
steel surfaces. Titanium is immune to
this form of corrosion and is an ideal
material for handling all natural waters.
Seawater
General Corrosion
Titanium resists corrosion by seawater to
temperatures as high as 500F (260C).
Titanium tubing, exposed for 16 years to
polluted seawater in a surface condenser,
was slightly discolored but showed no
evidence of corrosion.(8) Titanium has
provided over thirty years of trouble-free
seawater service for the chemical, oil
refining and desalination industries.
Exposure of titanium for many years to
depths of over a mile below the ocean
surface has not produced any
measurable corrosion (9) (Table 5). Pitting
and crevice corrosion are totally absent,
even if marine deposits form. The
presence of sulfides in seawater does
not affect the resistance of titanium to
corrosion. Exposure of titanium to
marine atmospheres or splash or tide
zone does not cause corrosion.(10,11,12,13)
Table 4
resistance of titanium to
crevice corrosIOn in boiling solutions
Environment
pH
TIMETAL
50A
ZnCl2 (saturated)
10% AlCl3
42% MgCl2
10% NH4Cl
NaCl (saturated)
NaCl (saturated) + Cl2
10% Na2SO4
10% FeCl3
3.0
4.2
4.1
3.0
2.0
2.0
0.6
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
500 hour test results

TIMETAL
TIMETAL
Code 12
50A .15Pd
R
R
R
R
R
F
R
F
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Metal-to-Teflon crevice samples used.

F = Failed (samples showed corrosion in metal-to-Teflon crevices).
R = Resisted (samples showed no evidence of corrosion).
Table 5
CORROSION OF TITANIUM IN A MBIENT SEAWATER

Ocean Depth
ft (m)
Alloy
Unalloyed titanium
TIMETAL 6-4
Shallow
2,362-6,790 (720-2070)
4,264-4,494 (1300-1370)
5-6,790 (1.5-2070)
5,642 (1720)
5-6,790 (1.5-2070)
5,642 (1720)
5,642 (1720)
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
3.15 x 10-5 (0.8 x 10-6)
<0.010 (<0.00025)
<0.010 (<0.00025)
(0.0)
0.002 (0.00004)
<0.010 (<0.00025)
3.15 x 10-5 (8 x 10-6)
0.039 (0.001)
Reference
(10)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(12)
(9)
(12)
(13)
Table 6
effect of seawater velocity on erosion of

unalloyed titanium and timetal 6-4
Seawater Velocity
ft/sec (m/sec)
0-2 (0-0.61)
25 (7.6)
120 (36.6)
Erosion Rate mpy (mm/y)

Unalloyed
Titanium
TIMETAL 6-4
Nil
Nil
0.3 (0.008)
0.4 (0.010)
Erosion
Titanium has the ability to resist erosion
by high velocity seawater (Table 6).
Velocities as high as 120 ft./sec. cause
only a minimal rise in erosion rate.(14) The
presence of abrasive particles, such as
sand, has only a small effect on the
corrosion resistance of titanium under
conditions that are extremely detrimental
to copper and aluminum base alloys
(Table 7). Titanium is considered
one of the best cavitation-resistant
materials available for seawater
service (15) (Table 8).
Ta bl e 7
erosion of unalloyed titan ium in seawater

containing suspended solids
( RE F. 1 5 )
Corrosion/Erosion mpy (mm/y)

Flow Rate
ft/sec (m/sec)
23.6
6.6
6.6
11.5
13.5
23.6
(7.2)
(2)
(2)
(3.5)
(4.1)
(7.2)
Suspended Matter
in Seawater
Duration
Hrs.
None
40 g/l 60 Mesh Sand
40 g/l 10 Mesh Emery
1% 80 Mesh Emery
4% 80 Mesh Emery
40% 80 Mesh Emery
10,000
2,000
2,000
17.5
17.5
1
TIMETAL 50A
70 Cu-30 Ni*
Aluminum
Brass
Nil
(0.0025)
(0.0125)
(0.0037)
(0.083)
(1.5)
Pitted
3.9 (0.10)
Severe Erosion
1.1 (.028)
2.6 (.065)
78.7 (2.0)
Pitted
2.0 (0.05)
Severe Erosion
0.1
0.5
0.15
3.3
59.1
*High iron, high manganese 70-30 cupro-nickel.
Ta bl e 8
erosion of unalloyed titanium in seawater Loc ations

( RE F. 1 5 )

Flow Rate
ft/sec (m/sec)
Duration
Months
Mediterranean Sea
32.2 (9.8)
3.3 (1)
27.9 (8.5)
29.5 (9)
23.6 (7.2 [Plus Air])
2.0-4.3(0.6-1.3)
29.5 (9)
23.6 (7.2 [Plus Air])
12
54
2
2
1
6
2
0.5
Dead Sea
23.6 (7.2 [Plus Air])
0.5
Location
Brixham Sea
Kure Beach
Wrightsville Beach
*High iron, high manganese 70-30 cupro-nickel.
**Sample perforated.
TIMETAL 50A
<0.098
3x10-5
4.9x10-3
1.1x10-2
0.020
0.004
0.007
(<0.0025)
(0.75 x 10-6)
(0.000125)
(0.000275)
(0.0005)
(0.0001)
(0.000175)
0.5
mg/day
0.2
mg/day
70 Cu-30 Ni*
Aluminum
11.8 (0.3)
1.9 (0.048)
81.1 (2.06)
4.7 (0.12)
0.9 (0.022)
8.9
mg/day
9
mg/day
39.4 (1.0**)
19.3
mg/day
6.7
mg/day
Stress Corrosion
Cracking
Microbiologically
Influenced Corrosion
TIMETAL 35A and TIMETAL 50A are

essentially immune to stress-corrosion
cracking (SCC) in seawater. This has
been confirmed many times as reviewed
by Blackburn et al. (1973).(16) Other
unalloyed titanium grades with oxygen
levels greater than 0.2% may be
susceptible to SCC under some
conditions. Some titanium alloys may be
susceptible to SCC in seawater if
highly-stressed, pre-existing cracks are
present. TIMETAL 6-4 ELI (low oxygen
content) is considered one of the best of
the high strength titanium-base alloys
for seawater service.(17)
Titanium, uniquely among the common

engineering metals, appears to be
immune to MIC. Laboratory studies
confirm that titanium is resistant to the
most aggressive aerobic and anaerobic
organisms.(55) Also, there has never
been a reported case of MIC attack
on titanium.
Corrosion Fatigue
Titanium, unlike many other materials,
does not suffer a significant loss of
fatigue properties in seawater.(11,18,19) This
is illustrated by the data in Table 9.
Biofouling
Titanium does not display any toxicity
toward marine organisms. Biofouling can
occur on surfaces immersed in seawater.
Cotton et al. (1957) reported extensive
biofouling on titanium after 800 hours
immersion in shallow seawater.(11) The
integrity of the corrosion resistant oxide
film, however, is fully maintained under
marine deposits and no pitting or crevice
corrosion has been observed.
It has been pointed out that marine
fouling of titanium heat exchanger
surfaces can be minimized by
maintaining water velocities in excess of
2 m/sec.(20) Chlorination is recommended
for protection of titanium heat
exchanger surfaces from biofouling
where seawater velocities less than
2 m/sec are anticipated.
Crevice Corrosion
Localized pitting or crevice corrosion is
a possibility on unalloyed titanium in
seawater at temperatures above 180F
(82C). TIMETAL Code 12 and
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd offer resistance to
crevice corrosion in seawater at
temperatures as high as 500F (260C)
and are discussed more thoroughly in
the section on chlorides.
Galvanic Corrosion
Titanium is not subject to galvanic
corrosion in seawater, however, it may
accelerate the corrosion of the other
member of the galvanic couple
(see Galvanic Corrosion).
Table 9
EFFECT OF SEAWATER ON
FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM
(R E F. 11, 19)
Alloy
Unalloyed
TIMETAL 6-4
Stress to Cause Failure

in 10 7 Cycles,* ksi (MPa)
Air
Seawater
52 (359)
70 (480)
54 (372)
60 (410)
*Rotating beam fatigue tests on smooth, round bar specimens.
ACIDS
Oxidizing Acids
Ta bl e 1 0
C OR ROS ION OF T ITAN IUM AN D S TAI NL E SS ST E E L

H EAT I N G S U R FAC E S E X PO S E D TO B OI L I NG
90% N I T RIC AC ID (2 1 5 F)
( RE F. 2 3 )
Metal
Temperature F (C)
240 (116)
275 (135)
310 (154)

Type 304L
TIMETAL 50A
Stainless Steel
1.1-6.6 (0.03-0.17)
1.6-6.1 (0.04-0.15)
1.0-2.3 (0.03-0.06)
150-518 (3.8-13.2)
676-2900 (17.2-73.7)
722-2900 (18.3-73.7)
Ta bl e 1 1
effect of chromium on corrosion of

sta i n l es s s t e e l an d t itan ium in boi l i ng
hno 3 ( 68% * )
( RE F. 2 3 )
Percent
Chromium
0.0
0.0005
0.005
0.05
0.01

Type 304L
(Annealed)
TIMETAL 50A
12-18
(0.30-0.46)
12-20
(0.30-0.51)
60-90
(1.5-2.3)
980-1600 (24.9-40.6)
3.5-3.8 (0.09-0.10)
0.9-1.6 (0.022-0.041)
0.1-1.4 (0.003-0.036)
*Exposed for three 48-hr. periods, acid changed each period.
Ta bl e 1 2
effect of dis s olv e d t itan ium o n t h e

c or ros ion r at e of u n al lo y e d ti tani um i n
boi l i ng n i tr ic ac id s olu t io n s
( RE F. 2 2 )
Titanium Ion
Added (mg/l)
0
10
20
40
80
Duration of Test: 24 hours

40% HNO3
68% HNO3
29.5 (0.75)
8.6 (0.22)
1.9 (0.05)
0.8 (0.02)
31.8
0.8
2.4
0.4
0.4
(0.81)
(0.02)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(0.01)
Titanium is highly resistant to oxidizing

acids over a wide range of
concentrations and temperatures.
Common acids in this category include
nitric, chromic, perchloric, and
hypochlorous (wet Cl2) acids. These
oxidizing compounds assure oxide film
stability. Low, but finite, corrosion rates
from continued surface oxidation may
be observed under high temperature,
highly oxidizing conditions.
Titanium has been extensively utilized
for handling and producing nitric acid (4,21)
in applications where stainless steels
have exhibited significant uniform or
intergranular attack (Table 10). Titanium
offers excellent resistance over the full
concentration range at sub-boiling
temperatures. At higher temperatures,
however, titaniums corrosion resistance
is highly dependent on nitric acid purity.
In hot, very pure solutions or vapor
condensates of nitric acid, significant
general corrosion (and trickling acid
condensate attack) may occur in the 20
to 70 wt.% range as seen in Figure 5.
Under marginal high temperature
conditions, higher purity unalloyed
grades of titanium (i.e., TIMETAL 35A)
are preferred for curtailing accelerated
corrosion of weldments.
On the other hand, various metallic
species such as Si, Cr, Fe, Ti or various
precious metal ions (i.e., Pt, Ru) in very
minute amounts tend to inhibit high
temperature corrosion of titanium in nitric
acid solutions (Table 11). Titanium often
exhibits superior performance to stainless
steel alloys in high temperature metalcontaminated nitric acid media, such as
those associated with the Purex Process
for U3O8 recovery. Titaniums own
corrosion product Ti +4, is a very potent
inhibitor as shown in Table 12. This is
particularly useful in recirculating nitric
acid process streams, such as stripper
reboiler loops (Table 10), where effective
inhibition results from achievement of
steady-state levels of dissolved Ti +4.
FIGURE 5
R e s i s ta n c e o f T i ta n i u m t o P u r e N i t r i c a c i d
40
(1.02)
TIMETAL CODE 12
TIMETAL 50A
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd

32
C O R R O S I O N R AT E M P Y ( M M / Y )
(0.81)
24
(0.61)
16
(0.41)
8
(0.20)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
B O I L I N G W T. % H N O 3
The data in Table 13 shows that

titanium also offers good resistance to
nitric acid vapors.
CAUTION: Titanium is not
recommended for use in red fuming
nitric acid because of the danger of
pyrophoric reactions.
Table 13
RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM TO CORROSION

BY HNO 3 VAPORS
Alloy
TIMETAL 50A
TIMETAL Code 12
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd
Corrosion Rate mpy (mm/y)*

2.0 (0.051)
0.8 (0.020)
0.08 (0.002)
* Samples suspended in vapors above boiling 70% HNO3 Azeotrope. 144 hour exposure.
Red Fuming Nitric Acid
FIGURE 6
EFFECT OF Acid composition on the Pyrophoric

R e a c t i o n w i t h U n a l l o y e d T i ta n i u m i n R e d F u m i n g
Nitric Acid
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
40
POSITIVE REACTION
30
NO2 %
A R E A O F U N C E R TA I N T Y
NO REACTION
20
10
2
H2O %
Ta bl e 1 4
CORROSION OF UNALLOYED TITANIUM IN

CHROMIC ACID
10
Acid Concentration
%
Temperature
F (C)
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
Reference
20
10
10
20
70 (21)
Boiling
Boiling
Room
4.0 Max (0.102 Max)

Nil
<5.0 (<0.127)
Nil
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
Although titanium in general has

excellent resistance to nitric acid over
a wide range of concentrations and
temperatures, it should not be used with
red fuming nitric acid. A pyrophoric
reaction product can be produced
resulting in serious accidents. An
investigation of these accidents has
shown that the pyrophoric reaction is
always preceded by a rapid corrosive
attack on the titanium.(24,25) This attack
is intergranular and results in a surface
residue of finely divided particles of
metallic titanium. These are highly
pyrophoric and are capable of detonating
in the presence of a strong oxidizing
agent such as fuming nitric acid.
It has been established that the water
content of the solution must be less
than 1.34% and the NO2 content
greater than 6% for the pyrophoric
reaction to develop. This relationship is
shown in Figure 6.(24)
Chromic Acid
The data on chromic acid is not as
extensive as that on nitric acid. However,
the corrosion resistance of titanium to
chromic acid appears to be very similar
to that observed in nitric acid. This is
shown by the data in Table 14 and by
service experience.
Reducing Acids
Titanium offers moderate resistance to
reducing acids such as hydrochloric,
sulfuric, and phosphoric. Corrosion
rates increase with increasing acid
concentration and temperature. The
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd alloy offers best
resistance to these environments,
followed by TIMETAL Code 12,
unalloyed titanium, and TIMETAL 6-4.
Iso-corrosion data illustrate that

TIMETAL 50A offers useful corrosion
resistance to about 7% hydrochloric acid
at room temperature; TIMETAL Code 12
to about 9% HCl; and TIMETAL 50A
.15Pd to about 27% (See Figure 7). This
resistance is significantly lowered at near
boiling temperatures.
Typical corrosion rate data for
TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL 6-4, TIMETAL
Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd in
pure HCl solutions are given in Table 15.
Small amounts of certain multi-valent
metal ions in solution, such as ferric ion,
can effectively inhibit the corrosion of
titanium in hydrochloric acid (Figures 8, 9,
10). When sufficient ferric ion is present,
TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL Code 12 and
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd show similar
corrosion resistance. Other metal ions
such as Cu +2, Ni +2, Mo +6, and Ti+4, also
passivate titanium against attack by
hydrochloric acid. Oxidizing agents such
as nitric acid, chlorine, sodium
hypochlorite, or chromate ions, also have
been shown to be effective inhibitors.
These have allowed titanium to be
successfully utilized in many hydrochloric
acid applications.
Severe corrosion damage on titanium

equipment has resulted from cleaning
procedures utilizing pure hydrochloric
acid or acid inhibited with amines. If
hydrochloric or sulfuric acid is used to
clean titanium surfaces, it is

recommended that sufficient ferric
chloride be added to effectively inhibit
corrosion of the titanium.
FIGURE 7
C o r r o s i o n o f T i ta n i u m A l l o y s i n N at u r a l ly
A e r at e d H C L S o l u t i o n s
|||

zzz
,,,

yyy
{{{

zzz
|||
,,,

yyy
{{{

zzz
|||
,,,

yyy
{{{

zzz
|||
,,,

yyy
{{{
275
(135)
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd

TIMETAL CODE 12
TIMETAL 50A
250
(121)
5 m p y ( 0 . 1 2 7 m m / y ) I S O- C OR R OS I ON L INES
BOILING POINT
225
(107)
Hydrochloric Acid
200
(93)
175
(79)
150
(66)
125
(52)
100
(38)
75
(24) 0
10
15
20
25
30
35
WEIGHT % HCl
Ta bl e 1 5
CORROSION OF TITANIUM IN DILUTE PURE HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Wt.
% HCL
FeCl3
added
Temp.
TIMETAL
50A
1
2
3
5
8
1
2
3
5
8
3
4
2g/l
2g/l
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
200F (93C)
200F (93C)
Nil
Nil
0.5 (0.013)
0.2 (0.005)
0.2 (0.005)
85 (2.16)
280 (7.11)
550 (14.0)
840 (21.3)
>2000 (>50.8)
0.2 (0.005)
0.4 (0.010)

TIMETAL
TIMETAL
6-4
Code 12
260 (6.60)
520 (13.2)
1030 (26.2)
1900 (48.3)
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.2
1.4
10.0
400
1500
3000
1.0
2.0
(0.005)
(0.003)
(0.013)
(0.013)
(0.005)
(0.036)
(0.254)
(10.2)
(38.1)
(76.2)
(0.025)
(0.050)
TIMETAL
50A .15Pd
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.8
1.8
2.7
10.0
24.0
0.1
0.3
(0.003)
(0.006)
(0.010)
(0.015)
(0.025)
(0.020)
(0.046)
(0.069)
(0.254)
(0.610)
(0.003)
(0.008)
11
FIGURE 8
Effect of Ferric Ions on the Corrosion of TIMETAL 50A,

5 mpy ( 0 . 1 2 7 mm/ y) I s o - C or r o s io n L i n e
125
0 ppm Fe+3
30 ppm Fe+3 = .0087% FeCl3
60 ppm Fe+3 = .0174% FeCl3
121
75 ppm Fe+3 = .0218% FeCl3

125 ppm Fe+3 = .0362% FeCl3
BOILING POINT
107
T E M P E R AT U R E ( C )
93
79
66
52
38
24
0
10
15
20
WEIGHT % HCl
12
25
30
35
FIGURE 9
Effect of Ferric Ions on the Corrosion of TIMETAL Code 12,

125
0 ppm Fe+3
30 ppm Fe+3 = .0087% FeCl3
60 ppm Fe+3 = .0174% FeCl3
121
75 ppm Fe+3 = .0218% FeCl3

125 ppm Fe+3 = .0362% FeCl3
BOILING POINT
107
93
79
66
52
38
24
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
WEIGHT % HCl
13
FIGURE 10
E f f e c t of F e r r ic Io n s o n t h e C or r o s io n of T I M E T A L 5 0 A . 1 5 p d,
125
0 ppm Fe+3
30 ppm Fe+3 = .0087% FeCl3
60 ppm Fe+3 = .0174% FeCl3
121
75 ppm Fe+3 = .0218% FeCl3

125 ppm Fe+3 = .0362% FeCl3
BOILING POINT
107
93
79
66
52
38
24
0
10
15
20
WEIGHT % HCL
14
25
30
35
FIGURE 11
Titanium is resistant to corrosive attack

by dilute solutions of pure sulfuric acid
at low temperatures. At 32F (0C),
unalloyed titanium is resistant to
concentrations of about 20 percent
sulfuric acid. This decreases to about 5
percent acid at room temperature
(Figure 11). TIMETAL 50A .15Pd is
resistant to about 45 percent acid at
room temperature. In boiling sulfuric
acid, unalloyed titanium will show high
corrosion rates in solutions with as
little as 0.5 percent sulfuric acid.
TIMETAL Code 12 has useful resistance
up to about 1 percent boiling acid.
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd is useful in boiling
sulfuric acid to about 7 percent
concentration. The TIMETAL 6-4 alloy
has somewhat less resistance than
unalloyed titanium.
The presence of certain multi-valent
metal ions or oxidizing agents in sulfuric
acid inhibit the corrosion of titanium in
a manner similar to hydrochloric acid.
For instance, cupric and ferric ions
inhibit the corrosion of unalloyed
titanium in 20 percent sulfuric acid
(Table 16). Oxidizing agents, such as
nitric acid, chromic acid, and chlorine
are also effective inhibitors.
I s o - C o r r o s i o n C h a rt f o r T i ta n i u m A l l o y s i n
H 2S O 4 S olu t io n s
250
(121)
5 mpy (0.127 mm/y) ISO-CORROSION LINES

TIMETAL 50A .15Pd
TIMETAL CODE 12
TIMETAL 50A
225
(107)
200
(93)
Sulfuric Acid
175
(79)
150
(66)
125
(52)
100
(38)
75
(24) 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
W E I G H T % H 2 S O 4 ( N A T U R A L LY A E R A T E D )
Table 16
EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS ON THE CORROSION OF

UNALLOYED TITANIUM IN 20% SULFURIC ACID
% H2SO4
Addition
Temperature F (C)
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
20
20
None
2.5 Grams Per Liter
Copper Sulfate
16 Grams Per Liter
Ferric Ion
210 (99)
210 (99)
>2400 (>61.8)
<2 (<0.051)
20
Boiling
5 (0.127)
15
Phosphoric Acid
Unalloyed titanium is resistant to
naturally aerated pure solutions of
phosphoric acid up to 30 percent
concentration at room temperature
(Figure 12). This resistance extends to
about 10 percent pure acid at 140F
(60C) and 2 percent acid at 212F
(100C). Boiling solutions significantly
accelerate attack.
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd offers significantly

improved resistance. At room
temperature, 140F (60C), and boiling
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd will resist
concentrations of about 80, 15 and 6
percent, respectively, of the pure
phosphoric acid. TIMETAL Code 12 offers
somewhat better resistance to phosphoric
acid than unalloyed titanium, but not as
good as TIMETAL 50A .15Pd.
Hydrofluoric Acid
The presence of multi-valent metal ions,

such as ferric or cupric, or oxidizing
species can be used to inhibit titanium
corrosion in phosphoric acid.
Sulfurous Acid
FIGURE 12
C o r r o s i o n o f T i ta n i u m A l l o y s i n n at u r a l ly a e r at e d
H 3p O 4 S olu t io n s
250
(121)
Titanium offers excellent resistance to

corrosion by several other inorganic
acids. It is not significantly attacked by
boiling 10 percent solutions of boric or
hydriodic acids. At room temperature,
low corrosion rates are obtained on
exposure to 50 percent hydriodic and
40 percent hydrobromic acid solutions.(30)
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd

TIMETAL CODE 12
TIMETAL 50A
225
(107)
200
(93)
Mixed Acids
The addition of nitric acid to hydrochloric
or sulfuric acids significantly reduces
corrosion rates. Titanium is essentially
immune to corrosion by aqua regia
(3 parts HCl: 1 part HNO3) at room
temperature. TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL
Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd show
respectable corrosion rates in boiling
aqua regia (Table 17). Corrosion rates
in mixed acids will generally rise with
increases in the reducing acid component
concentration or temperature.
175
(79)
150
(66)
125
(52)
100
(38)
10
20
30
40
50
WEIGHT % H3PO4
16
Corrosion of unalloyed titanium in

sulfurous acid is low: 0.02 mpy
(0.0005 mm/y) in 6 percent
concentration at room temperature.
Samples exposed to sulfurous acid (6
percent sulfur dioxide content) 212F
(100C) showed a corrosion rate of
0.04 mpy (0.001 mm/y).
Other Inorganic Acids

5 mpy (0.127 mm/y) ISO-CORROSION LINES
75
(24)
Titanium is rapidly attacked by

hydrofluoric acid of even very dilute
concentrations and is therefore not
recommended for use with hydrofluoric
acid solutions or in fluoride containing
solutions below pH 7. Certain
complexing metal ions (i.e., Al +3, Cr +6)
may effectively inhibit corrosion in
dilute fluoride solutions.
60
70
80
ALKALINE
MEDIA
I N O R G A N I C S A LT
SOLUTIONS
Titanium is very resistant to alkaline

media including solutions of sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium
hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide.
Regardless of concentration, titanium
generally exhibits corrosion rates of less
than or equal to 5 mpy (0.127 mm/yr)
[Table 18]. Near nil corrosion rates are
exhibited in boiling calcium hydroxide,
magnesium hydroxide, and ammonium
hydroxide solutions up to saturation.
Titanium is highly resistant to corrosion

by inorganic salt solutions. Corrosion
rates are generally very low at all
temperatures to the boiling point.
The resistance of titanium to chloride
solutions is excellent (Table 3). However,
crevice corrosion is a concern as
illustrated in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Other
acidic salt solutions, particularly those
formed from reducing acids, may also
cause crevice corrosion of unalloyed
titanium at elevated temperatures.
For instance, a boiling solution of 10
percent sodium sulfate, pH 2.0, causes
crevice corrosion on TIMETAL 50A
(Table 4). The TIMETAL Code 12 and
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd alloys, on the other
hand, are resistant to this environment.
Despite low corrosion rates in alkaline

solutions, hydrogen pickup and possible
embrittlement of titanium can occur at
temperatures above 170F (77C) when
solution pH is greater than or equal to
12. Successful application can be
achieved where this guideline is observed.
Table 17
RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM TO CORROSION

BY BOILING AQUA REGIA*
Alloy
TIMETAL 50A
TIMETAL Code 12
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd
44 (1.12)
24 (0.61)
44 (1.12)
*(1 part HNO3: 3 parts HCl, 96 hour tests)
Table 18
CORROSION RATES OF UNALLOYED TITANIUM

IN N a OH and KOH Solutions
Wt %
5-10
40
40
40
50
50
50
50-73
73
73
73
75
10
25
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
KOH
KOH
Temperature
F (C)
70
150
200
250
100
150
250
370
230
240
265
250
217
226
(21)
(66)
(93)
(121)
(38)
(66)
(121)
(188)
(110)
(116)
(129)
(121)
(103)
(108)
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
0.04
1.5
2.5
5.0
0.06
0.7
1.3
>43
2.0
5.0
7.0
1.3
5.1
11.8
(0.001)
(0.038)
(0.064)
(0.127)
(0.002)
(0.018)
(0.033)
(>1.09)
(0.051)
(0.127)
(0.178)
(0.033)
(0.13)
(0.30)
17
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Titanium generally shows good
corrosion resistance to organic media
(Table 19) and is steadily finding
increasing application in equipment for
handling organic compounds. Kane (4)
points out that titanium is a standard
construction material in the Wacker
Process for the production of
acetaldehyde by oxidation of ethylene
in an aqueous solution of metal
chlorides. Successful application has also
been established in critical areas of
terephthalic and adipic acid production.
stress corrosion cracking in unalloyed

titanium (see Stress Corrosion Cracking)
when the water content is below
1.5%.(31,32) At high temperatures in
anhydrous environments where
dissociation of the organic compound
can occur, hydrogen embrittlement of
the titanium may be possible. Since
many organic processes contain either
trace amounts of water and/or oxygen,
titanium has found successful
application in organic process streams.
Generally, the presence of moisture

(even trace amounts) and oxygen is
very beneficial to the passivity of
titanium in organic media. In certain
anhydrous organic media, titanium
passivity can be difficult to maintain.
For example, methyl alcohol can cause
Ta bl e 1 9
RESISTANCE OF UNALLOYED TITANIUM TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

( RE F. 4 )
Medium
Acetic anhydride
Adipic acid + 15-20% glutaric + acetic
Adiponitrile solution
Adipyl-chloride + chlorobenzene
Aniline hydrochloride
Aniline + 2% aluminum chloride
Benzene + HCl, NaCl
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chloroform + water
Cyclohexane + traces formic acid
Ethylene dichloride
Formaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethane
Trichlorethylene
18
Concentration %
Temperature F (C)
99-99.5
25
Vapor
5-20
98
Vapor and Liquid
99
100
100
37
100
100
99
68-Boiling (20-Boiling)
380-392 (193-200)
700 (371)
95-212 (35-100)
600 (316)
176 (80)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
302 (150)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
<5 (<0.127)
Nil
0.3 (<0.008)
0.1 (0.003)
<0.03 (<0.001)
804 (20.4)
0.2 (0.005)
<5 (<0.127)
0.01 (0.000)
5 (0.127)
0.1 (0.003)
<5 (<0.127)
<5 (<0.127)
<5 (<0.127)
<5 (<0.127)
<0.1 (<0.003)
ORGANIC ACIDS
Titanium is generally quite resistant to

organic acids.(33) Its behavior is
dependent on whether the environment
is reducing or oxidizing. Only a few
organic acids are known to attack
titanium. Among these are hot
non-aerated formic acid, hot oxalic acid,
concentrated trichloroacetic acid and
solutions of sulfamic acid. Aeration
improves the resistance of titanium in
most of these nonoxidizing acid
solutions. In the case of formic acid, it
reduces the corrosion rates to very low
values (Table 20).
Unalloyed titanium corrodes at a very
low rate in boiling 0.3 percent sulfamic
acid and at a rate of over 100 mpy
(2.54 mm/y) in 0.7 percent boiling
sulfamic acid. Addition of ferric chloride
(0.375 g/l) to the 0.7 percent solution
reduces the corrosion rate to 1.2 mpy
(0.031 mm/y).
Boiling solutions containing more than
3.5 g/l of sulfamic acid can rapidly attack
unalloyed titanium. For this reason,
extreme care should be exercised when
titanium heat exchangers are descaled
with sulfamic acid. The pH of the acid
should not be allowed to go below 1.0
to avoid corrosion of titanium.
Consideration should also be given to
inhibiting the acid with ferric chloride.
Titanium is resistant to acetic acid(4) over
a wide range of concentrations and
temperatures well beyond the boiling
point. It is being used in terephthalic acid
and adipic acid up to 400F (204C) and
at 67% concentration. Good resistance is
observed in citric, tartaric, stearic, lactic
and tannic acids (see Table 20).
TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A
.15Pd may offer considerably improved
corrosion resistance to organic acids
which attack unalloyed titanium (Table
21). Similarly, the presence of multi-valent
metal ions in solution may result in
substantially reduced corrosion rates.
Table 20
RESISTANCE OF UNALLOYED TITANIUM TO

ORGANIC ACIDS
(R EF. 33)
Acid
Acetic
Acetic
Acetic
Acetic
Acetic
Citric
Citric (aerated)
Citric (nonaerated)
Formic (aerated)
Formic (aerated)
Formic (aerated)
Formic (aerated)
Formic (nonaerated)
Formic (nonaerated)
Formic (nonaerated)
Formic (nonaerated)
Lactic
Lactic
Lactic
Lactic (nonaerated)
Lactic (nonaerated)
Lactic (nonaerated)
Oxalic
Oxalic
Oxalic
Stearic
Tartaric
Tannic
Concentration
%
5
25
50
75
99.5
50
50
50
10
25
50
90
10
25
50
90
10
10
85
10
25
85
1
1
25
100
50
25
Temperature
F (C)
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Boil
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Boil
Boil
Boil
Boil
140 (60)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Boil
Boil
Boil
95 (35)
140 (60)
212 (100)
360 (182)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
(<0.0003)
( <0.127)
(0.356)
(<0.127)
(<0.127)
(<0.127)
(<0.127)
(>01.27)
(>01.27)
(>01.27)
(>01.27)
(0.003)
(0.048)
(0.008)
(0.014)
(0.028)
(0.010)
(0.151)
(4.50)
(49.4)
(<0.127)
(0.005)
Nil
<.01
<5
14
<5
<5
<5
<5
>50
>50
>50
>50
0.12
1.88
0.33
0.55
1.09
0.40
5.96
177
1945
<5
0.2
Table 21
resistance of titanium to boiling

NONAERATED ORGANIC ACIDS
Acid Solution
50% Citric
10% Sulfamic
45% Formic
88-90% Formic
90% Formic
(Anodized Specimens)
10% Oxalic
TIMETAL
50A
14
538
433
83-141
90

TIMETAL
TIMETAL
Code 12
50A .15Pd
(0.356)
(13.7)
(11.0)
(2.1-3.6)
(2.29)
3,700 (94.0)
0.5 (0.01)
455 (11.6)
Nil
0-22 (0-0.56)
2.2 (0.056)
4,100 (104)
0.6 (0.015)
14.6 (0.371)
Nil
0-2.2 (0-0.056)
Nil
1,270 (32.3)
19
OXYGEN
FIGURE 13
I g n i t i o n a n d P r o pa g at i o n L i m i t s o f U n a l l o y e d
T i ta n i u m i n H e l i u m - O x y g e n a n d S t e a m - O x y g e n M i x t u r e s
( R E F. 3 6 )
2200
1800
S TAT I C T E S T S
Titanium resists atmospheric corrosion.

Twenty year ambient temperature tests
produced a maximum corrosion rate of
0.0010 mpy (2.54 x 10-5 mm/y) in a
marine atmosphere and a similar rate in
industrial and rural atmospheres.(34)
T O TA L P R E S S U R E P S I
1400
IGNITION
REGION
DYNAMIC
TESTS
1000
P R O PA G AT I O N
(HELIUM-OXYGEN)
600
P R O PA G AT I O N
(STEAM-OXYGEN)
200
P R O PA G AT I O N
REGION
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
VOLUME PERCENT OXYGEN
FIGURE 14
E f f e c t o f T e m p e r at u r e o n S p o n ta n e o u s i g n i t i o n o f
R u p t u r e d u n a l l o y e d t i ta n i u m i n O x y g e n
( R E F. 3 6 )
2192
(1200)
1832
(1000)
1472
(800)
IGNITION
1112
(600)
752
(400)
NO IGNITION
392
(200)
0
0
20
50
100
Titanium has excellent resistance to

gaseous oxygen and air at temperatures
up to about 700F (371C). At 700F it
acquires a light straw color. Further
heating to 800F (426C) in air may
result in a heavy oxide layer because of
increased diffusion of oxygen through
the titanium lattice. Above 1,200F
(649C), titanium lacks oxidation
resistance and will become brittle. Scale
forms rapidly at 1,700F (927C).
150
200
OXYGEN PRESSURE PSI
250
300
350
Caution should be exercised in using

titanium in high oxygen atmospheres.
Under some conditions, it may ignite
and burn. J.D. Jackson and Associates
reported that ignition cannot be induced
even at very high pressure when the
oxygen content of the environment was
less than 35%.(35) However, once the
reaction has started, it will propagate in
atmospheres with much lower oxygen
levels than are needed to start it. Steam
as a diluent allowed the reaction to
proceed at even lower O2 levels. The
temperature, oxygen pressure, and
concentration limits under which ignition
and propagation occur are shown in
Figures 13 and 14. When a fresh
titanium surface is exposed to an oxygen
atmosphere, it oxidizes rapidly and
exothermically. Rate of oxidation
depends on O2 pressure and
concentration. When the rate is high
enough so that heat is given off faster
than it can be conducted away, the
surface may begin to melt. The reaction
becomes self-sustaining because, above
the melting point, the oxides diffuse
rapidly into the titanium interior,
allowing highly reactive fresh molten
titanium to react at the surface.
HYDROGEN
The surface oxide film on titanium acts

as an effective barrier to penetration by
hydrogen. Disruption of the oxide film
allows easy penetration by hydrogen.
When the solubility limit of hydrogen in
titanium (about 100-150 ppm for
TIMETAL 50A) is exceeded, hydrides
begin to precipitate. Absorption of
several hundred ppm of hydrogen results
in embrittlement and the possibility of
cracking under conditions of stress.
Titanium can absorb hydrogen from
environments containing hydrogen gas.
At temperatures below 170F (77C)
hydrogen pickup occurs so slowly that it
has no practical significance, except in
cases where severe tensile stresses are
present.(37) In the presence of pure
hydrogen gas under anhydrous
conditions, severe hydriding can be
expected at elevated temperatures and
pressures. This is shown by the data in
Table 22. These data also demonstrate
that surface condition is important to
hydrogen penetration.
Titanium is not recommended for use in
pure hydrogen because of the
possibility of hydriding if the oxide film
is broken. Laboratory tests (Table 23)
have shown that the presence of as
little as 2% moisture in hydrogen gas
effectively passivates titanium so that
hydrogen absorption does not occur.
This probably accounts for the fact that
titanium is being used successfully in
many process streams containing
hydrogen with very few instances of
hydriding being reported.
A more serious situation exists when
cathodically impressed or galvanically
induced currents generate nascent
hydrogen directly on the surface of
titanium. The presence of moisture
does not inhibit hydrogen absorption
of this type.
1. The pH of the solution is less than

3 or greater than 12; the metal
surface must be damaged by
abrasion; or impressed potentials are
more negative than -0.70V.(39)
2. The temperature is above 170F
(77C) or only surface hydride films
will form which, experience indicates,
do not seriously affect the properties
of the metal. Failures due to
hydriding are rarely encountered
below this temperature. (There is
some evidence that severe tensile
stresses may promote hydriding at
low temperatures.) (39)
3. There must be some mechanism for

generating hydrogen. This may be a
galvanic couple, cathodic protection
by impressed current, corrosion of
titanium, or dynamic abrasion of the
surface with sufficient intensity to
depress the metal potential below
that required for spontaneous
evolution of hydrogen.
Table 22
e f f ec t of VARIOUS SURFAC E T RE ATME NT S ON

AB S ORP T ION OF DRY AND OX YG E N- FRE E H Y DROGEN
BY UNAL L OY E D T I TANI UM*
Temperature
F (C)
300
300
300
600
600
600
(149)
(149)
(149)
(316)
(316)
(316)
Hydrogen
Pressure
psi
Freshly
Picked
Atmospheric
400
800
Atmospheric
400
800
0
58
28
0
2,586
4,480
Hydrogen Pickup ppm

Iron
Contaminated
Anodized
0
174
117
0
5,951
13,500
0
0
0
0
516
10,000
*96 hour exposures. Oxygen was removed by passing hydrogen over an incandescent platinum filament
and then through silica gel to remove moisture.
Table 23
effect of MOISTURE ON ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN

BY UNAL L OY E D T I TANI UM AT 6 00F (3 1 6C )
AN D 800 P S I P RE SSURE *
Laboratory experiments have shown

that three conditions usually exist
simultaneously for hydriding to occur:(38)
% H2O
Hydrogen Pickup ppm
0
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.3
5.3
10.2
22.5
37.5
56.2
4,480
51,000
700
7
10
17
11
0
0
0
*96 hour exposures.
21
SULFUR DIOXIDE
AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Most of the hydriding failures of

titanium that have occurred in service
can be explained on this basis.(38)
In seawater, hydrogen can be produced
on titanium as the cathode by galvanic
coupling to a dissimilar metal such as
zinc or aluminum which are very active
(low) in the galvanic series. Coupling to
carbon steel or other metals higher in
the galvanic series generally does not
generate hydrogen in neutral solutions,
even though corrosion is progressing on
the dissimilar metal. The presence of
hydrogen sulfide, which dissociates
readily and lowers pH, apparently allows
generation of hydrogen on titanium if it
is coupled to actively corroding carbon
steel or stainless steel.
Within the range pH 3 to 12, the oxide
film on titanium is stable and presents a
barrier to penetration by hydrogen.
Efforts at cathodically charging
hydrogen into titanium in this pH range
have been unsuccessful in short-term
tests.(38) If pH is below 3 or above 12,
the oxide film is believed to be unstable
and less protective. Breakdown of the
oxide film facilitates access of available
hydrogen to the underlying titanium
metal. Mechanical disruption of the film
(i.e. iron is smeared into the surface)
permits entry of hydrogen at any pH
level. Impressed currents involving
cathodic potentials more negative than
-0.7V in near neutral brines can result in
hydrogen pickup in long-term
exposures.(39) Furthermore, very high
cathodic current densities (more
negative than -1.0V SCE) may
accelerate hydrogen absorption and
eventual embrittlement of titanium in
seawater even at ambient temperatures.
Hydriding can be avoided if proper
consideration is given to equipment
design and service conditions in order
to eliminate detrimental galvanic
couples or other conditions that will
promote hydriding.
22
Titanium is resistant to corrosion by

gaseous sulfur dioxide and water
saturated with sulfur dioxide (Table 24).
Sulfurous acid solutions also have little
effect on titanium. Titanium has
demonstrated superior performance in
wet SO2 scrubber environments of
power plant FGD systems.
Titanium is not corroded by moist or dry
hydrogen sulfide gas. It is also highly
resistant to aqueous solutions containing
hydrogen sulfide. The only known
detrimental effect is the hydriding
problem discussed in the previous
section. In galvanic couples with certain
metals such as iron, the presence of
H2S will promote hydriding. Hydriding,
however, does not occur in aqueous
solutions containing H2S if unfavorable
galvanic couples are avoided. For
example, titanium is fully resistant to
corrosion and stress cracking in the
NACE* test solution which consists of
oxygen-free water containing about
3,000 ppm dissolved H2S, 5 percent
NaCl, and 0.5 percent acetic acid
(pH 3.5). Tensile specimens of
TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL 75A, TIMETAL

50A .15Pd and TIMETAL Code 12
stressed to 98 percent of yield strength in
this environment survived a 30-day room
temperature exposure.
In addition, C-ring specimens of these
same grades of titanium were subjected
to a stress corrosion cracking test as
specified in ASTM G38-73 Standard
Recommended Practice. Two series of
tests were run: one with the specimens
stressed to 75% of yield, and the other
stressed to 100% of yield. The specimens
were exposed in an ASTM synthetic
seawater solution saturated with H2S and
CO2 at 400F (204C). Solution pH was
3.5 and specimens were exposed for 30
days. There were no failures and no
evidence of any corrosion.
Titanium is highly resistant to general
corrosion and pitting in the sulfide
environment to temperatures as high as
500F (260C). Sulfide scales do not
form on titanium, thereby maintaining
good heat transfer.
*National Association of Corrosion Engineers
Table 24
Corrosion of Unalloyed Titanium by

Sulfur-Containing Gases
(R EF. 33)
Gas
Sulfur dioxide (dry)
Sulfur dioxide (water saturated)
Hydrogen sulfide (water saturated)
Temperature
F (C)
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
70 (21)
70 (21)
70 (21)
Nil
<0.1 (<0.003)
<5.0 (<0.127)
NITROGEN AND AMMONIA
L I Q U I D M E TA L S
Titanium reacts with pure nitrogen to

form surface films having a gold color
above 1,000F (538C). Above 1,500F
(816C), diffusion of the nitride into
titanium may cause embrittlement.
Titanium has good resistance to many

liquid metals at moderate temperatures.
In some cases at higher temperatures it
dissolves rapidly. It is used successfully in
some applications up to 1,650F (899C).
Kane cites the use of titanium in molten
aluminum for pouring nozzles, skimmer
rakes and casting ladles.(4) However,
rapidly flowing molten aluminum can
erode titanium and some metals such as
cadmium can cause stress corrosion
cracking. Some data for titanium in liquid
metals is reported in Table 26.
Jones et al. (1977) have shown that

titanium is not corroded by liquid
anhydrous ammonia at room
temperature.(40) Low corrosion rates are
obtained at 104F (40C).(41) Titanium
also resists gaseous ammonia.
However, at temperatures above 302F
(150C), ammonia will decompose and
form hydrogen and nitrogen. Under
these circumstances, titanium could
absorb hydrogen and become
embrittled. The high corrosion rate
experienced by titanium in the
ammonia-steam environment at 428F
(220C) in Table 25 is believed to be
associated with hydriding.
The formation of ammonium chloride

scale could result in crevice corrosion of
TIMETAL 50A at boiling temperatures as
shown in Table 25. TIMETAL Code 12
and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd are totally
resistant under these conditions. This
crevice corrosion behavior is similar to
that shown in Figures 2 and 4 for
sodium chloride.
Table 25 also contains data which

illustrate the resistance of titanium to
ammonium hydroxide. Excellent
resistance is offered by titanium to
concentrated solutions (up to 70%
NH4OH) to the boiling point.(41)
Ta bl e 2 5
Corrosion of Unalloyed Titanium in A mmonia

and A m monium Compounds
Environment
Liquid Anhydrous Ammonia
Anhydrous Ammonia
NH3, Steam Water
28% NH4OH
70% NH4OH, Boiling
NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3, NH4Cl, NaCl
NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3, NH4Cl, NaCl, (NH4)2S
10% NH4Cl (pH 4.1)
Temperature
F (C)
Duration
Days
75 (24)
104 (40)
431 (221)
75 (24)
210 (99)
150 (66)
150 (66)
Boiling
30-240
21
220
220
21
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
0 to wt. Gain
5.1 (0.13)
440.0 (11.2)
0.10 (0.0025)
Nil*
0.003 (0.00008)
0.20 (0.005)
Nil**
References
(40)
(41)
(41)
(42)
(41)
(43)
(43)
(41)
**No corrosion experienced on TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL Code 12 or TIMETAL 50A .15Pd.
**No corrosion on TIMETAL Code 12 or TIMETAL 50A .15Pd; crevice corrosion on TIMETAL 50A.
23
ANODIZING AND
O X I D AT I O N
T R E AT M E N T S
Ta bl e 2 6
CORROSION OF Unalloyed Titanium

in Liquid Metal
( RE F. 4 )
Liquid Metal
Temperature F (C)
Magnesium
Mercury*
Mercury*
NaK
Tin
Gallium
Gallium
Cadmium*
Lithium
Lead
1380
300
600
1000
930
750
840
930
140
1500
(749)
(149)
(316)
(538)
(499)
(399)
(449)
(499)
(60)
(816)
Resistance
Good
Good
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
*May cause stress corrosion. Silver and gold have also been reported to cause stress corrosion.
Ta bl e 2 7
Corrosion Rate v s. Weight Percent HC L

for Pickled, Anodized and Therm ally
Oxidized TIMETAL 50A
Boiling
wt. % HCl
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

Anodized
Thermally Oxidized
(+25 volts)
(677C, 1 min.)
Pickled
0.08
3.0
7.6
30.0
47.0
57.9
(0.002)
(0.076)
(0.193)
(0.762)
(1.19)
(1.47)
75.0 (1.91)
0.09
3.5
8.3
30.0
48.3
56.0
(0.002)
(0.089)
(0.211)
(0.762)
(1.23)
(1.42)
80.0 (2.03)
0.11 (0.003)
Nil
0.07 (0.002)
0.07 (0.002)
0.07 (0.002)
0.11 (0.003)
73.0 (1.85)
85.8 (2.18)
Ta bl e 2 8
Effect of Surface Condition oF TIMETAL 50A on

Hydrogen Uptake from C athodic Charging
Average Hydrogen
Pickup (ppm)
Surface Condition
Pickled
Anodized
Thermally
Thermally
Thermally
Thermally
24
Oxidized
Oxidized
Oxidized
Oxidized
(677C)
(677C)
(760C)
(760C)
(1
(5
(1
(5
min.)
min.)
min.)
min.)
164
140
94
92
82
42
Anodizing has been recommended for

many years as a method of improving
the corrosion resistance of titanium and
removing surface impurities such as
embedded iron particles.(44) It was
reasoned that since titaniums corrosion
resistance is due to the oxide film that
forms on its surface, any treatment,
such as anodizing, which thickens this
film will serve to increase the corrosion
resistance of titanium.
Careful laboratory tests have shown this
may not be true. The films formed on
titanium at elevated temperatures in air
have been found to have a rutile
structure which is quite resistant to acids
and can, therefore, improve the corrosion
resistance. Anodizing, on the other hand,
forms a hydrated structure which is much
less resistant to acids.(45,46) Tests in boiling
HCl solution (Table 27) have shown no
significant difference in corrosion
resistance between anodized and freshly
pickled specimens. Anodizing has been
shown to give a marginal improvement
in resistance to hydrogen absorption
(Table 28) but not nearly as much
as thermal oxidation.(45)
It is true that anodizing helps to remove
surface impurities such as embedded
iron particles. However, excessively long
anodizing times may be required to
completely remove these particles.
Examination with a scanning electron
microscope has proven that surface iron
contamination still persists, although
diminished, even after 20 minutes
anodizing. A more effective method is
to pickle in 12% HNO3/1% HF at
ambient temperature for 5 minutes
followed by a water rinse. Specimens
known to have embedded iron particles
were found to be completely free of any
surface iron contamination by the
scanning electron microscope following
this procedure.
TYPES OF CORROSION
Titanium, like any other metal, is subject

to corrosion in some environments.
The types of corrosion that have been
observed on titanium may be classified
under the general headings: general
corrosion, crevice corrosion, stress
corrosion cracking, anodic breakdown
pitting, hydriding and galvanic corrosion.
Table 29
POTENTIALs FOR ANODIC PASSIVATION OF

UNALLOYED TITANIUM
Acid
In any contemplated application of

titanium, its susceptibility to corrosion
by any of these modes should be
considered. In order to understand the
advantages and limitations of titanium,
each of these types of corrosion will
be explained.
General Corrosion
Applied
Potential
Volts
(H2)
40%
37%
60%
50%
25%
20%
(1)
60C
Sulfuric (1)
Hydrochloric (1)
Phosphoric (1)
Formic (2)
Oxalic (2)
Sulfamic (3)
(2)
B.P.
(3)
2.1
1.7
2.7
1.4
1.6
0.7
Corrosion Rate
mpy (mm/y)
0.2
2.7
0.7
3.3
9.8
0.2
(0.005)
(0.068)
(0.018)
(0.083)
(0.250)
(0.005)
Reduction
of
Corrosion
Rate
11,000X
2,080X
307X
70X
350X
2,710X
90C
General corrosion is characterized by a

uniform attack over the entire exposed
surface of the metal. The severity of this
type of attack can be expressed by a
corrosion rate. This type of corrosion is
most frequently encountered in hot
reducing acid solutions.
Oxidizing agents and certain
multi-valent metal ions have the ability
to passivate titanium in environments
where the metal may be subject to
general corrosion. Many process
streams, particularly H2SO4 and HCl
solutions, contain enough impurities in
the form of ferric, cupric ions, etc., to
passivate titanium and give trouble-free
service. In some cases, it may be
possible to inhibit corrosion by the
addition of suitable passivating agents.
Anodic protection has proven to be
quite effective in suppressing corrosion
of titanium in many acid solutions.
Almost complete passivity can be
maintained at almost any acid
concentration by the proper application
of a small anodic potential. Table 29 (47)
gives data showing the passivation
achieved in some typical environments.
Figure 15. - Crevice Corrosion Under Deposit
This procedure is most often employed

in acid solutions having a high
breakdown potential such as sulfates
and phosphates. In halides and some
other media, there is a danger of
exceeding the breakdown potential
which can result in severe pitting. The
method is only effective in the area
immersed in the solution. It will not
prevent attack in the vapor phase.
25
If the use of passivating agents or

anodic protection is not feasible,
may solve the problem since these alloys
are much more corrosion resistant than
the commercially pure grades.
Crevice Corrosion
This is a localized type of attack that
occurs only in tight crevices. The
crevice may be the result of a
structural feature such as a flange or
gasket, or it may be caused by the
buildup of scales or deposits. Figure 15
shows a typical example of crevice
corrosion under a deposit.
Dissolved oxygen or other oxidizing
species present in the solution are
depleted in restricted volume of solution
in the crevice. These species are
consumed faster than they can be
replenished by diffusion from the bulk
solution.(44) As a result, the potential of
the metal in the crevice becomes more
negative than the potential of the metal
exposed to the bulk solution. This sets
up an electrolytic cell with the metal in
the crevice acting as the anode and the
metal outside the crevice acting as the

cathode as shown in Figure 16.(48) Metal
dissolves at the anode under the
influence of the resulting current.
Titanium chlorides formed in the crevice
are unstable and tend to hydrolize,
forming small amounts of HCl. This
reaction is very slow at first, but in the
very restricted volume of the crevice, it
can reduce the pH of the solution to
values as low as 1. This reduces the
potential still further until corrosion
becomes quite severe.
these metals have proven to be quite

effective in suppressing crevice corrosion.
Although crevice corrosion of titanium

is most often observed in hot chloride
solutions, it has also been observed in
iodide, bromide, fluoride and sulfate
solutions.(44)
This mode of corrosion is characterized

by cracking under stress in certain
environments. Titanium is subject to
this form of corrosion in only a few
environments such as red fuming nitric
acid, nitrogen tetraoxide and absolute
methanol.(50) In most cases, the
addition of a small amount of water
will serve to passivate the titanium. (51)
Titanium is not recommended for use
in these environments under
anhydrous conditions.
The presence of small amounts of multivalent ions in the crevice of such metals
as nickel, copper or molybdenum, which
act as cathodic depolarizers, tends to
drive the corrosion potential of the
titanium in the crevice in the positive
direction. This counteracts the effect of
oxygen depletion and low pH and
effectively prevents crevice corrosion.
Gaskets impregnated with oxides of
FIGURE 16
S c h e m at i c D i a g r a m o f a c r e v i c e c o r r o s i o n c e l l
( R E F. 4 8 )
+
Na
O2
OH
O2
O2
CI
OH
+
Na
M+
O2
M+
CI
M+
CI
CI
H+
CI
O2
OH
O2
O2
OH
OH
M+
M+
CI
M+
M+
M+
26
H+
M+
M+
M+
CI
CI
CI
CI
M+
CI
Alloying with elements such as nickel,

molybdenum, or palladium is also an
effective means of overcoming crevice
corrosion problems. This is demonstrated
by the performance of TIMETAL Code 12
and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd alloys which are
much more resistant to crevice corrosion
than commercially pure grades.
Stress Corrosion
Cracking (SCC)
The TIMETAL 6-4 alloy is subject to SCC

in chloride environments under some
circumstances. TIMETAL 35A and
TIMETAL 50A appear to be immune
to chloride SCC.
Anodic Breakdown
Pitting
This type of corrosion is highly localized
and can cause extensive damage to
equipment in a very short time. Pitting
occurs when the potential of the metal
exceeds the breakdown potential of the
protective oxide film on the titanium
surface.(52) Fortunately, the breakdown
potential of titanium is very high in most
environments so that this mode of failure
is not common. The breakdown potential
in sulfate and phosphate environments is
in the 100 volt range. In chlorides it is
about 8 to 10 volts, but in bromides and
iodides it may be as low as 1 volt.
Increasing temperature and acidity tend
to lower the breakdown potential so that
under some extreme conditions the
potential of the metal may equal or
exceed the breakdown potential and
spontaneous pitting will occur. This
type of corrosion is most frequently
encountered in applications where an
anodic potential exceeding the
breakdown potential is impressed on the

metal. An example is shown in Figure 17.
This is a close-up view of the side plate
of a titanium anode basket used in a zinc
plating cell. It was a chloride electrolyte
and the cell was operated at 10 volts
which is about 1-2 volts above the
breakdown potential for titanium in this
environment. Extensive pitting
completely destroyed the basket.
This type of pitting is sometimes caused
inadvertently by improper grounding of
equipment during welding or other
operations that can produce an anodic
potential on the titanium.
This type of corrosion can be avoided in
most instances by making certain that no
impressed anodic currents approaching
the breakdown potential are applied to
the equipment.
Another type of pitting failure that is
sometimes encountered in commercially
pure titanium is shown in Figure 18. The
specimen in Figure 18 showed scratch
marks which gave indications of iron
when examined with an electronprobe.
It is believed the pit initiated at a point
where iron had been smeared into the
titanium surface until it penetrated the
TiO2 protective film.
Figure 17. - Anodic Breakdown Pitting of Titanium
Potential measurements on mild steel

and unalloyed titanium immersed in a
saturated brine solution at temperatures
near the boiling point gave a potential
difference of nearly 0.5 volt. This is
sufficient to establish an electrochemical
cell in which the iron would be
consumed as the anode. By the time the
iron is consumed, a pit has started to
grow in which acid conditions develop
preventing the formation of a passive
film and the reaction continues until the
tube is perforated.(53)
This type of pitting appears to be a
high temperature phenomenon. It has
not been known to occur below 170F
(77C). It has not been induced on
in laboratory tests. These two alloys are
believed to be highly resistant to this type
of attack. However precautions should be
taken with all titanium alloys to remove
or avoid surface iron contamination, if the
application involves temperatures in
excess of 170F (77C).
Figure 18. - Unalloyed Titanium Tube which has been perforated by

Pitting in Hot Brine
27
The most effective means of removing

surface iron contamination is to clean
the titanium surface by immersion in
35% HNO3 5% HF solution for two to
five minutes followed by a water rinse.
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Titanium is being widely used in
hydrogen-containing environments and
under conditions where galvanic couples
or cathodic protection systems cause
hydrogen to be evolved on the surface
of titanium. In most instances, no
problems have been reported. However,
there have been some equipment
failures in which embrittlement by
hydride formation was implicated.
An example of a hydrided titanium tube
is shown in Figure 19. This is a
photomicrograph of a cross section of
the tube wall. The brown-black
needle-like formations are hydrides.
Note the heavy concentration at the
bottom which indicates the hydrogen
entered from this surface.
The oxide film which covers the surface

of titanium is a very effective barrier to
hydrogen penetration, however,
titanium can absorb hydrogen from
hydrogen containing environments
under some circumstances.
At temperatures below 170F (77C)
hydriding occurs so slowly that it has no
practical significance, except in cases
where severe tensile stresses are present.
In the presence of pure anhydrous
hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures
and pressures, severe hydriding of
titanium can be expected. Titanium is
not recommended for use in pure
hydrogen because of the possibility of
hydriding if the oxide film is broken.
Laboratory tests, however, have shown
that the presence of as little as 2%
moisture in hydrogen gas effectively
passivates titanium so that hydrogen
absorption does not occur even at
pressures as high as 800 psi and
temperatures to 315F (157C). It is
believed that the moisture serves as a
source of oxygen to keep the protective
oxide film in a good state of repair.
Titanium is being used extensively with

very few problems in oil refineries in
many applications where the process
streams contain hydrogen.
A more serious problem occurs when
cathodically impressed or galvanically
induced currents generate atomic
(nascent) hydrogen directly on the
surface of titanium. The presence of
moisture does not inhibit hydrogen
absorption of this type.(38)
Laboratory investigations and experience
have demonstrated that three conditions
usually exist simultaneously for hydriding
of unalloyed titanium to occur:
1. The pH of the solution is less than
3 or greater than 12; the metal
surface must be damaged by
abrasion; or impressed potentials are
more negative than -0.70V.(39)
2. The temperature is above 170F
(77C) or only surface hydride films
will form, which experience indicates
do not seriously affect the properties
of the metal. Failures due to
hydriding are rarely encountered
below this temperature.(37) (There is
some evidence that severe tensile
stresses may promote diffusion at
low temperatures.)
3. There must be some mechanism for
generating hydrogen. This may be a
galvanic couple, cathodic protection
by impressed current, corrosion of
titanium, or dynamic abrasion of the
surface with sufficient intensity to
depress the metal potential below
that required for spontaneous
evolution of hydrogen.
Most of the hydriding failures of
titanium that have occurred in service
can be explained on this basis.(38)
Hydriding can usually be avoided by
altering at least one of the three
conditions listed above. Note that
accelerated hydrogen absorption of
titanium at very high cathodic current
densities (more negative than -1.0V
SCE) in ambient temperature seawater
represents an exception to this rule.
Magnification 75X
Figure 19. - Hydrided Titanium
28
Galvanic Corrosion
The coupling of titanium with dissimilar
metals usually does not accelerate the
corrosion of the titanium. The exception
is in reducing environments where
titanium does not passivate. Under
these conditions, it has a potential
similar to aluminum and will undergo
accelerated corrosion when coupled to
other more noble metals.
Figure 20 gives the galvanic series in
seawater. In this environment, titanium is
passive and exhibits a potential of about
0.0V versus a saturated calomel
reference cell(56) which places it high on
the passive or noble end of the series.
FIGURE 20
G a lva n i c S e r i e s o f Va r i o u s M e ta l s i n F l o w i n g Wat e r
at 2 . 4 t o 4 . 0 m/ s f o r 5 t o 1 5 d ay s at 5 t o 3 0 C
( R E F. 5 6 )
(ACTIVE)
-1.6
V O LT S V E R S U S S A T U R A T E D C A L O M E L R E F E R E N C E E L E C T R O D E
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
(NOBLE)
+0.2
GRAPHITE
P L AT I N U M
Ni-Cr-Mo
ALLOY C
T I TA N I U M
Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu-Si ALLOY B
NICKEL-IRON CHROMIUM ALLOY 825
A L L O Y 2 0 S TA I N L E S S S T E E L S , C A S T A N D W R O U G H T
S TA I N L E S S S T E E L - T Y P E S 3 1 6 , 3 1 7
NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 400, K-500
S TA I N L E S S S T E E L - T Y P E S 3 0 2 , 3 0 4 , 3 2 1 , 3 4 7
S I LV E R
For most environments, titanium will be

the cathodic member of any galvanic
couple. It may accelerate the corrosion of
the other member of the couple, but in
most cases, the titanium will be
unaffected. Figure 21 shows the
accelerating effect that titanium has on
the corrosion rate of various metals when
they are galvanically connected in
seawater. If the area of the titanium
exposed is small in relation to the area of
the other metal, the effect on the
corrosion rate is negligible. However, if
the area of the titanium (cathode) greatly
exceeds the area of the other metal
(anode) severe corrosion may result.
NICKEL 200
S I LV E R B R A Z E A L L O Y S
NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOY 600
NICKEL-ALUMINUM BRONZE
70-30 COPPER NICKEL
LEAD
S TA I N L E S S S T E E L T Y P E 4 3 0
80-20 COPPER NICKEL
90-10 COPPER NICKEL
N I C K E L S I LV E R
S TA I N L E S S S T E E L - T Y P E S 4 1 0 , 4 1 6
TIN BRONZES (G&M)
SILICON BRONZE
MANGANESE BRONZE
A D M I R A LT Y B R A S S , A L U M I N U M B R A S S
Pb-Sn SOLDER (50/50)
COPPER
TIN
Because titanium is usually the cathodic

member of any galvanic couple,
hydrogen will be evolved on its surface
proportional to the galvanic current
flow. This may result in the formation
of surface hydride films that are
generally stable and cause no
problems. If the temperature is above
170F (77C), however, hydriding can
cause embrittlement.
N AVA L B R A S S , Y E L L O W B R A S S , R E D B R A S S
ALUMINUM BRONZE
AUSTENITIC NICKEL CAST IRON
LOW ALLOY STEEL
MILD STEEL, CAST IRON
CADMIUM
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
BERYLIUM
ZINC
MAGNESIUM
N O T E : G R E E N B O X E S I N D I C AT E A C T I V E B E H AV I O R O F A C T I V E - PA S S I V E A L L O Y S
In order to avoid problems with galvanic

corrosion, it is best to construct
equipment of a single metal. If this is
not practical, use two metals that are
close together in the galvanic series,
insulate the joint or cathodically protect
the less noble metal. If dissimilar metals
are necessary, construct the critical parts
out of titanium, since it is usually not
attacked, and use large areas of the less
noble metal and heavy sections to allow
for increased corrosion.
29
FIGURE 21
T h e d i s s i m i l a r M e ta l s P r o b l e m
(REF 11)
1
1 - LOW CARBON STEEL

2 - G U N M E TA L ( 8 8 / 1 0 / 2 )
3 - ALUMINUM
4 - 70 Cu-30Ni
5 - 80 Cu-20 Ni
6 - MONEL 967/31/1/1)
7 - ALUMINUM BRONZE 614
8 - 6 0 / 4 0 B R A S S ( M U N T Z M E TA L )
9 - ALUMINUM BRASS (ALLOY 687)
1 0 - 1 8 / 8 S TA I N L E S S ( 3 0 4 )
2 5 0 0 H O U R I N S E AWAT E R
1/10
10/1
A N O D E / C AT H O D E
A R E A R AT I O
Ti
mpy
10
G A LV A N I C
Ti
(mm/y)
2
(.254)
AT TA C K
3
ADDITION
NORMAL
UNCOUPLED
(.203)
(.152)
(.102)
CORROSION
(.051)
8
3
5
6
7
8
10
9
10
0
30
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Second European Symposium on
Fresh Water from the Sea, Athens,
Greece, May 9-12, 1967.
53. L.C. Covington and R.W. Schultz,
The Effects of Iron on the Corrosion
Resistance of Titanium, ASTM STP
728, ASTM, 1981, pp. 163-180.
54. Data supplied by Robert Smallwood,
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.
(Inc.), Wilmington, Delaware.
55. P. Wagner and B. Little, Impact of
Alloying on Microbiologically
Influenced CorrosionA Review,
Materials Performance, Volume 32,
No. 9, Sept. 1993, pp. 65-68.
56. F.L. LaQue, Marine Corrosion, Causes
and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, NY, 1975, p. 179.
47. J.B. Cotton, Using Titanium in

the Chemical Plant, Chemical
Engineering Progress, Vol. 66,
No. 10, p. 57, (1970).
FOR FURTHER READING
48. M.G. Fontana and N.D. Greene,

Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., (1967).
J.S. Grauman, Titanium-Properties and

Application for the Chemical Process
Industry, Encyclopedia of Chemical
Processing and Design, Vol. 58, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., NY, NY, 1997, pp. 123146. (Reprints available from TIMET)
ASM Metals Handbook Ninth Edition,

Vol. 13, Corrosion of Titanium and
Titanium Alloys, pp. 669-706.
APPENDIX
Ti ta n i um Cor ro s io n R at e D ata T i me t al C omme rc i al ly P ure G rade s

These data were determined in laboratory tests and are intended only as a guide. Since service conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET recommends testing under the
C = Concentration %
T = Temperature F (C)
R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
Media
C
T
R
Media
C
T
R
Acetaldehyde
75
100
5 to 99.7
33-vapor
65
58
99.7
31.2
62.0
99.5
300 (149)
300 (149)
188 (87)
255 (124)
Boiling
250 (121)
266 (130)
255 (124)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
100-500
(38-260)
0.02 (0.001)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.1 (0.003)
15.0 (0.381)
0.1 (0.003)
10.2 (0.259)
10.7 (0.272)
0.5 (0.013)
<1.0 (<0.025)
25
390 (199)
Nil
67
450 (232)
Nil
Nil
Aluminum
Aluminum fluoride
Aluminum nitrate
Aluminum sulfate
Aluminum sulfate + 1% H2SO4
Amines, synthesis of organic
Vapor
10
25
10
25
Molten
Saturated
Saturated
Saturated
Saturated
0.3 (0.008)
0.09 (0.002)*
124 (3.15)*
1.3 (0.033)*
258 (6.55)*
6480 (164.6)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
15 (0.381)
Ammonium acid phosphate

Ammonium aluminum chloride
10
Molten
Ammonia anhydrous
Ammonia, steam, water
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium bisulfite, pH 2.05
100
10
50
Spent
pulping
liquor
50
Saturated
300 g/l
700 (371)
212 (100)
212 (100)
302 (150)
212 (100)
1250 (677)
Room
Room
Room
Room
300-400
(149-204)
Room
662-716
(350-380)
104 (40)
431 (222)
Room
212 (100)
159 (71)
212 (100)
212 (100)
122 (50)
Nil
<0.5 (<0.013)
0.1 (0.003)
Acetate, n-propyl
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Acetic acid + 109 ppm Cl
Acetic acid + 106 ppm Cl
Acetic anhydride
Acidic gases containing CO2,
H2O, Cl2, SO2, SO3, H2S,
O2, NH3
Adipic acid + 15-20% glutaric
+ 2% acetic acid
Adipic acid
Adipyl chloride (acid
chlorobenzene solution)
Adiponitrile
Aluminum chloride, aerated
Aluminum chloride, aerated
Aluminum chloride, non-aerated
Ammonium carbamate
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chlorate
(+ 215-250 g/l NaCl)
(+ 36 g/l NaClO4)
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate
+ 1% nitric acid
Ammonium oxalate
Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulfate
+ 1% H2SO4
Aniline
Aniline + 2% AlCl3
Aniline + 2% AlCl3
Antimony trichloride
Aqua regia
Aqua regia
Nil
Very rapid
<5.0 (<0.127)
440 (11.2)
Nil
Nil
0.6 (0.015)
10
28
28
28
Room
Room
Boiling
Boiling
4.0 (0.102)
0.1 (0.003)
Nil
Nil
Saturated
20
10
Saturated
Room
190 (88)
212 (100)
Room
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.4 (0.010)
100
98
98
5
20
27
3:1
3:1
Room
316 (158)
600 (316)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Room
Room
175 (79)
Nil
>50 (>1.27)
840 (21.3)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
34.8 (0.884)
Arsenous oxide
Barium carbonate
Barium chloride
Barium hydroxide
Barium hydroxide
Barium nitrate
Barium fluoride
Benzaldehyde
Benzene (traces of HCl)
Benzene (traces of HCl)
Benzene
Benzene + trace HCl,
NaCl and CS2
Benzoic acid
Bismuth
Bismuth/lead
Saturated
Saturated
5
20
25
Saturated
27
Room
Room
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Room
Boiling
10
Saturated
100
Vapor
& liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Room
Room
Room
176 (80)
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.01 (0.000)
Nil
Nil
Some
small pits
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.2 (0.005)
122 (50)
Room
176 (80)
1.0 (0.025)
Nil
0.2 (0.005)
Saturated
Molten
Molten
Room
Nil
1500 (816) High
572 (300) Good
resistance
Room
Nil
Boiling
Nil
86 (30)
Rapid
86 (30)
<0.1 (<0.003)
70 (21)
Dissolves
rapidly
Room
Nil
140 (60)
1.2 (0.030)
some
cracking
757 (19.2)
Room
Nil
79 (26)
0.02 (0.001)
Boric acid
Boric acid
Bromine
Bromine, moist
Bromine, gas dry
Saturated
10
Liquid
Vapor
Bromine-water solution
Bromine-methyl alcohol solution
500 ppm
Bromine in methyl alcohol

N-butyric acid
Calcium bisulfite
5
Undiluted
Cooking
liquor
Saturated
5
10
20
55
60
62
Calcium carbonate
Calcium chloride
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hypochlorite
Carbon dioxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine gas, wet
73
Saturated
Saturated
2
6
18
Saturated
slurry
100
99
Liquid
Vapor
>0.7 H2O
>0.95 H2O
<1.5 H2O
Liquid
water on
surface
Boiling
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
220 (104)
300 (149)
310 (154)
350 (177)
Room
Boiling
212 (100)
212 (100)
70 (21)
Nil
0.02 (0.005)*
0.29 (0.007)*
0.61 (0.015)*
0.02 (0.001)*
<0.1 (<0.003)*
2.0 and 16
(0.051 and
0.406)*
84 (2.13)*
Nil
Nil
0.05 (0.001)
0.05 (0.001)
Nil
Nil
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Room
284 (140)
392 (200)
Room
Excellent
0.18 (0.005)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
*May corrode in crevices

**TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd immune
33

C = Concentration %
Media
C
T
R
Media
C
T
R
Chlorine saturated water
Chlorine header sludge and
wet chlorine
Chlorine gas, dry
Chlorine dioxide
+ H2O and air
Chlorine dioxide
+ some HOCl and wet Cl2
Chlorine dioxide in steam
Chlorine monoxide
+ some HOCl, Cl2 & H2O
Chlorine trifluoride
Saturated
207 (97)
207 (97)
Nil
0.03 (0.001)
<0.5 H2O
5 in steam
gas
15
Room
180 (82)
May react
<0.1 (<0.003)
110 (43)
Nil
Fluorine, HF free
5
Up to 15
210 (99)
110 (43)
Nil
Nil
100
<86 (30)
Chloracetic acid
Chloracetic acid
Chlorosulfonic acid
30
100
100
180 (82)
Boiling
Room
Chloroform
Vapor &
liquid
100
10
15
15
50
50
240 g/l
plating salt
5
10
25
50
50 aerated
50
Boiling
Vigorous
reaction
<5.0 (<0.127)
<5.0 (<0.127)
7.5-12.3
(0.191-0.312)
0.01 (0.000)
203 (95)
Boiling
75 (24)
180 (82)
75 (24)
180 (82)
171 (77)
0.1 (0.003)
0.1 (0.003)
0.2 (0.006)
0.6 (0.015)
0.5 (0.013)
1.1 (0.028)
58.3 (1.48)
70 (21)
212 (100)
212 (100)
140 (60)
212 (100)
Boiling
62
Saturated
50
Saturated
Saturated
300 (149)
Room
Boiling
Room
Ambient
<0.1 (<0.003)
0.36 (0.009)
0.03 (0.001)
0.01 (0.000)
<5.0 (<0.127)
5-50
(0.127-1.27)
Corroded
Nil
Nil
0.7 (0.018)
Nil
20
40
55
Chloropicrin
Chromic acid
Chromium plating bath

containing fluoride
Chromic acid + 5% nitric acid
Citric acid
Copper nitrate
Copper sulfate
Copper sulfate + 2% H2SO4
Cupric carbonate
+ cupric hydroxide
Cupric chloride
Cupric cyanide
Cuprous chloride
Cyclohexylamine
Cyclohexane (plus traces of
formic acid)
Dichloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Dichlorobenzene + 4-5% HCl
Diethylene triamine
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene dichloride
Saturated
50
100
Boiling
Boiling
246 (119)
(Boiling)
Room
194 (90)
Room
302 (150)
100
100
100
95
100
100
212 (100)
Boiling
355 (179)
Room
Boiling
Room
Boiling
Ethylene diamine
Ferric chloride
100
10-20
10-30
10-40
50
Room
Room
212 (100)
Boiling
236 (113)
(Boiling)
302 (150)
Room
Ferric sulfate 9 H2O
34
Ferrous chloride + 0.5% HCl

+ 3% resorcinal pH 1
Ferrous sulfate
Fluoroboric acid
Fluorine, commercial
50
10
Nil
0.2 (0.005)
0.1 (0.003)
Nil
<0.1 (<0.003)
Nil
0.1 (0.003)
<0.5 (<0.013)
0.29 (0.007)
4 (0.102)
Nil
0.5 (0.013)
Nil
0.2-5.0
(0.005-0.127)
Nil
Nil
<0.5 (<0.127)
Nil
Nil
0.1 (0.003)
Nil
30
175 (79)
0.2 (0.006)
Saturated
5-20
Gas-liquid
alternated
Nil
Rapid
18-34
(0.457-0.864)
Liquid
Gas
Liquid
Gas
10
37
10
Room
Elevated
Gas 109(43)
Liquid
-320 (-196)
-320 (-196)
-320 (-196)
-320 (-196)
Room
Ambient
Boiling
572 (300)
212 (100)
25
212 (100)
50
212 (100)
90
212 (100)
10
25
50
90
9
100
50
Air mixture
5
10
20
37.5
1
3
5
3
212 (100)
212 (100)
Boiling
212 (100)
122 (50)
Room
Room
Room
Ambient
95 (35)
95 (35)
95 (35)
95 (35)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
374 (190)
<0.43 (0.011)
0.42 (0.011)
1870 (47.5)
No attack
Nil
Nil
0.18
(0.005)**
0.04
(0.001)**
0.04
(0.001)**
0.05
(0.001)**
>50 (>1.27)**
96 (2.44)**
126 (3.20)**
118 (3.00)**
<5 (<0.127)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
1.5 (0.038)
40 (1.02)
175 (4.45)
1990 (50.6)
>100 (>2.54)
550 (14.0)
400 (10.2)
>1120 (>28.5)
374 (190)
>1120 (>28.5)
10
374 (190)
>1120 (>28.5)
3
5
10
5
10
36
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
Room
>1120 (>28.5)
>1120 (>28.5)
>1120 (>28.5)
<1 (<0.025)
>1120 (>28.5)
17.0 (0.432)
5
5
5
5
5
5
8.5
1
1
100 (38)
200 (93)
100 (38)
200 (93)
100 (38)
200 (93)
176 (80)
Boiling
Boiling
Nil
3.6 (0.091)
0.84 (0.025)
1.2 (0.030)
Nil
7.2 (0.183)
2.0 (0.051)
2.9 (0.074)
Nil
10.2
10.2
176 (80)
175 (79)
0.37 (0.009)
0.25 (0.006)
12
0.08 (0.002)
12
Fluorine, HF free
Fluorine, HF free
Fluorosilicic acid
Food products
Formaldehyde
Formamide vapor
Formic acid, aerated
Formic acid, non-aerated
Formic acid
Furfural
Gluconic acid
Glycerin
Hydrogen chloride, gas
Hydrochloric acid, aerated
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid,
nitrogen saturated
Hydrochloric acid,
nitrogen saturated
Hydrochloric acid,
nitrogen saturated
Hydrochloric acid,
oxygen saturated
chlorine saturated
Hydrochloric acid, 200 ppm Cl2
Hydrochloric acid,
+ 1% HNO3
+ 1% HNO3
+ 5% HNO3
+ 5% HNO3
+ 10% HNO3
+ 10% HNO3
+ 3% HNO3
+ 5% HNO3
+ 5% HNO3 + 1.7 g/l TiCl4
Hydrochloric acid
+ 2.5% NaClO3
+ 5.0% NaClO3


C = Concentration %
Media
C
T
R
Media
C
T
R
Hydrochloric acid,
+ 0.5% CrO3
+ 0.5% CrO3
+ 1% CrO3
+ 1% CrO3
Hydrochloric acid,
+ 0.05% CuSO4
+ 0.05% CuSO4
+ 0.5% CuSO4
+ 0.5% CuSO4
+ 1% CuSO4
+ 1% CuSO4
+ 5% CuSO4
+ 5% CuSO4
+ 0.05% CuSO4
+ 0.5% CuSO4
Hydrochloric acid,
+ 0.05% CuSO4
5
5
5
5
100
200
100
200
(38)
(93)
(38)
(93)
Nil
1.2 (0.031)
0.72 (0.018)
1.2 (0.031)
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
100 (38)
200 (93)
100 (38)
200 (93)
100 (38)
200 (93)
100 (38)
200 (93)
Boiling
Boiling
1.56 (0.040)
3.6 (0.091)
3.6 (0.091)
2.4 (0.061)
1.2 (0.031)
3.6 (0.091)
0.8 (0.020)
2.4 (0.061)
2.5 (0.064)
3.3 (0.084)
10
150 (66)
10
10
150 (66)
150 (66)
+ 1% CuSO4
+ 0.05% CuSO4
+ 0.5% CuSO4
+ 0.2% CuSO4
+ 0.2% organic amine
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid, anhydrous
10
10
10
10
150 (66)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
0.68-1.32
(0.017-0.025)
Nil
Nil-0.68
(0.023)
0.68 (0.023)
11.6 (0.295)
11.4 (0.290)
9.0 (0.229)
1.48
100
Room
Room
Hydrofluoric-nitric acid
1-HF
-15 HNO3
3
6
30
7.65
Room
+ 0.20% CuSO4
+ 0.5% CuSO4
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen sulfide, steam and

0.077% mercaptans
Hydroxy-acetic acid
Hypochlorous acid + ClO2 and
Cl2 gases
Iodine, dry gas
Iodine in water + potassium iodide
Iodine in alcohol
Lactic acid
Lactic acid
Lead
Lead
17
Saturated
10-85
10
<5 (<0.127)
<5 (<0.127)
<12 (<0.305)
Nil
<4 (<0.102)
Nil
Pitted
<5.0 (<0.127)
<5.0 (<0.127)
Attacked
Good
Lead acetate
Linseed oil, boiled
Lithium, molten
Saturated
Lithium chloride
Magnesium
50
Molten
Magnesium chloride
5-20
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium sulfate
Manganous chloride
Maleic acid
Mercuric chloride
5-40
Saturated
Saturated
5-20
18-20
1
5
10
Saturated
Boiling
Room
Room
212 (100)
95 (35)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
100
91
5
20
50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
40
70
20
35
Room
Up to
100 (38)
Room
700 (371)
700 (371)
700 (371)
700 (371)
700 (371)
95 (35)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
104 (40)
104 (40)
122 (50)
122 (50)
140 (60)
140 (60)
158 (70)
392 (200)
518 (270)
554 (290)
176 (80)
70
176 (80)
17
Boiling
35
Boiling
70
Boiling
Room
Room
Nitric acid + 0.1% CrO3
Liquid
or vapor
<about
2% H2O
>about
2% H2O
40
Nitric acid + 10% FeCl3
40
Boiling
Nitric acid + 0.1% K2Cr2O3
40
Boiling
Nitric acid + 10% NaClO3
40
Boiling
Mercury + Fe
Mercury + Cu
Mercury + Zr
Mercury + Mg
Methyl alcohol
Nickel chloride
Nickel chloride
Nickel nitrate 6 H20
Nitric acid, aerated
Rapid
5.0-50
(0.127-1.27)
Rapid
Room
Room
Room
200-230
(93-110)
104 (40)
100 (38)
70 (21)
Room
Room
212 (100)
Boiling
1500 (816)
615-1100
(324-593)
Room
Room
600-900
(316-482)
300 (149)
1400 (760)
& 1750
(954)
212 (100)
Mercuric cyanide
Mercury
Nitric acid, non-aerated
Nitric acid
1.2 (0.031)
0.001 (0.000)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Limited
resistance
<0.4
(<0.010)*
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
.06 (0.002)
0.01 (0.000)
0.42 (0.011)
0.04 (0.001)
<5 (<0.127)
Nitric acid, white fuming
Nitric acid, red fuming

Nitric acid, red fuming
Saturated
100
180 (82)
252 (122)
320 (160)
Room
Room
Boiling
Nil
Satisfactory
Nil
119.4 (3.03)
3.12 (0.079)
2.48 (0.063)
1.28 (0.033)
3.26 (0.083)
Nil
0.17 (0.004)
0.11 (0.003)
Nil
0.19 (0.005)
9.69 (0.246)
0.17 (0.004)
0.08 (0.002)
0.08 (0.002)
0.02 (0.001)
0.18 (0.005)
0.10 (0.003)
0.21 (0.005)
0.61 (0.015)
0.64 (0.016)
1.46 (0.037)
1.56 (0.040)
1.56 (0.040)
24 (0.610)
48 (1.22)
12 (0.305)
2-4
(0.051-0.102)
1-3
(0.025-0.076)
3-4
(0.076-0.102)
5-20
(0.127-0.508)
2.5-37
(0.064-0.940)
0.1 (0.003)
Nil
6.0 (0.152)
<5.0 (<.127)
<5.0 (<.127)
Ignition
sensitive
Not ignition
sensitive
0.12-0.99
(0.003-0.025)
4.8-7.4
(0.122-0.188)
Nil-0.62
(Nil-0.016)
0.12-1.40
(0.003-0.036)

35

C = Concentration %
Media
C
T
R
Media
C
T
R
Nitric acid, saturated with
zirconyl nitrate
Nitric acid
+ 15% zirconyl nitrate
Nitric acid + 179 g/l NaNO3
and 32 g/l NaCl
Nitric acid + 170 g/l NaNO3
and 2.9 g/l NaCl
Oil well crudes,
varying amounts of abrasion
Oxalic acid
Perchloryl fluoride
+ liquid ClO3
Perchloryl fluoride
+ 1% H2O
Phenol
Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid + 3% nitric

acid and 16% water
Phosphorous oxychloride
Phosphorous trichloride
Photographic emulsions
Pthalic acid
Potassium bromide
Potassium chloride
Potassium chloride
Potassium dichromate
Potassium ethyl zanthate
Potassium ferricyanide
Potassium hydroxide
+ 13% potassium chloride
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium iodide
Potassium permanganate
Potassium perchlorate
(Ti specimen cathodic)
Potassium perchlorate
+ NaClO4, 600-900 g/l
KCl, 0-500 g/l, NaCl,
0-250 g/l, NaClO3, 6-24 g/l
Potassium sulfate
Potassium thiosulfate
Propionic acid
Pyrogaltic acid
Salicylic acid sodium salt
Seawater
Seawater, 4 1 2-year test
Sebacic acid
36
33-45
245 (118)
Nil
65
260 (127)
Nil
20.8
Boiling
27.4
Boiling
Ambient
1
1
25
Saturated
100
98.6 (37)
Boiling
140 (60)
Room
86 (30)
5-11.6
(0.127-0.295)
19-115
(0.483-2.92)
0.26-23.2
(0.007-0.589)
12 (0.025)
4247 (107.9)
470 (11.9)
20 (0.508)
0.07 (0.002)
99
86 (30)
Liquid
11.4 (0.290)
Vapor
0.1 (0.003)
4.0 (0.102)
Saturated
solution
10-30
70 (21)
30-80
Room
1
10
30
10
81
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
176 (80)
190 (88)
0.8-2
(0.020-0.051)
2-30
(0.051-0.762)
10 (0.254)
400 (10.2)
1030 (26.2)
72 (1.83)
15 (0.381)
100
Saturated
Saturated
Saturated
Saturated
Saturated
10
Saturated
13
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
140 (60)
Room
Room
85 (29)
0.14 (0.004)
Nil
<5.0 (<0.127)
Nil
Nil
Nil
<.01 (0.000)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
50
10
25
50
50 to
anhydrous
Saturated
Saturated
20
80 (29)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
465-710
(241-377)
Room
Room
Room
0.4 (0.010)
<5.0 (<0.127)
12 (0.305)
108 (2.74)
40-60
(1.02-1.52)
Nil
Nil
0.12 (0.003)
0-30
122 (50)
0.1 (0.003)
10
1
Vapor
355 g/l
Saturated
Room
374 (190)
Room
Room
76 (24)
464 (240)
Nil
Nil
Rapid
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.3 (0.008)
Room
Silver nitrate
Sodium
50
100
Sodium acetate
Sodium aluminate
Sodium bifluoride
Sodium bisulfate
Sodium bisulfate
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chlorate
Sodium chlorate
+ NaCl 80-250 g/l
+ Na2Cr2O3 14 g/l
carbon 0.3-0.9 g/l
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride pH 1.5
Sodium chloride pH 1.2
Sodium chloride, titanium in
contact with teflon
Sodium chloride, pH 1.2
some dissolved chlorine
Sodium citrate
Sodium cyanide
Sodium dichromate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium hydrosulfide + unknown
amounts of sodium sulfide
and polysulfides
Sodium hydroxide
Saturated
25
Saturated
Saturated
10
10
25
25
Saturated
0-721 g/l
Room
to 1100
(593)
Room
Boiling
Room
Room
150 (66)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Room
104 (40)
Saturated
23
23
23
Room
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
23
Boiling
Nil
Nil*
28 (0.711)*
Corrosion
in crevice
Nil*
Saturated
Saturated
Saturated
Saturated
5-12
Room
Room
Room
Room
230 (110)
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.3 (0.008)
<0.1 (<0.003)
5-10
10
28
40
50
73
50-73
6
1.5-4
70 (21)
Boiling
Room
176 (80)
135 (57)
265 (129)
370 (188)
Room
150-200
(66-93)
0.04 (0.001)
0.84 (0.021)
0.1 (0.003)
5.0 (0.127)
0.5 (0.0127)
7.0 (0.178)
>43 (>1.09)
Nil
1.2 (0.030)
Saturated
Saturated
900 g/l
Saturated
25
10-20
Saturated
10
Saturated
Saturated
25
20
Room
Room
122 (50)
Room
Boiling
Boiling
Room
Boiling
Room
Boiling
Boiling
Room
Nil
Nil
0.1 (0.003)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
1.08 (0.027)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
5
24
100
Saturated
Ambient
212 (100)
Boiling
150 (66)
Room
180 (82)
Nil
0.12 (0.003)
1.76 (0.045)
Nil
Nil
0.01 (0.000)
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite
+ 12-15% NaCl + 1% NaOH
+ 1-2% sodium carbonate
Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrite
Sodium perchlorate
Sodium phosphate
Sodium silicate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfide
Sodium sulfide
Sodium sulfite
Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium thiosulfate
+ 20% acetic acid
Soils, corrosive
Stannic chloride
Stannic chloride
Stannic chloride, molten
Stannic chloride
Steam + air

Nil
Good
Nil
3.6 (0.091)
Rapid
Nil
72 (1.83)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.1 (0.003)

C = Concentration %
Media
C
T
R
Media
C
T
R
Steam + 7.65% hydrogen sulfide
+ 0.17% mercaptans
Stearic acid, molten
Succinic acid
Succinic acid
Sulfanilic acid
Sulfamic acid
Sulfamic acid
Sulfamic acid + .375 g/l FeCl3
Sulfur, molten
Sulfur monochloride
Sulfur dioxide, water saturated
Sulfur dioxide gas + small amount
SO3 and approx. 3% O2
Sulfuric acid, aerated with air
Sulfuric acid, aerated with nitrogen
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
+ 0.25% CuSO4
+ 0.25% CuSO4
+ 0.25% CuSO4
+ 0.5% CuSO4
+ 0.5% CuSO4
+ 1.0% CuSO4
+ 1.0% CuSO4
+ 1.0% CuSO4
+ 0.5% CrO3
+ 0.5% CrO3
Sulfuric acid vapors
Sulfuric acid,
+ 10% HNO3
+ 30% HNO3
+ 50% HNO3
+ 70% HNO3
+ 90% HNO3
+ 90% HNO3
+ 50% HNO3
+ 20% HNO3
Sulfuric acid saturated
with chlorine
Sulfuric acid + 4.79 g/l Ti +4

Sulfurous acid
Tannic acid
200-230
(93-110)
356 (180)
365 (185)
Room
Room
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
464 (240)
395 (202)
Room
600 (316)
0.1 (0.003)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
108 (2.74)
1.2 (0.030)
Nil
>43 (>1.09)
0.1 (0.003)
0.2 (0.006)
1
3
5
10
40
75
75
75
1
3
5
80
80
Concentrated
Concentrated
1
3
5
1
5
140 (60)
140 (60)
140 (60)
95 (35)
95 (35)
95 (35)
Room
Boiling
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Room
Boiling
Room
0.3 (0.008)
0.5 (0.013)
190 (4.83)
50 (1.27)
340 (8.64)
42 (1.07)
427 (10.8)
6082 (154.5)
0.2 (0.005)
920 (23.4)
810 (20.6)
316 (8.03)
7460 (189.5)
62 (1.57)
Boiling
212 (5.38)
212 (100)
212 (100)
212 (100)
Boiling
Boiling
282 (7.16)
830 (21.1)
1060 (26.9)
700 (17.8)
1000 (25.4)
5
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
5
30
96
96
96
200 (93)
100 (38)
200 (93)
100 (38)
200 (93)
100 (38)
200 (93)
Boiling
200 (93)
200 (93)
100 (38)
150 (66)
200-300
(93-149)
Nil
2.4 (0.061)
3.48 (0.088)
2.64 (0.067)
32.4 (0.823)
0.78 (0.020)
34.8 (0.884)
65 (1.65)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.4-0.5
(0.010-0.013)
90
70
50
30
10
10
50
80
45
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
140 (60)
140 (60)
140 (60)
75 (24)
18 (0.457)
25 (0.635)
25 (0.635)
4.0 (0.102)
Nil
0.45 (0.011)
15.7 (0.399)
62.5 (1.59)
0.13 (0.003)
62
5
82
40
6
25
60 (16)
374 (190)
122 (50)
212 (100)
Room
212 (100)
0.07 (0.002)
<1 (<0.025)
>47 (>1.19)
Passive
Nil
Nil
100
100
Saturated
Saturated
3.75 g/l
7.5 g/l
7.5 g/l
100
Major
Near 100
18
Nil
Tartaric acid
10-50
10
25
50
10
25
50
212
140
140
140
212
212
212
Terepthalic acid
Tetrachloroethane,
liquid and vapor
Tetrachloroethylene + H2O
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene,
liquid and vapor
stabilized with ethyl alcohol
Tin, molten
Titanium tetrachloride
Titanium tetrachloride
77
100
425 (218)
Boiling
<5 (<0.127)
0.10 (0.003)
0.10 (0.003)
0.02 (0.001)
0.13 (0.003)
Nil
0.2-0.49
(0.0050.0121)
Nil
0.02 (0.001)
100
100
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
5 (0.127)
Nil
0.02 (0.001)
930 (499)
572 (300)
Room
Resistant
62 (1.57)
Nil
Trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroethylene
100
99.8
Concentrated
100
99
Boiling
Boiling
Uranium chloride
Saturated
Uranyl ammonium
phosphate filtrate + 25%
chloride + 0.5% fluoride,
1.4% ammonia
+ 2.4% uranium
Uranyl nitrate
containing 25.3 g/l Fe3+,
6.9 g/l Cr3+, 2.8 g/l Ni2+,
5.9 molar NO3, 4.0 molar H+,
1.0 molar ClUranyl sulfate + 3.1 molar Li2SO4
+ 100-200 ppm O2
Uranyl sulfate + 3.6 molar Li2SO4,
50 psi O2
Urea-ammonia reaction mass
20.9
70-194
(21-90)
165
573 (14.6)
0.1-5
(0.003-0.127)
Nil
120 g/l U
Boiling
0.012 (0.000)
3.1 molar
482 (250)
3.8 molar
662 (350)
28
Elevated
temp. and
pressure
360 (182)
<0.078
(<0.020)
0.22-17
(0.006-0.432)
No attack
600 (316)
200 (93)
Nil
Nil
100
95 (35)
Room
Molten
20
50
75
80
Saturated
220 (104)
302 (150)
392 (200)
392 (200)
Room
Nil
Nil
Withstood
several
thousand
contact cycles
Nil*
Nil*
24 (0.610)*
8000 (203.2)*
Nil
Urea + 32% ammonia,

+ 20.5% H2O, 19% CO2
Water, degassed
Water, river, saturated
with Cl2
Water, synthetic sea
X-ray developer solution
Zinc, subjected to zinc
ammonium chloride preflux
Zinc chloride
Zinc sulfate
(100)
(60)
(60)
(60)
(100)
(100)
(100)
<0.1 (<0.003)
3.1 (0.079)

37
C or ros ion R at e D ata f or T im e t al 50A .1 5P d

C = Concentration %
Media
C
T
R
Media
C
T
R
Aluminum chloride
Calcium chloride
Chlorine, wet
Chlorine, H2O saturated.
Chromic acid
Ferric chloride
Formic acid
Hydrochloric acid,
H2 saturated
Hydrochloric acid,
air saturated
Hydrochloric acid,
O2 saturated
Hydrochloric acid,
Cl2 saturated
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
+ 5 g/l FeCl3
+ 16 g/l FeCl3
+ 16 g/l FeCl3
+ 16 g/l CuCl2
+ 16 g/l CuCl2
Nitric acid
Nitric acid, unbleached

Phosphoric acid
38
10
25
62
73
10
30
50
1-15
20
25
1
5
10
15
20
25
3
5
10
15
1 and 5
10
15
20
25
3
5
10
3 and 5
10
5
10
15
20
212 (100)
212 (100)
310 (154)
350 (177)
Room
Room
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Room
Room
Room
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
<1 (<0.25)
1 (0.25)
Nil
Nil
Slight gain
<1 (<0.025)
Slight gain
Slight gain
3 (0.076)
<1 (<0.025)
4 (0.102)
11 (0.279)
3 (0.076)
3 (0.076)
7 (0.178)
13 (0.330)
61 (1.55)
169 (4.29)
1 (0.025)
4 (0.102)
350 (8.89)
1620 (41.1)
<1 (<0.025)
2 (0.050)
6 (0.152)
26 (0.660)
78 (1.98)
5 (0.127)
5 (0.127)
368 (9.34)
<1 (<0.025)
1140 (29.0)
7 (0.178)
32 (0.813)
267 (6.78)
770 (19.6)
10
10
20
10
20
30
30
65
65
65
60
10
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
374 (190)
482 (250)
Boiling
374 (190)
482 (250)
Boiling
Boiling
11 (0.279)
3 (0.076)
113 (2.87)
5 (0.127)
146 (3.71)
94 (2.39)
Slight gain
26 (0.66)
Slight gain
Slight gain
15.5 (0.394)
5.8 (0.147)
Sodium chloride brine
200 (93)
Sodium chloride
Sulfuric acid,
N2 saturated
10
5
10
40
60
80
95
5
10
40
60
80
96
1
5
10
20
1
5
10
20
30
1 and 5
10
20
30
5
10
40
60
80
96
5
10
20
374 (190)
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
Room
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
374 (190)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
158 (70)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
0.0005
(0.000)
<1 (<0.025)
<1 (<0.025)
1 (0.025)
9 (0.229)
34 (0.864)
645 (16.4)
68 (1.73)
6 (0.152)
10 (0.254)
87 (2.21)
184 (4.67)
226 (5.74)
62 (1.57)
5 (0.127)
5 (0.127)
59 (1.50)
355 (9.02)
5 (0.127)
3 (0.076)
5 (0.127)
59 (1.50)
2440 (62.0)
<1 (<0.025)
2 (0.05)
15 (0.38)
3060 (77.7)
3 (0.08)
4 (0.10)
37 (0.94)
392 (10.0)
447 (11.4)
83 (2.1)
20 (0.05)
59 (1.5)
207 (5.3)
10
10
20
40
15
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
7 (0.18)
<1 (<0.025)
6 (0.15)
87 (2.2)
25 (0.64)
23
to 212
(100)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
84 (2.13)
Sulfuric acid,
O2 saturated
Sulfuric acid,
Cl2 saturated
Sulfuric acid,
air saturated
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
+ 0.5 g/l Fe2 (SO4)3
+ 16 g/l Fe2 (SO4)3
+ 16 g/l Fe2 (SO4)3
+ 40 g/l Fe2 (SO4)3
Sulfuric acid
+ 15% CuSO4
Sulfuric acid + 10% FeSO4
11% solids, and 170 g/l TiO2
Sulfuric acid + 0.01% CuSO4
+ 0.05% CuSO4
+ 0.50% CuSO4
+ 1.0% CuSO4
30
30
30
30
1090 (27.7)
1310 (33.3)
79 (2.01)
69 (1.75)
C or ros ion R at e D ata f or T im e t al C ode 1 2

C = Concentration %
Media
C
T
R
Remarks
Ammonium hydro-oxide
Aluminum chloride
Aqua regia
Ammonium chloride
Chlorine cell off-gas
Citric acid
Formic acid
Formic acid
Formic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
HCl + 2 g/l FeCl3
HCl + 2 g/l FeCl3
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Vapor above boiling HNO3
MgCl2
Sodium Sulfate
5% NaOCl + 2% NaCl + 4% NaOH
NaCl
30
10
(1 part HNO3
-3 parts HCl)
10
50
45
88
90
5
5
5
2
3.32
4.15
0.54
1.08
1.62
Saturated
10
Saturated
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Nil
Nil
24 (0.610)
No hydrogen pick-up
500 hours
Boiling
190 (88)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
120 (49)
150 (66)
200 (93)
200 (93)
196 (91)
196 (91)
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
600 (316)
Nil
.035 (0.001)
0.5 (0.013)
Nil
Nil
20.5 (0.521)
0.1 (0.003)
0.2 (0.005)
1176 (29.9)
1.2 (0.031)
1.0 (0.025)
2.3 (0.058)
0.6 (0.015)
35.4 (0.899)
578 (14.7)
0.8 (0.020)
Nil
Nil
2.4 (0.061)
Nil
500 hours
3700 hours
Natural aeration
Natural aeration
Natural aeration
500 hours
Acidified to pH 1
500 hours
500 hours
39
First in Titanium Worldwide
Wo r l d H e a d q u a r t e r s
1999 Broadway, Suite 4300

Denver, Colorado 80202 USA
Phone: (303) 296-5600
Fax:
(303) 296-5640
Website: www.timet.com
Divisional Headquarters
TIMET Castings
150 Queen Avenue SW
P.O. Box 908
Albany, Oregon 97321 USA
Phone: (541) 926-7711
Fax:
(541) 967-7786
Titanium Hearth Technologies, Inc.
900 Hemlock Road
Morgantown Business Park
Morgantown, Pennsylvania 19543 USA
Phone: (610) 286-6100
Fax:
(610) 286-3831
TIMET EUROPE
P.O. Box 704, Witton
Birmingham B6 7UR England
Phone: 44-121-356-1155
Fax:
44-121-356-5413
Printed in USA
1997 Titanium Metals Corporation
HQ-10/97-BG105-4M

Corrosion Titanium

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Corrosion Titanium

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corrosion resistance of

Titanium Metals Corporation

TIMET 40 YEAR WARRANTY

Since titanium metal first became a

This brochure summarizes the

Many titanium alloys have been

Titanium offers outstanding resistance

Titanium alloys commonly used in industry

Ultimate Tensile Yield Strength (min.)

Titanium and its alloys provide excellent

*Commercially Pure (Unalloyed) Titanium

Chlorine and chlorine compounds in

mechanical damage to titanium in

Corrosion Rate mpy (mm/y)

RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM TO CHLORINE

The limiting factor for application of

Titanium is fully resistant to solutions of

Titanium has excellent resistance to

Dry chlorine can cause rapid attack on

The temperature-pH relationship defines

resistance of unalloyed titanium to

Titanium is not recommended for use in

The resistance of titanium to bromine

Fresh Water Steam

500 hour test results

Metal-to-Teflon crevice samples used.

CORROSION OF TITANIUM IN A MBIENT SEAWATER

effect of seawater velocity on erosion of

Erosion Rate mpy (mm/y)

erosion of unalloyed titan ium in seawater

Corrosion/Erosion mpy (mm/y)

*High iron, high manganese 70-30 cupro-nickel.

erosion of unalloyed titanium in seawater Loc ations

Corrosion Rate mpy (mm/y)

23.6 (7.2 [Plus Air])

*High iron, high manganese 70-30 cupro-nickel.

TIMETAL 35A and TIMETAL 50A are

Titanium, uniquely among the common

Stress to Cause Failure

*Rotating beam fatigue tests on smooth, round bar specimens.

C OR ROS ION OF T ITAN IUM AN D S TAI NL E SS ST E E L

Corrosion Rate mpy (mm/y)

effect of chromium on corrosion of

Corrosion Rate mpy (mm/y)

*Exposed for three 48-hr. periods, acid changed each period.

effect of dis s olv e d t itan ium o n t h e

Corrosion Rate mpy (mm/y)

Titanium is highly resistant to oxidizing

TIMETAL 50A .15Pd

The data in Table 13 shows that

RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM TO CORROSION

Corrosion Rate mpy (mm/y)*

Red Fuming Nitric Acid

EFFECT OF Acid composition on the Pyrophoric

CORROSION OF UNALLOYED TITANIUM IN

4.0 Max (0.102 Max)

Although titanium in general has

Iso-corrosion data illustrate that

Severe corrosion damage on titanium

clean titanium surfaces, it is