By Engr. Leo D.

Hermano Materials Engineering Technical Report

Table of Contents I . Description II. History III. Properties IV. Processes V. Applications and Technological Advancements VI. Advantages / Disadvantages VII. Conclusion

Ti t a n i u m i s a c h e m i c a l e l e m e n t w i t h t h e s y m b o l Ti a n d a t o m i c n u m b e r 2 2 , w i t h l o w d e n s i t y a n d is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l w i t h a s i l v e r c o l o r. Ti t a n i u m a l l o y s a r e m e t a l s w h i c h c o n t a i n a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements. Such alloys have very high tensile strength and toughness. They are light in weight, have extraordinary corrosion resistance and the ability to withstand extreme temperatures.

Ti t a n i u m w a s d i s c o v e r e d i n c l u d e d i n a m i n e r a l in Cornwall, Great Britain, in 1791 by the clergyman and amateur geologist William G r e g o r. He recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite when he noticed black sand was attracted by a magnet. Analysis of the sand determined the presence of two metal oxides; iron oxide (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a white m e t a l l i c o x i d e h e c o u l d n o t i d e n t i f y.

William Gregor reported his findings to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall and in the German science journal Crell's Annalen. Around the same time, Franz-Joseph Mller von Reichenstein produced a similar substance, but could not identify it. The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by Prussian chemist Martin Heinrich K l a p r o t h i n r u t i l e f r o m H u n g a r y.

Martin Heinrich Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it f o r t h e Ti t a n s o f G r e e k mythology; thus the name titanium.

Wine-red rutile crystals, B i n n Va l l e y, S w i t z e r l a n d

(Size: 2.0 x 1.6 x 0.8 cm)

Ti tani um s ponge (from Krol l Proc es s )

Ti tani um c ry s tal bar

Mi neral c onc entrate

 A metallic element, titanium is recognized for

its high strength-to-weight ratio.

It is a strong metal with low density that is

quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment), lustrous, and metallic-white in c o l o r.

The relatively high melting point (more than

1,650 C or 3,000 F) makes it useful as a refractory metal.

It

is paramagnetic and has fairly e l e c t r i c a l a n d t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y.

low

 Commercial (99.2% pure) grades of titanium

have ultimate tensile strength of about 63,000 psi (434 MPa), equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, but are 45% l i g h t e r.
Ti t a n i u m i s 6 0 % m o r e d e n s e t h a n a l u m i n i u m ,

but twice as strong as commonly used 6061T 6 a l u m i n i u m a l l o y.

Certain

titanium alloys achieve tensile strengths of over 200,000 psi (1,400 MPa). H o w e v e r, t i t a n i u m l o s e s s t r e n g t h w h e n heated above 430 C (806 F).

 Ti t a n i u m i s f a i r l y h a r d ( a l t h o u g h n o t a s h a r d

as some grades of heat-treated steel), nonmagnetic and a poor conductor of heat and e l e c t r i c i t y.
Machining

requires precautions, as the material will soften and gall if sharp tools and proper cooling methods are not used.

Ti t a n i u m a l l o y s h a v e l o w e r s p e c i f i c s t i ff n e s s

than in many other structural materials such a s a l u m i n i u m a l l o y s a n d c a r b o n f i b e r.

 Ti t a n i u m m e t a l a n d a l l o y s u r f a c e s o x i d i z e

immediately when they are exposed to o x y g e n a t 1 , 2 0 0 C i n a i r, a n d a t 6 1 0 C i n pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide.
H o w e v e r, i t i s s l o w t o r e a c t w i t h w a t e r a n d

a i r, b e c a u s e i t f o r m s a p a s s i v e a n d p r o t e c t i v e oxide coating that protects it from further reaction.

When it first forms, this protective layer is

only 12 nm thick but continues to slowly grow reaching 25 nm thick in four years.

 The most noted chemical property of titanium

is its excellent resistance to corrosion.

Like platinum, it is capable of withstanding

attack by dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid as well as chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.
Ti t a n i u m i s o n e o f t h e f e w e l e m e n t s t h a t

burns in pure nitrogen gas, reacting at 800 C to form titanium nitride, which causes embrittlement.

 Ti t a n i u m i s a l w a y s b o n d e d t o o t h e r e l e m e n t s

in nature being the ninth-most abundant element in the Earth's crust (0.63% by mass) and the seventh-most abundant metal.
It is present in most igneous rocks and in

sediments derived from them (as well as in living things and natural bodies of water).
Of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed

b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y, 7 8 4 contained titanium; its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5 to 1.5%.

 It is widely distributed and occurs primarily

in the minerals anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile and titanite (sphene).
Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite

have economic importance, yet even they are d i ff i c u l t t o f i n d i n h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .

About 6.0 and 0.7 million tonnes of these

minerals have r e s p e c t i v e l y.

been

mined

in

2 0 11 ,

To t a l r e s e r v e s o f t i t a n i u m a r e e s t i m a t e d t o

exceed 600 million tonnes.

2011 Production of Rutile & Ilmenite

Country
Australia South Africa Canada India Mozambique China Vietnam Ukraine World

Thousand tonnes
1300 1160 700 574 516 500 490 357 6700

% of total
19.4 17.3 10.4 8.6 7.7 7.5 7.3 5.3 100

 Ti t a n i u m i s c o n t a i n e d i n m e t e o r i t e s a n d h a s

been detected in the sun and in M-type stars; the coolest type of star with a surface temperature of 3,200 C.
Rocks brought back from the moon during the

Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1% Ti O 2 .

It is also found in coal ash, plants, and even

t h e h u m a n b o d y.

 The processing of titanium metal occurs in 4

major steps:
1) reduction of titanium ore into "sponge",

a porous form; 2) melting of sponge, or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot; 3) primary fabrication, where an ingot is converted into general mill products s u c h a s b i l l e t , b a r, p l a t e , s h e e t , s t r i p , and tube; 4) secondary fabrication of finished shapes from mill products.

 Because the metal reacts with oxygen at high

temperatures it cannot reduction of its dioxide.

Ti t a n i u m

be

produced

by

metal is therefore produced commercially by the Kroll process, a complex and expensive batch process. is mainly due to its processing, which sacrifices another expensive metal, magnesium.

The relatively high market value of titanium

 The

Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium.It was invented by William J. Kroll in Luxembourg. is a branch of extractive m e t a l l u r g y. I t c o n s i s t s o f t h e t h e r m a l treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals.

Pyrometallurgy

Refi ned ruti l e (or i l meni te ) from the ore i s reduc ed wi th petrol eum deri v ed c ok e i n a fl ui di z ed bed reac tor at 1000 C.

The mixture is then treated with chlorine g a s , a ff o r d i ng t i t ani um t e t r a c h l o r i d e Ti C l 4 and other volatile c h l o r i d e s , w hi c h ar e subsequently separated by continuous fractional distillation. D i s t i l l a t i o n To w e r

Continuous Fractional Distillation.

 I n a s e p a r a t e r e a c t o r, t h e Ti C l 4 i s r e d u c e d b y

liquid magnesium or sodium (15-20% excess) at 800-850 C in a stainless steel retort to ensure complete reduction:
2Mg(l) + TiCl4(g) 2MgCl2(l) + Ti(s) [T = 800-850 C]

Complications result from partial reduction of

t h e t i t a n i u m t o i t s l o w e r c h l o r i d e s Ti C l 2 a n d Ti C l 3 .
The resulting porous metallic titanium sponge

is purified by leaching or heated vacuum distillation.

 The sponge is jackhammered out, crushed,

and pressed before it is melted in a consumable electrode vacuum arc furnace.

The

melted ingot is allowed to solidify under vacuum. a n d e n s u r e u n i f o r m i t y. ( T h e s e m e l t i n g s t e p s add to the cost of the product.)

It is often remelted to remove inclusions

Ti t a n i u m i s a b o u t s i x t i m e s a s e x p e n s i v e a s

stainless steel.

 Ti t a n i u m i s u s e d i n s t e e l a s a n a l l o y i n g

element (ferro-titanium) to reduce grain size a n d a s a d e o x i d i z e r, a n d i n s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t o reduce carbon content.

Applications for titanium mill products (sheet,

p l a t e , b a r, w i r e , f o r g i n g s , c a s t i n g s ) c a n b e found in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets.

Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as

a source of bright-burning particles.

A t i t a n i u m c y l i n d e r, "Grade 2" quality

Titanium dioxide is the most commonly used compound of titanium

 About 95% of titanium ore extracted from the

Earth is destined for refinement into titanium d i o x i d e ( Ti O 2 ) , a n i n t e n s e l y w h i t e p e r m a n e n t p i g m e n t u s e d i n p a i n t s , p a p e r, t o o t h p a s t e , and plastics.

It is also used in cement, in gemstones, as

a n o p t i c a l o p a c i f i e r i n p a p e r, a n d a strengthening agent in graphite composite fishing rods and golf clubs.

 Due to their high tensile strength to density

ratio, high corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, high crack resistance, and ability to withstand moderately high temperatures without creeping, titanium alloys are used in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft, and missiles.
For these applications titanium alloyed with

aluminium, vanadium, and other elements is used for a variety of components including critical structural parts, fire walls, landing g e a r, e x h a u s t d u c t s ( h e l i c o p t e r s ) , a n d hydraulic systems.

Mi l i tary Vehi c l es (Armour Pl ati ng)

Ai rc raft c arri ers and Nav al patrol s hi ps

Spac e s huttl e and s atel l i tes

 In fact, about two thirds of all titanium metal

produced is used in aircraft engines and frames. The SR-71 "Blackbird" was one of the first aircraft to make extensive use of titanium within its structure, paving the way for its use in modern military & commercial aircraft.

 An

estimated 59 metric tons (130,000 pounds) are used in the Boeing 777, 45 in the Boeing 747, 18 in the Boeing 737, 32 in the Airbus A340, 18 in the Airbus A330, and 12 in the Airbus A320.

Automobile Manufacturing

Auto manufacturers Porsche and Ferrari use titanium alloys in engine components due to its durable properties in these high stress engine environments.

 We l d e d t i t a n i u m p i p e a n d p r o c e s s e q u i p m e n t

(heat exchangers, tanks, process vessels, valves) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance.

 The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in

process equipment exposed to corrosive media such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas (in the bleachery). Other applications include: ultrasonic welding, wave soldering, and sputtering targets.

 Ti t a n i u m i s u s e d i n m a n y s p o r t i n g g o o d s :

tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse stick s h a f t s ; c r i c k e t , h o c k e y, l a c r o s s e , a n d f o o t b a l l helmet grills; and bicycle frames and components.
Ti t a n i u m

has occasionally been used in architectural applications: the 40 m (131 f o o t ) m e m o r i a l t o Yu r i G a g a r i n , t h e f i r s t m a n t o t r a v e l i n s p a c e , i n M o s c o w, i s m a d e o f titanium for the metal's attractive color and a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h r o c k e t r y.

 The Guggenheim

Museum Bilbao and the Cerritos Millennium Library were the first buildings in Europe and North America, r e s p e c t i v e l y, t o be sheathed in titanium panels.

 Because of its superior strength and light

weight when compared to other metals traditionally used in firearms (steel, stainless steel, and aluminium), and advances in metalworking techniques, the use of titanium has become more widespread in the manufacture of firearms. Primary uses include pistol frames and revolver cylinders.
For these same reasons, it is also used in

the body of laptop computers, for example, in Apple's PowerBook line.

 Because

o f i t s d u r a b i l i t y, t i t a n i u m h a s become more popular for designer jewelry ( p a r t i c u l a r l y, t i t a n i u m r i n g s ) . I t s i n e r t n e s s makes it a good choice for those with allergies or those who will be wearing the jewelry in environments such as swimming pools. colored makes titanium a popular metal for use in body piercing.

The inertness and ability to be attractively

J ewel ri es , Ac c essori es, etc .

 Because it is biocompatible (non-toxic and is

not rejected by the body), titanium is used in a gamut of medical applications including surgical implements and implants, such as hip balls and sockets (joint replacement) that can stay in place for up to 20 years.The titanium is often alloyed with about 4% aluminium or 6% Al and 4% vanadium.
Ti t a n i u m

is also used for the surgical i n s t r u m e n t s u s e d i n i m a g e - g u i d e d s u r g e r y, a s well as wheelchairs, crutches, and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable.

A fracture of the eye socket was repaired by stabilizing the fractured bones with small titanium plates and screws.

 Ti t a n i u m

has the inherent property to osseointegrate, enabling use in dental implants that can remain in place for over 30 years.

 Due

to its extreme corrosion resistance, titanium containers have been studied for the long-term storage of nuclear waste (containers lasting over 100,000 years are possible under proper manufacturing conditions to reduce defects in the process). over other types of containers to further contain the waste.

A titanium "drip shield" could also be placed

 Ti t a n i u m i s n o n - t o x i c e v e n i n l a r g e d o s e s a n d

does not play any natural role inside the h u m a n b o d y.

An estimated quantity of 0.8 milligrams of

t i t a n i u m i s i n g e s t e d b y h u m a n s e a c h d a y, b u t most passes through without being absorbed.

I t d o e s , h o w e v e r, h a v e a t e n d e n c y t o b i o -

accumulate in tissues that contain silica.

One study indicates a possible connection

between titanium and yellow nail syndrome

 As a powder or in the form of metal shavings,

titanium metal poses a significant fire hazard a n d , w h e n h e a t e d i n a i r, a n e x p l o s i o n h a z a r d .

Wa t e r a n d c a r b o n d i o x i d e b a s e d m e t h o d s t o

e x t i n g u i s h f i r e s a r e i n e ff e c t i v e o n b u r n i n g titanium; Class D dry powder fire fighting agents must be used instead.
When used in the production or handling of

chlorine, care must be taken to use titanium only in locations where it will not be exposed to dry chlorine gas which can result in a titanium/chlorine fire.

 Ti t a n i u m c a n c a t c h f i r e w h e n a f r e s h , n o n -

oxidized surface comes in contact with liquid oxygen.

Such surfaces can appear when the oxidized

surface is struck with a hard object, or when a mechanical strain causes the emergence of a crack.
This poses the possible limitation for its use

in liquid oxygen systems, such as those f o u n d i n t h e a e r o s p a c e i n d u s t r y.

1.^ Andersson, N. et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm". J. Chem. Phys. 11 8 : 10543. B i b c o d e : 2 0 0 3 J C h P h . 11 8 . 3 5 4 3 A . d o i : 1 0 . 1 0 6 3 / 1 . 1 5 3 9 8 4 8 .

2.^ a b c d e f g h i "Titanium". Encyclopdia Britannica. 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-29.

3.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. 4.^ a b c d e f g h i j Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference G u i d e ( 2 n d e d i t i o n ) . W e s t p o r t , C T: G r e e n w o o d P r e s s . I S B N 0 313-33438-2. 5 . ^ D o n a c h i e , M a t t h e w J . , J r . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . T I TA N I U M : A Te c h n i c a l G u i d e . M e t a l s P a r k , O H : A S M I n t e r n a t i o n a l . p . 11 . I S B N 0 87170-309-2.

6.^ a b Barksdale 1968, p. 738 7.^ a b c d e f g "Titanium". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th e d . ) . N e w Yo r k : C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 . I S B N 0-7876-5015-3. 8 . ^ a b c B a r b a l a c e , K e n n e t h L . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . " P e r i o d i c Ta b l e o f Elements: Ti Titanium". Retrieved 2006-12-26.

9.^ a b c d e Stwertka, Albert (1998). "Titanium". Guide to the Elements (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 81 82. ISBN 0-19-508083-1.
1 0 . ^ M a t t h e w J . D o n a c h i e , J r . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . T i t a n i u m : A Te c h n i c a l G u i d e . M e t a l s P a r k , O H : A S M I n t e r n a t i o n a l . A p p e n d i x J , Ta b l e J.2. ISBN 0-87170-309-2. 11 . ^ a b c d e B a r k s d a l e 1 9 6 8 , p . 7 3 4

Thats all folks! Thank you for listening!