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    Evaporation Principles & Black Liquor Properties

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    NaveenGoyal
    This document discusses evaporation principles and black liquor properties relevant to evaporating black liquor from weak liquor at 15-20% solids to strong black liquor suitable for burning in a recovery boiler at 65-85% solids. It outlines evaporation basics, multiple effect evaporation systems, and how black liquor properties like viscosity, boiling point rise, density, and composition impact evaporator design and performance. Maintaining black liquor properties close to design values is important for efficient evaporator operation.

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    Evaporation Principles & Black Liquor Properties

    Uploaded by

    NaveenGoyal
    179 views15 pages
    This document discusses evaporation principles and black liquor properties relevant to evaporating black liquor from weak liquor at 15-20% solids to strong black liquor suitable for burning in a recovery boiler at 65-85% solids. It outlines evaporation basics, multiple effect evaporation systems, and how black liquor properties like viscosity, boiling point rise, density, and composition impact evaporator design and performance. Maintaining black liquor properties close to design values is important for efficient evaporator operation.

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    This document discusses evaporation principles and black liquor properties relevant to evaporating black liquor from weak liquor at 15-20% solids to strong black liquor suitable for burning in a recovery boiler at 65-85% solids. It outlines evaporation basics, multiple effect evaporation systems, and how black liquor properties like viscosity, boiling point rise, density, and composition impact evaporator design and performance. Maintaining black liquor properties close to design values is important for efficient evaporator operation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    179 views15 pages

    Evaporation Principles & Black Liquor Properties

    Uploaded by

    NaveenGoyal
    This document discusses evaporation principles and black liquor properties relevant to evaporating black liquor from weak liquor at 15-20% solids to strong black liquor suitable for burning in a recovery boiler at 65-85% solids. It outlines evaporation basics, multiple effect evaporation systems, and how black liquor properties like viscosity, boiling point rise, density, and composition impact evaporator design and performance. Maintaining black liquor properties close to design values is important for efficient evaporator operation.

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    Evaporation Principles &

    Black Liquor Properties


    David T. Clay
    Senior Process Consultant
    Jacobs Engineering

    Outline

    Slide 2

    Evaporator basics
    Multiple effect evaporation
    Black liquor properties

    Kraft Black Liquor Production

    Slide 3

    ~ 3000 lb of black liquor solids


    per ton
    of air-dried unbleached pulp

    Slide 4

    Evaporation Required to Burn Liquor


    Weak BL from washers
    15-20% solids
    80-85% water

    BL to recovery boiler
    65-85% solids
    15-25% water

    Principle of Evaporation

    Slide 5

    vapor
    liquor

    liquor

    steam

    condensate

    liquor

    Types of Black Liquor Evaporators

    Slide 6

    Rising Film
    Falling Film
    Direct Contact
    Forced Circulation

    Slide 7

    Evaporator Material and Energy Balance


    If the heat content of the steam was used
    only once, 100,000 lbs of steam would
    evaporate only 100,000 lbs of water from
    the liquor
    Venting, radiation and other losses
    prevent attaining theoretical efficiency

    Slide 8

    Single Effect Operation


    116k lb/hr steam

    45k lb/hr SBL


    50% TS

    105k lb/hr vapor

    116k lb/hr condensate


    150k lb/hr WBL 15% TS

    Steam Economy =

    water evaporated
    steam supplied

    105
    = 116

    = 0.9

    Slide 9

    Multiple Effect Evaporation


    If the heat content of the steam was used only
    once, 100,000 lbs of steam would evaporate
    only 100,000 lbs of water from the liquor
    Venting, radiation and other losses prevent
    attaining theoretical efficiency
    Economic operation dictates the multiple
    effective use of the heat content of the steam

    Two-Effect Operation
    57k lb/hr
    steam

    54k lb/hr
    vapor

    Slide 10

    51k lb/hr vapor

    111k lb/hr
    condensate

    45k lb/hr
    50% BL
    99k lb/hr
    23% BL

    150k lb/hr
    15% BL

    Steam Economy = 105/57 = 1.8

    Simple Six-Effect Evaporator Set

    Slide 11

    Condenser

    Steam

    Product
    liquor

    Weak
    black
    liquor
    Steam Economy ~ 5

    Heat Transfer in Evaporators

    Slide 12

    Evaporation rate = Q = U*A*T


    U is the overall heat transfer coefficient
    A is the total heat transfer surface area
    Overall T is the temp difference
    Steam temperature in first effect minus...
    Condensing vapor temperature in last effect

    Slide 13

    Black Liquor Properties


    Basis of evaporation equipment design
    Changes in liquor cycle chemistry can
    impact evaporator performance if
    properties depart from design values
    Viscosity
    Boiling point rise
    Concentration of scaling species

    Black Liquor Composition

    Slide 14

    Wet basis
    Organics

    Water

    Inorganics

    Dry solids basis


    Alkali lignin, wt-%
    Wood acids &
    Polysaccharides
    Inorganics, salts
    Resins, fatty acids
    Methanol

    30 - 45
    30 - 45
    30 - 45
    3-5
    ~1

    Black Liquor Specific Gravity

    Slide 15

    Important for performance calculations


    Baum (hydrometer up to 50% solids),
    must be corrected for temperature
    SG of BL @ 60F / water @ 60F = 145/(145 - B)

    Solid content inferred from Baum, but


    correlation changes with wood species!

    Black Liquor Density Correlations

    Slide 16

    Correlation for 50% BLS, T 100C


    , g/cm3 = 1.007 + 0.006*(%S) - 0.000495* (TC)

    Ex: 15% BLS, 82oC (180oF) > 1.06 g/cm3


    Ex: 49% BLS, 93oC (200oF) > 1.26 g/cm3
    Non-linear behavior at high solids
    Extrapolation to firing conditions 10%

    Black Liquor Thermal Properties

    Slide 17

    Properties needed for detailed calculations


    noted in paper.
    Thermal conductivity
    Specific heat (Cp)
    Heat of vaporization

    Typical Black Liquor Viscosities

    Slide 18

    Viscosity of room temp water ~ 1 cp (mPa-s)


    Viscosity of SAE 30 oil at 80F ~ 200 cp (mPa-s)
    BL Dry Solids Temp., F Temp., C Viscosity, cP
    66
    1.0
    150
    18%
    82
    0.9
    180
    21%
    93
    1.0
    200
    26%
    110
    1.3
    230
    34%
    116
    2.3
    240
    42%
    121
    4.9
    250
    51%
    127
    88
    260
    70%

    Viscosity, cP or mPa-s

    Black Liquor Viscosity vs. Solids


    500

    100C
    (212F)

    400
    300

    125C
    (257F)

    Slide 19

    150
    150C
    (302
    (302F)

    Concentrated BL

    200
    100
    0
    50%

    60%
    70%
    80%
    Black Liquor Dry Solids, wt-%

    Slide 20

    What Determines Black Liquor Viscosity?


    Total solids content & Temperature
    Wood species & cooking conditions
    Residual alkali / pH
    Correlations exist, but actual black liquor
    viscosity differs 400%!!
    Viscosity must be measured for evap design

    10

    Slide 21

    Impacts of Viscosity

    Evap design affected greatly by viscosity


    Heat transfer coefficient (U value)
    Power usage in units with recirculation pumps

    Evaporator capacity can be affected by


    changes in viscosity, e.g. wood species
    Viscosity up 5 fold, U value down 50%

    Black Liquor Boiling Point Rise

    Slide 22

    BL boils at temps above water boiling point


    Boiling point rise (BPR) increases with solids
    BPR depends on inorganic content of liquor
    Black
    Liquor
    225F
    107C

    50% liquor

    Vapor &
    Condensate
    212F
    100C

    11

    45
    40
    BPR = BPR50*
    20
    35
    30
    15
    25
    20
    10
    15
    10
    5
    BPR50 = 7.5C
    5
    (13.5F)
    0
    0
    0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
    25

    9.1*S
    8.1 7.1*S

    Boiling Point Rise, F

    Boiling Point Rise, C

    Boiling Point Rise vs. Solids

    Slide 23

    Black Liquor Dry Solids, wt-%

    Slide 24

    BPR at Each Effect


    Effect #
    6
    5
    4
    3
    2
    1
    Total

    BL Dry Solids
    18%
    21%
    26%
    34%
    42%
    51%

    BPR, C
    1.8
    2.2
    2.8
    4.1
    5.6
    7.8
    24.3

    BPR, F
    3.2
    3.9
    5.1
    7.3
    10.1
    14.0
    43.7

    Total T = Tsteam - Tcondenser - BPR (total)

    12

    Slide 25

    Impacts of BPR
    Evap design affected greatly by BPR
    Cumulative impact in multiple effect units

    Evaporator capacity can be affected by


    changes in BPR, e.g. alkali/wood charge
    Higher alkali charge can result in higher
    inorganic content and higher BPR

    Typical Black Liquor Composition


    Major
    Element
    Carbon
    Hydrogen
    Oxygen
    Sodium
    Potassium
    Sulfur

    C
    H
    O
    Na
    K
    S

    wt-% BLS
    35.0%
    3.3%
    35.7%
    19.7%
    1.6%
    4.0%

    Slide 26

    Minor
    Element
    Calcium
    Aluminum
    Silicon
    Iron
    Carbonate
    Sulfate

    Ca
    Al
    Si
    Fe
    CO3
    SO4

    wt-% BLS
    600 ppm
    50 ppm
    700 ppm
    150 ppm
    8%
    3%

    13

    Black Liquor Evaporator Scaling

    Slide 27

    Na, SO4=, CO3= cause soluble Na scale


    Dissolved Ca causes insoluble calcium scale
    Al and Si cause aluminosilicate scale
    Organics increase scaling and fouling rate
    Scaling reduces U values and can rob available
    heat-transfer area by plugging tubes

    Summary

    Slide 28

    Weak BL is ~ 15% dry solids


    As-fired BL must be 65% to 85% solids
    Variation in BL properties relative to design
    values affects evaporator performance
    Higher viscosity reduces U values at high solids
    Higher boiling point rise reduces available T
    Changes in liquor components can foul heater
    surfaces

    14

    Acknowledgement

    Slide 29

    Christopher L. Verrill
    International Paper Corporation
    Author and presenter of 2007 slides, which
    formed the basis of this presentation.

    15

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