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    Power System Components - Part1

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    Engr Imtiaz Hussain Gilani
    This document discusses power system component modeling and transmission line parameters. It begins by identifying the main power system components as generators, transformers, and transmission lines. It then focuses on transmission line modeling. It describes the construction, voltage levels, and conductor types of transmission lines. It discusses the four parameters - resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance - used to model transmission lines. It provides formulas and examples for calculating each parameter. It also covers transmission line representation using pi circuits and ABCD parameters. Finally, it discusses modeling long transmission lines using the exact distributed parameter model.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Power System Components - Part1

    Uploaded by

    Engr Imtiaz Hussain Gilani
    113 views30 pages
    This document discusses power system component modeling and transmission line parameters. It begins by identifying the main power system components as generators, transformers, and transmission lines. It then focuses on transmission line modeling. It describes the construction, voltage levels, and conductor types of transmission lines. It discusses the four parameters - resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance - used to model transmission lines. It provides formulas and examples for calculating each parameter. It also covers transmission line representation using pi circuits and ABCD parameters. Finally, it discusses modeling long transmission lines using the exact distributed parameter model.

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    Transmission lines calculations

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    Power System Components_Part1

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    This document discusses power system component modeling and transmission line parameters. It begins by identifying the main power system components as generators, transformers, and transmission lines. It then focuses on transmission line modeling. It describes the construction, voltage levels, and conductor types of transmission lines. It discusses the four parameters - resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance - used to model transmission lines. It provides formulas and examples for calculating each parameter. It also covers transmission line representation using pi circuits and ABCD parameters. Finally, it discusses modeling long transmission lines using the exact distributed parameter model.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    113 views30 pages

    Power System Components - Part1

    Uploaded by

    Engr Imtiaz Hussain Gilani
    This document discusses power system component modeling and transmission line parameters. It begins by identifying the main power system components as generators, transformers, and transmission lines. It then focuses on transmission line modeling. It describes the construction, voltage levels, and conductor types of transmission lines. It discusses the four parameters - resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance - used to model transmission lines. It provides formulas and examples for calculating each parameter. It also covers transmission line representation using pi circuits and ABCD parameters. Finally, it discusses modeling long transmission lines using the exact distributed parameter model.

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    ELE B7 Power Systems

    Engineering
    Power System Components Modeling

    Power System Components


    ELE B7

    The main components of a power system are


    generators, transformers and transmission lines.
    In this lecture, we shall discuss the models of these
    components that will be used subsequently in power
    system studies.

    Slide # 1

    ELE B7

    Section I: Transmission Lines

    Slide # 2

    Transmission lines- CONSTRUCTION

    ELE B7

    Three-phase conductors, which


    carry the electric current;
    Insulators, which support and
    electrically isolate the conductors;
    Tower, which holds the insulators
    and conductors;
    Foundation and grounding; and
    Optional shield conductors, which
    protect against lightning

    Slide # 3

    Transmission lines- VOLTAGE LEVELS

    ELE B7

    Overhead Transmission lines (OTL) are operating at different


    voltage levels:
    Distribution: 6.3, 11, 13.8, 22, 33, 69 kV
    Supplies residential and commercial customers

    Subtransmission: 69, 110, 132 kV


    Interconnection between substations and large
    industrial customers

    Transmission: 132, 220, 400 kV


    Interconnection between substations, power
    plants

    EHV transmission: 500, 735, 765 kV


    Interconnection between systems

    UHV (experimental): 1200, 1500 kV

    Transco 220 KV

    Slide # 4

    Transmission Line- TYPES OF CONDUCTORS

    ELE B7

    Transmission line conductors can be made of copper or aluminum


    However, aluminum conductors have completely replaced copper
    for overhead lines because of the much lower cost and lighter
    weight of an aluminum conductor compared with a copper
    conductor of the same resistance.
    Symbols identifying different types of aluminum
    conductors are as follows:

    AAC

    all-aluminum conductors

    AAAC all-aluminum-alloy conductors

    Aluminum outer strands


    2 layers, 30 conductors

    ACSR aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced


    ACAR aluminum conductor, alloy-reinforced

    Steel core strands,


    7 conductors

    ACSR
    Slide # 5

    Transmission Line- PARAMETERS

    A transmission line has four parameters :

    Resistance,
    Inductance,
    Capacitance, and

    Conductance.

    ELE B7

    The conductance, exists between conductors or between


    conductors and the ground, accounts for the leakage current at
    the insulators of overhead lines and through the insulation of
    cables.
    Since leakage at insulators of overhead lines is negligible, the
    conductance between conductors of an overhead line is usually
    neglected.
    Slide # 6

    Transmission Line Parameters-RESISTANCE


    ELE B7

    It is very well known that the dc resistance of a wire is given by:

    where is the resistivity of the wire in - m, l is the length in


    meter and A is the cross sectional area in m2

    The line resistance increases by:

    Stranding
    Temperature
    Skin effect

    AC resistance higher than DC


    Accurate value from Tables
    Slide # 7

    Transmission Line Parameters-RESISTANCE


    ELE B7

    Example:
    A three-phase overhead transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5MVA at 220kV over a
    distance of 63km, such that the total transmission line loss is not to exceed 2.5% of the rated
    line MVA. Given the resistivity of the conductor material to be 2.84*10-8 ohm-meter.
    Determine the required conductor diameter and the conductor size. Neglecting power loss
    due to corona and insulator leakage and other reactive loss.
    Solution:
    The total transmission line loss is:

    PLoss 190.5 * 2.5% 4.7625 MW


    IL

    190.5( MVA )

    500 A

    3 ( 220 kV )

    d 1.894 cm 0.7456 in 556 ,000cmil

    PLoss 3 * I L 2 * R
    R

    4.7625 MW
    3( 500 )

    * l 2.84 10 8 * 63 10 3
    A

    R
    6.35
    A 2.81764 10 4 m 2

    6.35

    1 in = 1000 mils
    1 cmils = sq mil
    Slide # 8

    Transmission Line Parameters-INDUCTANCE


    ELE B7

    The inductance per phase of 3-phase equilateral spaced solid


    conductors is given by:
    D
    L 2 10 (ln ) H / m
    r
    7

    where,
    r
    D is the distances between the conductor
    r r e 1 / 4, and r is the radius of the conductor

    D
    D

    For inequilaterally spaced conductors, the inductance per phase is:


    7

    L 2 10 ln
    where,

    Deq
    r

    H /m

    Deq 3 D12 D23 D31


    Slide # 9

    Transmission Line Parameters-INDUCTANCE


    ELE B7

    The inductance per phase of 3-phase stranded conductors is:


    L 2 10 7 ln

    GMD
    H /m
    GMR

    where,
    - GMD is the Geometrical Mean Distance
    - GMR is the Geometrical Mean Radius

    The inductance per phase of 3-phase


    bundled conductors is:
    L 2 10
    GMR 2 Ds d
    d

    GMD
    ln
    H /m
    GMR

    GMR 3 Ds d 2

    D31

    D23

    D12

    GMD Deq 3 D12 D23 D31


    GMR 1.091 4 Ds d 3
    d

    d
    d

    d
    d

    Slide # 10

    Transmission Line Parameters-INDUCTANCE


    ELE B7

    Transposition:
    When the conductors of a three-phase line are not spaced
    equilaterally, the flux linkages and the inductance of each phase are
    not the same. A different inductance in each phase results in
    unbalance circuit.
    Balance of the three phases can be restored by exchanging the
    positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line as shown
    below
    Pos.1

    D12

    Cond. a

    Cond. b

    Pos.3

    Cond. c

    Cond. c

    D23

    D23

    D23

    Cond. b

    D12

    D12
    Pos.2

    D31

    Cond. c

    Cond. a

    Cond. b

    Cond. a

    Such an exchange of the conductor positions is called transposition.


    Slide # 11

    Transmission Line Parameters-INDUCTANCE


    ELE B7

    Slide # 12

    Transmission Line Parameters-CAPACITANCE


    ELE B7

    Capacitance of a Three-Phase Transposed Line:


    2 o
    Cn
    ln( Deq / r )

    F /m
    Phase a

    GMD Deq 3 D12 D23 D31

    Phase
    b

    Phase
    c

    Capacitance of Three-Phase Bundled Line:

    2 o
    Cn
    ln( Deq / D bS )

    F /m

    where,
    0=8.8510-12
    r is the equivalent radius of the conductor

    Dsb 2 r d
    Dsb

    rd
    3

    Dsb

    1.091 r d
    4

    d
    d

    Slide # 13

    Transmission Line Parameters-CAPACITANCE


    ELE B7

    EXAMPLE:
    A 400kV, 60Hz, three phase with bundled conductor line, two sub-conductors per-phase
    as shown in the Figure. The center to center distance between adjacent phases is 12 m and
    distance between sub-conductors is 45 cm. The radius of each sub-conductor is 1.6 cm.
    Find the capacitance per phase per km.
    D31
    D12

    D23

    b
    d

    SOLUTION:

    D bS r d 1.6 45 8.485cm 0.08485m

    Deq 3 Dab Dac Dbc 3 12 *12 * 24 15.119m


    2 o
    Cn
    0.0107 F / km
    b
    ln( Deq / D S )

    NOTE

    Use r for L
    Use r for C
    Slide # 14

    Section II: Transmission Line


    Performance

    Transmission line representation

    Series impedance
    z r j x / mi

    Z z R j X

    Shunt admittance
    y g j b S / mi

    ELE B7

    Y y G j B S

    G is almost always ignored


    R is sometimes ignored for analysis purposes (lossless line), but never in the real world!
    Slide # 16

    Transmission line models

    ELE B7

    Short line (up to 50 miles long)


    +
    VS

    IS

    IR

    +
    VR

    Ignore shunt
    admittance

    Medium-length line model (50-150 miles long)


    +
    VS

    IR

    IS

    Z
    Y

    +
    VR

    Nominal
    circuit

    Slide # 17

    Two-Port Network- ABCD parameters

    ABCD parameters
    +
    VS

    IR

    IS

    VS AVR BI R
    I S CVR DI R

    ELE B7

    Two-port
    Network

    or

    +
    VR

    VS A B VR
    I C D I (1)
    R
    S

    Applies to linear, passive, two-port networks


    A, B, C and D depend on transmission line parameters
    Slide # 18

    ABCD Parameters Example 1

    Find the ABCD parameters


    for the nominal circuit

    +
    VS

    IS

    ELE B7

    IR

    Z
    Y

    VR

    KVL equation:
    Y VR

    VS VR Z I R

    YZ
    VS 1
    VR Z I R
    2

    ( 2)

    KCL equation:
    Y Vs Y VR
    IS

    IR
    2
    2

    Y 2Z
    YZ

    VR 1
    I S Y
    I R

    4
    2

    (3)

    By inspection,
    A D 1

    YZ
    pu,
    2

    B Z ,

    YZ
    C Y 1
    S
    4

    Slide # 19

    ABCD Parameters

    ELE B7

    Series impedance Z:

    A D 1,

    Shunt admittance Y:

    A D 1,

    Why use ABCD?

    +
    VS

    B Z ,

    B 0,

    C 0

    C Y S

    Easier than circuit analysis for hand calculations


    Easier to concatenate elements
    IR

    IS

    A1
    C
    1

    B1
    D1

    A2
    C
    2

    B2
    D2

    +
    VR

    +
    VS

    IR

    IS

    A1
    C
    1

    B1 A2
    D1 C2

    B2
    D2

    +
    VR

    Slide # 20

    ABCD Parameters Example 2

    ELE B7

    A 345 kV transmission line has z = 0.05946 + j0.5766 /mi, y =


    7.387410-3 S/mi and = 222 mi. Calculate:
    a)

    ABCD parameters, assuming nominal circuit model


    Z z 13.2 j128 ,
    A D 1 YZ

    C Y 1 YZ
    b)

    Y y j1.64 103 S

    0.895110.69 pu,

    1.554 10
    4

    B Z 128.6884.11

    90.33 S

    Receiving-end no-load voltage


    VS AVR BI R
    VR

    IR 0

    VS
    345 3

    222.5 0.69 kV
    A 0.895110.69

    VR LL 385.4 kV (12% above nominal)


    Slide # 21

    The long transmission line

    ELE B7

    Impedance and admittance parameters are


    distributed rather than lumped
    At 60 Hz, effects of distributed parameters are
    significant for long lines (>150 miles)
    Need a new model to accurately represent long
    transmission lines
    1.
    2.

    Derive exact model for a generic transmission line


    represented as a two-port network (ABCD matrix)
    Determine relationship to nominal model
    Slide # 22

    The long transmission line

    ELE B7

    The exact network equations in ABCD format:


    cosh( ) Z c sinh( )
    V
    S

    I sinh( )
    cosh( )
    S
    Zc

    where ,
    A
    C

    V R
    I
    R

    cosh( ) Z c sinh( )
    B

    sinh( )

    cosh( )
    D
    Zc

    zy m 1 (propagati on constant)
    Zc

    z
    (character istic impedance)
    y
    Slide # 23

    The long transmission line

    Relationship to nominal circuit model:


    cosh( )
    V S
    I sinh( )
    S
    Zc

    V S
    I
    S Y

    Z c sinh( )
    V R
    cosh( ) I R

    Y 'Z '
    2
    Y 'Z

    '1
    4

    Y ' Z '

    1
    2
    Z'

    '

    V R
    I
    R

    tanh( 2 )
    Y'

    2
    Zc

    Z ' Z c sinh( ),

    ELE B7

    Exact network equations


    in ABCD format
    Equivalent circuit equations
    (Z and Y are the series
    impedance and shunt
    admittance of the equivalent
    circuit that models the
    terminal behavior exactly)

    In terms of the usual Z = z and Y = y:


    Z ' Z

    sinh( )

    and

    Y ' Y tanh( 2 )

    2
    2
    2

    Slide # 24

    The long transmission line Example 3

    For the line in Example 2, calculate:

    a.

    Propagation constant and characteristic impedance


    b.

    zy 2 . 069 10 3 87 . 06 m 1 ,

    Zc

    ELE B7

    z
    280 . 11 2 . 94
    y

    Equivalent circuit parameters


    Z' Z

    sinh( )
    1 . 2422 84 . 32

    ( 4 % lower )

    Y ' Y tanh( 2 )

    0 . 8346 10 3 89 . 9
    2
    2
    2
    Y ' 1 . 6693 10 3 89 . 9

    ( 2 % higher )
    Slide # 25

    Loadability

    ELE B7

    Power transfer capability of a transmission line may


    be limited by any one of the following:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Conductor temperature & sag requirements


    Voltage profile
    Stability considerations
    Real power losses
    Reservation requirements

    Slide # 26

    Temperature / sag limitations

    Operate within conductor or insulator temperature


    rating

    Heat gain (I2R, other heat sources)


    Heat dissipation (wind, conduit)
    Summer vs. winter ratings; continuous vs. emergency
    ratings

    Meet minimum sag requirements

    ELE B7

    Heat causes conductors to stretch, which reduces ground


    clearance for overhead lines

    For most short transmission lines, temperature / sag


    limitations dictate transfer capability
    Slide # 27

    Voltage profile

    Voltage regulation (typically, VR 10%)


    VR %

    V R NL V R FL
    V R FL

    100 ,

    VR NL

    VS

    Operating range
    0 .95 V R 1 .05 pu

    ELE B7

    and

    0 .95 V S 1 .05 pu

    Voltage profile is a consideration for all lines

    Slide # 28

    Stability considerations

    Steady-state stability limit

    PMAX

    V RV S
    sin ,
    P PS PR
    X
    PMAX

    V RV S
    X

    or

    V V
    s

    PMAX

    Real Power

    For a loss-less 3-phase line (R=G=0),


    ignoring distributed effects:

    ELE B7

    V RV S
    X

    30

    60

    90

    120

    150

    180

    For > 90o, synchronism between sending and receiving end cannot
    be maintained

    Lines are operated at < 35o to prevent transient instability during


    system disturbances

    Long lines are typically stability-limited


    Slide # 29

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