Infecciones intra hospitalarias por bacterias gram-negativas

Referencias
1. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL Jr, et al. Estimating health care-associated
infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep 2007;122:160-6.
2. Kung HC, Hoyert DL, Xu J, Murphy SL. Deaths: final data for 2005. Natl Vital Stat
Rep 2008;56:1-120.
3. Chopra I, Schofield C, Everett M, et al. Treatment of health-care-associated
infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria: a consensus statement. Lancet Infect Dis
2008;8:133-9.
4. Stone PW, Hedblom EC, Murphy DM, Miller SB. The economic impact of infection
control: making the business case for increased infection control resources. Am J Infect
Control 2005;33:542-7.
5. Yokoe DS, Mermel LA, Anderson DJ, et al. A compendium of strategies to prevent
healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
2008;29:Suppl 1:S12-S21.
6. Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An
update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1-12.
7. Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, et al. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant
pathogens associated with healthcareassociated infections: annual summary of data
reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:996-1011.
[Erratum, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:107.]
8. Gaynes R, Edwards JR. Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gramnegative
bacilli. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41: 848-54.
9. Jarvis WR. The Lowbury Lecture: the United States approach to strategies in the
battle against healthcare-associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking
to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65: Suppl 2:3-9.
10. Souli M, Galani I, Giamarellou H. Emergence of extensively drug-resistant and
pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in Europe. Euro Surveill 2008;13(47).
pii:19045.
11. Paterson DL, Lipman J. Returning to the pre-antibiotic era in the critically ill: the
XDR problem. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1789-91.
12. Valencia R, Arroyo LA, Conde M, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of infection with pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care university hospital. Infect

Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:257-63.

13. Carratala J, Mykietiuk A, Fernandez-Sabe N, et al. Health care-associated
pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical
outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1393-9.
14. Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS. Epidemiology and
outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia:results from a large U.S. database of
culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 2005; 128:3854-62. [Erratum, Chest 2006;129:831.]
15. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired,
ventilatorassociated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2005;171:388-416.
16. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of
America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of
community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:Suppl 2:S27-S72.
17. Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD, Micek ST, Kollef MH. Prediction of infection due to
antibiotic-resistant bacteria by select risk factors for health care-associated pneumonia.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2205-10.
18. The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. A randomized trial of diagnostic
techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2619-30.
19. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M, et al. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for
management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized trial. Ann
Intern Med 2000;132:621-30.
20. Berton DC, Kalil AC, Cavalcanti M, Teixeira PJ. Quantitative versus qualitative
cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients with
ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;4:CD006482.
21. Rea-Neto A, Youssef NC, Tuche F, et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated
pneumonia:a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care 2008;12(2):R56.
22. Duflo F, Debon R, Monneret G, Bienvenu J, Chassard D, Allaouchiche B. Alveolar
and serum procalcitonin: diagnostic and prognostic value in ventilator-associated
pneumonia. Anesthesiology 2002;96:74-9.
23. Gibot S, Cravoisy A, Levy B, Bene MC, Faure G, Bollaert PE. Soluble triggering
receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia. N Engl J Med
004;350:451-8.
24. Kollef KE, Schramm GE, Wills AR, Reichley RM, Micek ST, Kollef MH. Predictors of
30-day mortality and hospital costs in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
attributed to potentially antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Chest
2008;134:281-7.

25. Iregui M, Ward S, Sherman G, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Clinical importance of delays in
the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Chest 2002;122:262-8.
26. Joffe AR, Muscedere J, Marshall JC, Su Y, Heyland DK. The safety of targeted
antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a multicenter observational
study. J Crit Care 2008;23:82-90.
27. Shorr AF, Cook D, Jiang X, Muscedere J, Heyland D. Correlates of clinical failure in
ventilator-associated pneumonia: insights from a large, randomized trial. J Crit Care
2008;23:64-73.
28. Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, et al. Comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic
therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA
2003;290:2588-98.
29. Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R, Bridges C, Hajjeh R. Guidelines for preventing
health-careassociated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the
Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recomm Rep
2004;53(RR-3):1-36.
30. Nordmann P, Cuzon G, Naas T. The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase- producing bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9:228-36.
31. Navon-Venezia S, Leavitt A, Schwaber MJ, et al. First report on a hyperepidemic
clone of KPC-3-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israel genetically related to a strain
causing outbreaks in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:818-20.
32. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The influence of inadequate
antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU
setting. Chest 2000;118:146-55.
33. Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, et al. Health careassociated bloodstream
infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired
infections. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:791-7.
34. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis
and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 update by the
Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1-45.
35. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheterrelated bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2725-32.
36. Casey AL, Mermel LA, Nightingale P, Elliott TS. Antimicrobial central venous
catheters in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis
2008;8:763-76.
37. Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and
less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically
ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1231-41.

38. Tenke P, Kovacs B, Bjerklund Johansen TE, Matsumoto T, Tambyah PA, Naber KG.
European and Asian guidelines on management and prevention of catheter-associated
urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31:Suppl 1:S68-S78.
39. Tambyah PA, Maki DG. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is rarely
symptomatic: a prospective study of 1,497 catheterized patients. Arch Intern Med
2000;160:678-82.
40. Jacobsen SM, Stickler DJ, Mobley HL, Shirtliff ME. Complicated catheter-associated
urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Clin Microbiol Rev
2008;21:26-59.
41. Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Blanco J, Leflon- Guibout V, et al. Intercontinental
emergence of Escherichia coli clone O25:H4-ST131 producing CTX-M-15. J Antimicrob
Chemother 2008;61:273-81.
42. Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, et al. Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for
multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6:589601.
43. Wallace SJ, Li J, Nation RL, et al. Subacute toxicity of colistin methanesulfonate in
rats: comparison of various intravenous dosage regimens. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 2008;52:1159-61.
44. Bergen PJ, Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K, Milne RW. Comparison of
once-, twice- and thrice-daily dosing of colistin on antibacterial effect and emergence
of resistance: studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic
model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:636-42.
45. Wyeth to file for FDA approval of Tygacil for the treatment of patients with
community-acquired pneumonia. Press release of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville,
PA, July 6, 2007.
46. Peleg AY, Potoski BA, Rea R, et al. Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection
while receiving tigecycline: a cautionary report. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59:12831.
47. Garnacho-Montero J, Sa-Borges M, Sole-Violan J, et al. Optimal management
therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator- associated pneumonia: an
observational, multicenter study comparing monotherapy with combination antibiotic
therapy. Crit Care Med 2007;35:1888-95.
48. Heyland DK, Dodek P, Muscedere J, Day A, Cook D. Randomized trial of
combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected
ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2008;36:737-44.
49. Jaruratanasirikul S, Sriwiriyajan S, Punyo J. Comparison of the pharmacodynamics
of meropenem in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia following
administration by 3-hour ifusion or bolus injection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother

2005;49:1337-9.
50. Tam VH, Schilling AN, Neshat S, Poole K, Melnick DA, Coyle EA. Optimization of
meropenem minimum concentration/ MIC ratio to suppress in vitro resistance of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:4920-7.