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    MK GMB 07 Wettability Cap Pressure Saturation

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    Roni Hepson Tambun
    This document discusses concepts related to saturation, wettability, and capillary pressure in hydrocarbon reservoirs. It covers how pore spaces are initially fully saturated with water, and how hydrocarbons migrate into traps due to buoyancy and are distributed according to capillary pressure and gravity. Irreducible water saturation remains after hydrocarbon occupation. Wettability influences how fluids interact with rock surfaces. Capillary pressure spontaneously draws the wetting phase into small pore spaces. Reservoir heterogeneity impacts fluid distributions and saturations. Drainage and imbibition mean water and oil saturations never reach zero.

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    MK GMB 07 Wettability Cap Pressure Saturation

    Uploaded by

    Roni Hepson Tambun
    69 views28 pages
    This document discusses concepts related to saturation, wettability, and capillary pressure in hydrocarbon reservoirs. It covers how pore spaces are initially fully saturated with water, and how hydrocarbons migrate into traps due to buoyancy and are distributed according to capillary pressure and gravity. Irreducible water saturation remains after hydrocarbon occupation. Wettability influences how fluids interact with rock surfaces. Capillary pressure spontaneously draws the wetting phase into small pore spaces. Reservoir heterogeneity impacts fluid distributions and saturations. Drainage and imbibition mean water and oil saturations never reach zero.

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    This document discusses concepts related to saturation, wettability, and capillary pressure in hydrocarbon reservoirs. It covers how pore spaces are initially fully saturated with water, and how hydrocarbons migrate into traps due to buoyancy and are distributed according to capillary pressure and gravity. Irreducible water saturation remains after hydrocarbon occupation. Wettability influences how fluids interact with rock surfaces. Capillary pressure spontaneously draws the wetting phase into small pore spaces. Reservoir heterogeneity impacts fluid distributions and saturations. Drainage and imbibition mean water and oil saturations never reach zero.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    69 views28 pages

    MK GMB 07 Wettability Cap Pressure Saturation

    Uploaded by

    Roni Hepson Tambun
    This document discusses concepts related to saturation, wettability, and capillary pressure in hydrocarbon reservoirs. It covers how pore spaces are initially fully saturated with water, and how hydrocarbons migrate into traps due to buoyancy and are distributed according to capillary pressure and gravity. Irreducible water saturation remains after hydrocarbon occupation. Wettability influences how fluids interact with rock surfaces. Capillary pressure spontaneously draws the wetting phase into small pore spaces. Reservoir heterogeneity impacts fluid distributions and saturations. Drainage and imbibition mean water and oil saturations never reach zero.

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    GEOLOGI MINYAK &

    GAS BUMI
    Saturation
    Wettability &
    Capillary Pressure
    EBS 2014

    UNDIP e-Library Procedures


    References stored at the Geo

    Computing Lab (Ground Floor) in


    the PC-6 Hard Disk as shared
    files

    Log-in to PC-6 and get to: Libraries/My

    Document/for undip use only


    If PC-6 occupied then Log-in to other PC and look
    at Network/komputer6/for undip use only

    Further Readings
    Glover, P.W.J., Introduction to Petrophysics and

    Formation Evaluation, Dpartement de Gologie et de


    Gologique Universit Laval CANADA; an MSc Course
    Notes. Chapter 4
    Doddy Abdasah, Basic Reservoir Enginering, ITB,

    Chapter 2
    Adams, S.J. and R.J. van den Oord, 1993, Capillary

    Pressure and Saturation Height Functions, Shell Internal


    Document, Chapter 2
    Mayer-Grr, A., 1976, Petroleum Engineering , pp 33 - 46
    Satter, A . et al, 2008, Practical Enhanced Reservoir

    Engineering pp 47 - 62

    Important Quote to Remember

    HC Trapping
    Basic concepts of accumulation / trapping
    Pore

    space initially filled 100% with water

    Hydrocarbon

    migrate up dip into traps

    Hydrocarbons

    distributed by capillary pressure


    and gravity different (buoyancy force)

    Connate

    water saturation remains in the


    hydrocarbon zones (Irreducible Water Saturation
    - Swi)

    Video Migrating and Trapping


    Oil n Gas Traps

    Petroleum Reservoir

    HC migrated into reservoir until an impermeable rock (seal)


    stopped the migration

    Fluid Saturations
    Basic concepts of accumulation

    Pore space initially filled 100% with water

    Hydrocarbon migrate up dip into traps

    Hydrocarbons distributed by capillary pressure and gravity

    Connate water saturation remains in the hydrocarbon zones


    (Irreducible Water Saturation - Swi)

    Oil and gas migrates into reservoir


    Water Saturation (Sw) decreasing
    Oil Saturation (So) increasing
    Gas Saturation (Sg) increasing
    Sw + So + Sg = 100%

    Fluid Saturations
    Amount of oil per unit volume = (1 Sw) = So

    Note: Matrix = solids

    Wettability
    Relative adhesion of two fluids to a solid surface

    In porous medium containing two or more immiscible


    fluids, wettability is a measure of the preferential
    tendency of one of the fluids to wet, spread or
    adhere to the surface
    In a water-wet brine-oil-rock system, water will
    occupy the smaller pores and wet the major portion
    of the surfaces in the larger pores
    In areas of high oil saturation, the oil rests on a film
    of water spread over the grain surface

    Contact Angle; small angle = wet

    Fluid A attracted to the solid molecules more than Fluid B =


    Fluid A is wetting
    Fluid A displaces most of Fluid B from the surface
    Not all of Fluid B removed from the surface

    Wettability in Reservoir
    Water / Oil System Water is often the

    wetting fluid
    Water / Gas System Water is always the

    wetting fluid
    Oil / Gas System Oil is the wetting fluid

    Contact Angle and Capillary Pressure


    Water / Gas system Water is the wetting fluid
    Water inside the tube raised due to capillary pressure
    h is a function of R (size of the tube)

    Gas

    Water

    Smaller tube higher Pcap


    Cap Pressure spontaneously draws fluid into the tube

    Gas / Water System


    Tube filled with gas
    Water (wetting) is introduced at other end of the tube
    Capillary pressure will spontaneously draw the water

    Capillary Pressure Implications in Nature


    In the source rock when oil and gas are formed

    from kerogen, water will push the oil and gas


    mixtures out of the micropores to migrate out of the
    source rock (Primary Migration)
    Gas reservoir with water drive water easily

    encroach to the well bore (water coning)

    Oil migrated into reservoir forced by buoyancy

    Buoyancy generates pressure (displacement pressure)


    against the capillary pressure

    Macropores more oil


    Micropores less oil
    When HC migrating into
    reservoir:
    HC can easily enter
    larger pore size
    (macropores)
    HC can not enter
    smaller pore size due to
    capillary pressure
    restriction

    Cap Pressure Data from Lab


    Applying small pressure
    Sw remains 100%
    Sw starts to decrease at
    a certain entry pressure
    (displacement pressure)
    Displacement pressure

    Swi

    Sw continue to
    decrease progressively
    at higher cap pressure
    At a certain point with
    increasing pressure
    Sw reach a plateau
    (Swi Irreducible Water
    Saturation)

    Reservoir Heterogenity

    Capillary Pressure Effect Seen from Logs

    Swirr
    Zone

    Transition
    Zone
    Water
    Zone

    Drainage and Imbibition


    Drainage is the
    displacement of the wetting
    fluid (water) by a nonwetting fluid (oil)
    Notice that water
    saturation never goes to
    zero
    Imbibition is the
    displacement of nonwetting fluid by a wetting
    fluid
    Notice that oil saturation
    never goes to zero

    Implication of Drainage and Imbibition


    HC Trapping:
    There

    is always small percentages of water in


    the pore spaces regardless of displacement
    pressure (HC Column Height)

    HC Production:
    After

    production there is always oil/gas remaining


    in the pore spaces regardless of production
    methods applied

    The Role of Rock Texture


    Swi
    Low

    High

    Rock heterogeneity makes OWC does


    not seem to be flat

    Video Summary of this Lesson

    Any Questions or
    Comments?

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