MK-TRMB08 - Subsurface Mapping

TEKNIK RESERVOIR
MINYAK & GAS BUMI

Lesson 8
Cross Sections
Subsurface Mapping
Further Reading
Jahn, F.,
et al, 2003, Hydrocarbon Exploration
and Production - pp 136 157
Tearpock, D.J., and R.E. Bischke, 2003, Applied
Subsurface Geological Mapping With Structural

Methods 2nd Edition
Chapter 8: Structure Maps
Chapter 14: Isochore and Isopach Maps
Data Type for Reservoir Geology

Data pertains to the reservoir rock and its
extent:
Geologic
and Seismic Data

Well Log and Well test Data
Core Data
Visualized using Cross Sections

and Maps
A Map is planar projection (birds eye view) of a feature
Therefore a map is two

dimensional representation
of three dimensional object
Contour spacing reflects
the slope
Equal spacing a constant
slope
Closer spacing a steeper
slope
Types of Subsurface Maps

Structure
Top or Base Formation
Top or Base Pay (Porous Zone)
Unconformity
Fault Surface
Properties
Gross Sand Thickness (isochore/isopach)
Net to Gross Ratio
Net HC Thickness
And so on.........
A Few Rules (Remaining Rules Pls Chk the Text Book)

Circles of contours
indicate a High
A closed depression
should be marked
with hachures
Formation Top Vs Porosity Top

Usually formation tops (stratigraphic markers)
are recognizable by seismic, therefore

geophysicists tend to map on the top of formation
Development geologists should phantom-down the
map to the Porosity top
Formation top
Datumed at a
stratigraphic
marker
Porosity top
Well tie to seismic

EakringVillage
Village
Eakring
(projected)
(projected)
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
Base Permian 150 ms

Base Permian 150 ms
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Potential
reservoir
interval
Blackshale Coal
Blackshale
240 ms Coal
240 ms
Two Way Time (TWT) in Seconds
0.5
1.0
Near Top
Dinantian
500 ms
Seismic
horizons picked
based on
velocity contrast
Often some
distance from
reservoirs
How to Phantom Down

Formation Top =
Seismic Marker
Reservoir Top
Phantoming (Isopach) Down

Convert seismic time map to depth map on
top of Formation
Generate isopach (isochore) map from
Formation Top to Reservoir Top

Cross contour the two maps - add values
of the crossing contours and post them

onto the map
Draw contour lines based on the posted
values
Depth Structure On Formation Top

Elevation at point X = 1093 m
Formation Top
Reservoir Top
Isochore Map Formation Top to Reservoir Top

Thickness at point X = 298 m
Formation Top
Reservoir Top
Predict Reservoir Top at Point X

Repeat this process till sufficient
map coverage
By using cross contouring
technique - one can calculate
Reservoir Top at any given point
Hence one can generate
Structure Map on Top of
Reservoir with greater
confidence
The technique can easily be
performed using computer
mapping software
This technique may avoid two

horizons crossing each other if
gridding performed
independently
Horizons Crossing on Extrapolation
A Gap at Normal Faults

Downthrown
side should be
marked
Fault location
shifted for
next lower
sections
Fault
Construction
on Map
Applying Correct Geometry on Map
Net Sand Isochore Map
Porosity Map
Bottom and Edge Water
Bottom Water
Edge Water
Pay attention to geometry differences
Bottom Water
Key Components:
Structure map on top
Oil Water Contact
Net Pay Map Construction
Very simple task:

Substract contour values
with OWC number
Adjust to net values
Edge Water Reservoir

Key Components:
Structure on top
Structure on base
Oil water contact
Net sand thickness
Edge Water
Key Components:
Structure on top
Structure on base
Oil water contact
Net sand thickness
Edge Water
Important aspects:
OWC on top marks
outer limit of oil - blue
line
OWC on base marks

inner limit of water
inside this line:
net sand = net pay red
line
Edge Water - Detail Procedure-1
1. Draw depth structure

map on top reservoir
mark OWC blue line
2. Draw depth structure
map on base reservoir
mark OWC red line
3. Take net sand isochore

map draw OWC on
base (red line)
4. Remove contour
outside the circle
5. Draw OWC on top
(blue line)

6. Connect contour
lines start from
thickest part
7. Complete the
contour lines as
necessary
8. Planimeter the map
to calculate net oil
sand volume
Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas
GAS
GAS / OIL
CONTACT
Key Components:
Structure on top
Structure on base
Oil water contact
Gas oil contact
Net sand thickness
Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas:

Detail Procedure-1
1. Draw depth structure map
on top reservoir mark
OWC blue line and GOC
red line
2. Draw depth structure map
on base reservoir mark
OWC green line and
GOC brown line

Detail Procedure-2
3. Take net sand isochore
map draw GOC on base
4. Remove contour outside
the circle
5. Draw GOC on top
6. Connect contour lines
start from thickest part
7. Complete the contour lines
as necessary
8. Net gas pay map done

Detail Procedure-3
9.Draw:
OWC on top (blue),
OWC on base (green),
GOC on top (red),
GOC on base (brown)
Note:
area between OWC
on base and GOC on
top full net sand
thickness
Area inside GOC on
base no oil zone

Detail Procedure-4
10. A) Overlay Net
Sand Map

Detail Procedure-5
10. B) Remove contour
lines outside full net
sand thickness

Detail Procedure-6
11. Complete contour
lines as necessary
Final products:
Net gas pay
Net oil pay
Calculate Rock Volume Slice (Vb)

Trapezoidal
Pyramidal
Where:
An
= area of one contour
An+1 = area of the next contour

h
= contour interval
Note: if An/An+1 > 0.5 use Trapezoidal
Calculate Reservoir Volume
Add all slices from

bottom up
Never miss the
volume of crestal
point
Initial Hydrocarbon In Place
Symbol
IHCIP
Resv Volume
(1 Sw)
Formation
Volume Factor
Remarks
Initial hydrocarbon in place
Reservoir volume
Porosity
Hydrocarbon saturation
Ratio of HC in reservoir vs at
surface
Thanks for your

kind attention

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TEKNIK RESERVOIR

MINYAK & GAS BUMI

et al, 2003, Hydrocarbon Exploration

and Production - pp 136 157

Tearpock, D.J., and R.E. Bischke, 2003, Applied

Subsurface Geological Mapping With Structural

Chapter 8: Structure Maps

Chapter 14: Isochore and Isopach Maps

Data Type for Reservoir Geology

and Seismic Data

Visualized using Cross Sections

A Map is planar projection (birds eye view) of a feature

Therefore a map is two

Equal spacing a constant

Closer spacing a steeper

Types of Subsurface Maps

A Few Rules (Remaining Rules Pls Chk the Text Book)

Formation Top Vs Porosity Top

are recognizable by seismic, therefore

Well tie to seismic

Base Permian 150 ms

Two Way Time (TWT) in Seconds

How to Phantom Down

Phantoming (Isopach) Down

Formation Top to Reservoir Top

of the crossing contours and post them

Depth Structure On Formation Top

Isochore Map Formation Top to Reservoir Top

Predict Reservoir Top at Point X

This technique may avoid two

Horizons Crossing on Extrapolation

A Gap at Normal Faults

Applying Correct Geometry on Map

Net Sand Isochore Map

Bottom and Edge Water

Pay attention to geometry differences

Net Pay Map Construction

Very simple task:

Edge Water Reservoir

OWC on base marks

Edge Water - Detail Procedure-1

1. Draw depth structure

Edge Water - Detail Procedure-2

3. Take net sand isochore

Edge Water - Detail Procedure-3

Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas

Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas:

Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas:

Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas:

Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas:

Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas:

Edge Water Reservoir Oil and Gas:

Calculate Rock Volume Slice (Vb)

= area of one contour

An+1 = area of the next contour

Note: if An/An+1 > 0.5 use Trapezoidal

Calculate Reservoir Volume

Add all slices from

Initial Hydrocarbon In Place