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    Chapter 10 NMR

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    bruno
    NMR logging uses nuclear magnetic resonance to measure porosity and pore size distributions in formations. It provides mineralogy-independent porosity measurements and T2 distributions that can be used to derive pore size distributions, irreducible water saturations, and permeability. The NMR signal amplitude is proportional to porosity, while the decay reflects pore size distribution. Separating the decay curves produces a T2 distribution that represents porosity as a function of pore size. NMR can successfully estimate continuous permeability logs in formations like sandstones but has more limitations in carbonates due to differences in nuclear relaxation between the rock types.

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    Chapter 10 NMR

    Uploaded by

    bruno
    175 views33 pages
    NMR logging uses nuclear magnetic resonance to measure porosity and pore size distributions in formations. It provides mineralogy-independent porosity measurements and T2 distributions that can be used to derive pore size distributions, irreducible water saturations, and permeability. The NMR signal amplitude is proportional to porosity, while the decay reflects pore size distribution. Separating the decay curves produces a T2 distribution that represents porosity as a function of pore size. NMR can successfully estimate continuous permeability logs in formations like sandstones but has more limitations in carbonates due to differences in nuclear relaxation between the rock types.

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    NMR logging uses nuclear magnetic resonance to measure porosity and pore size distributions in formations. It provides mineralogy-independent porosity measurements and T2 distributions that can be used to derive pore size distributions, irreducible water saturations, and permeability. The NMR signal amplitude is proportional to porosity, while the decay reflects pore size distribution. Separating the decay curves produces a T2 distribution that represents porosity as a function of pore size. NMR can successfully estimate continuous permeability logs in formations like sandstones but has more limitations in carbonates due to differences in nuclear relaxation between the rock types.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    175 views33 pages

    Chapter 10 NMR

    Uploaded by

    bruno
    NMR logging uses nuclear magnetic resonance to measure porosity and pore size distributions in formations. It provides mineralogy-independent porosity measurements and T2 distributions that can be used to derive pore size distributions, irreducible water saturations, and permeability. The NMR signal amplitude is proportional to porosity, while the decay reflects pore size distribution. Separating the decay curves produces a T2 distribution that represents porosity as a function of pore size. NMR can successfully estimate continuous permeability logs in formations like sandstones but has more limitations in carbonates due to differences in nuclear relaxation between the rock types.

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    NMR logging provides mineralogy-independent porosity measurements and can be used to determine pore size distributions, irreducible water saturations, and permeability.

    NMR logging can be used to determine porosity, T2 distributions, pore size distributions, irreducible water saturations, and permeability.

    NMR logging works by applying an external magnetic field to hydrogen protons in fluids in the pore space. It monitors how the spin of the protons decays over time to determine properties like porosity, T2 distributions, and pore size distributions.

    NMR Logging

    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance


    By
    Jorge Salgado Gomes

    Applications of NMR
    NMR provides
    Mineralogy-independent
    porosity
    T2 distributions

    Use of T2 distributions
    Pore-size distributions
    Irreducible water
    saturations
    Permeability

    NMR Free Fluid & Porosity

    NMR Principle
    Gives unprecedent information about both porosity and pore size
    distribution that is used to successfully derive continuous permeability
    logs, notably in siliciclastic formations.
    The physical principle called nuclear magnetic resonance refers to the
    response of atom nuclei to externally applied magnetic fields.

    Many atom nuclei have a magnetic moment, i.e. behave like tiny spinning
    magnets. These spinning nuclei can interact with a magnetic field,
    producing detectable signals. For most elements, nevertheless, the
    measured signals are weak, but hydrogen that is abundant in both water
    and hydrocarbons contained in the pore space of rocks, has a relatively
    large magnetic moment.

    NMR Principle (cont.)

    Molecules in fluids are in constant Brownian motion. Besides the relaxation by


    molecular diffusion in magnetic field gradients that the CPMG pulse sequence is
    compensating for, there exist two main NMR relaxation mechanisms, i.e. bulk fluid
    relaxation and grain surface relaxation. Both mechanisms result from molecular
    interactions and create the irreversible dephasing that can be observed by means
    of the decaying amplitude of spin echoes.

    The initial NMR signal amplitude is thus proportional to porosity; its overall decay
    is the sum of the individual decays, which reflects pore size distribution. Separating
    out ranges of T2 values by a mathematical inversion process produces the T2
    distribution curve.

    NMR - Theory
    The area under the curve represents the
    porosity and the curve shape the distribution
    of pore sizes. This inversion process normally
    requires stacking, in order to improve the
    signal-to-noise ratio, which slightly degrades
    the vertical resolution

    NMR
    Principles
    NMR counts # hydrogen protons
    aligned with an external magnetic
    field (EMF)
    Monitors the dephasing of protonss
    spin with time
    # protons aligned with EMF is
    proportional to porosity
    Change of amplitude of subsequent
    echoes, known as the transverse
    relaxation, is characterized by a
    exponential decay with a
    characteristic time (T2)
    the initial NMR signal amplitude
    depends only on the H proton density
    in the pore space.
    To measure T2 decay, a series of RF
    pulses are used to rephase the
    transverse magnetizaton.
    These RF pulses recall the NMR signal
    (echo)

    Comparison between a spinning top precessing in a


    gravitational field, and a spinning nucleus
    precessing in a magnetic field (Courtesy of SPE)

    NMR Principles (cont.)

    The dominant factor on the T2 relaxation process is controlled by nuclear magnetic


    interactions occurring on the pore wall. Including diffusion effects, T2 relaxation is described
    by:

    1/T2=(1/T2bulk)+(/T2surf).(S/V)+(1/T2D)
    Where:
    T2bulk = relaxation time of the bulk fluids in the pore space
    T2surf = relaxation time of the fluid in a few molecular layers next to the pore surface
    = thickness of the surface fluid layer
    S, V = pore surface and pore volume
    T2D = relaxation time due to diffusion

    If diffusion effects are negligible, and because T2bulk for water is on the order of seconds,
    while the observed T2 is only a few hundred milliseconds or less, the above equation can be
    approximate by:

    1/T2= s (S/V)
    Where:
    s = surface relaxivity (0.003-0.03 cm/s) for clastics and (<0.003 cm/s) for carbonates.

    In water filled pore systems, T2 is a measure of the S/V ratio.


    Large pores will have a small S/V ratio and will exhibit long T2s
    Small pores will have a large S/V and short T2s

    NMR Principles (Recap)

    Rocks with a spectrum of pore sizes give rise to a corresponding spectrum of T2


    relaxation times.
    NMR echo data are converted to a T2 spectrum that is closely related to the poresize distribution for a single-phase fluid.

    The T2 spectrum, derived from the echo data, measures the porosity fraction
    associated with each T2.
    The integral of the T2 spectrum is the NMR porosity.
    The advantages of T2 spectrum is the partition into fast decaying fluids (bound
    water; 4-32 ms for clastics) and free fluids (> 32 ms, for clastics).
    T2 time separating moveable and irreducible water is referred as T2 cut-off time.
    kNMR= C. T2gm2.4 ( Kenyon et al. 1988); overestimate k in HC zones
    K=(100 /C)4 (Smov/Swir)2 (Coates et at 1991); unaffected by HC

    Decay of Precessing Nuclei

    De-phasing of nuclei

    Pulse Echo

    Spin Echo Train

    Relaxation theory

    Relaxation times

    Decay distributions

    Echo Profile for Sandstone

    Halliburton MRIL tool

    TOP VIEW OF MRIL

    Schlumberger CMR

    NMR & Permeability Estimations

    Kozeny 1927 (modified by Carman in 1937)


    K=3/S2
    S= grain surface area per bulk volume
    = porosity
    = empirical constant
    It describes permeability in packs of spheres of
    uniform size where grain surface area is known.
    In real life, grain surface area is difficult to obtain.
    It fails in heterogeneous formations.

    Wyllie and Rose (1957)


    Grain surface area can be, in water-wet
    formations, approximately related to the
    irreducible water saturation, Swirr

    Timur (1968)
    K 1/2 = 2.25/Swirr
    work OK in clean sandstones only

    T2 distributions for two sandstones with same


    porosity but different permeabilities and pore sizes

    Free fluid
    porosity

    T2 cutoff of 33 msec for sandstones

    Schlumberger-Doll Research Equation


    KNMR = C (NMR)4 (T2,log)2
    KNMR = Estimated permeability from NMR
    NMR = CMR total porosity
    T2,log = The logaritmic mean of T2 distribution
    C = is a constant (4 for sandstones and 0.1 for
    carbonates)

    Comparison of CMR porosity and CMR


    permeability with core measurements

    NMR in Carbonates
    The interpretation model assuming that, in
    water-saturated reservoir rocks, the T2 and poresize distributions are directly related.
    It explains why NMR T2 curves are successfully
    used to characterize sandstones containing mixed
    pore-size distributions.
    However, there is some concern within the oil
    industry that NMR does not work as well in
    carbonate reservoirs. First, NMR responses in
    carbonates differ from those in sandstones.

    NMR in Carbonates
    Pore surfaces in carbonates are not equally effective in relaxing
    hydrogen nuclei and carbonates are about three times less efficient
    in relaxing the nuclear magnetism than sandstones.
    For carbonates, relaxation times therefore tend to be three times
    longer and a 100 msec cutoff was proposed for free-fluid porosity.
    This cutoff value has often to be locally adapted. For instance, in
    the Thamama formations of Abu Dhabi, permeable grainstones
    could be distinguished from lower permeability packstones and
    mudstones with a 225 msec cutoff.
    But, while carbonate formations contain mixed pore-size
    distributions, e.g., intergranular porosity and vugs, NMR logging
    data in these formations nevertheless frequently yield unimodal T2
    distributions, which often results in inconsistent T2 cutoff values to
    distinguish bound and free fluids, and leads to unreliable
    permeability predictions.

    Comparison of CMRPlus high-resolution permeability


    with FMI borehole electrical images

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