Dassault Rafale - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Dassault Rafale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafale
Dassault Rafale
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The Dassault Rafale (French pronunciation: [afal], squall)[6] is
a French twin-engine, canard delta-wing, multirole fighter
aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. Dassault
describes the Rafale as an omnirole fighter,[7][8] with a high
level of agility,[9] capable of simultaneously performing air
supremacy, interdiction, reconnaissance, and airborne
nuclear deterrent missions. The Rafale is distinct from other
European fighters of its era in that it is almost entirely built
by one country, involving most of France's major defence
contractors, such as Dassault, Thales and Safran.
In the late 1970s, the French Air Force and Navy were
seeking to replace and consolidate their current fleets of
aircraft. In order to reduce development costs and boost
prospective sales, France entered into an arrangement with
four other European nations to produce an agile multipurpose fighter. Subsequent disagreements over workshare
and differing requirements led to France's pursuit of its own
development program. Dassault built a technology
demonstrator which first flew in July 1986 as part of an
eight-year flight-test programme, paving the way for the
go-ahead of the project.
Many of the aircraft's avionics and features, such as direct
voice input, the RBE2 AA active electronically scanned
array radar and the Optronique secteur frontal infra-red
search and track sensor, were indigenously developed and
produced for the Rafale programme. Originally scheduled to
enter service in 1996, post-Cold War budget cuts and
changes in priorities contributed to significant delays to the
programme.
Introduced in 2001, the Rafale is being produced for both
the French Air Force and for carrier-based operations in the
French Navy. While the Rafale has been marketed for
export to several countries, it has only been selected for
purchase by the Indian Air Force. The Rafale has been used
in combat over Afghanistan, Libya, Mali and Iraq; features
such as the SPECTRA integrated defensive-aids system
have been crucial advantages in these theatres. Several
upgrades to the radar, engines, and avionics of the Rafale are
planned to be introduced in the near future.
Rafale
Dassault Rafale F1 of the French Air Force

Role
Multirole fighter aircraft
National origin France

Manufacturer Dassault Aviation
First flight
4 July 1986
Introduction
18 May 2001
Status
In service
Primary users French Air Force

French Navy
Produced
1986present
Number built 131 (as of July 2014)[1][2][3]

Program cost 45.9 billion (FY2013)[4]
(~US$62.7 billion)
Unit cost
Rafale B: 74 million,
US$101 million (flyaway cost,
FY2013)[4]
Rafale C: 68.8 million,
FY2013)[4]
Rafale M: 79 million,
2011)[4]
Unit cost: 64 million,
US$90.5 million (dependent on
type/variant and can be as high as
90 million/US$124 million,
2009)[5]
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Contents
1 Development
1.1 Origins
1.2 Design phase and prototype
1.3 Testing
1.4 Production and upgrades
2 Design
2.1 Overview
2.2 Cockpit
2.3 Avionics and equipment
2.4 Radar and sensors
2.5 Armaments and standards
2.6 Engines
3 Operational history
3.1 France
3.2 Potential operators
3.3 Failed bids
4 Variants
5 Operators
6 Accidents
7 Specifications
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Development
Origins
In the mid-1970s, both the French Air Force (Arme de l'Air) and Navy (Marine nationale) had requirements
for a new generation of fighters to replace those in or about to enter service.[10] Because their requirements
were similar, and to reduce cost, both departments issued a common request for proposal.[11] In 1975, the
French Ministry of Aviation initiated studies for a new aircraft to complement the upcoming and smaller Mirage
2000, with each aircraft optimised for differing roles.[12]
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In 1979, Dassault joined the MBB/BAe "European Collaborative

Fighter" (ECA) project which was renamed the "European Combat
Aircraft".[13] The French company contributed the aerodynamic layout
of prospective twin-engine, single-seat fighter; however, the project
The logo of the Dassault Rafale
collapsed in 1981 due to differing operational requirements of each
[12]
programme
partner country.
In 1983, the "Future European Fighter Aircraft"
(FEFA) programme was initiated, bringing together Italy, Spain, West
Germany, France and the United Kingdom to jointly develop a new fighter, although the latter three had their
own aircraft developments.[14]
A number of factors led to the eventual split between France and the four countries. Around 1984 France
reiterated its requirement for a carrier-capable version and demanded a leading role. It also demanded a
swing-role fighter that was lighter than a design desired by the other four nations. West Germany, UK and Italy
opted out and established a new EFA programme.[10][15] In Turin on 2 August 1985, West Germany, UK and
Italy agreed to go ahead with the Eurofighter; and confirmed that France, along with Spain, had chosen not to
proceed as a member of the project.[16][17] Despite pressure from France, Spain rejoined the Eurofighter project
in early September 1985.[18] The four-nation project would eventually result in the Eurofighter Typhoon.
Design phase and prototype

In France, the government proceeded with its own programme. The French Ministry of Defence required an
aircraft capable of air-to-air and air-to-ground, all-day and adverse weather operations. Unlike other
contemporary European fighter projects that required some level of international collaboration and cost-sharing,
France was the sole developer of the Rafale's airframe, avionics, propulsion system and armament, and as such
the aircraft was to replace a multitude of aircraft in the French Armed Forces. The Rafale would perform roles
previously filled by an assortment of dedicated platforms, including the Jaguar, F-8P Crusader, Mirage
F1C/CR/CT, Mirage 2000C/-5/N, Etendard IVP/M and Super Etendard.[10][19]
During OctoberDecember 1978, prior to France's joining of the ECA, Dassault received contracts for the
development of project ACT 92 (Avion de Combat Tactique). The following year, the National Office for
Aviation Studies and Research began studying the possible configurations of the new fighter under the
codename Rapace. By March 1980, the number of configurations had been narrowed down to four, two of
which had a combination of canards, delta wings and a single vertical tail-fin.[12] In October 1982, the French
Ministry of Defence announced that Dassault would build a technology demonstrator named Avion de Combat
eXprimental (ACX). France wanted to collaborate with West Germany and the UK on the project, but was
prepared to build the ACX by itself. In 1984, the government decided to proceed with a combat variant of the
ACX due to the conflicting technical criteria of the respective FEFA participant nations.[12][20]
The resultant Rafale A technology demonstrator was a large-delta winged fighter, with all-moving canards,
embodying fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system.[10] Construction of the demonstrator commenced in March
1984, even before a contract was signed with the DGA, France's defense procurement agency.[12] The
technology demonstrator was rolled out in December 1985 in Saint-Cloud, and took its maiden flight on 4 July
1986 from Istres-Le Tub Air Base in southern France.[10] During the one-hour flight, the project's chief test
pilot Guy Mitaux-Maurouard took the aircraft to an altitude of 11,000 metres (36,000 ft) and a speed of
Mach 1.3. The 9.5-tonne (21,000 lb) demonstrator stopped in 300 metres (980 ft) upon landing.[21]
Throughout the flight test programme, the Rafale A performed numerous day and night take-offs and landings
aboard the carriers Clemenceau and Foch to investigate the pilot's field of view during carrier operations. It
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The Dassault "Rafale A" technology

demonstrator in 2006
reached a speed of Mach 2 and a height of 13,000 metres (42,000 ft).[22]

The demonstrator was initially powered by General Electric
F404-GE-400 afterburning turbofans from the F/A-18 Hornet, instead of
the Snecma M88, to reduce the risk that often comes with a first flight,
and since the M88 was not considered sufficiently mature for the initial
trials programme.[6][10] It was not until May 1990 when the M88
replaced the port F404 in the demonstrator, allowing the aircraft to reach
Mach 1.4 and demonstrate supercruise, or sustained supersonic flight
without use of afterburners. After 865 flights with four pilots, Rafale A
was retired in January 1994.[10][22]
At the time of the Rafale A's maiden flight, France entered unsuccessful
talks with Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway about a possible collaboration on the Rafale as a
multinational project; at the time, Belgium was reportedly interested in the Rafale B. In June 1987, prime
minister Jacques Chirac declared that the country would proceed with the US$30 billion project. Subsequently,
on 21 April 1988, the French government awarded Dassault a contract for four Rafale prototpesone Rafale C,
two Rafale Ms and one Rafale B. The first out of an expected 330 Rafales was scheduled to enter service in
1996.[23][24][25][26] However, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union,
signalling the end of the Cold War, the French government drastically reduced its defense budget. The French
Air Force was reorganised, the Mirage 5F was completely phased out and a total of 55 Mirage F1Cs were
upgraded to a tactical fighter configuration, redesignated as Mirage F1CT. The budgetary cuts prolonged the
Rafale's development considerably.[10]
During the Rafale A flight test programme, the French government in 1989 looked at the F/A-18 Hornet as a
potential replacement for the rapidly aging F-8 Crusader, which has been serving since the 1950s. The French
Navy entered talks regarding the purchase of second-hand F/A-18s with Australia, Canada and the US, after the
decision was made not to upgrade the Crusaders. The US Navy agreed to supply two F/A-18s to the French
Navy for "interoperability testing" aboard the carrier Foch.[27][28] The French government would not proceed
with a purchase of the twin-engine fighter.
Testing
To meet the various roles expected of the new aircraft, the Air Force
required two variants: the single-seat "Rafale C" (chasseur, meaning
fighter) and the "Rafale B" (biplace, or two-seater). The prototype of the
C model (designated C01) completed its first flight on 19 May 1991,
signalling the start of a test programme which primarily aimed to test the
M88-2 engines, man/machine interface and weapons, and expand the
flight envelope.[29] Due to budget constraints, the second single-seat
prototype was never built.[30]
A two-seater Rafale B during an aerial
The C01 differed significantly from the Rafale A. Although superficially

refueling
identical to the technology demonstrator, it was smaller and more
stealthy through the coating the canopy with gold, re-designing the
fuselage-fin joint, and the addition of radar-absorbent materials (RAM). This aircraft also saw extensive
application of composite and other materials, which both reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) and weight.
Moreover, Dassault opted to reject variable engine inlets and a dedicated air brake, which lessens maintenance
loads and saves weight.[31] The B01, the only prototype of the two-seat B variant, made its maiden flight on 30
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April 1993.[29] It is 350 kilograms (772 lb) heavier than the single-seater, but carries 400 litres (106 US gal) less
fuel. The aircraft was used for weapon-systems testing. Later it saw validation roles regarding weapon
separation and, specifically, the carriage of heavy loads. The aircraft's typical loadout consisted of two
2,000-litre (528 US gal) external tanks, two Apache/Scalp cruise missiles, in addition to four air-to-air
missiles.[32]
A French Navy Rafale M with tail

hook deployed during landing aboard
USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)
The Navy, meanwhile, sought a carrier-based aircraft to supersede its

fleet of ageing Etendard IPVMs, F-8P Crusaders and Super Etendard
Moderniss. While the Navy initially modernised the Crusaders, in the
long term, the requirement was met with the Rafale M, a navalised
variant. The M01, the naval prototype, first flew on 12 December 1991,
followed by the second on 8 November 1993.[29][33] Since France had no
land-based catapult test facility, catapult trials were initially carried out
between during JulyAugust 1992 and early the following year, at NAS
Lakehurst in New Jersey. The aircraft then carried out trials aboard the
carrier Foch in April 1993. Flown by Dassault's chief test pilot, Yves
Kerherv, M02 made its maiden flight in November that year, while the
first prototype completed the third round of testing at Lakehurst in
November and December 1993.[34]
The Rafale M features a greatly reinforced undercarriage to cope with the additional stresses of naval landings,
an arrestor hook, and "jump strut" nosewheel, which only extends during short takeoffs, including catapult
launches.[29] It also features a built-in ladder, carrier-based microwave landing system, and the new fin-tip
Telemir system for syncing the inertial navigation system to external equipment.[32] Altogether, the naval
modifications of the Rafale M increased its weight by 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) compared to other variants.[34]
The Rafale M retains about 95% commonality with Air Force variants including,[35] although unusual for a
carrier-borne aircraft, being unable to fold its multi-spar wings for reducing storage space. The size constraints
were eased by the introduction of the Charles de Gaulle, France's first nuclear-powered carrier, which was
considerably larger than previous carriers, the Foch and Clemenceau.[32]
Production and upgrades

Initially, the Rafale B was to be just a trainer, but the Gulf War showed that a second crew member is invaluable
on strike and reconnaissance missions. Therefore, in 1991 the Air Force switched its preferences towards the
two-seater, announcing that the variant would constitute 60% of the Rafale fleet.[36] The service originally
envisaged taking delivery of 250 Rafales, but this was initially revised downwards to 234 aircraft, made up of 95
"A" and 139 "B" models",[33][37] and later to 212 aircraft.[36] The Navy, meanwhile, had 60 Rafales on order,
down from 86 due to budget cuts.[33][36] Of the 60, 25 would be M single-seaters and 35 two-seat Ns.[37] The
two-seater has been cancelled.[22]
Production of the first aircraft series formally started in December 1992, but was suspended in November 1995
due to political and economic uncertainty. Production only resumed in January 1997 after the Ministry of
Defence and Dassault agreed on a 48-aircraft (28 firm and 20 options) production run with delivery between
2002 and 2007.[36] A further order of 59 F-3 Rafales was announced in December 2004.[38] In November 2009
the French government ordered an additional 60 aircraft to take the total order for the French Air Force and
Navy to 180.[39] As of 2014, a total of 180 Rafales have been ordered by France.[40] The Rafale is planned to be
the French Air Force's primary combat aircraft until 2040 or later.[41]
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During the Rafale's design phase, Dassault took advantage of Dassault Systemes' CATIA (Computer Aided
Three-dimensional Interactive Application), a three-dimensional computer-aided design, manufacture and
engineering software suite that would become standard across the industry.[42] CATIA enabled digitisation and
efficiency improvements throughout the Rafale programme, including implementing recently developed
processes such as digital mockup (DMU) and product data management (PDM). It consists of 15 GB databases
of each of the Rafale's components, assisting with various aspects of the design, manufacture and through-life
support. The use of such software made the Rafale a "truly virtual aircraft", according to Dassault officials.[42]
According to the French magazine L'Usine nouvelle, apart from several
non-sensitive components sourced from the United States, the Rafale is
manufactured almost entirely in France. Different elements are produced
in numerous factories across the country, and final assembly takes place
near BordeauxMrignac Airport. For example, the flight control
surfaces are fabricated in Haute-Savoie, the wings and avionics in
Gironde, the centre fuselage in Val-d'Oise, and the engines in
Essonne.[43] Roughly 50% of the Rafale is produced by Dassault and the
other half divided between two major partners, Thales and Safran, who
rely on a network of 500 subcontractors. Altogether, the programme
employs 7,000 workers. As of 2012, the fabrication process of each
fighter took 24 months, with an annual production rate of eleven
aircraft.[43]
The Rafale final assembly site is

located adjacent to Bordeaux
Mrignac Airport
Deliveries of the Rafale's naval version was a high priority to replace the Navy's considerably aged F-8
Crusaders, and so the first production model for the French Navy undertook its first flight on 7 July 1999.[44]
Their first naval deployment was in 2002 on board the Charles de Gaulle; by March 2002, the aircraft carrier
was stationed in the Gulf of Oman, where its complement of Rafales undertook training operations.[45] In
December 2004, the Air Force received its first three F2 standard Rafale Bs at the Centre d'Expriences
Ariennes Militaires (CEAM) at Mont-de-Marsan, where they were tasked to undertake operational evaluation
and pilot conversion training.[33]
The total programme cost, as of FY2013, was around 45.9 billion,[4] which translated to a unit programme cost
of approximately 160.5 million. This figure takes in account improved hardware of the F3 standard, and which
includes development costs over a period of 40 years, including inflation.[46] The unit flyaway price as of 2010
was 101.1 million for the F3+ version.[47]
In 2008, French officials were reportedly considering equipping the Rafale to launch miniaturised satellites.[48]
In 2011, upgrades under consideration included a software radio and satellite link, a new laser-targeting pod,
smaller bombs and enhancements to the aircraft's data-fusion capacity.[49] In July 2012, fleetwide upgrades of
the Rafale's battlefield communications and interoperability capabilities commenced.[50][51]
In January 2014, the Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian announced that 1 billion is allocated towards the
development of the F3R standard. The standard will see the integration of the Meteor BVR missile, among other
weapons and software updates. The standard is to be validated by 2018.[52][53]
Design
Overview
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The Rafale was developed as a modern jet fighter with a very high level of
agility; Dassault chose to combine a delta wing with active close-coupled canard
to maximize maneuverability. The aircraft is capable of withstanding 9 g or 3
g.[54] The Rafale is an aerodynamically unstable aircraft and uses digital
fly-by-wire flight controls to artificially enforce and maintain stability.[54][N 1]
The aircraft's canards also act to reduce the minimum landing speed to 115 knots
(213 km/h; 132 mph); while in flight, airspeeds as low as 15 knots (28 km/h;
17 mph) have been observed during training missions.[54] According to
simulations by Dassault, the Rafale has sufficient low speed performance to
operate from STOBAR-configured aircraft carriers, and can take off using a
ski-jump with no modifications.[56]
Diagram showing the
Although not a full-aspect stealth aircraft, the cost of which was viewed as
employment of different
unacceptably excessive, the Rafale was designed for a reduced radar cross[57][58]
construction material
section (RCS) and infra-red signature.
In order to reduce the RCS,
changes from the initial technology demonstrator include a reduction in the size
of the tail-fin, fuselage reshaping, repositioning of the engine air inlets underneath the aircraft's wing, and the
extensive use of composite materials and serrated patterns for the construction of the trailing edges of the wings
and canards.[41][57] Many of the features designed to reduce the Rafale's visibility to threats remain classified.[55]
Cockpit
The Rafale's glass cockpit was designed around the principle of data fusion a central computer intelligently
selects and prioritises information to display to pilots for simpler command and control.[59] The primary flight
controls are arranged in a hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS)-compatible configuration, with a right-handed
side-stick controller and a left-handed throttle.[60] The seat is inclined rearwards at an angle of 29 to improve
g-force tolerance during maneouvering and to provide a less restricted external pilot view.[61] An intelligent
flight suit worn by the pilot is automatically controlled by the aircraft to counteract in response to calculated
g-forces.[62]
Forward section of Rafale on display

at the Paris Air Show, 2005
Great emphasis has been placed on pilot workload minimisation across

all operations.[55] Among the features of the highly digitised cockpit is an
integrated direct voice input (DVI) system, allowing a range of aircraft
functions to be controlled by spoken voice commands, simplifying the
pilot's access to many of the controls.[60] Developed by Crouzet, the DVI
is capable of managing radio communications and countermeasures
systems, the selection of armaments and radar modes, and controlling
navigational functions.[63] For safety reasons, DVI is deliberately not
employed for safety-critical elements of the aircraft's operation, such as
the final release of armaments.[64]
For displaying information gathered from a range of sensors across the

aircraft, the cockpit features a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD) system, two head-down flat-panel
colour multi-function displays (MFDs) as well as a central collimated display. These displays have been
strategically placed to minimise pilot distraction from the external environment.[65] Some displays feature a
touch interface for ease of Humancomputer interaction (HCI).[12] A head-mounted display (HMD) for target
controlling, while optional according to customer preferences, can also be integrated.[2][60] The cockpit is fully
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compatible with night vision goggles (NVG).[60]

In the area of life-support, the Rafale is fitted with a Martin-Baker Mark 16F "zero-zero ejection seat, capable
of operation at zero speed and zero altitude. An on-board oxygen generating system, developed by Air Liquide,
eliminates the need to carry bulky oxygen canisters.[66] The Rafale's fight computer has been programmed to
counteract pilot disorientation and to employ automatic recovery of the aircraft during negative flight
conditions. The auto-pilot and auto-throttle controls are also integrated, and are activated by switches located on
the primary flight controls.[60]
Avionics and equipment

The Rafale core avionics systems employ an integrated modular avionics (IMA), called MDPU (modular data
processing unit). This architecture hosts all the main aircraft functions such as the flight management system,
data fusion, fire control, and the man-machine interface.[55][N 2] The total value of the radar, electronic
communications and self-protection equipment is about 30% of the cost of the entire aircraft.[67] The IMA has
since been installed upon several upgraded Mirage 2000 fighters,[68] and incorporated into the civilian airliner,
the Airbus A380.[69] According to Dassault, the IMA greatly assists combat operations via data fusion, the
continuous integration and analysis of the various sensor systems throughout the aircraft, and has been designed
for the incorporation of new systems and avionics throughout the Rafale's service life.[55]
The Rafale features an integrated defensive-aids system named
SPECTRA, which protects the aircraft against airborne and ground
threats, developed as a joint venture between Thales and MBDA.[70]
Various methods of detection, jamming, and decoying have been
incorporated, and the system has been designed to be highly
re-programmable for addressing new threats and incorporating additional
sub-systems in the future.[71][N 3] Operations over Libya were greatly
assisted by SPECTRA, allowing Rafales to perform missions
independently from the support of dedicated Suppression of Enemy Air
Defenses (SEAD) platforms.[72]
Annotated diagram of SPECTRA's

elements
The Rafale's ground attack capability is heavily reliant upon sensory targeting pods,[73] such as Thales
Optronics's Reco New Generation/Areos reconnaissance pod and Damocles electro-optical/laser designation
pod.[67] Together, these systems provide targeting information, enable tactical reconnaissance missions, and are
integrated with the Rafale's IMA architecture to provide analysed data feeds to friendly units and ground
stations, as well as to the pilot.[74] Damocles provides targeting information to the various armaments carried by
the Rafale and is directly integrated with the Rafale's VHF/UHF secure radio to communicate target information
with other aircraft. It also perform other key functions such as aerial optical surveillance and is integrated with
the navigation system as a FLIR.[74]
An upgraded pod, designated as Damocles XF, features additional sensors and added the ability to transmit live
video feeds.[75] Thale's Areos reconnaissance pod is an all-weather, night-and-day-capable reconnaissance
system employed on the Rafale, and provides a significantly improved reconnaissance capability over preceding
platforms.[76][N 4] Areos has been designed to perform reconnaissance under various mission profiles and
condition, using multiple day/night sensors and its own independent communications datalinks.[74]
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Radar and sensors

The Rafale is typically outfitted with the Thales RBE2 passive electronically scanned multi-mode radar. Thales
claims to have achieved unprecedented levels of situational awareness through the earlier detection and tracking
of multiple air targets for close combat and long-range interception, as well as real-time generation of threedimensional maps for terrain-following and the real-time generation of high resolution ground maps for
navigation and targeting.[77] In early 1994, it was reported that technical difficulties with the radar had delayed
the Rafale's development by six months.[58] In September 2006, Flight International reported the Rafale's unit
cost had significantly increased due to additional development work to improve the RBE2's detection range.[78]
The RBE2 AA active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar is
planned to replace the existing passively scanned RBE2. The RBE2 AA
is reported to deliver a greater detection range, improved reliability and
reduced maintenance demands over the preceding radar.[79] A Rafale
demonstrator began test flights in 2002 and has totaled 100 flight hours
as of December 2011. By December 2009, production of the pre-series
RBE2 AA radars was underway.[76] In early October 2012, the first
Rafale equipped with an RBE2 AA radar arrived at Mont-de-Marsan Air
Base for operational service (the development was described by Thales
The OSF is visible upfront, below the
[79]
cockpit and to the side of the refueling
and Dassault as "on time and on budget").
By early 2014, the first Air
boom
Force front-line squadron will receive Rafales equipped with the AESA
radar, following the French Navy which was slated to receive
AESA-equipped Rafales starting in 2013.[80] RBE 2 Aesa radar is known
to have maximum range of 200km against a fighter size target .In future plans are there for conformal aesa radar
installed in wings & fuselarge of the plane & incorporation of GaN T/R modules[81]
To enable the Rafale to perform in the air supremacy role, it includes several passive sensor systems. The frontsector electro-optical system or Optronique Secteur Frontal (OSF), developed by Thales, is completely
integrated within the aircraft and can operate both in the visible and infrared wavelengths.[82] The OSF enables
the deployment of infrared missiles such as the MICA at beyond visual range distances; it can also be used for
detecting and identifying airborne targets, as well as those on the ground and at sea.[83] Dassault describes the
OSF as being immune to jamming and capable of providing covert long-range survelliance.[77] In 2012, an
improved version of the OSF started being used operationally;[79] earlier OCF versions were described as
"lacking competitiveness" when compared to rivals such as the Sniper and LITENING pods.[84]
Armaments and standards

Initial deliveries of the Rafale M were to the F1 ("France 1") standard, these had been equipped for the
air-to-air interceptor combat duties, but lacked any armaments for air-to-ground operations.[85] Later deliveries
were to the "F2" standard, which added the capability for conducting both air-to-ground and reconnaissance
operations; the first F2 standard Rafale M was delivered to the French Navy in May 2006.[86] Starting in 2008
onwards, Rafale deliveries have been to the nuclear-capable F3 standard, increased integration with other it has
been reported that all aircraft built to the earlier F1 and F2 standards are to be upgraded to become F3s.[2][60]
F3 standard Rafales are capable of undertaking many different mission roles with a range of equipment: air
defence/superiority missions with Mica IR and EM air-to-air missiles, precision ground attacks typically using
SCALP EG cruise missiles and AASM Hammer air-to-surface armaments, anti-shipping using the AM39 Exocet
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sea-skimming missile, reconnaissance via a combination of onboard and

external pod-based sensor equipment, and nuclear deterrence operations
when armed with ASMP-A missiles.[87] In 2010, France ordered 200
MBDA Meteor beyond-visual-range missiles which will greatly increase
the distance at which the Rafale can engage aerial targets when it enters
service.[7][88]
For compatibility with armaments of varing types and origins, the
Rafale's onboard store management system is compliant with
MIL-STD-1760, an electrical interface between an aircraft and its
Weapons of the Rafale
carriage stores, thereby simplifying the incorporation of many of their
existing weapons and equipment.[55] The Rafale is typically outfitted
with 14 hard points, five of which are suitable for heavy armaments or equipment such as auxiliary fuel tanks,
and has a maximum external load capacity of nine tons. In addition to the above equipment, the Rafale carries
the 30 mm GIAT 30 DEFA cannon and can be outfitted with a range of laser-guided bombs and ground-attack
munitions.[55] According to Dassault, the Rafale's onboard mission systems enable ground attack and air-to-air
combat operations to be carried out within a single sortie, with many functions capable of simultaneous
execution in conjunction with another, increasing survivability and versatility.[55]
Engines
The Rafale is fitted with the Snecma M88 engine, capable of providing
up to 50 kN (11,250 lbf) of dry thrust and 75 kN (16,900 lbf) with
afterburners. The engines feature several advances, including a
non-polluting combustion chamber, single-crystal turbine blades and
powder metallurgy disks, and technology to reduce electromagnetic and
infrared signatures; Dassault describe the engine as providing
"exceptional controllability, especially during acceleration".[55] The M88
enables the Rafale to supercruise while carrying a loadout of four
missiles and one drop tank.[89][90]
Closeup of the rear of the airframe and

the two engine nozzles
Qualification of the M88-2 engine ended in 1996 and the first production
engine was delivered by the end of the year.[91] Due to delays in engine
production, some of the early Rafales were temporarily powered by the General Electric F404 engine.[92] In
May 2010, a Rafale flew for the first time with the M88-4E engine, an upgraded variant with greater thrust and
lower maintenance requirements than the preceding M88-2.[93] The engine is of a modular design for ease of
construction and maintenance and to enable older engines to be retrofitted with improved subsections upon
availability, such as existing M88-2s being upgraded to M88-4E standard.[91] There has been considerable
interest in improved M88 engines by potential export customers, such as the United Arab Emirates.[94] As of
2007, a thrust vectoring variant of the engine designated as M88-3D was also under development.[85]
Operational history
France
In December 2000, the French Naval Aviation (Aronavale), the air arm of the French Navy, received its first
two Rafale M fighters. On 18 May the following year, the squadron Flottille 12F, which had previously
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operated the F-8 Crusader, became the first squadron to operate the
Rafale after it was officially re-activated prior to the delivery of the sixth
Rafale.[95] Flottille 12F immediately participated in Trident dOr aboard
the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle with warships from ten other
nations. During the maritime exercise, the Navy tested the Rafale's
avionics during simulated interceptions with various foreign aircraft, in
addition to carrier take-offs and landings.[95][96] After almost four years
of training, the Rafale M was declared operational with the French Navy
in June 2004.[97]
Two Rafale Ms aboard USS Harry S.

Truman (CVN-75) in 2008
The Rafale M is fully compatible with US Navy aircraft carriers and

some French Navy pilots have qualified to fly the aircraft from US Navy flight decks.[98] On 4 June 2010, during
an exercise on the USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75), a French Rafale became the first jet fighter of a foreign
navy to have its engine replaced on board an American aircraft carrier.[99]
In 2002, the Rafales were first deployed to a combat zone; seven Rafale Ms embarked aboard the Charles de
Gaulle of the French Navy during "Mission Hracls", the French participation in "Operation Enduring
Freedom". They flew from the aircraft carrier over Afghanistan, but the F1 standard precluded air-to-ground
missions and the Rafale did not see any action. In June 2002, while Charles de Gaulle was in the Arabian Sea,
Rafales conducted several patrols near the India-Pakistan border.[12][100]
Formation of five Rafales making a

flypast in 2006
Rafales were delivered to the French Air Force several years after the
naval variant, initially with the Centre dExpriences Ariennes
Militaires (French Air Force Evaluation Centre) at Mont-de-Marsan Air
Base in the trials and training role. By this time, it was expected that
Escadron de Chasse (Fighter Squadron) 1/7 at Saint-Dizier would
receive a nucleus of 810 Rafale F2s during the summer of 2006, in
preparation for full operational service (with robust air-to-air and stand
off air-to-ground precision attack capabilities) starting from mid-2007
(when EC 1/7 would have about 20 aircraft, 15 two-seaters and five
single-seaters).[97][101]
In 2007, after a "crash program" enhancement six Rafales were given

the ability to drop laser-guided bombs, in view of engaging them in Afghanistan. Three of these aircraft
belonging to the Air Force were deployed to Dushanbe in Tajikistan, while the three others were Rafale Marine
of the Navy on board the Charles De Gaulle.[102] The first mission occurred on 12 March 2007, and the first
GBU-12 was launched on 28 March in support of embattled Dutch troops in Southern Afghanistan, marking the
operational dbut of the Rafale.[103] Between January 2009 and December 2011, a minimum of three Rafales
were stationed at Kandahar International Airport to conduct combat operations in support of NATO ground
forces.[104]
On 19 March 2011, French Rafales began conducting reconnaissance and strike missions over Libya in
Opration Harmattan, in support of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973; initial targets were
artillery pieces laying siege around the rebel city of Benghazi.[105] The Rafale could operate in Libya without the
support of Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) aircraft, using the onboard SPECTRA self-defense
system instead.[72] On 24 March 2011, it was reported that a Rafale had destroyed a Libyan Air Force
G-2/Galeb light attack/trainer aircraft on the runway.[106]
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During the conflict, Rafales typically conducted six-hour sorties over Libyan airspace, carrying an armament of
four MICA air-to-air missiles, four or six AASM "Hammer" bombs, a Thales Damocls targeting pod and two
drop tanks;[72] these patrols required multiple aerial refuelling operations per sortie from coalition tanker
aircraft.[8] The AASM precision-guidance weapon system, using bombs weighing between 125 kilograms
(275.6 lb) and 1,000 kilograms (2,204.6 lb), allowed the Rafale to conduct high-altitude bombing missions.[8]
Reportedly, Rafale crews preferred to use GPS-guided munitions due to greater reliability and range. Storm
Shadow SCALP weapons were deployed on only one or two sorties, such as against a Libyan airbase at
Al-Jufra.[107]
In 2011, aviation journalist Craig Hoyle speculated that the Rafale's performance in Libya is likely to be pivotal
to the aircraft's export future, reporting that the Rafale had managed to maintain a high operational rate
throughout the Libyan deployment. Hoyle also noted that the Libyan combat experience had caused several
urgent operational requirements to present themselves, such as the need for a lighter ground-attack munition and
for modifications to the AASM weapon to be more effective when used in the close air support role.[8]
In January 2013, the Rafale took part of "Opration Serval", the French
military intervention in support to the government of Mali against the
Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa.[108] The first mission
was carried out on 13 January, when four Rafales took off from an
airbase in France to strike rebel training camps, depots and facilities in
the city of Gao, eastern Mali.[109] Subsequent airstrikes in the following
days by Rafale and Mirage fighters were reportedly instrumental in the
withdrawal of Islamist militant forces from Timbuktu and Douentza.[110]
Both Rafale and Mirage 2000D aircraft used in the conflict have been
based outside of North Africa, making use of aerial refuelling tanker
aircraft to fly long range sorties across Algerian airspace and into
Mali.[111]
A French Air Force Rafale B during

the Operation Serval in Mali (2013)
In August 2013, it was proposed that France may halve the number of Rafales to be delivered over the next six
years for a total of 26 aircraft to be delivered during this period; foreign export procurements have been viewed
as critical to maintain production under this proposal. While production would be slowed, France would still
receive the same number of Rafales overall.[112]
In September 2014, French Rafales began flying reconnaissance missions over Iraq as part of an international
effort to combat Islamic State militants. Six Rafales are stationed at an airbase in the nearby country of the
United Arab Emirates. Their initial focus was only on identifying IS positions in support of American
airstrikes,[113] but on 19 September Rafales joined American operations to conduct attacks, launching four
airstrikes near the Northern Iraqi town of Zumar that destroyed a logistics depot and killed dozens of IS fighters.
More strikes by French warplanes are planned.[114]
Potential operators
India
The Rafale was one of the six fighter aircraft competing for the Indian MRCA competition for 126 multi-role
fighters. Originally, the Mirage 2000 had been considered for the competition, but Dassault withdrew the Mirage
in favour of the Rafale.[115] In February 2011, French Rafales flew demonstrations in India, including air-to-air
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combat against Su-30MKIs.[9]

In April 2011, the Indian Air Force (IAF) shortlisted Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon for the
US$10.4 billion contract.[116] On 31 January 2012, the IAF announced the Rafale as the preferred bidder in the
competition.[117][118] Under the proposed contract, 18 Rafales would be supplied to the IAF by 2015 in fly-away
condition, while the remaining 108 would be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in India
under transfer of technology agreements.[119][120] The contract for 126 Rafales, services, and parts could be
worth as much as US$20 billion.[121][122]
The deal was stalled from disagreements over the fighter production in
India. Dassault refused to take responsibility for the 108
HAL-manufactured Rafales, as it had reservations about the ability of
HAL to accommodate the complex manufacturing and technology
transfers of the aircraft. Instead, Dassault said it would have to negotiate
two separate production contracts by both companies. The Indian
Defence Ministry instead wanted Dassault to be solely responsible for
the sale and delivery of all 126 aircraft.[123][124] In May 2013, The Times
of India reported that negotiations were "back on track", with plans for
the first 18 Rafales to be delivered in 2017.[125]
Rafale taxies to the runway for take off

during Aero India 2011.
As of January 2014, the MMRCA contract is still being negotiated. In addition to the primary aforementioned
disagreement, another point of contention is a provision where Dassault will have to reinvest 50 percent of the
deal's earnings into India's defense sectors, either through purchases or technological expertise. Although
negotiations were initially expected to end in March 2013, the Rafale deal is unlikely to be signed until April
2014 due to defence budget cuts.[126][127] The first aircraft would arrive in 2017.[128]
In March 2014 the two sides were reported to have agreed that the first 18 aircraft would be delivered to India
in flying condition and that the remaining 108 would be 70% built by HAL.[129]
Canada
The Rafale has been amongst various aircraft proposed to meet Canada's need for a modern jet fighter to replace
the aging McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).[130] In 2005, according
to Canada.com, a report compiled by Canada's Defence Department reviewing several competing aircraft had
noted concerns over the Rafale's interoperability with US forces; Dassault had also then been unable to confirm
engine performance during cold weather conditions.[131] In July 2010, the Canadian government announced the
replacement for the CF-18 was to be the F-35 Lightning II, as the country has been a partner in the Joint Strike
Fighter Program since 1997 and a Tier 3 partner for the F-35 since 2002.[132][133]
Then in December 2012, the Canadian government announced that the purchase of the F-35 had been
abandoned due to greatly escalating costs, and that a fresh procurement process would begin.[134] In January
2013, Dassault responded to a request for information from the Canadian government and announced its
readiness to enter a future competition for a future fighter procurement.[135] Various aircraft are to be
considered to meet the requirement, including the F-35.[136] In January 2014, it was reported that Dassault
offered a contract with full transfer of technology for much lower long-term support costs.[137]
Kuwait
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In February 2009, French President Nicolas Sarkozy announced that Kuwait was considering buying up to 28
Rafales.[138] In October 2009 during a visit to Paris, the Kuwaiti Defense Minister expressed his interest in the
Rafale and said that he was awaiting terms from Dassault.[139] Islamist lawmakers in the Kuwaiti national
assembly threatened to block such a purchase, accusing the Defense Minister of lack of transparency and being
manipulated by business interests.[140] In January 2012 the French Defence Minister said that both Kuwait and
Qatar were waiting to see if the UAE first purchased the Rafale and that Kuwait would look to buy 1822
Rafales.[141]
Qatar
The Qatar Emiri Air Force was, as of January 2011, evaluating the Rafale together with the Lockheed Martin
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, the Boeing F-15E and the Eurofighter Typhoon
to replace its then inventory of Dassault Mirage 2000-5s. The decision for an order for 2436 aircraft was
scheduled to take by the end of 2012.[142][143][144] By June 2014, Dassault claimed it was close to signing a
contract with Qatar for 72 Rafales. Delivery would likely occur in two batches of 36 aircraft. Qatar may sign the
first official export contract for the Rafale, given the delays in India's attempts to negotiate a deal for their
order.[145]
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates Air Force is interested in an upgraded version of the Rafale with more powerful
engines and radar, and advanced air-to-air missiles.[146] but also started to explore a purchase of the Eurofighter
Typhoon[147] or the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.[148] This is reported to be because France's Defense Minister
Herv Morin asked the UAE to pay 2 billion of the total cost to upgrade the Rafale.[149] Deputy Supreme
Commander of the Union Defence Force, Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, has called the French offer
"uncompetitive and unworkable".[150] The French newspaper La Tribune reported on 2 February 2012, that the
UAE is still interested in buying up to 60 Rafales in a deal worth US$10 billion. Interoperatibility among the
Gulf air forces has led to renewed interest in the Rafale from Qatar and Kuwait.[151] On 9 January 2013, French
president Francois Hollande stated that he would be discussing the potential sale of Rafale to the UAE during an
official visit.[152]On 19 December 2013 it was announced that UAE had decided not to proceed with a deal for
the supply of defence and security services, including the supply of Typhoon aircraft.[153]
Poland
Poland is planning to purchase 64 multirole combat aircraft from 2021 in an update to the country's
modernisation plans, it has been revealed. The new fighters will replace the Polish Air Force's fleet of Sukhoi
Su-22M4 'Fitter-K' ground attack aircraft and Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A' fighter aircraft. The planned open
tender procedure could include the F-35 Lightning II, JAS 39 Gripen E/F, the newest variants of Eurofighter
Typhoon and Dassault Rafale, and Boeing's F/A-18E/F Advanced Super Hornet.[154][155][156][157]
Failed bids
Although the Rafale has been marketed for export to various countries, so far the most likely foreign operator of
the type remains the Indian Air Force. Various commentators and industry sources have highlighted the high
cost of the aircraft as detrimental to the Rafale's sales prospects. Its acquisition cost is roughly US$100 million
(2010),[158] while its operational cost hovers around US$16,500 (2012) for every flight-hour.[159] The Saab JAS
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39 Gripen, in comparison, costs only US$4,700 per flight-hour to operate.[159] According to a 2009 article by the
Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, unlike the American government and its relationship with Boeing and
Lockheed Martin, the lack of communication between the French government and Dassault has hampered a
worldwide cooperative sales effort, as demonstrated by the case with Morocco in 2007.[160]
Brazil
In June 2008, the Brazilian Air Force issued a request for information on the following aircraft: F/A-18E/F
Super Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, Rafale, Su-35, Gripen NG and Eurofighter Typhoon.[161] In October 2008,
the Brazilian Air Force selected three finalists for F-X2 Dassault Rafale, Gripen NG and Boeing F/A-18E
/F.[162] On 5 January 2010, media reports stated that the final evaluation report by the Brazilian Air Force
placed the Gripen ahead of the other two contenders on ground of unit and operating costs.[163][164] In February
2011, the press announced that the new president of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, had decided in favour of the
American F-18.[165] After much delays due to budget constraints,[166] in December 2013, the Brazilian
government selected the Gripen NG in a US$5 billion deal to equip the country's air force.[167]
Singapore
In 2005, the Republic of Singapore Air Force embarked on its Next Generation Fighter (NGF) programme to
replace the ageing A-4SU Super Skyhawks. The Defense Science & Technology Agency (DSTA) conducted
detailed technical assessment, simulations and other tests to assess the final selection, and the original list of
competitors was shortlisted to the final two Dassault Rafale and the F-15SG Strike Eagle. On 6 September
2005, it was announced that the Boeing F-15SG Strike Eagle had won the contract over the Rafale.[168]
United Kingdom
During 2006, while there was potentially trouble with Anglo-American negotiations over the F-35 Lightning II,
there was talk of purchasing the Rafale M for the British Royal Navy.[169] In October 2010 the UK amended
their JSF requirement from the STOVL F-35B to the conventional F-35C CATOBAR carrier variant and their
Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers would be fitted with catapults capable of launching aircraft such as
Rafales. However in May 2012 the UK reverted to purchasing the F-35B, citing the cost of equipping the UK's
new aircraft carriers for the F-35C.[170][171][172]
Switzerland
In February 2007, it was reported that Switzerland was considering the Rafale and other fighters to replace its
Northrop F-5 Tiger IIs.[173] The one-month evaluation started in October 2008 at Emmen Airforce Base
consisting of approximately 30 evaluation flights. The Rafale along with the JAS 39 Gripen and the Typhoon
were to be evaluated.[174] Although a leaked Swiss Air Force evaluation report revealed that the Rafale won the
competition on technical grounds,[175] on 30 November 2011, the Swiss Federal Council announced that it was
planning to buy 22 Gripen NGs due to its lower acquisition and maintenance costs.[176]
Libya
In January 2007, the French newspaper Journal du Dimanche reported that Libya sought 1318 Rafales "in a
deal worth as much as US$3.24 billion".[177] In December 2007, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi declared Libya's interest
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in the Rafale.[178] Libya would not order any Rafales; however, during the 2011 Libyan civil war French Rafales
were dispatched over Libya in the international military intervention.[179]
Others
In 2002, the Republic of Korea Air Force chose the F-15K Slam Eagle over the Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter
Typhoon and Sukhoi Su-35 for its 40 aircraft F-X Phase 1 fighter competition.[180]
In September 2007, La Tribune reported that a sale to Morocco had fallen through, the government selecting the
F-16C/D instead.[181][182] In October 2007, La Tribune 's earlier report appeared to have been confirmed that the
Rafale would not be bought.[183]
In February 2009, France offered Rafales to Oman to replace its ageing fleet of SEPECAT Jaguars.[184] In
December 2012, Oman placed an order for 12 Typhoons, after reports surfaced that the country had preference
for the fighter in 2010.[185][186]
Variants
Rafale A
Technology demonstrator, first flying in 1986.[10]
Rafale D
Dassault used this designation (D for discrte) in the early 1990s
to emphasise the new semi-stealthy design features.[187]
Rafale B
Two-seater version for the French Air Force[29]
Rafale C
Single-seat version for the French Air Force.[29]
Rafale M
Carrier-borne version for the Aronavale, which entered service in
2001. For carrier operations, the M model has a strengthened
airframe, longer nose gear leg to provide a more nose-up attitude,
Rafale B/C and M
larger tailhook between the engines, and a built-in boarding ladder.

Consequently, the Rafale M weighs about 500 kg (1,100 lb) more than the Rafale C.[29][188]
Rafale N
Originally called the Rafale BM, was a planned missile-only two-seater version for the Aronavale.[45]
Budgetary and technical constraints have been cited as grounds for its cancellation.[22]
Rafale R
Proposed reconnaissance-oriented variant.[57]
Operators
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France
A total of 180 have been ordered out of a planned 286, with an option for another 9.[2] Approximately
150 are confirmed to be delivered by 2019.[189][190] As of January 2014, 126 have been delivered.[2]
French Air Force 87[2]
Escadron de Chasse 01-007 "Provence" (2006present)[191]
Escadron de Chasse 01-091 "Gascogne" (2009present)[191]
Escadron de Chasse 03-030 "Lorraine" (2010present)[191]
Escadron de Chasse 02-030 "Normandie-Niemen" (2012present)[191]
Escadron de Transformation Rafale 02-092 "Aquitaine" (October 2010present, French Air Force
Operational Conversion Unit (OCU) jointly operated by French Air Force and French naval
Aviation)[191]
French Navy 39[2]
Flottille 12F (2001present)[95]
Flottille 11F (2011present)[191]
Accidents
On 6 December 2007, a French Air Force twin-seat Rafale crashed during a training flight. The pilot, who
suffered a black out, was killed in the accident.[192]
On 24 September 2009, after unarmed test flights, two French Navy Rafales returning to the Charles de
Gaulle, collided in mid-air about 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the town of Perpignan in southwest France.
One test pilot, identified as Franois Duflot, was killed in the accident, while the other was rescued.[193]
On 28 November 2010, a Rafale from the carrier Charles de Gaulle crashed in the Arabian Sea. This
aircraft was supporting Allied operations in Afghanistan. The pilot ejected safely and was recovered by a
rescue helicopter from the carrier. Later reports said the engine stopped after being starved of fuel due to
confusion by the pilot in switching fuel tanks.[194]
On 2 July 2012, during a joint exercise, a Rafale from the carrier Charles de Gaulle plunged into the
Mediterranean Sea. The pilot ejected safely and was recovered by an American search and rescue
helicopter from the carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69).[195]
Specifications
Data from Dassault Aviation,[196] Superfighters,[197] French Navy,[198] International Directory of Military Aircraft[199]
General characteristics
Crew: 12
Length: 15.27 m (50.1 ft)
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Wingspan: 10.80 m (35.4 ft)

Height: 5.34 m (17.5 ft)
Wing area: 45.7 m (492 ft)
Empty weight:
C: 9,500 kilograms (20,900 lb)
B: 9,770 kilograms (21,540 lb)
M: 10,196 kilograms (22,480 lb[198])
Loaded weight: 14,016 kg (30,900 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 24,500 kg (C/D),
22,200 kg (M) (54,000 lb)
Powerplant: 2 Snecma M88-2 turbofans
Dry thrust: 50.04 kN (11,250 lbf) each
Thrust with afterburner: 75.62 kN
(17,000 lbf) each
Fuel capacity: 4,700 kg (10,360 lb) internal
Performance
Maximum speed:
High altitude: Mach 1.8 (1,912 km/h,
1,032 knots)
Low altitude: Mach 1.1 (1,390 km/h, 750 knots)
Range: 3,700+ km (2,000+ nmi) with 3 drop tanks
Combat radius: 1,852+ km (1,000+ nmi) on penetration mission
Service ceiling: 15,235 m (50,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 304.8+ m/s (60,000+ ft/min)
Wing loading: 306 kg/m (62.8 lb/ft)
AASM-Hammer family of weapons
Thrust/weight: 0.988 (100% fuel, 2 EM A2A missile, 2 IR A2A

missile) version M
Maximum g-load: +9/3.2 g
Armament
Guns: 1 30 mm (1.18 in) GIAT 30/M791 autocannon with 125
rounds
Hardpoints: 14 for Air Force versions (Rafale B/C), 13 for Navy
version (Rafale M) with a capacity of 9,500 kg (20,900 lb)
MICA: short- to medium-range

air-to-air missile
external fuel and ordnance and provisions to carry combinations

of:
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Missiles:
MBDA MICA IR or EM or Magic II and
MBDA Meteor air-to-air missiles in the future
Air-to-ground:
MBDA Apache or
Storm Shadow-SCALP EG or
AASM-Hammer or
GBU-12 Paveway II or GBU-49 Enhanced Paveway II
GBU-24 Paveway III
AS-30L
Air-to-surface:
AM 39-Exocet
Deterrence:
ASMP-A nuclear missile
Other:
Thales Damocles targeting pod
AREOS (Airborne Recce Observation System)reconnaissance pod[200]
up to 5 drop tanks
Buddy-buddy refuelling pod[60]
Avionics
Thales RBE2 radar
Thales SPECTRA electronic warfare system.
Thales/SAGEM-OSF Optronique Secteur Frontal infra-red search and track system.
See also
Related lists
List of fighter aircraft
List of military aircraft of France
Notes
1. ^ "Longitudinal stability is moderately negative with a full fly-by-wire digital control system. The system is
quadruple redundant with three digital channels and one separately designed analog channel. Design independence
between channels is pivotal in preventing fatal flaws simultaneously affecting several channels due to software
misconceptions."[55]
2. ^ Quote: "The core of the enhanced capabilities of the RAFALE lies in a new Modular Data Processing Unit
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(MDPU). It is composed of up to 18 flight line-replaceable modules, each with a processing power 50 times higher
than that of the 2084 XRI type computer fitted on the early versions of Mirage 2000-5."[55]
3. ^ Quote: "SPECTRA provides all-weather reliable long-range detection, identification and location of threats, short
response times and cutting-edge defensive measures based on combinations of jamming, decoying and evasive
manoeuvres and on state-of-the-art technologies such as DRFM (Digital Radio Frequency Memory) signal
processing."[55]
4. ^ Quote: "According to DGA, Areos provides day identification capabilities that are two-and-a-half times better
than those of the Mirage F1CRs Presto wet-film system and 8 times better than those of the legacy SDS250
photo pod of the Super-tendard."[74]
References
1. ^ "Dassault Rafale 2014" (http://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2014/07/EN-DassaultAviation-_-H1-_-07-25-2014.pdf) 25 July 2014
2. ^ a
bcdefg
"Frances Rafale Fighters: Au Courant In Time?" (http://web.archive.org/web/20140118143350/http:
//www.defenseindustrydaily.com/frances-rafale-fighters-au-courant-in-time-05991/). Defense Industry Daily. 12

January 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/frances-rafale-fighters-au-courantin-time-05991/) on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
3. ^ Lancement du nouveau standard du programme Rafale [Launch of the Rafale program new standard]
(http://www.defense.gouv.fr/dga/actualite/lancement-du-nouveau-standard-du-programme-rafale) (in French), FR:
Dfense, 10 January 2014 Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140110233852/http://www.defense.gouv.fr
/dga/actualite/lancement-du-nouveau-standard-du-programme-rafale) January 10, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
4. ^ a
bcde
"Projet de loi de finances pour 2014 : Dfense : quipement des forces et excellence technologique des
industries de dfense" (http://www.senat.fr/rap/a13-158-8/a13-158-813.html#toc178) (in French). FR: Snat. 21

November 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
5. ^ "Projet de loi de finances pour 2009" (http://www.webcitation.org/6JBGVb8PU). Senate (in French). 2009.
Archived from the original (http://www.senat.fr/rap/a08-102-5/a08-102-516.html#toc236) on 27 August 2013.
Retrieved 5 November 2011.
6. ^ a b Spick 2000, p. 433.
7. ^ a b "Rafale, the omnirole fighter" (http://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/08
/Fox_Three_N_14_UK2.pdf) (PDF). Fox Three (Rafale International) (14). December 2009. Retrieved 5 January
2012.
8. ^ a
bcd
Craig Hoyle (14 June 2011). "France's Rafale fighter proves its omnirole skills" (http://wayback.archive.org
/web/20110930011123/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/frances-rafale-fighter-proves-its-omnirole-skills357687/). Flightglobal. Archived from the original (http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/frances-rafale-fighterproves-its-omnirole-skills-357687/) on 30 September 2011. "Dassault describes its Rafale as being an omnirole
fighter, a tag that it says denotes the type's ability to perform multiple mission types simultaneously."
9. ^ a b Prashanth, G. N. (12 February 2011). "French Rafale is best at dogfight" (http://wayback.archive.org
/web/20130825081654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-12/bangalore/28543581_1_su30-aircraft-dogfight). Times of India. Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com
/2011-02-12/bangalore/28543581_1_su-30-aircraft-dogfight) on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
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10. ^ a
bcdefg hi
Williams 2002, p. 92
11. ^ "Omnirole by design" (http://wayback.archive.org/web/20130502082456/http://www.dassault-aviation.com

/en/defense/rafale/omnirole-by-design.html). Dassault Aviation. Archived from the original (http://www.dassaultaviation.com/en/defense/rafale/omnirole-by-design.html) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
12. ^ a
bcdefg
"Storm warning: the Dassault Rafale is poised to become Europe's premier fighter-bomber"
(http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133468254.html#). Journal of Electronic Defense. Horizon House Publications

via HighBeam Research (subscription required). 1 June 2005. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
13. ^ Buttler 2000, p. 134.
14. ^ Eden et al. 2004, p. 168
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Rafale (http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/defense/rafale
/introduction) (official page), Dassault Aviation
Arme de l'Air (http://www.defense.gouv.fr/air) (official page) (in
Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Dassault
Rafale.
French), The French Air Force.

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Dassault Rafale F1 of the French Air Force

Multirole fighter aircraft

National origin France

Primary users French Air Force

Number built 131 (as of July 2014)[1][2][3]