NBME 1 Ratio

NBME Form 1 Step 2
SECTION 1
1. A 70-year-old woman has had increasing abdominal pain over the past 2 days. She has renal failure and
has been receiving peritoneal dialysis for 18 months; her last treatment was 2 hours ago. She appears
toxic. Her temperature is 39 C (102.2 F), and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Her abdomen is distended
and diffusely tender to deep palpation with rebound tenderness. Leukocyte count is 18,000/mm3. Which of
the following is the most appropriate next step?
A ) X-ray films of the abdomen
B ) Comparison of abdominal fluid amylase with serum amylase activity
C ) Gram's stain of abdominal fluid
: Spontanous bacterial peritonitis is an idiopathic infection of ascites. The gram stain is rarely positive
because the density of microorganisms is so low. Although culture of the fluid is the most specific test, we
cannot wait for the results of the culture to make a decision as to whether to give antibiotics. A total white
cell count of >500/mm3, or the presence of >250/mm3 neutrophils are criteria to determine the presence
of infection.
Treatment:
1. Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone
2. Albumin infusion decreases risk of hepatorenal syndrome
D ) Ultrasonography of the abdomen
E ) CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis
2. A 5-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of temperatures to 40 C (104 F), tachypnea, and a
nonproductive cough for 12 hours. Four days ago she was treated with an oral antibiotic for suspected
pneumococcal pneumonia. Examination shows diminished breath sounds over the lower right lung fields
and dullness to percussion at the right costophrenic angle. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
NOTE: oral antibiotic for pneumococcal pneumonia penicillin, macrolides, cephalosporins
A ) Bronchopleural fistula
B ) Empyema
: the collection of pus in a cavity in the body, especially in the pleural cavity.
: usually parapneumonic effusion among pediatric cases
: A parapneumonic effusion is a type of pleural effusion that arises as a result of a pneumonia, lung
abscess, or bronchiectasis. There are three types of parapneumonic effusions: uncomplicated effusions,
complicated effusions, and empyema. Uncomplicated effusions generally respond well to appropriate
antibiotic treatment. The criteria for a complicated parapneumonic effusion include the presence of pus
or Gram stainpositive pleural fluid or a pleural fluid pH <7.0. Appropriate management includes
chest tube drainage (tube thoracostomy). Treatment of empyemas includes antibiotics, complete
pleural fluid drainage, and reexpansion of the lung.
:Diagnostic techniques available include plain film chest x-ray, computed tomography (CT), and
ultrasound.
Ultrasound can be useful in differentiating between empyema and other transudative and exudative
effusions due in part to relative echogenicity of different organs such as the liver (often isoechogenic with
empyema).
C ) Lung abscess
D ) Pleurodynia
: defined as the sudden occurrence of lancinating chest pain or abdominal pain attacks, commonly
associated with fever, malaise, and headaches.
E ) Pneumothorax
3. A 40-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after a high-speed motor vehicle
collision. On arrival, he is awake and alert but has severe pain over the sternum. His systolic blood
pressure is 80 mm Hg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 10/min. An ECG shows multifocal premature
ventricular contractions but no ST-segment changes. His PO2 is 100 mm Hg. After 1 L of lactated Ringer's
solution is administered, his PO2 decreases to 60 mm Hg while breathing 4 L/min of oxygen by nasal
cannula. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure has increased from 14 mm Hg to 24 mm Hg (N=110). Which
of the following is the most likely explanation for the patient's poor response to fluid resuscitation?
A ) Inadequate administration of fluids
B ) Myocardial contusion
C ) Myocardial infarction
D ) Pulmonary contusion
E ) Traumatic rupture of the aorta
4. A 21-year-old African American college student has had increasing fatigue over the past 3 weeks. Since
an episode of cystitis treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 3 weeks ago, he has been unable to
keep up with his physical education classes. For 6 months, he has been following a vegetarian diet that has
been supervised by student health services. Examination shows no abnormalities. His hemoglobin level is
10 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume is 85 m3, and reticulocyte count is 15%. Which of the following is the
most likely cause of anemia in this patient?
NORMAL RANGES:
Hemoglobin Male: 13.5 17.5 g/dL
MCV: 80 100
Ret Count: 0.5 1.5%
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
A ) Anemia secondary to infection

B ) Antibiotic therapy
C ) Gastrointestinal blood loss
D ) Sickle cell disease
- A hereditary form of chronic hemolysis ranging from asymptomatic to severe overwhelming crisis.
Hemoglobin S is due to the substitution of a valine for glutamic acid as the sixth amino acid of the beta
globin chain. The heterozygote form (trait) is present in 8% of the African American pop, and homozygous
trait is present in 1 in 400 African-Americans.
- A sickle cell ACUTE PAINFUL CRISIS:
> hypoxia
> dehydration
> acidosis
> infection
> fever
- Presentation: mild to moderate anemia with normal MCV. Ret Count is elevated to 10-20% range unless
they have folate deficiency or parvovirus B19 infection. LDH and bilirubin are elevated.
Diagnostic:
- HEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS is the most specific test.
- Peripheral Blood Smear sickled cells
- Sickle Prep/ SickleDex quick screening test to distinguish trait vs homozygous
- UA: blood
- CBC: WBC is elevated to 10,000 20,000 -- infection
E ) Vegetarian diet
5. An 87-year-old nursing home resident with dementia, Alzheimer's type, is admitted to the hospital
because of progressive lethargy and decreased appetite for 3 days. She had a flu-like illness followed by a
deep cough 1 week ago. Over the past 10 months, she has been hospitalized once for bacterial
pneumonia. She is responsive only to painful stimuli. Her temperature is 38.6 C (101.5 F), blood pressure is
110/60 mm Hg, pulse is 123/min and regular, and respirations are 28/min. Examination shows dry mucous
membranes. There is no adenopathy. Crackles are heard in the right lung base. An x-ray film of the chest
shows an infiltrate at the right lung base. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which
of the following is the most likely predisposing factor for this patient's pneumonia?
A ) Decreased airway elasticity
B ) Decreased baroreflex
C ) Decreased gag reflex
D ) Decreased thyroid function
E ) Diastolic cardiac dysfunction
F ) Impaired cardiac response to exercise
G ) Impaired T-lymphocyte function
H ) Impaired thirst
I ) Increased lung compliance
J ) Renal salt wasting
6. A 27-year-old woman comes to the physician because of feelings of anxiety about attending her 10-year
high school reunion. She has a 2-year history of profound anxiety, palpitations, and sweating associated
with an uneasiness around people; she avoids family gatherings and visiting friends because she is afraid
of being embarrassed. She acknowledges that this fear is unreasonable. She does not use illicit drugs but
says that alcohol makes her more comfortable around people. Her blood pressure is 130/90 mm Hg, and
pulse is 88/min. On physical examination, she appears healthy and well nourished. Occasional wheezing is
heard over the left lung field. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. On mental status
examination, she appears worried. Her leukocyte count is 9000/mm3 with a normal differential. Which of
the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A ) Alcohol abuse
B ) Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition
C ) Asthma
D ) Generalized anxiety disorder
E ) Panic disorder with agoraphobia

F ) Social phobia irrational fear and avoidance of objects and situations
Treatment: cognitive- behavioral therapies for phobias include systemic desensitization and assertiveness
training.
Pharmacotherapy: SSRI, buspirone, beta-blockers
Buspirone: stimulates 5HT1A receptors
- Generalized anxiety disorder. Does not cause sedation, addiction, or tolerance. Takes 1-2 weeks to
take effect. Does not interact with alcohol (vs. barbiturates, benzodiazepines)
For each patient with urinary incontinence, select the most likely cause.
A ) Detrusor instability (hypertonic bladder)
B ) Interstitial cystitis
: BLADDER PAIN SYNDROME cause is unknown
:The most common symptoms of IC/BPS are suprapubic pain,[8] urinary frequency, painful sexual
intercourse,[9] and waking up from sleep to urinate.
: diagnosis of exclusion
C ) Overflow incontinence (hypotonic bladder)
D ) Stress incontinence
E ) Urethra diverticulum
F ) Urinary fistula
7. A previously healthy 44-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 4, comes to the physician because of a
9-month history of progressive loss of small amounts of urine while running; she now has to wear
an absorbent pad. Examination shows a second-degree cystourethrocele. Genuine Stress
incontinence
: rises in bladder pressure because of intraabdominal pressure increases are not transmitted to the
proximal urethra because it is no longer a pelvic structure owing to loss of support from pelvic
relaxation
: loss or urine in small spurts simultaneously with coughing or squeezing. NOT DURING SLEEPING.
: (+) cytocoele. Q-tip test positive
8. One day after an uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery, a 23-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1,
has the onset of loss of small amounts of urine. She received epidural anesthesia during labor and delivery.
Examination shows an episiotomy without evidence of hematoma. She is voiding 50 to 75 mL of urine at a
time. Postvoid residual volume is 300 mL. Overflow Incontinence (Hypotonic Bladder)
The response options for the next two items are the same. You will be required to select one answer
for each item in the set.
9. An 82-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her granddaughter because of a 6-week

history of increasing forgetfulness. She is a retired schoolteacher and lives independently. Her
granddaughter is concerned because on several occasions she has left the stove on when she went
to bed. During conversations with her granddaughter, she has difficulty remembering past events
and seems unconcerned about her memory lapses. The patient describes trouble sleeping through
the night and has had a decreased appetite resulting in a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss over the past
month. She has a history of similar symptoms 2 and 5 years ago that were successfully treated with
medication. She appears unkempt and has poor personal hygiene. Her temperature is 37 C (98.6 F),
blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, and pulse is 80/min and regular. Mental status examination shows
psychomotor retardation, a flat affect, impaired ability to recall past events, and trouble repeating
three numbers in sequence. She is unable to recall the names of recent presidents. Her serum urea
nitrogen (BUN) level is 25 mg/dL, and serum creatinine level is 1.7 mg/dL. MAJOR
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
For each patient with cognitive impairment, select the most likely diagnosis.
A ) Acute stress disorder
B ) Dementia, Alzheimer's type
C ) Dissociative amnesia
D ) General paresis
E ) Head trauma
F ) Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease)
G ) HIV encephalitis
H ) Huntington's disease
I ) Major depressive disorder
J ) Multi-infarct (vascular) dementia
K ) Niacin deficiency
L ) Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
M ) Parkinson's disease
N ) Pick's disease
O ) Schizophrenia, catatonic type
P ) Normal aging
10. A 42-year-old computer science professor is brought to the physician by her husband, who
reports insidious changes in his wife's personality and behavior. He reports that she believes that
aliens have been speaking to her and tampering with their heating and air-conditioning systems. He
says that she was upset when she turned 40 years old, and her symptoms have developed since
that time. She was adopted, and her family history is unknown. Physical examination shows
vermicular movements of the tongue and bilateral writhing motions of the upper extremities.
Mental status examination shows indifference to her condition and mild to moderate difficulty with
memory and calculations. HUNTINGTON DISEASE
11. A 5-month-old boy is brought for a follow-up examination. He was born at 37 weeks' gestation
and has had persistent wheezing since shortly after birth despite treatment with nebulized and oral
bronchodilators and oral corticosteroids. His diet consists of 32 ounces of iron-fortified cow's milkbased formula daily. He appears well nourished and happy. On examination, there is moderate relief
of wheezing with extension of the neck. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of this
infant's wheezing? COMPRESSION OF THE AIRWAY BY A VASCULAR RING
A ) Allergic reaction to cow's milk
B ) Aspiration of a foreign body
C ) Compression of the airway by a vascular ring

- The two arches surround the esophagus and trachea which, if sufficiently constrictive, may cause
breathing or swallowing difficulties despite medical therapies.
A less common ring is present with a right aortic arch instead of the usual left-sided aortic arch.
This compresses the esophagus and trachea because of the persistence of a ductal ligament (from
fetal circulation) that may connect between the aorta on the front and the left subclavian artery
posteriorly going to the left arm.
D ) Concurrent upper respiratory tract infection
E ) Persistent immaturity of lungs
12. An 18-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department because he has not used his left
arm since he fell while walking and holding hands with his 8-year-old sister 2 hours ago. On
examination, he holds his left upper extremity at his side with his forearm pronated. There is no
tenderness of the left lower extremity, but there is restricted movement of the elbow. The
remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most
appropriate initial step in management?
NURSEMAID ELBOW
Nursemaid's elbow, babysitter's elbow, or pulled elbow is a dislocation of the elbow joint caused by
a sudden pull on the extended pronated forearm, such as by an adult tugging on an uncooperative
child or by swinging the child by the arms during play. The technical term for the injury is radial
head subluxation.
Radial head subluxation:
The child stops using the arm, which is held in flexion and pronated.[4]
- Minimal swelling.
- All movements are permitted except supination.
- Caused by longitudinal traction with the wrist in pronation
TREATMENT:
To resolve the problem, the affected arm is moved in a way that causes the joint to move back into
a normal position. The two main methods are hyperpronation and a combination of
supination and flexion
A ) Passive hypersupination of the forearm
B ) Application of figure-of-8 strap
C ) Administration of analgesics and application of ice
D ) Aspiration of the elbow joint
E ) In-place splint immobilization of the elbow
13. A 6-month-old girl is brought to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination.
She was born with a lumbosacral myelomeningocele which was successfully repaired at 2 days of
age. The anterior fontanelle is 6 x 8 cm and bulging, and the posterior fontanelle is 3 x 4 cm and
bulging. She has severe motor and sensory deficits involving both lower extremities. A head growth
chart shows the following values:
Age
Birth
1 month
2 months
4 months
Head circumference (cm)

34.2
36.6
38
44
6 months 47
ANSWER: Arnold Chiari Malformation Type II OBSTRUCTION OF CSF FLOW
Which of the following is the most likely cause of increased intracranial pressure?
A ) Acute cerebral edema
B ) Decreased absorption of cerebrospinal fluid
C ) Dilation of cerebral arteries
D ) Intracranial mass lesion
E ) Obstruction of lateral sinus
F ) Obstruction of superior vena cava
G ) Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow
H ) Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid
14. An 18-year-old primigravid woman comes for her initial prenatal visit at 16 weeks' gestation.
She is not sure about the date of her last menstrual period but says that the pregnancy probably
occurred immediately after she stopped taking oral contraceptives 5 months ago. Maternal serum
-fetoprotein (MSAFP) level is increased to 3 multiples of the median. Which of the following is the
most appropriate next step in management?
A ) Repeat measurement of MSAFP level
B ) Triple screening for MSAFP, serum -hCG, and serum estriol levels
C ) Ultrasonography
D ) Amniocentesis for measurement of -fetoprotein level
E ) Amniocentesis for chromosomal analysis
15. A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by police because of severe pain in
the right lower quadrant of the abdomen for 36 hours. He has been incarcerated in the county jail,
and his court hearing is scheduled in 12 hours. He takes no medications. Abdominal examination
shows no rebound. Complete blood count, liver tests, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are within
normal limits. An x-ray film of the abdomen shows a normal gas pattern. Test of the stool for occult
blood is negative. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A ) Adjustment disorder
B ) Conversion disorder
C ) Depressive disorder not otherwise specified
D ) Factitious disorder
E ) Hypochondriasis
F ) Malingering
G ) Somatization disorder
16. A 6-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 4-week history of headache, fatigue,
and decreased appetite. During this period, she has had nausea and vomiting. At the age of 4
years, she was diagnosed with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. She is at the 15th percentile
for height and the 10th percentile for weight. Examination shows no abnormalities. Her serum urea
nitrogen (BUN) level is 50 mg/dL. Which of the following is most likely to limit progression of this
patient's renal failure?
A) Increased potassium and sodium bicarbonate intake
B) Decreased sodium and daily calorie intake
C) Low-protein diet
D) Strict fluid restriction
E) Dialysis
17. A previously healthy 62-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of
abdominal pain for 48 hours. His temperature is 38.6 C (101.5 F), blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg,
pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 15/min. Abdominal examination shows diffuse left lower
quadrant tenderness with no peritoneal signs. Rectal examination shows no abnormalities; test of
the stool for occult blood is negative. His leukocyte count is 14,700/mm3. Which of the following is
the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?
A
) Barium enema
B
) CT scan of the abdomen
C
) Colonoscopy
D
) Cystoscopy
E
) Exploratory laparotomy
18. A previously healthy 3-month-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of a 3day history of grunting and increasing difficulty breathing. She appears ill. Her temperature is 36.7
C (98 F), pulse is 160/min, and respirations are 76/min. Examination shows grunting, nasal flaring,
and marked intercostal retractions. Bronchial breath sounds and occasional bilateral crackles are
heard on auscultation. Serum studies show:
Ca2+ 5.6 mg/dL
Phosphorus 11 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase 250 U/L
Capillary blood gas analysis on 100% oxygen:
pH 7.36
PCO2 38 mm Hg
PO2 46 mm Hg
An x-ray film of the chest shows bilateral, diffuse interstitial infiltrates and absence of the thymic
shadow. Bronchoalveolar lavage is positive for numerous Pneumocystis carinii. Which of the
following is the most likely mechanism of these findings?
A ) Adenosine deaminase deficiency
B ) Consumption of complement
C ) Defective opsonization
D ) Destruction of CD4+ T lymphocytes
E ) Developmental arrest of maturation of B lymphocytes
F ) Dysmorphogenesis of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches
G ) Impaired chemotaxis
H ) Impaired phagocytic oxidative metabolism
19. A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after being involved in a
motor vehicle collision. He was an unrestrained passenger. On arrival, his blood pressure is 110/70
mm Hg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 32/min with grunting and retractions. Examination
shows multiple bruises over the chest. Arterial blood gas analysis while breathing 40% oxygen
shows:
pH 7.38
PCO2 34 mm Hg
PO2 66 mm Hg
An x-ray film of the chest obtained 4 hours later shows diffuse infiltrates on the right side. Which of
the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A
) Acute respiratory distress syndrome
B
) Aspiration pneumonia
C
) Fat embolism
D
) Hemothorax
E
) Pulmonary contusion
20. A 72-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 7-month history of leg weakness and
dry eyes and mouth. He also has had a 10.4-kg (23-lb) weight loss over the past 4 months despite
no change in appetite. He has smoked one and a half packs of cigarettes daily for 50 years. He
drinks 4 oz of alcohol daily. He has peptic ulcer disease and emphysema. Medications include
cimetidine, theophylline, and low-dose prednisone. Examination shows mild ptosis. He has a barrelshaped chest. Breath sounds are distant. There is moderate weakness of the proximal muscles of
the lower extremities. Reflexes are absent. He has difficulty rising from a chair. Sensory
examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray film shows a hyperinflated chest and a 3 x 4-cm
mass in the right hilum. His neurologic findings are most likely due to a lesion involving which of the
following?
A
) Muscle membrane
B
) Parasympathetic nervous system
C
) Peripheral nerve
D
) Presynaptic neuromuscular junction

E
) Sympathetic nervous system
21. A 42-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 2-week history of
increasingly severe headaches and a 2-day history of nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, and
unsteadiness. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with glyburide. His temperature is 38.1 C
(100.5 F). Funduscopic examination shows bilateral papilledema. Neurologic examination shows
mild meningismus and diffusely brisk deep tendon reflexes. He walks with a moderately broadbased gait. He is able to recall two out of three objects after 5 minutes and makes several errors on
serial sevens. A CT scan of the head shows no abnormalities. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows a
glucose level of 18 mg/dL, a protein level of 108 mg/dL, and a leukocyte count of 59/mm3 (1%
segmented neutrophils and 99% lymphocytes); a cryptococcal antigen assay is positive. Which of
the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient?
A
) Acyclovir
B
) Amphotericin B
C
) Itraconazole
D
) Penicillin
E
) Vancomycin
22. A 3-year-old girl is brought to the physician after her mother noted blood on her underpants.
Examination shows genital condylomata acuminata in the perineal, peri-introital, labial, and anal
areas. Some of the pedunculated condylomata appear to have caused the bleeding. She has no
visible intravaginal condylomata or vaginal or anal tears. Her mother has a palmar wart on her
hand but no history of condylomata acuminata. Her mother has a boyfriend who does not live with
them and who has never been left alone with the girl. They live with the mother's 27-year-old
brother who only baby-sits the children when they are asleep. Which of the following is the most
appropriate next step in management?
A
) Psychiatric assessment of the mother
B
) DNA typing of the mother's palmar wart for papillomavirus
C
) Treatment of the mother's palmar wart
D) Vaginal, anal, and throat cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the
child
E
) Laser therapy of the condylomata acuminata in the child
23. A 55-year-old man has had crushing substernal chest pain on exertion over the past 6 weeks.
He had a myocardial infarction 2 months ago. He takes nitroglycerin as needed and one aspirin
daily. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 30 years. Examination shows normal heart
sounds and no carotid or femoral bruits. Treatment with a -adrenergic blocking agent is most likely
to improve his symptoms due to which of the following mechanisms?
A
) Decreasing diastolic relaxation
B
) Decreasing myocardial contractility
C
) Dilating the coronary arteries
D
) Peripheral vasodilation
E
) Preventing fibrin and platelet plugs
24. A previously healthy 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because she has had a large
pimple on her right hand for 2 weeks that has failed to heal. She resides in southeastern USA where
she owns a nursery and garden shop. Examination shows a painless red papule on the hand with
several nontender subcutaneous nodular lesions above it. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A ) Blastomycosis
B ) Candidiasis
C ) Coccidioidomycosis
D ) Histoplasmosis
E ) Sporotrichosis
25. A 28-year-old woman at 28 weeks' gestation reports excessive fatigability and dyspnea. Her
blood pressure is 118/74 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min and regular, and lungs are clear to auscultation.
The cardiac apex is not palpable. S1 is loud, and there is a sharp sound after S2. A low-frequency
diastolic murmur is heard at the apex that increases in intensity before S1. Which of the following is
the most likely diagnosis?
A) Aortic regurgitation
B) Ebstein's anomaly
C) Mitral regurgitation
D) Mitral stenosis
E) Tricuspid regurgitation
26. A 27-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-year history of intermittent
diarrhea and severe cramping abdominal pain. The stools are watery, occasionally foul-smelling,
and nonbloody. She is currently pain-free and has not had diarrhea for 2 days. She also has
intermittent constipation. She has not had fever or weight loss. She returned from a trip to Mexico 3
months ago. She had an appendectomy at the age of 12 years and a cesarean delivery 4 years ago.
Examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Bacterial gastroenteritis
B) Crohn's disease
C) Intermittent small-bowel obstruction
D) Irritable bowel syndrome
E) Laxative abuse
27. An asymptomatic 21-year-old woman is found to have an adnexal mass on pelvic examination.
She uses oral contraceptives. A photograph of the mass is shown. Which of the following is the most
likely diagnosis?
A
) Benign cystic teratoma
B
) Corpus luteum cyst
C
) Dysgerminoma
D
) Endometrioma
E
) Mucinous cystoadenoma
28. A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of episodes of palpitations over the past 6
months. The episodes occur when she runs or plays basketball. She is otherwise asymptomatic. Her
blood pressure is 124/46 mm Hg, pulse is 78/min, and respirations are 18/min. She weighs 55 kg
(121 lb) and is 180 cm (71 in) tall. Her arm span is 188 cm (74 in), and the upper segment to lower
segment ratio is 0.85. Her fingers appear long and are hyperextensible. A grade 4/6, early diastolic
murmur is heard along the upper and middle left sternal border with radiation to the apex.
Peripheral pulses are bounding. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
MARFAN SYNDROME
The signs of regurgitation from prolapse of the mitral or aortic valves (which control the flow of
blood through the heart) result from cystic medial degeneration of the valves, which is commonly
associated with Marfan syndrome (see mitral valve prolapse, aortic regurgitation). However,
the major sign that would lead a doctor to consider an underlying condition is a dilated aorta or
an aortic aneurysm. Sometimes, no heart problems are apparent until the weakening of the
connective tissue (cystic medial degeneration) in the ascending aorta causes an aortic
aneurysm or aortic dissection, a surgical emergency. An aortic dissection is most often fatal and
presents with pain radiating down the back, giving a tearing sensation.
A) Aortic incompetence
B) Aortic stenosis
C) Mitral incompetence
D) Mitral stenosis
E) Pulmonary incompetence
F) Pulmonary stenosis
G) Tricuspid incompetence
H) Tricuspid stenosis
29. A previously healthy 87-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of
vulvar itching. Examination shows excoriated areas from scratching and a white, thin vulva. The
labia minora are absent, and there are small fissures at the introitus. The remainder of the
examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Escherichia coli infection

B) Lichen sclerosus
: This appears as bluish-whitish papula that can coalesce into white plaques. On palpation they
feel thin and parchment-like. Histologically, They show epithelial lining
: Tx: Clobetasol cream
C) Squamous cell carcinoma
: most common type of invasive vulvar cancer; HPV
: chronic inflammation for older; HPV for younger.
D) Trichomoniasis
E) Vulvar melanoma
: 2nd most common; any dark lesion in vulva should be biopsied
F) Vulvar vestibulitis
30. One month after undergoing an uneventful renal transplant for chronic renal failure secondary
to glomerulonephritis, a 38-year-old woman is hospitalized because of increased serum urea
nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. Prior to transplantation, she had been receiving hemodialysis
for 3 years. Current medications include cyclosporine and prednisone. Examination shows no
abnormalities. Over the past 48 hours, urine output has remained stable. Both renal biopsy and a
radionuclide scan confirm the diagnosis of acute rejection. Which of the following is the most
effective treatment?
A) Immediate discontinuation of cyclosporine
B) Increased dosage of corticosteroids
C) Diuresis and alkalinization of the urine
D) Renal dialysis for 12 weeks
E) Transplant nephrectomy
31. An 18-year-old man comes to the physician 1 week after he had a blood pressure of 140/110
mm Hg during a routine precollege examination. His temperature is 37.1 C (98.7 F), blood pressure
is 140/100 mm Hg, pulse is 92/min, and respirations are 12/min. The upper extremities appear to be
more muscular than the lower extremities. Radial pulses are normal; femoral, posterior tibial, and
dorsalis pedis pulses are decreased. A grade 2/6 systolic murmur is heard over the precordium,
anterior chest, and back. An ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy. Which of the following is the
A ) Limiting physical activity
B ) Repeat blood pressure measurement in 1 month
C ) Initiate a low-sodium diet and exercise program
D ) Pharmacologic management
E ) Operative treatment surgical intervention must be done immediately. To control the
HTN with medications will compromise the blood flow to the lower extremities.
32. A 77-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of cramping abdominal
pain and distention accompanied by nausea and vomiting. She is otherwise healthy and has no
history of abdominal operations. Her temperature is 37.4 C (99.4 F), blood pressure is 110/86 mm
Hg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 24/min. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no
abnormalities. Examination of the abdomen shows distention and mild diffuse tenderness; bowel
sounds are high-pitched. An x-ray film of the abdomen shows air-fluid levels throughout the small
bowel and air in the liver; there is no gas in the colon or free air. Which of the following is the most
likely diagnosis?
A) Adhesive small-bowel obstruction
B) Cecal cancer
C) Gallstone ileus
D) Intussusception
E) Mesenteric infarction
F) Ruptured appendicitis
G) Small bowel lymphoma
33. Four hours after undergoing a cesarean delivery at term followed by tubal ligation, a 37-year-old
woman, gravida 2, para 2, has dizziness and confusion. The operation was uncomplicated, and
blood loss is estimated to be 800 mL. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia has been moderately
effective for pain. Her blood pressure now is 80/40 mm Hg, decreased from 120/72 mm Hg
intraoperatively, and pulse is 152/min, increased from 96/min intraoperatively. Breath sounds are
decreased bilaterally. No murmurs are heard. Abdominal examination shows distention and
tenderness. Bowel sounds are absent. The incision is intact with no drainage. She is disoriented to
person, place, and time. Her hematocrit is 23%; preoperative hematocrit was 35%. Which of the
following is the most likely cause of the hemodynamic changes?
A) Epidural-related hypotension
B) Insufficient intraoperative fluid replacement
C) Postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage
D) Supine hypotensive syndrome
E) Underestimated intraoperative blood loss
34. A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for evaluation of persistently increased blood
pressures. At her last two office visits during the past 3 months, her blood pressure has ranged
between 150170/105115 mm Hg. During this period, she has had occasional headaches. In
addition, she has had an increased urine output over the past 6 weeks that she attributes to a diet
high in sodium. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. Her blood pressure today is
168/115 mm Hg, pulse is 68/min, and respirations are 14/min. Funduscopic examination shows mild
arteriovenous nicking. The point of maximal impulse is not displaced. There is no edema, abdominal
bruits, or masses. Serum studies show:
Na+ 144 mEq/L
Cl90 mEq/L
K+2.9 mEq/L DECREASED
HCO332 mEq/L INCREASED
Urea nitrogen (BUN)20 mg/dL INCREASED
Creatinine1.2 mg/dL INCREASED
Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's hypertension?
A) Autonomous production of aldosterone
: Primary hyperaldosteronism hypertension and low potassium levels. Hypokalemia causes
muscle weakness, polyuria and polydipsia. Metabolic alkalosis occers because aldosterone
increases hydrogen ion excretion. Aldosterone causes alkalosis. Edema is UNCOMMON because of
sodium release in urine.
Diagnosis: Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and Plasma renin activity with NaCl Challenge
Adrenal Adenoma surgically removed
Bilateral hyperplasia SPIRONOLACTONE
B) Catecholamine-producing tumor
C) Decreased arterial distensibility caused by atherosclerosis
D) Excess production of atrial natriuretic peptide
E) Juxtaglomerular cell hypertrophy and sclerosis
** BARTTER SYNDROME juxtaglomerular hyperplasia. Normal to low BP, no edema, SEVERE
HYPOKALEMIC ALKALOSIS, defect in renal conservation of sodium or chloride, and renal loss of
sodium, which stimulates renin secretion and aldosterone production secondary
hyperaldosteronism WITHOUT EDEMA
35. A previously healthy 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of fever and refusal to walk for
1 day. She appears mildly ill. Her temperature is 38.6 C (101.5 F), pulse is 120/min, and respirations are
22/min. The right knee is erythematous and swollen. She holds her right knee in flexion and resists any
attempted movement of her right leg. She cries when the right knee is moved. Which of the following is
the most appropriate next step in management?
A) Acetaminophen with codeine therapy
B) Arthrocentesis septic arthritis
C) Bone marrow aspiration
D) Bone scan
E) Immobilization and traction
F) Lyme titer
G) MRI of the spine
H) Physical therapy
I) Reassurance
J) Serum rheumatoid factor assay
K) Systemic antibiotic therapy
36. An 18-year-old man comes for an examination prior to participation in school sports. He states that he
has had a dull ache in the scrotum since being hit in that area during a basketball game 2 months ago.
Examination shows a 2-cm, hard, nontender mass in the right testicle. The mass does not transilluminate
or change in size when the patient is placed in the supine position. Which of the following is the most likely
cause?
A) Cystic dilations of the efferent ductules
B) Dilated pampiniform venous plexus varicoele is common in the left and reduce in size when supine
C) Fluid accumulation within the tunica vaginalis testis
D) Germinal cell tumor
E) Vascular trauma would have resolved

37. A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of a 2-year history of increasing
academic problems. His parents say that he has always been hyperactive and distractible, but now his
academic performance has deteriorated to the point that he is failing ninth grade. His teachers say that his
hyperactivity is disrupting the classroom. He weighs 54 kg (120 lb) and is 152 cm (60 in) tall. Sexual
development is Tanner stage 5; examination shows macro-orchidism, which was not shown on previous
examinations. He has a high forehead and long, protruding ears. He exhibits poor eye contact during the
examination. Psychoeducational testing shows an IQ of 70. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A
) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B
) Autistic disorder
C
) Down syndrome
D
) Fetal alcohol syndrome
E
) Fragile X syndrome
F
) Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
G
) Pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified
H
) Prader-Willi syndrome
I
) Rett's disorder
J
) Seminiferous tubule dysgenesis (Klinefelter's syndrome)
38. A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of vaginal discharge for 2 weeks. She has been
sexually active with one female partner for 5 years. She has not been treated with antibiotics over the past
2 years. Her last Pap smear was 6 years ago when she was sexually active with a male partner. She has
not used illicit drugs or alcohol. Examination shows a grayish vaginal discharge with a pH greater than 4.5.
A wet mount preparation of the vaginal discharge is most likely to show which of the following?
A) Budding yeast
B) Clue cells- BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
C) Ferning
D) Leukocytes in sheets
E) Trichomonas vaginalis
39. A 57-year-old woman with breast cancer comes to the physician because of increasing neck pain over
the past 3 days. She has fallen frequently because of muscle weakness. Vital signs are within normal
limits. Examination shows hyperreflexia of all extremities. There is tenderness over the cervical spine.
Serum calcium level is 11 mg/dL. X-ray films show metastases to the cervical spine. Which of the following
is the most appropriate next step in management?

A
) Application of a soft cervical collar
B
) Physical therapy
C
) Mithramycin therapy
D
) Tamoxifen therapy
E
) Spinal cord decompression and cervical stabilization
40. A 57-year-old man comes to the physician because of intermittent urinary incontinence over the past 6
months. He has loss of small amounts of urine when he coughs or sneezes. He has not had pain or blood
with urination. He has a 15-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy,
retinopathy, and gastroparesis. Current medications include metoclopramide and glyburide. He appears
well. Rectal examination shows a normal-sized prostate. Neurologic examination shows decreased
sensation in a stocking-glove distribution. Achilles tendon reflexes are absent bilaterally. Test of the stool
for occult blood is negative. Urinalysis shows 2+ protein with no leukocytes or erythrocytes. His postvoid
residual volume is 500 mL. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of this patient's
incontinence?
A
) Central nervous system disorder
B
) Functional incontinence
C
) Intrinsic sphincter deficiency
D
) Overflow incontinence from acontractile bladder
E
) Overflow incontinence from bladder outlet obstruction
F
) Pelvic floor muscle weakness
G
) Retroperitoneal fibrosis
H
) Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
I
) Urinary tract infection
41. A 27-year-old primigravid woman at 38 weeks' gestation is admitted in labor. Her pregnancy has been
uncomplicated, and a routine prenatal visit 2 days ago showed no abnormalities. On admission, fetal heart
tones cannot be heard. Ultrasonography shows little amniotic fluid, fetal edema, and no evidence of a fetal
heartbeat. After 1 hour, she delivers a 3175-g (7-lb) stillborn infant; examination of the infant shows no
obvious abnormalities except for mild edema. The placenta and membranes appear normal. Which of the
following is the most appropriate immediate course of action?
A) Notify the hospital liability department

B) Obtain consent for fetal organ donation from the parents
C) Recommend autopsy of the infant
D) Tell the mother not to worry since she can get pregnant again
E) Tell the parents that there is a 1 in 4 chance of recurrence in future pregnancies
42. A previously healthy 16-year-old high school wrestler comes to the physician because of a rash on his
forearms and the back of his legs for 1 week. He is allergic to pollen and dust. Examination shows patches
of erythema with mild lichenification over the antecubital and popliteal fossae. There are clusters of painful
umbilicated vesicles at sites of active skin inflammation. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A) Eczema herpeticum
: Eczema herpeticum is a severe primary herpes infection that may occur in individuals with eczema. There
are widespread herpetic lesions over the affected skin.
:signs
-
of eczema herpeticum are (1):

areas of rapidly worsening, painful eczema
clustered blisters consistent with early-stage cold sores
punched-out erosions (circular, depressed, ulcerated lesions) usually 1-3 mm that are uniform in
appearance (these may coalesce to form larger areas of erosion with crusting)
possible fever, lethargy or distress
TREATMENT: Patients with this condition are treated with intravenous and topical acyclyovir, and
broad spectrum antibiotics are added in to treat or prevent superinfection. It is necessary to
scrupulously care for the skin and carefully monitor fluid and electrolyte balance.
B) Herpes zoster
C) Keratosis pilaris
D) Lichen planus
E) Pityriasis rosea
43. A 5-week-old boy is brought to the physician because of vomiting for 3 days. Switching from a cow's
milk-based formula to a soy-based formula and one bottle of an electrolyte solution has not decreased his
vomiting. His mother says that there is no yellow color to the vomitus, but it is forceful and occurs
immediately after he has had 1 to 2 ounces of liquid. He appears to vomit more liquid than he drank. He
has one mustard-colored seedy stool daily. Examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is
the most likely explanation for his vomiting?
A) Duodenal atresia
B) Gastroesophageal reflux
C) Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
D) Lactose intolerance
E) Protein malabsorption
F) Rotavirus infection
44. A 28-year-old woman is hospitalized after taking a massive overdose of acetaminophen tablets in a
suicide attempt. She has type 1 diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder refractory to tricyclic
antidepressant therapy. Despite appropriate therapy, she develops rapidly progressive hepatic failure and
becomes progressively encephalopathic. On the 6th day of hospitalization, she is comatose. A CT scan of
the brain shows mild diffuse swelling. An appropriately crossmatched, size-appropriate donor liver is
available. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action regarding transplantation?
A
) Do not proceed with the transplantation because diabetes mellitus is a contraindication
B
) Do not proceed with the transplantation because hepatic function is likely to return over the next week
C
) Do not proceed with the transplantation because major depressive disorder places the patient at risk for
another suicide attempt
D
) Do not proceed with the transplantation because the onset of encephalopathy and CT findings suggest
bacterial meningitis
E
) Proceed with the transplantation
45. A 3-year-old boy who is HIV positive is brought for a routine examination. His diet is appropriate for
age. His medications include three antiretroviral drugs and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for
Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 8.6 g/dL
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 38 pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 30% Hb/cell
Mean corpuscular volume 101 m3
Leukocyte count 5600/mm3
Segmented neutrophils 60% (many hypersegmented)
Bands 3%
Lymphocytes 37%
Red cell distribution width 21% (N=1016)
Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's anemia?
A
) Folic acid supplementation
B
) Iron supplementation
C
) Thyroid supplementation
D
) Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) supplementation
E
) Monthly intravenous immune globulin therapy
46. A 20-year-old man is brought to the emergency department on a summer day 20 minutes after
developing headache, nausea, and unsteady gait while running the last 2 miles of a marathon. On arrival,
he is confused and disoriented. His temperature is 40 C (104 F), blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, and
pulse is 155/min. His skin is warm and dry. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Which of the
following is the most likely mechanism of this patient's condition?
A) Depletion of total body potassium
B) Depletion of total body sodium
C) High-output cardiac failure

D) Inadequate dissipation of body heat hyperthermia + LACK OF SWEAT
E) Release of creatine kinase from muscle cells extertional rhabdomyolysis muscle pain
__________________________________________________________________________________
Form 1--Section 2:-1. A 77-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son for a routine health maintenance
examination. She says that she feels well. Her son reports that 1 month ago, she got lost while driving
home from the local supermarket. Two weeks ago, she forgot to turn off the stove after cooking dinner. She
has been wearing bilateral hearing aids since audiometry 2 years ago showed bilateral high-frequency
hearing loss. Her visual acuity corrected with glasses is 20/25 in both eyes. Neurologic examination shows
mild fine tremors of the hands when the arms are outstretched; the tremor is not present at rest. Muscle
strength is 5/5 in all extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are decreased at the ankles and 2+ elsewhere. Her
gait is normal. Sensation to vibration is mildly decreased over the toes. On mental status examination, she
is awake, alert, and conversant. Her language function is normal. She is oriented to person, place, and
time and recalls one out of three objects after 10 minutes. Which of the following findings in this patient
warrants further evaluation?
A) Decreased deep tendon reflexes at the ankles
B) Decreased sensation to vibration over the toes
C) High-frequency hearing loss
D) Memory loss
E) Tremor of the outstretched hands
BIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF AGING
Individuals are unique in their psychological and physical aging process. As the individual ages,
there is a quantitative loss of cells and changes in many of enzymatic activities within cells
resulting in a diminished responsiveness to biological demands made on the body. Age related a
change occurs at different rate in different people.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The brain atrophies as a result of aging process. The brain weight decreases, decrease in enzymes,
protein and lipids in brain tissue.
There is shrinkage of large neurons resulting in loss of large neurons with an increase in smaller
neurons.
There is alterations in the amount for some neuro-transmitters.
Clinical changes due to the above are decreased sensation of vibrations(particularly in
legs), less brisk deep tendon reflexes with ankle reflex absent entirely and a decreased
ability for upward gaze.
Functional changes include slowing of response to tasks and the increase in time to recover
from physical exertion
Cognitive changes include memory loss, decrease in perceptual ability and decrease in
proficiency.
2. A 10-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of diffuse, aching abdominal
pain, nausea, and recurrent vomiting over the past 5 hours. She has an 8-year history of type 1
diabetes mellitus treated with 20 U of NPH and 6 U of regular insulin in the morning and 14 U of
NPH and 5 U of regular insulin in the evening. She appears lethargic but is easily arousable. There is
an obvious odor of ketones on her breath. Her blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg, pulse is 95/min,
and respirations are 20/min and deep. Serum studies show:
Na+ 142 mEq/L
K+ 5.3 mEq/L
HCO3 6 mEq/L
Glucose 710 mg/dL
Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be increased?
A ) Arterial pH
B ) Serum C-peptide level
C ) Serum magnesium level
D ) Serum osmolality
E ) Serum phosphorus level
3. A healthy 24-year-old woman comes for a routine health maintenance examination. Menses
occur at regular 28-day intervals and last 5 to 6 days. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks ago.
She takes no medications. Bimanual examination shows a 5-cm, mildly tender left adnexa. A
pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in
management?
FUNCTIONAL CYST (follicular or lutein cyst)
Diagnosis:
1. Qualitative BHCG
2. Sonogram
Management:
1. Observation: follow up in 6-8 weeks.
2. MORE THAN 7 CM or if patient had been on prio steroid contraception. Physiological cysts do not
usually get larger than 7 cm. Functional cysts should not form if the patient has been on oral
contraception for at least 2 months because gonadotropins should have been suppressed.
A) Repeat examination in 2 weeks
B) Measurement of serum CA 125 level
C) Measurement of serum -fetoprotein level
D) CT scan of the pelvis
E) Diagnostic laparoscopy
4. A 24-year-old primigravid woman at 18 weeks' gestation comes for a routine prenatal visit. She
has had increased bowel movements over the past 9 weeks; the stools are sometimes covered with
mucus and blood. Use of over-the-counter antidiarrheal drugs has not relieved her symptoms.
Pregnancy has been otherwise uncomplicated. She has never traveled outside the USA.
Examination shows erythematous, tender nodules over the anterior surface of both lower
extremities; some of the nodules have a violaceous hue. The uterus is consistent in size with an 18week gestation. Rectal examination shows no hemorrhoids or fissures. Fetal heart tones are audible
by Doppler. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A
) Amebiasis
B
) Diverticulitis
C
) Hyperperistaltic diarrhea
D
) Inflammatory bowel disease
E
) Viral gastroenteritis
5. A 32-year-old woman at 38 weeks' gestation comes for a routine prenatal visit. During routine
screening at 28 weeks' gestation, she tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Her pregnancy
has been otherwise uncomplicated. Examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 38-week
gestation. Which of the following measures is most likely to decrease the risk for hepatitis B
infection in her newborn?
A
) Recommendation of bottle-feeding rather than breast-feeding
B
) Maternal administration of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) now
C
) Neonatal administration of HBIG after delivery and hepatitis B vaccine at 3 months of age
D
) Neonatal administration of HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine immediately after delivery
E
) Cesarean delivery
6. A 37-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressive shortness of breath
over the past 5 years; she now has fatigue and shortness of breath with mild exertion. She
has a history of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever at the age of 15 years. She
was asymptomatic until 5 years ago when she developed severe shortness of breath during
pregnancy. She was treated with diuretics, low-sodium diet, and bed rest, and she was able to
deliver the baby at term. Her only medication is hydrochlorothiazide. Her temperature is 37 C
(98.6 F), blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min and regular, and respirations
are 26/min. Cardiac examination shows an obvious opening snap in S2. A grade 3/6, late
diastolic murmur is heard at the apex. A right ventricular lift is palpated along the left
sternal border. Which of the following is most likely increased in this patient?
A) Blood flow to the lower lung fields
B) Diastolic filling time
C) Left-to-right shunt of blood
D) Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
E) Pulmonary artery pressure
:Mitral valve stenosis increase left atrial pressure, pulmonary congestion, therefore increase vessel
constriction and increased pulmonary pressure. Increase pulmonary pressure is the direct cause of
right vertical hypertrophy.
7. A 5-year-old girl with ventricular septal defect is scheduled for tonsillectomy in 2 weeks. She has
no known drug allergies. Her temperature is 37 C (98.6 F). Examination shows no abnormalities.
Which of the following is the most appropriate prophylaxis prior to tonsillectomy?
A) Amoxicillin
B
) Ciprofloxacin
C
) Rifampin
D
) Tetracycline
E
) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
F
) No prophylaxis indicated
8. An 8-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department 10
minutes after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. She was in the back seat of a small
automobile that was rear-ended. Initially, she was alert during transport and reported bilateral thigh
pain, but then she stopped talking, closed her eyes, and became unresponsive to voice; on arrival,
she responds to noxious stimuli with brief grimaces and no withdrawal. Her blood pressure is
40/palpable mm Hg, pulse is 148/min, and respirations are 28/min. Air entry is symmetric. The
pupils are equal and react to light. No cardiac murmur is heard. The abdomen is soft. There is
swelling of the upper portions of both thighs. Her hematocrit is 37%. Which of the following is the
A) Measurement of arterial blood gases
B) X-ray film of the chest
C) CT scan of the head
D) Administration of 50% dextrose in water
E) Infusion of 0.9% saline
9. A previously healthy 16-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after
an episode of left arm shaking that lasted approximately 3 minutes. Over the past 2 days, he has
had fever and emotional lability. On arrival, his temperature is 38.9 C (102 F). He is somnolent and
disoriented to person, place, and time. He responds poorly to pain. Neurologic examination shows
no other abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 34%
Segmented neutrophils 50%
Lymphocytes 50%
Platelet count 280,000/mm3
Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid shows:

Lymphocytes 80%
Erythrocyte count 300/mm3
Glucose 60 mg/dL
Protein 400 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's neurologic findings?
A
) Bacterial infection
B
) Congenital malformation
C
) Fungal infection
D
) Hemorrhage
E
) Immune-mediated demyelination
F
) Parasitic infection
G
) Viral infection
10. A 72-year-old man with hypertension has had increasingly severe back pain over the past 2
months. He had a myocardial infarction 4 years ago. He has marked tenderness over T11, T12, L1,
and L2. An x-ray film of the lumbosacral spine shows osteoblastic lesions in these vertebrae. Which
of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A
) Abdominal aneurysm
B
) Fibrosarcoma
C
) Metastatic prostate carcinoma
D
) Multiple myeloma
E
) Osteosarcoma
11. A 64-year-old woman has moderately severe postoperative pain 1 day after a total abdominal
hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Which of the following is the most appropriate
analgesic pharmacotherapy?
A
) Oral aspirin-codeine compound
B
) Oral diazepam
C
) Oral ibuprofen
D
) Intermittent intravenous naloxone
E
) Patient-controlled intravenous morphine
F
) Transcutaneous administration of fentanyl
12. A 37-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of throbbing facial pain.
She describes the pain as 7 out of 10 in intensity. Over the past 9 days, she has had nasal
congestion, purulent nasal discharge, sore throat, and a nonproductive cough. She does not smoke.
Her husband and children have had no recent illness. Her temperature is 38.5 C (101.3 F).
Examination shows congested nasal mucosa and purulent discharge on the left. There is tenderness
to palpation over the left cheek and no transillumination over the left maxillary sinus. The tympanic
membranes are normal, and there is no erythema of the throat. Examination shows no cervical
adenopathy. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Which of the following is the most likely causal
organism?
A
) Haemophilus influenzae type b
B
) Moraxella catarrhalis
C
) Staphylococcus aureus
D
) Streptococcus pneumoniae
E
) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
13. A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for an annual pelvic examination and Pap smear.
Over the past year, she has had increasing fatigue and difficulty sleeping. She has two children who
both attend college. She is currently looking for part-time work outside the home. Her husband has
been busy in a new start-up business. Examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies
show:
Hemoglobin 15 g/dL
Leukocyte count 6000/mm3 with a normal differential
Serum
Na+ 145 mEq/L
Cl 102 mEq/L
K+ 4.5 mEq/L
HCO3 25 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen (BUN) 18 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase
(AST, GOT) 22 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase
(ALT, GPT) 19 U/L
-Glutamyltransferase
(GGT) 83 U/L
(N=550 U/L)
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's laboratory abnormalities?
A
) Acetaminophen
B) Alcohol
C
) Diphenhydramine
D
) Estrogen effect
E
) Ibuprofen
14. Five weeks after vaginal delivery of a healthy full-term newborn, a 22-year-old woman, gravida
1, para 1, is brought to the physician by her mother because of depressed mood for 2 weeks. Her
mother is concerned that her daughter is not able to take care of her infant. Physical examination
shows no abnormalities. She is quiet and tearful and does not engage in conversation easily. She
states that she lives alone with her infant and has had thoughts of suicide and infanticide. Which of
the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A
) Reassurance
B
) Long-term outpatient counseling
C
) Antipsychotic therapy
D
) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy
E
) Admission to the hospital for treatment
15. A 72-year-old man comes for a routine follow-up examination. He has chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease treated with -adrenergic agonists and ipratropium by metered-dose inhaler and
mild arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities treated with aspirin. His blood pressure is 160/60
mm Hg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 12/min. Funduscopic examination shows
arteriovenous nicking. Pedal pulses are decreased bilaterally. Which of the following
antihypertensive drugs is most likely to cause adverse effects in this patient?
A
) 2-Adrenergic agonist
B
) -Adrenergic blocking agent
C
D
) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
E
) Calcium-channel blocking agent
F
) Loop diuretic
G
) Thiazide diuretic
H
) Vasodilator
For each patient with loss of consciousness, select the most likely diagnosis.
A
) Aortic stenosis
B
) Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
C
) Conversion reaction
D
) Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
E
) Hypoglycemia
F
) Mitral valve prolapse
G
) Orthostatic hypotension
H
) Pulmonary embolus
I
) Seizure
J
) Vasovagal syncope
K
) Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
16. A 15-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after a 2-minute episode
of loss of consciousness after completing a 400-meter race. On awakening, he says that he feels
fine except for shortness of breath. He weighs 82 kg (180 lb) and is 191 cm (75 in) tall. His blood
pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 70/min and regular, and respirations are 15/min. The lungs are
clear to auscultation. A grade 2/6 systolic murmur is heard at the left sternal border with minimal
radiation to the neck; the murmur becomes louder when he stands.
For each patient with loss of consciousness, select the most likely diagnosis.
A) Aortic stenosis
B) Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
C) Conversion reaction
D) Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
E) Hypoglycemia
F) Mitral valve prolapse
G) Orthostatic hypotension
H) Pulmonary embolus
I) Seizure
J) Vasovagal syncope
K) Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
17. A 62-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after a 1-minute episode
of loss of consciousness; her symptoms began when she stood up after she passed a dark, watery
stool. She has had diarrhea and dark stools for 2 days. She has been receiving warfarin therapy for
deep venous thrombosis for 2 weeks. On arrival, her blood pressure is 82/60 mm Hg, and pulse is
150/min and regular. She is unable to stand. The lungs are clear to auscultation. A grade 2/6
systolic murmur is heard at the second right intercostal space with no radiation. Examination shows
a soft, nontender abdomen. There is 1+ edema of the right lower extremity with no tenderness.
Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
18. A 50-year-old woman has had progressive dyspnea over the past 2 weeks and constant, sharp
chest pain for 4 days. The pain is localized to the center of the chest and is worse while supine. She
underwent a right, modified radical mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer 3
years ago. She has a history of hypothyroidism treated with thyroid replacement therapy. She has
smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years and drinks two ounces of alcohol daily. She is
dyspneic and diaphoretic. Her temperature is 37.2 C (99 F), blood pressure is 90/70 mm Hg with a
pulsus paradoxus of 20 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 28/min. Examination shows
jugular venous distention to the angle of the mandible. The liver span is 14 cm with 4 cm of shifting
abdominal dullness. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows a pH of 7.50, PCO2 of 30 mm Hg,
and PO2 of 70 mm Hg. An x-ray film of the chest shows an enlarged cardiac silhouette with a
globular configuration. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia with nonspecific ST-segment changes
diffusely. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A ) Echocardiography
B ) CT scan of the abdomen
C ) Ventilation-perfusion lung scans
D ) Bronchoscopy
E ) Paracentesis
19. A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 7-day history of fever and a painful
swollen lymph node in his groin. This is his sixth episode of lymph node swelling; the previous
episodes resolved after drainage and prolonged antibiotic therapy. He also had pneumonia at the
age of 12 months that required chest tube placement for drainage. A maternal uncle died during
childhood of recurrent infections. The patient is at the 5th percentile for height and weight. His
temperature is 38.5 C (101.3 F). Examination shows a warm, tender, erythematous lymph node in
the right inguinal area. There are several healed incisions over the inguinal area and neck from old
drainage sites. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 35%
Leukocyte count 17,000/mm3
Bands 10%
Lymphocytes 25%
A Gram's stain of the lymph node aspirate shows numerous segmented neutrophils filled with
bacteria; cultures grow Staphylococcus aureus. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism
for these findings?
A
) Adenosine deaminase deficiency
B
) Consumption of complement
C
) Defective opsonization
D
) Destruction of CD4+ T lymphocytes
E
) Developmental arrest of maturation of B lymphocytes
F
) Dysmorphogenesis of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches
G
) Impaired chemotaxis
H
) Impaired phagocytic oxidative metabolism
20. A 67-year-old woman has been intubated for 1 week after undergoing a left lobectomy for lung
cancer. She has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Her preoperative functional vital capacity
was 40% of predicted. She is awake and alert. Her blood pressure is 130/75 mm Hg, and pulse is
72/min. The ventilator settings are a synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation of 8/min, FIO2
of 40%, and positive-end expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O. Arterial blood gas analysis shows:
pH 7.42
PCO2 47 mm Hg
PO2 90 mm Hg
O2 saturation 96%
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A) Antibiotic therapy
B) Bronchodilator therapy
C) Chest physiotherapy
D) Decrease inotropes
E) Diuretic therapy
F) Fiberoptic bronchoscopy
G) Heparin therapy
H) Incentive spirometry
I) Increase FIO2
J) Increase inotropes
K) Increase respiratory rate
L) Placement of thoracostomy tube
M) Tracheostomy
N) Wean from the ventilator
21. A 67-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of severe chest pain 4
hours after undergoing outpatient endoscopy and dilatation of an esophageal stricture caused by
reflux. At discharge, she reported no chest pain. Three hours later, she vomited a small amount of
blood and had severe pain. She is pale. Her temperature is 38 C (100.4 F), blood pressure is 140/85
mm Hg, pulse is 125/min, and respirations are 22/min. Examination shows crepitus in the neck and
moderate epigastric tenderness. The lungs are clear to auscultation, and breath sounds are equal
bilaterally. Rectal examination shows no masses; test of the stool for occult blood is positive. Which
of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A
) Bleeding from erosive esophagitis
B
) Esophageal perforation
C
) Mallory-Weiss syndrome
D
) Myocardial infarction
E
) Perforated gastric ulcer
22. An 87-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son because of progressive memory
loss over the past 2 years. Her son says that she repeats herself frequently and has been forgetting
to take her routine medications. She takes hydrochlorothiazide for mild systolic hypertension and
levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. She had vulvar cancer 10 years ago treated with wide excision.
Her blood pressure is 138/78 mm Hg. Physical examination is within normal limits for her age. MiniMental State Examination score is 23/30. Laboratory studies, including serum vitamin B12
(cyanocobalamin), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, are within normal limits.
A CT scan of the head shows mild volume loss. Which of the following is the most appropriate
pharmacotherapy?
A
) -Adrenergic agonist
B
) Cholinesterase inhibitor
C
) Dopamine agonist
D
) Prednisone
E
) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
23.
A newborn is in severe respiratory distress immediately following delivery. She was born at 35
weeks' gestation to a 35-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, aborta 1, who did not receive prenatal
care. The newborn's pulse is 60/min, and respirations are irregular and labored. Examination shows
pallor with perioral cyanosis, anasarca, hepatosplenomegaly, and scattered petechiae. Cord blood
hemoglobin is 4 g/dL, and reticulocyte count is 18%. A direct antiglobulin (Coombs') test is positive.
Which of the following sets of blood groups is most likely in the mother and her newborn?
Mother Newborn
A
)
A, Rh-positive O, Rh-positive
B
)
A, Rh-positive O, Rh-negative
C
)
A, Rh-negative O, Rh-negative
D
)
O, Rh-positive O, Rh-negative
E
)
O, Rh-negative O, Rh-positive
24. After an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a 62-year-old man has not had any urine
output since the Foley catheter was removed 12 hours ago. During the hour before the operation,
the 40 minutes of operating room time, and the 2 hours in the recovery room, his fluid input was
2.5 L and urine output was 1 L. Since that time, he has been receiving intravenous 5% dextrose in
water with 0.45% saline and morphine. He is awake and alert and has a moderate amount of
abdominal pain. Preoperative serum studies showed:
Na+ 137 mEq/L
K+ 4.2 mEq/L
One hour after receiving an intravenous bolus of 0.9% saline, the patient does not produce any
urine. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A
) Increase in the dose of morphine
B
) Intravenous administration of an additional bolus of 0.9% saline
C
) Intravenous administration of doxazosin
D
) Intravenous administration of furosemide
E
) Reinsertion of a Foley catheter
25. A healthy 55-year-old man comes for an initial health maintenance examination. His last visit to
a physician was over 10 years ago. He does not smoke and drinks only on social occasions.
Examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following immunizations should be
administered?
A) Hepatitis A vaccine
B) Influenza virus vaccine

C) Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine
D) Pneumococcal vaccine
E) Diphtheria-tetanus toxoid
26. A 19-year-old man comes to the physician because of frequent nosebleeds over the past 3
weeks. He has bipolar disorder currently well controlled with lithium carbonate, bupropion, and
valproic acid. Physical examination shows no abnormalities except for dried blood in the nares.
Mental status examination shows an anxious mood and slight motor restlessness. Serum studies
show a lithium carbonate level of 1.3 mEq/L (therapeutic range=0.61.2), and valproic acid level of
77 g/mL (therapeutic range=40100). Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in
management?
A) Measurement of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT) activity
B) Measurement of serum bupropion level
C) Platelet count
D) Discontinuation of lithium carbonate therapy
E) Discontinuation of valproic acid therapy
27. An asymptomatic 32-year-old man comes for a routine health maintenance examination. He has
a 10-year history of frequent sinus and pulmonary infections. He had an anaphylactic reaction to a
blood transfusion following a motor vehicle collision 3 years ago. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F).
Examination shows mild erythema in the posterior pharynx. The lungs are clear to auscultation. A
complete blood count and serum protein electrophoresis are within normal limits. Which of the
following is the most likely cause of the frequent infections?
A) Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae
B) Common variable immunodeficiency
C) HIV infection
D) Selective IgA deficiency
E) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
28.
A 37-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 6 hours after the onset of constant,
increasingly severe abdominal pain and nausea. His symptoms awoke him from sleep, and he has
vomited once since that time. He has no history of similar symptoms, and he does not take any
medications or use alcohol or illicit drugs. Family history is noncontributory. He is in acute distress
and lying in the fetal position. Any movement exacerbates the pain. His temperature is 37.8 C (100
F), blood pressure is 108/68 mm Hg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 24/min. The lungs are
clear to percussion and auscultation. Examination shows a rigid abdomen; bowel sounds are
absent. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 14 g/dL
Serum
Total bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL
An x-ray film of the chest shows a small amount of free air under the left diaphragm. Administration
of antibiotics and fluids is begun. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in
management?
A
) Barium swallow
B
C
) Intravenous administration of an H2-receptor blocking agent
D
) Upper endoscopy
E
) Laparotomy
29. A 52-year-old woman with alcoholism comes to the physician after a serum cholesterol level of
290 mg/dL was found on a routine screening. She drinks a pint of vodka daily. She takes captopril
for hypertension and glyburide for type 2 diabetes mellitus. She also has intermittent episodes of
gout. Fasting serum studies show:
Total cholesterol 252 mg/dL
HDL-cholesterol 80 mg/dL
Triglycerides 300 mg/dL
Glucose 118 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone 4.5 U/mL
A
) Alcohol cessation
B
) Better control of diabetes
C
) Switch from captopril to calcium-channel blocking agent therapy
D
) Gemfibrozil therapy
E
) Thyroid replacement therapy
30. A 23-year-old woman has pain, cramping, and swelling of the right calf 3 days after an
uncomplicated labor and delivery. The right foot is swollen, and there is marked tenderness with
dorsiflexion and palpation of the right calf. Examination shows no other abnormalities. A complete
blood count and serum electrolyte levels are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most
likely cause of this condition?
A
) Hypercoagulable state of pregnancy
B
) Hyperuricemia
C
) Peripheral artery aneurysm
D
) Platelet embolus
E
) Prolonged pressure on the vena cava during delivery
31. A 2-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He smiles
spontaneously and vocalizes without crying, but he does not appear to laugh or squeal. He will not
work for a toy that is out of his reach. Which of the following is the most appropriate assessment of
language and psychosocial development?
Language
Psychosocial
development
development
A
)
Normal
normal
B
)
Normal
delayed
C
)
Delayed
normal
D
)
Delayed
delayed
32. A previously healthy 24-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a low-grade fever
and a nonproductive cough for 7 days. She has been able to continue her daily activities. Her
temperature is 37.7 C (99.9 F). A few scattered inspiratory crackles are heard in the thorax. An xray film of the chest shows patchy infiltrates in both lungs. Which of the following is the most
appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Cefaclor
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Erythromycin
E) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
33. A 45-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of shortness of breath,
chest pain, dizziness, and mild numbness and tingling around the lips for 2 hours. She says that she
feels like she is going to die. She had three similar episodes last week when she was vacationing at
the Grand Canyon; the first episode occurred while crossing a narrow bridge on a donkey. She takes
a hypoglycemic drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, verapamil for hypertension, and sumatriptan as
needed for migraine. She is mildly diaphoretic and appears pale. Her blood pressure is 130/90 mm
Hg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 28/min. Serum glucose level is 120 mg/dL. An ECG shows
sinus tachycardia. Sublingual nitroglycerin therapy does not relieve her symptoms and gives her a
headache. The most appropriate next step in management is administration of which of the
following?
A
) Haloperidol
B
) Lorazepam
C
) Oxygen
D
) Sumatriptan
E
) Verapamil
34. A 67-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 4 hours after the onset of severe
midlumbar back pain. He is anxious, pale, and diaphoretic. His temperature is 37.1 C (98.8 F), blood
pressure is 105/65 mm Hg, and pulse is 120/min. Examination shows no other abnormalities. X-ray
films of the lumbar spine show degenerative disc disease with calcifications anterior to the
vertebral bodies. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Aortoiliac occlusion
B) Herniated nucleus pulposus
C) Lumbar discitis
D) Lumbar strain
E) Pyelonephritis
F) Ruptured aortic aneurysm
G) Spinal stenosis
35. A 17-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents because of bizarre
behavior for 6 hours. Last night he was out with friends, and since returning, he has been confused
and has "trashed" his room. His blood pressure is 165/95 mm Hg. He is hypervigilant, has little
spontaneous speech, and is disoriented to place and time. He appears catatonic but abruptly
becomes assaultive two times and needs to be restrained. Which of the following is the most likely
substance taken?
A
) Cocaine
B
) Ecstasy
C
) LSD
D
) Methaqualone
E
) PCP
For each patient with back pain, select the most likely diagnosis.
A
) Herniated disc
B
) Lumbar spinal stenosis
C
) Metastatic cancer
D
) Muscle strain
E
) Osteoporotic compression fracture
F
) Sacroiliitis
G
) Spinal epidural abscess
H
) Spondylolisthesis
36. A 57-year-old woman is brought to the physician 2 days after the sudden onset of severe low
back pain; the pain does not radiate to the lower extremities. The pain began when she was lifting
her grandson. She does not have weakness or sensory loss in the legs and has had no urinary
incontinence. She has a 10-year history of rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisone. Her
temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 130/60 mm Hg, and pulse is 64/min. Examination
shows deformities of the interphalangeal joints of the hands and exquisite tenderness to percussion
over the lumbar spine. Bilateral straight-leg raising to 80 degrees does not increase the pain.
Muscle strength and sensation are intact in the lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+
bilaterally. Babinski's sign is absent bilaterally.
For each patient with back pain, select the most likely diagnosis.
A
) Herniated disc
B
) Lumbar spinal stenosis
C
) Metastatic cancer
D
) Muscle strain
E
) Osteoporotic compression fracture
F
) Sacroiliitis
G
) Spinal epidural abscess
H
) Spondylolisthesis
37. A previously healthy 32-year-old plumber comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of
constant, dull, low back pain that does not radiate to the extremities. The pain began after he
unloaded heavy equipment from his van. It increases with activity and is temporarily relieved by
bed rest and ibuprofen. Examination shows tenderness to palpation over the lumbar paraspinal
region bilaterally. The pain increases with forward or lateral movements of the spine. Muscle
strength and sensation are intact in the lower extremities. Bilateral straight-leg raising to 80
degrees does not increase the pain. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Babinski's sign is
absent bilaterally.
38. A 72-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of urination twice
nightly and occasional urinary frequency and urgency. He has a 15-year history of type 2 diabetes
mellitus now moderately well controlled with glyburide. His father was diagnosed with prostate
cancer at the age of 70 years, and his sister died of complications from systemic lupus
erythematosus. His blood pressure is 135/86 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no
abnormalities. Abdominal examination shows no suprapubic fullness or tenderness. There is mild
enlargement of the prostate with no palpable nodules. His postvoid residual volume is 10 mL.
Serum studies show a urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 45 mg/dL and creatinine level of 3.8 mg/dL.
Urine dipstick shows 3+ protein. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented progression
of this patient's renal disease?
A) Intermittent Foley catheterization
B) Intravenous mannitol therapy
C) Oral cyclophosphamide and prednisone therapy
D) Oral enalapril therapy ACE inihibitors for Diabetic nephropathy
E) Oral finasteride therapy
F) Oral prednisone therapy only
G) Oral terazosin therapy
39. Two hours ago, a 24-year-old man had the sudden onset of pain in the right side of his chest
that has become increasingly severe. He is now having difficulty breathing. His temperature, blood
pressure, and pulse are normal. An x-ray film of the chest is shown. Which of the following is the
A
) Bed rest and sedative therapy
B
) Antibiotic therapy
C
) Anticoagulant therapy
D
) Tube thoracostomy
E
) Immediate thoracotomy
40. A 21-year-old college student comes to the physician because of acne that developed 4 days
ago while she was taking her medical college admission test. She is concerned about her
appearance and plans to be in a wedding in 3 weeks. She has had similar episodes that have
resolved completely without treatment. Examination shows acute acne over the face with a
predominance of comedones and pustules. There is no evidence of chronic scarring. Which of the
following is the most appropriate initial step in treatment?
A
) Dietary restriction of chocolates and simple sugars
B
) Dietary restriction of milk products
C
) Topical acyclovir
D
) Topical hydrocortisone cream
E
) Topical retinoic acid
41. A 67-year-old woman comes for a routine health maintenance examination. She exercises
regularly. She is not sexually active. At her last visit 1 year ago, her serum cholesterol level was 180
mg/dL, and fasting serum glucose level was 80 mg/dL; a Pap smear and mammography showed
normal findings. Two years ago, flexible sigmoidoscopy showed no abnormalities. Today, she weighs
63 kg (140 lb) and is 165 cm (65 in) tall. Her blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Examination shows
no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate screening test for this patient?
A
) Pap smear
B
) Measurement of serum cholesterol level
C
) Measurement of serum glucose level
D
) Mammography
E
) Flexible sigmoidoscopy
42. A 62-year-old man has had the gradual onset of fatigue and shortness of breath over the past 3
years. There is striking jugular venous distention with a large wave occurring with S2. The carotid
upstroke is normal. Cardiac examination shows a lifting systolic motion of the sternum and no
palpable point of maximal impulse. A grade 3/6, holosystolic, plateau-shaped murmur that is
loudest on inspiration is heard at the lower left sternal border. The liver is enlarged and tender, and
the abdomen is swollen with a fluid wave. There is marked ankle edema. Which of the following is
the most likely cause of the murmur?
A) Aortic stenosis
B) Mitral regurgitation
C) Mitral stenosis
D) Tricuspid regurgitation
E) Ventricular septal defect
43. A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician because of constant, severe pain in her neck,
shoulders, and back for 3 months. She has been unable to enjoy her usual activities because of the
pain. Use of over-the-counter ibuprofen and aspirin has not relieved her symptoms. She has a
history of irritable bowel syndrome. Examination shows multiple tender spots over the neck,
shoulders, and lumbar spine. Range of motion of all joints is full. There is no evidence of synovitis.
Fluorescent serum antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor assays are negative. Which of the
following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Ankylosing spondylitis
B) Fibromyalgia
C) Polymyalgia rheumatica
D) Polymyositis
E) Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis
44. A 72-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of mild to moderate
shortness of breath when climbing stairs. He had a myocardial infarction 2 years ago and has had
an ejection fraction of 35% since then. His only medication is a -adrenergic blocking agent. The
lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows an S4 gallop. There is no peripheral
edema. Laboratory studies are within normal limits. An ECG shows no acute changes. Which of the
following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?
A
B
) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
C
) Angiotensin2-receptor blocking agent
D
) Nitrates
E
) Thiazide diuretic
45. A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of a recurrent vivid
dream that several men are assaulting her and her children. Upon awakening, she is anxious and
distressed by the frightening images. She realizes that it is just a dream but is afraid to go back to
sleep. She does not know why she is having this particular dream because she has never been the
victim of an assault. She drinks two to three cups of coffee each morning. She does not use illicit
drugs. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. There is no evidence of depressed mood or
hallucinations. Laboratory studies are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A) Acute stress disorder
B) Nightmare disorder
C) Panic disorder
D) Sleep apnea
E) Sleep terror disorder
46. A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after he was found on
the floor of his house; he has left hip pain and shortness of breath. He has renal failure but has
missed his last two dialysis treatments. His renal failure was caused by inadvertent ingestion of
ethylene glycol. His renal function did not improve, and he is currently on the transplantation list.
Medications include amlodipine and doxazosin. On arrival, his temperature is 37.5 C (99.5 F), blood
pressure is 150/100 mm Hg, pulse is 95/min and regular, and respirations are 24/min. His breathing
is rapid and deep. Crackles are heard in the lung bases. Examination shows a soft abdomen. Bowel
sounds are normal. The left lower extremity is externally rotated. Laboratory studies show:
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
Cl 102 mEq/L
K+ 7.1 mEq/L
HCO3 12 mEq/L
Arterial blood gas analysis on 4 L/min of oxygen by nasal cannula:
pH 7.22
PCO2 31 mm Hg
PO2 61 mm Hg
Metabolic Acidosis
An ECG shows peaked T-waves. It will be at least 45 minutes before dialysis can be started. Which
of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A) Observation until dialysis is initiated
B) Intravenous calcium gluconate
C) Intravenous glucose and insulin
D) Intravenous 0.9% saline
E) Intravenous sodium bicarbonate
F) Rectal sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Section 3:-1. A 26-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of marked confusion for
2 hours; she also has had a flu-like illness for 3 days. Over the past 6 weeks, she has had increased
fatigue, weakness, and nausea. She recently started thyroid hormone replacement therapy for
autoimmune thyroiditis; 1 week ago, her serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level was 3 U/mL.
Her temperature is 38 C (100.4 F), blood pressure is 80/40 mm Hg, and pulse is 140/min. She
appears confused and lethargic. Examination shows cool, mottled skin. There is generalized
hyperpigmentation, especially involving the palmar creases. The lungs are clear to auscultation.
Abdominal examination shows diffuse mild tenderness and no rebound. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 10 g/dL
Eosinophils 20%
Lymphocytes 25%
Serum
Na+ 124 mEq/L
Cl 92 mEq/L
K+ 6.4 mEq/L
HCO3 16 mEq/L
An x-ray film of the chest and urinalysis show normal findings. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia with
peaked T waves. Which of the following is most likely to confirm the primary cause of this patient's
condition?
A) Measurement of pulmonary artery pressure
B) Measurement of right atrial pressure
C) Measurement of serum antithyroglobulin antibody level
D) Measurement of serum lactate dehydrogenase activity
E) Measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level
F) ACTH stimulation test ADDISONS DISEASE, Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
G) Dexamethasone suppression test
H) Blood cultures
I) Echocardiography
2. A 27-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of shortness of breath
with exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and swelling of his feet. He has not had chest pain or
palpitations. He has been healthy except for a "bad cold" 1 month ago that resolved spontaneously
after 10 days. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min,
and respirations are 24/min. Examination shows jugular venous distention to 8 cm. Bilateral basilar
crackles are heard. Cardiac examination shows a diffuse, laterally displaced point of maximal
impulse. There is a normal S1 and S2 and an S3. Examination shows 2+ pretibial edema bilaterally.
An ECG shows no abnormalities. Echocardiography is most likely to show which of the following?
A
) Asymmetric septal hypertrophy
B
) Bicuspid aortic valve with stenosis
C
) Diffuse hypokinesia and dilation of the ventricles
D
) Dyskinesia of the left ventricular apex
E
) Mitral valve prolapse
3.
A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of intractable nausea and
vomiting of nonbilious fluid over the past 48 hours. He has a history of duodenal ulcer disease
treated with H2-receptor blocking agents. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 90/60
mm Hg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 10/min. Examination shows mild epigastric
tenderness. Which of the following are the most likely serum electrolyte findings?
Na+ Cl K+ HCO3
(mEq/L) (mEq/L) (mEq/L) (mEq/L)
A
)
115 80 4.0 25
B
)
140 80 2.5 40
C
)
145 100 5.0 15
D
)
150 105 2.5 25
E
)
160 135 5.0 25
4. A 3-year-old boy is brought for a follow-up examination. He just completed a 10-day course of
amoxicillin that has not resolved his right ear pain. He appears irritable. His temperature is 38.9 C
(102 F). Examination shows downward and lateral displacement of the right auricle with tenderness
to palpation of the posterior auricular area; his neck is supple. Which of the following is the most
appropriate next step in diagnosis?
A
) Bone scan
B
) CT scan of the head
C
) Tympanometry
D
) Lumbar puncture
E
) Tympanocentesis
5. A 67-year-old man has had shortness of breath on exertion for 3 months; he has had an 11.3-kg
(25-lb) weight loss during this period. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 25 years. He
appears chronically ill. Examination shows decreased breath sounds on the left; heart sounds are
normal. An x-ray film of the chest shows a large left-sided pleural effusion. Which of the following is
the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?
A
) Bronchoscopy
B
) Thoracoscopy
C
) Closed pleural biopsy
D
) Open pleural biopsy
E
) Thoracentesis
6. A program for the primary prevention of coronary artery disease is implemented in a community
in the USA. Assuming that diagnostic procedures and detection remain the same, which of the
following measures involving the disease is most effective in monitoring the program?
A
) Case fatality
B
) Hospitalization
C
) Incidence
D
) Mortality
E
) Prevalence
7. A 77-year-old woman comes to the physician because of low back pain for 3 months. She has
hypertension controlled with a calcium-channel blocking agent and type 2 diabetes mellitus
controlled with diet. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows no spinal or
costovertebral angle tenderness; straight-leg raising produces pain in the low back at the L24
range. Knee jerk and ankle reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Babinski's sign is absent bilaterally. Urinalysis
shows 510 epithelial cells/hpf, 25 leukocytes/hpf, and few bacteria. Which of the following is the
most appropriate pharmacotherapy?
A
) Acetaminophen
B
) Gold
C
) Methotrexate
D
) Prednisone
E
) Probenecid
8. A 32-year-old woman who is HIV positive has a CD4+ lymphocyte count of 800/mm3 (Normal
500). Her health maintenance regimen should include immunization against which of the following
pathogens?
A) Haemophilus influenzae type b
B) Hepatitis A
C) Influenza virus
D) Neisseria meningitidis
E) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
9. A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of bright red rectal bleeding and severe
stabbing pain with each bowel movement over the past 2 weeks. She has blood-streaked stools,
and there is blood on the toilet paper. Over the past 2 months, she has had mild constipation with
no change in the caliber of the stool. Examination shows a small anal fissure at the posterior
midline. Rectal examination is painful, but no abnormalities are detected except for a small amount
of bright red blood from the fissure. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in
management?
A
) Anesthetic ointment and stool softeners
B
) Anal dilatation under anesthesia
C
) Debridement and closure of the fissure under anesthesia
D
) Surgical flaps
E
) Lateral internal sphincterotomy
10. A 28-year-old nulligravid woman comes for a routine health maintenance examination. She has
had progressively severe dysmenorrhea over the past 6 months adequately controlled by
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Pelvic examination shows a normal vagina and cervix. The
uterus is retroverted and fixed, and there is nodularity of the cul-de-sac. A 6-cm left adnexal mass is
palpated. Transvaginal ultrasonography shows a 7-cm septated adnexal mass. Four weeks later,
there is no change in the size of the adnexal mass. Which of the following is the most appropriate
diagnostic test?
A
) Measurement of serum CA 125 level
B
) Barium enema
C
) CT scan of the pelvis
D
) MRI of the pelvis
E
) Laparoscopy
11. A 67-year-old woman is hospitalized because of abdominal pain and persistent copious vomiting
for 24 hours. Two weeks ago, she was hospitalized for treatment of atrial fibrillation; after
cardioversion to a normal sinus rhythm, she began treatment with warfarin. Yesterday at a follow-up
visit, her INR was 6, and her medication was discontinued. She takes no other medications. Her
temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 100/78 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min and regular, and
respirations are 20/min. The abdomen is distended and moderately tender; there is voluntary
guarding in the epigastrium. There are no masses, organomegaly, or obvious hernias. Rectal
examination shows no abnormalities. Test of the stool for occult blood is negative. Her hemoglobin
level has decreased from 13 g/dL yesterday to 7.8 g/dL today. An ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm.
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's abdominal symptoms?
A
) Internal small-bowel herniation
B
) Intestinal ischemia from a cardiac embolus
C
) Intramural hematoma of the proximal small bowel
D
) Intussusception of the small bowel
E
) Malrotation of the small bowel
12. A 32-year-old man with alcoholism is brought to the emergency department by friends because
he has been unable to stand without support and has had "funny eye movements"; they report that
he has been drinking approximately 18 beers daily over the past month and has been increasingly
confused over the past 5 days. He is awake and confused but is noncombative. His speech is
slurred, and his breath smells of alcohol. His temperature is 37.2 C (99 F), blood pressure is 180/60
mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination shows sixth cranial
nerve palsy, horizontal diplopia, strabismus, and an asymmetric horizontal-gaze evoked nystagmus.
Neurologic examination shows no focal weakness or numbness. When helped up and told to walk,
he has a broad-based, uncertain gait. When asked how he arrived at the emergency department, he
relates that "I drove to this place to visit some friends." The most likely cause of these findings is a
deficiency of which of the following?
A
) Folic acid
B
) Magnesium
C
) Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
D
) Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
E
) Zinc
13. A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, comes to the physician because she has been
amenorrheic for 4 months. Examination shows a well-estrogenized vagina and no evidence of
virilization or other abnormalities. A serum pregnancy test is negative. She is given
medroxyprogesterone and has the onset of bleeding 3 days later. Which of the following is the most
likely cause of her condition?
A) Anovulation
B) Asherman's syndrome
C) Hypopituitarism
D) Menopause
E) Premature ovarian failure
14. A previously healthy 47-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 36hour history of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that radiates to her back. Over the past 3
years, she has had intermittent episodes of cramping abdominal pain 1 to 2 hours after meals; the
pain lasts for several hours and resolves spontaneously. She does not smoke and drinks one to two
glasses of wine each evening. There is a family history of coronary artery disease and hypertension.
Her temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min, and
respirations are 20/min. Abdominal examination shows moderate epigastric and right upper
quadrant tenderness with no guarding or rebound; bowel sounds are decreased. Laboratory studies
show:
Hematocrit 45%
Leukocyte count 9000/mm3 with a normal differential
Serum
Total bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT) 78 U/L
Amylase 365 U/L
Lipase 1223 U/L (N=1160)
Triglycerides 300 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A
) Acute cholecystitis
B
) Alcoholic hepatitis
C
) Alcoholic pancreatitis
D
) Ascending cholangitis
E
) Gallstone pancreatitis
F
) Hepatitis A
G
) Pancreatic cancer
H
) Peptic ulcer disease
I
) Triglyceride-induced pancreatitis
15. A healthy 37-year-old primigravid woman at 12 weeks' gestation comes for a routine prenatal
visit. The pregnancy was achieved by in vitro fertilization. She does not use tobacco, alcohol, or
drugs. She is a hematologist and works 10 to 12 hours daily. Two previous ultrasonographies have
shown a triplet gestation. She weighs 66 kg (145 lb) and is 178 cm (70 in) tall. Her blood pressure is
116/70 mm Hg, and pulse is 72/min. Examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 16-week
gestation. Her pelvis is normal-sized. This patient is at greatest risk for which of the following?
A
) Abruptio placentae
B
) Hepatitis B
C
) HIV infection
D
) Preterm labor
E
) Uterine rupture
16. A 67-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of fever
and headache. Five years ago, he underwent placement of a mechanical aortic valve for treatment
of sequelae of rheumatic fever. He appears ill. His temperature is 40 C (104 F), blood pressure is
110/65 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. A grade 3/6, systolic ejection murmur
is heard. Neurologic examination shows mild left hemiparesis. Babinski's sign is present on the left.
There is no nuchal rigidity. This patient is at greatest risk for which of the following complications?
A
) Brain abscess
B
) Carotid artery occlusion
C
) Encephalitis
D
) Hydrocephalus
E
) Venous sinus thrombosis
17. A 67-year-old woman comes for a routine health maintenance examination. She drinks 1 ounce
of alcohol daily. Her blood pressure is 138/62 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min and regular, and respirations
are 14/min. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The remainder of the examination shows no
abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin
12.8 g/dL
Serum
Ca2+ 11.9 mg/dL - increased
Phosphorus 2.8 mg/dL - decreased
Total protein 6.5 g/dL
Albumin 4.2 g/dL
Ionized calcium 5.8 mg/dL (N=4.55.1)
A) Measurement of serum alkaline phosphatase activity
B) Measurement of serum parathyroid hormone level
C) Measurement of serum vitamin D level
D) Serum and urine protein electrophoresis
E) X-ray film of the chest
F) Skeletal survey
G) Bone scan

For each patient with papilledema, select the most likely diagnosis.
A
) Bacterial meningitis
B
) Cerebral infarction
C
) Cryptococcal meningitis
D
) Glioblastoma multiforme
E
) Herpes simplex encephalitis
F
) Hypertensive encephalopathy
G
) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
H
) Intracerebral hemorrhage
I
) St. Louis encephalitis
18. A 25-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of increasingly severe
bifrontal headaches over the past 6 months. During this period, she has had transient episodes of
blindness lasting 1 to 2 seconds. She has not had nausea or vomiting. She has a long-standing
history of difficulty losing weight. She currently weighs 113 kg (250 lb) and is 152 cm (60 in) tall.
Her blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Visual field testing shows enlarged blind spots. The remainder
of the neurologic examination shows normal findings. A CT scan of the head with and without
contrast shows no abnormalities. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid shows:
Opening pressure 300 mm H2O
Glucose 70 mg/dL
Protein 25 mg/dL
WBC 1/mm3
RBC 0/mm3
Gram's stain and cultures are negative.
For each patient with papilledema, select the most likely diagnosis.
A) Bacterial meningitis
B) Cerebral infarction
C) Cryptococcal meningitis
D) Glioblastoma multiforme
E) Herpes simplex encephalitis
F) Hypertensive encephalopathy
G) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
H) Intracerebral hemorrhage
I) St. Louis encephalitis
19. A 25-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use comes to the emergency department
because of a progressive diffuse headache, generalized malaise, and low-grade fever for 2 months.
During this period, he has had a poor appetite resulting in a 6.8-kg (15-lb) weight loss. His
temperature is 38 C (100.4 F). Examination shows neck stiffness. Mental status examination
shows no abnormalities. Cranial nerve examination shows weakness of the lateral rectus muscle on
the right and bilateral papilledema. A CT scan of the head with and without contrast shows
moderate ventricular enlargement. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid shows:
Opening pressure 220 mm H2O (70 to 180)
Glucose 35 mg/dL (LOW)
Protein 150 mg/dL (HIGH)
WBC 100/mm3
Lymphocytes 100%
RBC 1/mm
ANSWER: CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
20. An asymptomatic 32-year-old woman comes for a routine health maintenance examination. Her
mother and sister have a history of low back pain and disc herniation. The patient is a postal
worker. She weighs 86 kg (190 lb) and is 165 cm (65 in) tall. Her blood pressure is 130/78 mm Hg,
pulse is 74/min, and respirations are 16/min. Range of motion of the spine is normal and without
pain. There is no scoliosis or excessive kyphosis of the back. Which of the following is the most
effective strategy to decrease this patient's risk for developing low back pain?
A) Change in job
B) Limit physical activity
C) Stretching exercises
D) Weight-loss program
E) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy
F) Prophylactic brace
21. Three days after being hospitalized for treatment of a hip fracture sustained in a fall, a 62-yearold woman becomes acutely short of breath and coughs up a small amount of blood-tinged sputum.
She appears anxious. Her blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are
24/min. Examination shows no other abnormalities. Arterial blood gas analysis on 40% oxygen by
face mask shows:
pH 7.40
PCO2 38 mm Hg
PO2 70 mm Hg
Ventilation-perfusion lung scans show multiple segmental areas of mismatch on the right. Which of
A
) Pulmonary angiography
B
) Dopamine therapy
C
) Heparin therapy
D
) Urokinase therapy
E
) Intubation
22. A 24-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by police 1 hour after his ex-wife
found him stumbling around in the yard. His blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, and
respirations are 16/min. The pupils are equal and reactive to light; the sclerae are injected. During
the examination, he laughs without obvious reason, makes religious statements, and asks if there is
anything to eat or drink. Mental status examination shows a broad range of affect; there is no
evidence of thought disorder except for mild paranoia. Which of the following is the most
appropriate next step in management?
A
) Observation in the emergency department
B
) Intramuscular administration of naloxone
C
) Intravenous administration of 50% dextrose
D
) Intravenous administration of lorazepam
E
) Oral administration of chlorpromazine
23. A 17-year-old boy sustains a head injury and loses consciousness after diving into a freshwater
lake from a platform. After being submerged for 3 minutes, he is rescued. He is initially cyanotic but
then begins to cough and breathe spontaneously after a 5-minute resuscitation. Over the next 36
hours, which of the following complications is most likely?
A) Acute respiratory distress syndrome
B) Bacteremia
C) Bacterial pneumonia
D) Hypernatremia
E) Metabolic alkalosis
24. A 15-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after being involved in a
motor vehicle collision. He was the unrestrained passenger. On arrival, he is disoriented. His blood
pressure is 80/40 mm Hg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 24/min. There is no jugular venous
distention. Examination of the chest shows dullness to percussion and decreased breath sounds
over the right hemithorax. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Diaphragmatic rupture
B) Flail chest
C) Hemothorax
D) Massive aspiration
E) Pneumothorax
25. An 18-year-old man comes to the physician for an initial examination because of a 3-year
history of fatigue and migrating joint pain. He has brought a large folder containing information
about previous medical consultations, laboratory tests, and x-ray films. He takes no medications. He
weighs 50 kg (110 lb) and is 173 cm (68 in) tall. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities.
On mental status examination, he is preoccupied with his symptoms. When asked about his mood,
he states that the future appears bleak, and that he is too tired to think about it. Which of the
following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A) Ask about further symptoms of obsessions and compulsions
B) Ask about sexual history including sexual orientation and practices
C) Ask about suicidal feelings
D) Ask about travel history over the past 6 months
E) Obtain a detailed exercise history
F) Measurement of serum Lyme (Borrelia burgdorferi) antibody level
G) Urine toxicology screening
26. An 80-year-old woman has had bleeding gums for 3 weeks. Her diet has consisted of only tea
and toast for 2 years. She appears thin and weak. Vital signs are normal. Her gums are
hypertrophied and exude blood with pressure. There are ecchymoses of the inner thighs and small
hemorrhages around the hair follicles. The remainder of the examination shows normal findings.
Supplementation with which of the following vitamins is most likely to have prevented this
condition?
A
)A
B
) B12 (cyanocobalamin)
C
)C
D
)D
E
)E
27. A 30-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, is brought to the emergency department in labor. An
episiotomy is performed. Following delivery of the head, the shoulders do not follow with the usual
traction and maternal pushing. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in
management?
A) Flexing the woman's knees toward her shoulders - mcroberts
B) More forceful traction and fundal pressure
C) Delivering the posterior arm
D) Rotating the head 180 degrees
E) Symphysiotomy
28. A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of low back pain, urinary
hesitancy, and pain with urination. He has had several similar episodes over the past 3 years. He
has not had any urethral discharge or recent sexual contacts. His temperature is 37.2 C (98.9 F),
and blood pressure is 126/76 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation; there is no costovertebral
angle tenderness. Abdominal examination shows no tenderness or masses. There is no tenderness
to palpation of the lower back. Straight-leg raising to 90 degrees is negative. There are no motor or
sensory deficits in the lower extremities. Rectal examination shows a diffuse, minimally enlarged,
tender prostate with no masses. Laboratory studies show:
Serum prostate-specific antigen 6 ng/mL (N<4)
Urine
Specific gravity 1.020
Blood negative
Glucose negative
Ketones negative
Leukocyte esterase negative
Nitrites negative
A) Benign prostatic hypertrophy
B) Cystitis
C) Epididymitis
D) Prostate cancer
E) Prostatitis
F) Pyelonephritis
G) Urolithiasis
29. A 16-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis is brought for a follow-up examination. His uncle also
has neurofibromatosis. He has a 1-year history of headaches during which his parents say he
appears pale. Six months ago, he underwent operative treatment for an optic nerve glioma. His
blood pressure is 164/105 mm Hg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 14/min. The thyroid glands
are not enlarged. No murmurs are heard, and radial pulses are equal. Abdominal examination
shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's high blood
pressure?
A) Catecholamine-producing tumor
B) Carcinoma of the thyroid gland
C) Essential hypertension
D) Overproduction of aldosterone from an adrenal adenoma
E) Postsubclavian coarctation of the aorta
30. A 14-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 14-hour history of irritability and
episodes of drawing her knees toward her chest. During this period, she has vomited nonbilious
fluid twice and had a bowel movement containing a small amount of blood. She had an upper
respiratory tract infection 2 weeks ago. She is listless except for intermittent episodes of
discomfort. Her temperature is 38 C (100.4 F). Abdominal examination shows right-sided
tenderness without guarding or rebound; bowel sounds are present. Rectal examination shows
bright red blood and mucus. An x-ray film of the abdomen shows no abnormalities. Which of the
A
) X-ray film of the upper gastrointestinal tract with contrast
B
) Water-soluble contrast enema
C
) Corticosteroid enemas
D
) Admission to the hospital for total parenteral nutrition
E
) Immediate laparotomy
31. An asymptomatic 47-year-old man comes for a preemployment examination. He has never been
hospitalized. He is a computer programmer, and he plays handball once weekly. His maternal
grandmother had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a paternal uncle had heart disease. The patient's
blood pressure is 126/80 mm Hg. Examination shows no abnormalities. His total serum cholesterol
level is 225 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A) Step 2 American Heart Association cardiac diet
B) Serum lipid studies while fasting
C) Exercise stress test
D) Oral cholestyramine and niacin therapy
E) Oral pravastatin therapy at bedtime
32. A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of the unexplained
urge to eat a few tablespoons of cornstarch daily. The amount of cornstarch ingested has increased
gradually during this time. She has leiomyomata uteri; she is otherwise healthy. Her weight is
unchanged from her last visit 1 year ago; she weighs 61 kg (135 lb) and is 168 cm (66 in) tall. Her
blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, and pulse is 100/min. Physical examination shows mild pallor.
Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities. She is embarrassed about her problem. She has no
compulsive behavior or obsessive thoughts. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following
is the most appropriate next step in management?
A) Psychiatric assessment
B) Complete blood count pica iron deficiency
C) Thyroid function studies
D) Urine toxicology screening
E) Admission to an eating disorders clinic
F) Antipsychotic therapy
G) Folic acid supplementation
H) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy
33. A 30-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 4 months after
starting treatment with lithium carbonate; during this period she has had a 3.2-kg (7-lb) weight
gain. Her medication was prescribed soon after the birth of her son to treat racing thoughts,
increased spending, and overtalkativeness; she has had difficulty sleeping for more than 2 hours
nightly. Her symptoms decreased after 2 weeks of lithium carbonate therapy. She continues to take
lithium carbonate (300 mg three times daily). Her temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is
120/80 mm Hg, and pulse is 70/min. Examination shows normal findings. The most appropriate next
step is measurement of which of the following?
A) Fasting serum glucose level
B) Leukocyte count
C) Serum alkaline phosphatase activity
D) Serum creatinine level
E) Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level hypothyroidism due to weight gain
34. On a routine examination, a 2-year-old boy has a hemoglobin level of 10.5 g/dL, hematocrit of
30%, and mean corpuscular volume of 72 m3. He drinks four to five 8-oz bottles of milk daily. He
maintains a regular diet but does not eat vegetables. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A) Folic acid deficiency
B) Iron deficiency must be iron-fortified milk, most common cause of anemia, microcytic
C) Sickle cell disease
D) Thalassemia
E) Vitamin B6 deficiency
35. A 57-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because his skin has appeared yellow
for 3 weeks. Examination shows jaundice and scleral icterus. His total serum bilirubin level is 8
mg/dL with a direct component of 6.2 mg/dL. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a large lesion in the
head of the pancreas. When the results are initially discussed, the patient says that he does not
want to hear the report, and his wife agrees to abide by his wishes. Which of the following is the
most appropriate course of action?
A
) Withhold the results as the patient wishes
B
) Contact the patient's children to discuss the results
C
) Consult with the hospital ethics committee
D
) Insist on telling the patient the results
E
) Refer him to another physician
36. A previously healthy 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of
increased urinary volume and increased urinary frequency at night. He has had a 6.8-kg (15-lb)
weight loss during this period despite no change in appetite. His father has hypertension, and his
mother has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He currently weighs 95 kg (210 lb) and is
178 cm (70 in) tall. His blood pressure is 160/85 mm Hg in both arms. Examination shows no other
abnormalities. His nonfasting serum glucose level is 280 mg/dL. Which of the following serum levels
is most likely to be increased in this patient?

A) Bicarbonate
B) Glucagon
C) HDL-cholesterol
D) Insulin
E) Ketones
37. Three days after hospitalization for heparin treatment of deep venous thrombosis of a left
superficial femoral vein, a 52-year-old woman has prolonged bleeding from a venipuncture site. She
had a pulmonary embolus 2 years ago. Her temperature is 37.5 C (99.5 F). Examination shows
multiple ecchymoses at the venipuncture sites with oozing of fresh blood. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin
10.5 g/dL
Platelet count
25,000/mm3
Prothrombin time
14 sec (INR=1.3)
Partial thromboplastin time
65 sec
Plasma fibrinogen
300 mg/dL (N=200400)
Serum creatinine
1.1 mg/dL
A) Adverse drug reaction
B) Disseminated intravascular coagulation
C) Excessive blood loss from anticoagulation
D) Factor VIII deficiency
E) Factor IX deficiency
F) Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
G) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
38. A 37-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an itchy rash over her trunk for 2
weeks. She has not had fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, or gastrointestinal symptoms.
She has a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and has been taking trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for the past year. She is in mild distress. Her temperature is 37.5 C
(99.5 F), blood pressure is 96/62 mm Hg, pulse is 78/min, and respirations are 14/min. Examination
shows a maculopapular erythematous rash over the trunk. Laboratory studies show:
Bands 1%
Eosinophils 15%
Lymphocytes 4%
Monocytes 8%
Serum

Urine
WBC 2/hpf
RBC 2/hpf
Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
A
) Eczema
B
) Medication adverse effect
C
) Staphylococcal skin infection
D
) Streptococcal skin infection
E
) Urinary tract infection
39. A 19-year-old primigravid woman at 34 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a routine
prenatal visit. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. She has no history of serious illness. She
takes no medications and has no known allergies. Examination shows a uterus consistent in size
with a 34-week gestation. A routine clean-catch urine culture grows greater than 100,000
colonies/mL of Escherichia coli. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?
A) Ampicillin
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Clindamycin
D) Doxycycline
E) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
40. A 13-year-old girl is brought for a well-child examination. Menses have occurred every other
month since menarche 10 months ago. Her last menstrual period was 1 week ago. She is not
sexually active. Sexual development is Tanner stage 3. Examination shows no abnormalities. Which
of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A) Discussion of pregnancy prevention
B) Measurement of serum luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone levels
C) Urine -hCG test
D) Pelvic examination
E) Estrogen therapy
F) Diagnostic laparoscopy
41. A 72-year-old man comes to the emergency department after a 5-minute episode of blindness
in the right eye. Over the past month, he has had headache and pain in the jaw with chewing. His
temperature is 38.1 C (100.6 F). Examination shows tender, nodular temporal arteries with
decreased pulses. His erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 92 mm/h. Which of the following is the
most appropriate immediate step in management?
A) Carotid ultrasonography
B) Aspirin therapy
C) Cefotaxime therapy
D) Corticosteroid therapy
E) Temporal artery biopsy
42. A 42-year-old man comes for a routine health maintenance examination. There is no family
history of coronary artery disease, and he does not smoke. His weight is appropriate for his height.
His blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Serum lipid studies show a total cholesterol level of 190
mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol level of 40 mg/dL, and triglyceride level of 150 mg/dL. Which of the
A) Recommend the Step 2 National Cholesterol Education Program diet
B) Measure serum LDL-cholesterol level now
C) Measure total serum cholesterol level in 5 years
D) Prescribe prophylactic aspirin
E) Begin treatment with lovastatin
43. A 28-month-old boy has a history of cyanosis since birth with episodes of syncope. Examination
shows cyanosis and clubbing. The lungs are clear to auscultation. There is a right ventricular heave,
a systolic click, a single S2, and a grade 3/6 systolic murmur. Which of the following is the most
likely diagnosis?
A
) Bicuspid aortic valve
B
) Coarctation of the aorta
C
) Mitral stenosis
D
) Patent ductus arteriosus
E
) Tetralogy of Fallot
44. A healthy 18-year-old woman comes for a routine health maintenance examination. Menses
occur at regular 28-day intervals. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. She is sexually active
with one partner, and she and her partner use condoms inconsistently for contraception. Her
maternal grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 65 years, her paternal
grandfather was diagnosed with colon cancer at the age of 72 years, and her maternal grandfather
died of a myocardial infarction at the age of 66 years. Examination shows no abnormalities. Which
of the following is the most appropriate screening test for this patient?
A
) Complete blood count
B
) Fasting serum lipid studies
C
) Test of the stool for occult blood

D
) Testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
E
) Urinalysis
For each child with fever and cough, select the most likely diagnosis.
A
) 1-Antitrypsin deficiency
B
) Cystic fibrosis
C
) Pneumothorax
D
) Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
E
) Pulmonary aspergillosis
F
) Pulmonary hemorrhage
G
) Pulmonary tuberculosis
45. A 20-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of fever and cough for 2 days. She has
had several similar episodes since the age of 4 months. Three months ago, she and her family
visited her grandmother in Finland for 2 weeks. She is at the 25th percentile for length and 5th
percentile for weight. She appears thin and pale. Her temperature is 38 C (100.4 F), pulse is
150/min, and respirations are 40/min. Examination shows mild clubbing. Wheezing and bilateral
crackles are heard at the lung bases. An x-ray film of the chest shows streaky densities bilaterally
with mild hyperinflation.
For each child with fever and cough, select the most likely diagnosis.
A
) 1-Antitrypsin deficiency
B
) Cystic fibrosis
C
) Pneumothorax
D
) Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
E
) Pulmonary aspergillosis
F
) Pulmonary hemorrhage
G
) Pulmonary tuberculosis
46. A previously healthy 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of fever and cough
with right-sided chest pain for 2 weeks. Six months ago, he visited his grandparents in Albania for 2
weeks. He weighs 54 kg (120 lb) and is 173 cm (68 in) tall. He appears thin and pale. His
temperature is 38.2 C (100.8 F), pulse is 76/min, and respirations are 36/min. Examination shows
shallow respirations with decreased breath sounds at the right lung base. An x-ray film of the chest
shows a right pleural effusion and hilar adenopathy.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Section 4:-1. A previously healthy 52-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of hiccups
for 1 week. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 30 years. He does not drink alcohol. He
is alert and oriented. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 150/95 mm Hg, pulse is
70/min, and respirations are 12/min. Physical and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities.
His serum sodium level is 120 mEq/L. An x-ray film of the chest shows a right hilar mass. Which of
the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment?
A) Bisphosphonate therapy
B) Calcitonin therapy
C) Calcium therapy
D) Dexamethasone therapy
E) 5% Dextrose in 0.225% saline therapy
F) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% saline therapy
G) 5% Dextrose in water therapy
H) Fluid restriction SIADH
I) Hydrocortisone therapy
J) Lactated Ringer's solution
K) Mannitol therapy
L) Potassium therapy
M) 0.9% Saline therapy
N) 3% Saline therapy
O) Sodium bicarbonate therapy
2. A 67-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of double vision, slurred
speech, and difficulty swallowing liquids. Initially, his symptoms were intermittent but now occur
daily and are worse at the end of the day. Over the past week, he has had shortness of breath with
exertion. He has pernicious anemia treated with monthly vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) injections
and autoimmune thyroid disease currently treated with thyroid replacement therapy. Examination
shows bilateral ptosis and disconjugate gaze. There is bilateral facial weakness and hypernasal
speech. The tongue is weak, and the gag reflex is reduced. Muscle strength is 4/5 in the proximal
muscles of the upper and lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ diffusely. Babinski's sign
is absent. Sensory examination shows no abnormalities. A CT scan of the chest is shown. Which of
the following is the most likely diagnosis of this patient's intrathoracic lesion?
A) Aspiration pneumonia
B) Bronchogenic carcinoma
C) Lung metastasis
D) Sarcoidosis
E) Thymoma Myasthenia Gravis
F) Thyroid carcinoma
3. A 32-year-old man receiving intensive chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease has a temperature of
39 C (102.2 F). His respirations are 40/min. Widespread crackles are heard in all lung fields. An xray film of the chest shows a diffuse alveolar and interstitial pattern. Which of the following is the
most likely causal organism?
A) Aspergillus species
B
) Candida albicans
C
) Coccidioides immitis
D) Pneumocystis carinii immunocompromised host
E
) Streptococcus pneumoniae
4. A 20-year-old African American man with sickle cell disease comes to the physician because of a
1-week history of shortness of breath on exertion, fatigue, and generalized weakness. He has had
no fever, chills, night sweats, or cough productive of sputum. His only medication is oxycodone for
joint pain. He weighs 68 kg (150 lb) and is 168 cm (66 in) tall. His temperature is 36.7 C (98 F),
blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, and respirations are 18/min. Examination shows
no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 20%
Reticulocyte count 1.8%
Which of the following is the most likely mechanism for these findings?
A
) Adverse drug reaction
B
) Atrophy of gastric mucosa
C
) Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine
D
) Increased demand for folic acid
E
) Increased demand for vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
F
) Malabsorption
G
) Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency
5. A 44-year-old woman comes to the emergency department 2 days after being discharged from
the hospital for abdominal pain; an exploratory laparoscopy showed no abnormalities. Over the past
5 years, she had been admitted to the hospital numerous times for the evaluation of a variety of
symptoms; all work-ups had been negative. Her temperature is 39.2 C (102.6 F). Examination
shows a reddened, indurated laparoscopic wound. She is admitted to the hospital and given
intravenous antibiotics. On the second hospital day, a nurse witnesses the patient rubbing saliva
into her laparoscopy site. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A
) Adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct
B
) Conduct disorder
C
) Conversion disorder
D
) Factitious disorder
E
) Hypochondriasis
F
) Major depressive disorder
G
) Oppositional defiant disorder
H
) Somatization disorder
6. A 37-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because she has been unable to
see out of her right eye since awakening 2 hours ago. She states that any movement of the eye is
painful. Examination shows visual acuity of 20/200 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. The
optic fundi are normal. The left pupil reacts normally to light. The right pupil is poorly reactive to
direct light. The remainder of the eye examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is
the most likely site of the lesion?
A
) Left optic nerve
B
) Left optic radiation
C
) Left optic tract
D
) Left visual cortex
E
) Optic chiasm
F
) Retina
G
) Right optic nerve
H
) Right optic radiation
I
) Right optic tract
J
) Right visual cortex
For each patient with peripheral nerve dysfunction, select the most likely site of nerve injury.
A
) Axillary nerve
B
) Cervical nerve root at the cervical foramen
C
) Long thoracic nerve
D
) Median nerve above the elbow
E
) Median nerve at the elbow
F
) Median nerve at the wrist
G
) Musculocutaneous nerve above the elbow
H
) Musculocutaneous nerve at the elbow
I
) Musculocutaneous nerve at the wrist
J
) Radial nerve above the elbow
K
) Radial nerve at the elbow
L
) Radial nerve at the wrist
M
) Suprascapular nerve
N
) Thoracodorsal nerve
O
) Ulnar nerve above the elbow
P
) Ulnar nerve at the elbow
Q
) Ulnar nerve at the wrist
7.
A previously healthy 42-year-old carpenter comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of
pain and numbness in his dominant hand that awakens him at night. He describes numbness in his
long and index fingers after driving for extended periods of time. Examination shows minimal
atrophy of the thenar muscles. There is normal sensation to light touch on the little finger and the
palm of the right hand. Sensation to light touch is decreased at the tip of the thumb, index finger,
and long finger. X-ray films of the right elbow and wrist show no abnormalities.
For each patient with peripheral nerve dysfunction, select the most likely site of nerve injury.
A
) Axillary nerve
B
) Cervical nerve root at the cervical foramen
C
) Long thoracic nerve
D
) Median nerve above the elbow
E
) Median nerve at the elbow
F
) Median nerve at the wrist
G
) Musculocutaneous nerve above the elbow
H
) Musculocutaneous nerve at the elbow
I
) Musculocutaneous nerve at the wrist
J
) Radial nerve above the elbow
K
) Radial nerve at the elbow
L
) Radial nerve at the wrist

M
) Suprascapular nerve
N
) Thoracodorsal nerve
O) Ulnar nerve above the elbow
P) Ulnar nerve at the elbow
Q) Ulnar nerve at the wrist
8. A previously healthy 37-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of
pain in the forearm and little finger of his dominant hand; he has been working as a receptionist for
6 months. He describes numbness in his little finger and weakness of his grip. There is decreased
sensation to light touch at the tip of the little finger. Paresthesias are elicited with compression of
the cubital tunnel. ULNAR NERVE AT ELBOW
9. A 3-month-old boy is brought for a well-child examination. He has poor head control. Examination
shows generalized hypotonia. The point of maximal impulse is at the left anterior axillary line. The
liver edge is palpated 4 cm below the right costal margin. The spleen is not palpable. Which of the
A) Congenital muscular dystrophy
B) Glycogen storage disease, type II (Pompe's disease)
C) GM1 gangliosidosis
D) Infant botulism
E) Ventricular septal defect
10. Over the past 3 months, a 30-year-old woman has had intermittent episodes of headache,
palpitations, sweating, and irritability. Her blood pressure is 150/100 mm Hg while supine and
149/100 mm Hg while standing, and pulse is 90/min while supine and 110/min while standing.
Examination shows no abnormalities except for pallor. Which of the following is the most likely
location of this patient's lesion?
A
) Adrenal gland
B
) Brain
C
) Heart
D
) Kidney
E
) Thyroid gland
11. A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 45 minutes after sustaining a
single, large stab wound to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. He is obtunded. His blood
pressure is 60/palpable mm Hg, and pulse is 148/min. Breath sounds are equal bilaterally.
Examination shows a 4-cm laceration in the right upper quadrant in the midclavicular line. The
abdomen is distended. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A
) X-ray films of the abdomen and pelvis
B
) Angiography
C
) Contrast study of the wound tract
D
E
) CT scan of the chest
F
) Laparoscopy
G
) Peritoneal lavage
H
) Laparotomy
I
) Local wound exploration
12. A 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of decreased libido; this symptom began
8 months ago, after she underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy for leiomyomata uteri and menorrhagia. She has been taking hormone replacement
therapy with conjugated estrogen since the operation. Examination shows a moist, rugated vagina.
Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
A) Decreased androgens
B) Decreased estrogen
C) Decreased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) Decreased luteinizing hormone (LH)
E) Decreased progesterone
F) Decreased prolactin
G) Increased androgens
H) Increased estrogen
I) Increased FSH
J) Increased LH
K) Increased progesterone
L) Increased prolactin
13. A 7-day-old newborn is brought for a well-child examination. He was born at home. His mother
has taken acetaminophen for perineal discomfort. The newborn is breast-feeding well. He is at the
75th percentile for length and weight. Examination shows no abnormalities. After vaccination with
hepatitis B, he has prolonged bleeding at the injection site. There is no family history of excessive
bleeding. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 16 g/dL
Bands 2%
Lymphocytes 50%
Prothrombin time 20 sec (INR=1.6)
Partial thromboplastin time 60 sec
Which of the following is the most likely mechanism for these findings?
A) Autoimmunization
B) Bacterial toxic effect
C) Factor VIII deficiency
D) Factor IX deficiency
E) Immunoglobulin deficiency
F) Iron deficiency
G) Pharmacologic effect
H) Viral toxic effect
I) Vitamin deficiency
J) Zinc deficiency
14.
A 67-year-old man with long-standing signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure is admitted to
the hospital because of progressive shortness of breath. Examination shows no other abnormalities.
An x-ray film of the chest shows cardiomegaly, cephalization of blood vessels, and a right-sided
pleural effusion. Which of the following sets of pleural fluid findings is most likely in this patient?
Leukocyte Segmented
Protein Glucose count neutrophils Monocytes
(g/dL) (mg/dL) (/mm3) (%) (%)
A) 2.5 10
10,000 50
50
B) 2.5 90
2000
60
40
C) 3.8 40
30,000 80
20
D) 4.5 60
10,000 20
80
E) 4.5 90
2000
50
50
15. For 8 weeks, a 52-year-old man with a 5-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus has had deep
burning pain in the ball of his right foot and big toe when the foot is raised above chest level. He
also has cramping in his right calf when he walks more than 50 feet. He has smoked two packs of
cigarettes daily for 30 years. Femoral pulses are palpable; pedal pulses are absent. Which of the

A) Aortoiliac stenosis
B) Femoral popliteal stenosis
C) Mononeuropathy
D) Vasculitis
E) Venous stasis
16. A 1-year study of a new drug to treat hypertension is conducted. One hundred patients with
hypertension are enrolled; 50 patients are given the new drug and another 50 patients are given
hydrochlorothiazide. All patients completed the trial. One noted unexpected effect is increased
growth of scalp hair which occurred in those taking the new drug, a nonstatistically significant
difference (p>0.10). This effect has also been reported in studies of other similar drugs in the new
therapeutic class. The investigators of the study concluded that the new drug did not cause hair
growth. Which of the following features of this study is most likely to affect the validity of this
conclusion?
A) Differential follow-up
B) Lead time bias
C) Length of the study
D) Sample size
E) Self-selection
17. A 38-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 38 weeks' gestation has had no fetal movement for
36 hours. Her prenatal course, prenatal tests, and fetal growth have been normal. Fetal heart tones
are heard by Doppler. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A
) Routine prenatal visit in 1 week
B
) Maternal hydration
C
) Nonstress test
D
) Immediate induction of labor
E
) Amniocentesis
18. A healthy 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician 1 week after he was exposed for several
hours to a child with chickenpox. The patient and his healthy sister have not had chickenpox. They
have not received varicella vaccine. Which of the following is the most appropriate management for
the patient and his sister at this time?
A) Administer acyclovir as prophylaxis
B) Administer immune globulin, intravenously
C) Administer aspirin therapy if vesicles appear
D) Advise the parents to keep the siblings home from school to prevent exposing their classmates
E) Inform the parents that a vesicular rash may appear at any time over the next 2 weeks
19. A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of progressive visual loss
over the past year. Over the past 2 years, he has had deterioration of his hearing, speech, writing,
and intellectual performance. His maternal uncle had similar symptoms. Visual acuity is 20/200
bilaterally. Funduscopic examination shows optic atrophy. His hearing is markedly impaired. There is
weakness and spasticity of all extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are extremely hyperactive.
Babinski's sign is present bilaterally. On mental status examination, he is not oriented to place,
year, month, or the names of his siblings. An MRI of the brain shows marked symmetric white
matter disease involving all lobes. Diagnostic studies are most likely to show which of the following?
A
) Abnormally decreased serum cholesterol level
B
) Acanthocytes on blood smear
C
) An excess of very long chain fatty acids
D
) Normal nerve conduction studies
E
) Vitamin E deficiency
20. A 22-year-old primigravid woman at 16 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency
department because of progressive shortness of breath over the past 48 hours. Her temperature is
37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 24/min.
Scattered wheezes are heard. Pelvic examination shows a uterus that extends to the umbilicus.
Fetal heart tones are absent. Her hematocrit is 32%, leukocyte count is 11,000/mm3, and serum hCG level is 300,000 mIU/mL. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 92%. An xray film of the chest shows multiple round densities throughout all lung fields. Which of the
A) Bacterial pneumonia
B) Choriocarcinoma
C) Pulmonary embolism
D) Tuberculosis
E) Viral pneumonia
21. A 42-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressive swelling of the legs over the
past 2 months. He has a history of stage IIA Hodgkin's disease treated 1 year ago with radiation
therapy to the neck and chest. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 102/80 mm Hg,
pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. Examination shows jugular venous distention that
increases with inspiration. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows a
nondisplaced point of maximal impulse; heart sounds are distant. An early diastolic sound is heard
at the apex. Abdominal examination shows mild distention with shifting dullness. The liver is
pulsatile, and its edge is palpated 4 cm below the right costal margin. There is 2+ peripheral edema
extending up to the knees. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of this patient's
increased central venous pressure?
A) Constrictive pericarditis
:The diagnosis in this patient is Constrictive Pericarditis. It results from obliteration of pericardial
space and fibrosis of pericardium following an acute fibrinous or serofibrinous pericarditis or chronic
pericardial effusion.
:Some causes of constrictive pericarditis are
- Tuberculosis,
- Post radiotherapy (31% in USA),
- Post surgical (11%),
- Connective tissue disorders, neoplasm, uremia, sarcoidosis, etc.
:Constrictive pericarditis will lead to inability of ventricle to fill properly during diastole and would
further cause the signs and symptoms of decreased cardiac output (fatigue, muscle wasting etc)
and /or signs and symptoms of venous overload like elevated JVP, dyspnea, ascites, positive
Kussmaul's sign (Jugular venous distention that increases with inspiration), pedal edema, tender
hepatomegaly etc. Sharp 'x' and 'y' descent on central venous tracing is characteristic of
constrictive pericarditis as is the presence of pericardial knock (early heart sound heard after S2).
B) Cor pulmonale
C) Left-sided congestive heart failure
D) Mitral stenosis
E) Tricuspid stenosis
22. A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after he fainted at home
after standing up from a sitting position. His symptoms began 3 days ago with diarrhea and
vomiting. He has had no urine output for 18 hours. He is alert but quiet. His temperature is 37.5 C
(99.5 F), blood pressure is 75/45 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 28/min.
Examination shows dry lips and tenting of the skin. There is no abdominal tenderness. Bowel
sounds are hyperactive. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. His capillary
refill time is 5 seconds. Intravenous bolus doses of 0.9% saline are administered. Bladder
catheterization yields 5 mL of urine. Urinalysis is most likely to show which of the following?
A
) Blood
B
) Erythrocyte casts
C
) Hyaline casts
D
) Leukocyte casts
E
) Oxalate crystals
23.
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of fever and cough for 2 days. He had
Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis at the age of 1 year, S. pneumoniae bacteremia at the age of
18 months, and pneumonia at the age of 22 months. Two maternal uncles died before the age of 2
years from "infection." His temperature is 39.8 C (103.6 F), pulse is 150/min, and respirations are
60/min. Examination shows subcostal retractions on inspiration. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 10 g/dL
Bands 20%
Lymphocytes 8%
Monocytes 2%
Serum
IgA <5 mg/dL
IgG 30 mg/dL
IgM <5 mg/dL
An x-ray film of the chest shows an infiltrate in the left upper lobe. Which of the following is the
A
) Reexamination in 12 weeks
B
) Prednisone therapy only
C
) Prednisone, vincristine, doxorubicin, asparaginase, and methotrexate therapy
D
) Zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), and ritonavir therapy
E
) Intravenous immunoglobulin infusion
F
) Bone marrow transplantation
G
) Thymus transplantation
24.
A previously healthy 13-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 2-month history of
intermittent abdominal pain and loose stools. She has had a 2.3-kg (5-lb) weight loss during this
period due to a decreased appetite, but she drinks up to 1 liter of fruit juice daily. At her last visit 9
months ago, she was at the 50th percentile for height and the 50th percentile for weight. She is
now at the 50th percentile for height and the 10th percentile for weight. Her temperature is 37.8 C
(100 F), pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. Examination shows no other abnormalities.
Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 8.5 g/dL
Lymphocytes 35%
Monocytes 10%
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 75 mm/h
Serum
Na+ 139 mEq/L
Cl 101 mEq/L
K+ 3.2 mEq/L
HCO3 23 mEq/L
Glucose 73 mg/dL
A barium enema shows patches of ulcerations along the proximal colon with reflux of dye into the
terminal ileum. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A
) Eliminate fruit juice from the patient's diet
B
) Switch to a gluten-free diet
C
) H2- receptor blocking agent therapy
D
) Prednisone and aminosalicylate therapy
E
) Bowel resection
25. An asymptomatic 57-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance
examination. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 37 years. His blood pressure is
180/112 mm Hg, and pulse is 82/min. Abdominal examination shows a bruit in the right upper
quadrant and no masses. His hematocrit is 42%, serum urea nitrogen (BUN) level is 23 mg/dL, and
serum creatinine level is 1.4 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's
bruit?
A) Accumulation of lipids in the arterial wall
B) Hypertrophy of the arterial wall media
C) Infiltration of arterial wall by giant cells
D) Infiltration of round cells in the arterial wall
E) Reflex vasodilation
26. An otherwise healthy 4-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a birthmark on her
arm that has increased in size over the past several weeks. Examination shows a 3 x 2-cm, bright
red, raised, soft, nontender, compressible patch over the left forearm. Which of the following is the
A
) Topical corticosteroid therapy
B
) Biopsy
C
) Laser therapy
D
) Excision
E
) No intervention is necessary
27. A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician in September because of fever and sore throat for 1
day. She is in the third week of second grade. Her temperature is 38.6 C (101.5 F). Examination
shows an erythematous pharynx and slightly enlarged tonsils without exudate. There is no
significant cervical lymphadenopathy. A rapid test for group A streptococcus is negative. Which of
A) Monospot test
B) Throat culture
C) Intramuscular penicillin therapy
D) Oral erythromycin therapy
E) Oral penicillin therapy
For each patient with weakness, select the most appropriate test to establish the cause of the
condition.
A
) Brain stem auditory evoked potentials
B
) Carotid ultrasonography
C
) Chromosomal analysis for trinucleotide repeat
D
) Electroencephalography
E
) Electromyography and nerve conduction studies
F
) MRI of the spine
G
) Muscle biopsy
H
) Repetitive nerve stimulation
I
) Somatosensory evoked potentials
J
) SPECT scan
K
) Temporal artery biopsy
L
) Visual evoked potentials
28. A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 6 hours after the onset of weakness
of his right face, arm, and leg. Three days ago, he had an episode of sudden visual loss in his left
eye that he describes as "a shade coming down." The episode resolved completely within 10
minutes. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, both poorly controlled with lisinopril
and glyburide. Examination shows expressive aphasia and right lower facial droop. There is
moderate weakness on the right, worse in the upper extremity than the lower extremity. Deep
tendon reflexes are 3+ in the right extremities and 2+ in the left extremities. Babinski's sign is
present on the right. Sensory examination shows no abnormalities.

For each patient with weakness, select the most appropriate test to establish the cause of the
condition.
A
) Brain stem auditory evoked potentials
B
) Carotid ultrasonography
C
) Chromosomal analysis for trinucleotide repeat
D
) Electroencephalography
E
) Electromyography and nerve conduction studies
F
) MRI of the spine
G
) Muscle biopsy
H
) Repetitive nerve stimulation
I
) Somatosensory evoked potentials
J
) SPECT scan
K
) Temporal artery biopsy
L
) Visual evoked potentials
29. A previously healthy 27-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a
2-day history of weakness of her arms and legs and numbness of her hands and feet and a 4-hour
history of mild shortness of breath while supine. The weakness began in her feet and has
progressed to involve the hands. She describes a sensation of "electrical shocks" extending from
the buttocks to the feet. Today, she tripped and fell several times and was unable to button clothes
or hold utensils. Three weeks ago, she had a mild upper gastrointestinal illness that resolved within
5 days. Her respirations are 20/min and shallow. There is mild facial weakness; cranial nerves are
otherwise intact. Muscle strength in the upper and lower extremities is 4/5 proximally and 2/5
distally. There is areflexia. Babinski's sign is absent bilaterally. Sensation to vibration is slightly
decreased at the fingers and toes.
30. A 72-year-old man comes to the physician with his wife because of chronic abdominal pain and
headaches for 4 months. His wife states that he has become more forgetful over the past 6 months.
He has a history of gout. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 50 years and drinks 10 oz
of homemade whiskey daily. He takes no medications. His temperature is 36.8 C (98.3 F), blood
pressure is 160/98 mm Hg, pulse is 74/min, and respirations are 16/min. Neurologic examination
shows mild short-term memory loss and decreased sensation to pinprick in the distal extremities.
He has an ataxic gait. There are gouty tophi on the dorsal aspect of the left elbow. Laboratory
studies show:
Hematocrit 33%
Serum
Glucose 90 mg/dL
Creatinine 2 mg/dL
Uric acid 14 mg/dL
A) Measurement of blood lead level
Homemade Whiskey, this gotta be "Moonshine whiskey" (illicit distillation),also called White
Lightning, Mountain Dew, Hooch. The radiators used as condensers contain Lead at the
connections to the plumbing, so this is related to lead Poisoning.
CLINIC:
Common symptoms include colicky abdominal pain, constipation, headache, and irritability.
Severe poisoning may cause coma and convulsions.
Chronic intoxication can cause learning disorders (in children) and motor neuropathy (eg, wrist
drop).
Lead-containing bullet fragments in or near joint spaces can result in chronic lead toxicity.
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is based on measurement of the blood lead level. Whole blood lead levels < 10 mcg/dL
are usually considered nontoxic.
Levels between 10 and 25 mcg/dL have been associated with impaired neurobehavioral
development in children.
Levels of 2550 mcg/dL may be associated with headache, irritability, and subclinical
neuropathy.
Levels of 5070 mcg/dL are associated with moderate toxicity
Levels over 70100 mcg/dL are often associated with severe poisoning.
Other laboratory findings of lead poisoning include:
Microcytic anemia with basophilic stippling
Elevated Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin (FEP)
X-rays of long bones (dense lead lines)
Treatment
Refer to department of health when blood lead level > 15 g/dL.
Begin chelation when blood lead level > 45 g/dL.
Dimercaprol (BAL) should be administered to any patient with encephalopathy or a whole
blood lead level greater than 100 g/dL
The dose is 4 to 6 mg/kg per dose (maximum 300 mg per dose). Because of its vehicle, BAL
should not be administered to patients with a history of peanut allergy.
B) Measurement of serum porphobilinogen level
C) CT scan of the abdomen
D) MRI of the brain
E) Carbidopa-levodopa therapy
31. A county health officer investigates an outbreak of illness among persons attending a church
picnic. The illness is characterized by the onset of nausea and vomiting 3 to 4 hours after attending
the picnic. All affected persons recover without specific therapy. The investigation implicates egg
salad as the vehicle of transmission. This episode is consistent with a foodborne outbreak caused
by which of the following?

A
) Clostridium perfringens
B
) Giardia lamblia
C
) Salmonella species
D
) Staphylococcus aureus
32. A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of generalized weakness for 2 weeks. She
has a 20-year history of arthritis of the hands treated with aspirin and acetaminophen. She had two
episodes of urinary tract infections 5 and 11 years ago, respectively. Examination shows no
abnormalities except for Heberden's nodes on the hands. Laboratory studies show:
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
15 mm/h
Serum
Na+
136 mEq/L
Cl
100 mEq/L
K+
4.9 mEq/L
HCO3
20 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen (BUN)
41 mg/dL
Creatinine
4 mg/dL
Urine
Protein
1+
WBC
24/hpf
RBC
none
Bacteria
none
Squamous epithelial cells
occasional
Granular casts
occasional
Renal ultrasonography shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is most likely to have
prevented this condition?
A
) Periodic PPD skin testing
B
) Screening for autoimmune causes of glomerulonephritis
C
) Periodic renal ultrasonography
D
) Avoidance of analgesics
E
) Suppressive antibiotic therapy for treatment of urinary tract infections
33. A 60-year-old man comes to the physician because of increasing shortness of breath for 1 week;
it occurs at rest and is exacerbated by exertion. He has not had chest pain. He has smoked two
packs of cigarettes daily for 40 years. Between the ages of 18 and 30 years, he worked in a
warehouse with exposed bare insulation; for the past 15 years, he has driven a taxi.
Medications include ipratropium bromide and albuterol metered-dose inhalers. His temperature is
37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 170/95 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 24/min.
Anterior and posterior diffuse wheezes are heard. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs. There is
mild pretibial edema. An x-ray film of the chest shows calcified pleural plaques on the right
hemidiaphragm and a 2-cm pleural-based mass. With regard to the findings on the x-ray film, which
of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?
A) Appropriate immunizations
B) Different occupation - asbestos
C) Different medications
D) Hypertension screening
E) Smoking cessation
34. A previously healthy 67-year-old man is admitted to the hospital because of lethargy, confusion,
muscle cramps, and decreased appetite for 7 days. He appears ill. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F),
blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, and respirations are 20/min. Breath sounds are
diminished at the right lung base. Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities except for
lethargy. Serum studies show:
Na+
114 mEq/L
K+
4.3 mEq/L
Creatinine
1 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
4.1 U/mL
An x-ray film of the chest shows a 2-cm nodule in the right lower lobe and mediastinal adenopathy.
A biopsy specimen of the nodule is most likely to show which of the following?
A
) Adenocarcinoma
B
) Clear cell carcinoma
C
) Mesothelioma
D
) Small cell carcinoma
E
) Squamous cell carcinoma
35. A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of bloating and cramping abdominal pain
and intermittent diarrhea over the past 5 years. Her symptoms have increased over the past month
since she started a new diet that emphasizes yogurt and cottage cheese as low-fat sources of
calcium and protein. Vital signs are within normal limits. Abdominal examination shows diffuse
tenderness to palpation with no rebound tenderness; there are no masses or organomegaly. Bowel
sounds are increased. Test of the stool for occult blood is negative. Which of the following is the
best explanation for this patient's diarrhea?
A) Impaired intestinal motility
B) Inflammatory process
C) Malabsorption LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
D) Secretory process
36. A 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of intermittent
bloody discharge from the right breast. She does not perform regular monthly breast selfexaminations. She has a 3-year history of major depressive disorder treated with fluoxetine.
Examination of the breasts shows no abnormalities. No masses are noted on palpation.
Serosanguineous fluid can be expressed from the nipple of the right breast by pressing on the left
side of the areola. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A
) Cystosarcoma phyllodes
B
) Fat necrosis
C
) Fibroadenoma
D
) Fibrocystic changes of the breast
E
) Galactorrhea
F
) Hyperprolactinemia
G
) Intraductal papilloma
H
) Mastitis
I
) Paget's disease of the breast
37. A 6-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of poor feeding and labored breathing for
2 months. She has had recurrent respiratory tract infections since birth. Examination shows a toand-fro murmur in the second left intercostal space, a loud S2, bounding peripheral pulses, and a
widened pulse pressure. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Atrial septal defect (ostium primum type)
B) Atrial septal defect (ostium secundum type)
C) Atrioventricular canal
D) Coarctation of the aorta

E) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
F) Patent ductus arteriosus
: While some cases of PDA are asymptomatic, common symptoms include:
tachycardia
respiratory problems
dyspnea shortness of breath
continuous machine-like heart murmur (usually from aorta to pulmonary artery, with higher
flow during systole and lower flow during diastole)
cardiomegaly - enlarged heart, reflecting ventricular dilation and volume overload
left subclavicular thrill
bounding pulse
widened pulse pressure
Patients typically present in good health, with normal respirations and heart rate. If the
ductus is moderate or large, widened pulse pressure and bounding peripheral pulses are
frequently present, reflecting increased left ventricular stroke volume and diastolic runoff of
blood into the initially lower-resistant pulmonary vascular bed. Prominent suprasternal and
carotid pulsations may be noted secondary to increased left ventricular stroke volume.
poor growth[1]
differential cyanosis, i.e. cyanosis of the lower extremities but not of the upper body.
G) Tetralogy of Fallot
H) Transposition of the great arteries
I) Tricuspid atresia
J) Ventricular septal defect
38. A 70-year-old man comes to the physician because of urinary hesitancy and frequency for 9
months. His temperature is 37.5 C (99.5 F). Examination shows a circumcised penis with no urethral
discharge. Testicular examination shows no abnormalities. Rectal examination shows an enlarged
rubbery prostate that is nontender to palpation. Urinalysis shows many leukocytes and no
erythrocytes. Gram's stain of urine shows gram-negative rods. Which of the following is the most
likely cause of this patient's condition?
A) Infection of the epididymis
B) Infection of the prostate
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is characterized by pelvic or
perineal pain without evidence of urinary tract infection,[2] lasting longer than 3 months,[3] as the
key symptom. Symptoms may wax and wane. Pain can range from mild to debilitating. Pain may
radiate to the back and rectum, making sitting uncomfortable. Pain can be present in the perineum,
testicles, tip of penis, pubic or bladder area.[4] Dysuria, arthralgia, myalgia, unexplained fatigue,
abdominal pain, constant burning pain in the penis, and frequency may all be present. Frequent
urination and increased urgency may suggest interstitial cystitis (inflammation centred in bladder
rather than prostate). Post-ejaculatory pain, mediated by nerves and muscles, is a hallmark of the
condition,[5] and serves to distinguish CP/CPPS patients from men with BPH or normal men. Some
patients report low libido, sexual dysfunction and erectile difficulties.
C) Infection of the urethra
D) Neurogenic bladder
E) Outflow obstruction of the bladder

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Abdominal pain
Continuous feeling of a full bladder
Delayed onset of urination (urinary hesitancy)
Frequent urination
Inability to urinate (acute urinary retention)
Pain on urination (dysuria)
Slow urine flow
Urinary tract infection
Urine stream starts and stops (urinary intermittency)
BPH-Enlarged rubbery prostate nontender to palaption.

39. A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of lethargy and boredom since the birth
of her son 5 months ago. She worries about her ability to care for him and has had frequent
palpitations. She is unable to fall back asleep after nighttime feedings. She stopped breast-feeding
1 month ago. Her son is healthy, and growth and development are normal for his age. Her blood
pressure is 122/80 mm Hg, pulse is 58/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination
shows no abnormalities. She remembers one out of three objects after 5 minutes. Her serum
cholesterol level is 265 mg/dL. The most appropriate next step in diagnosis is measurement of
which of the following serum levels?
A
) Cortisol
B
) Estrogen
C
) Progesterone
D
) Prolactin
E
) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
40. The genetic disease institute at a university hospital has developed a rapid screening test for a
serious but treatable inherited metabolic disorder. Although this disorder is predominantly found in
a particular ethnic group, it is also found sporadically throughout the entire population. The
screening test has a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 90%. When used in an ethnically
prescreened population where the prevalence of this disorder is 30%, the positive predictive value
is 80% and the negative predictive value is 96%. The institute proposes to use this screening test
on the general population where the prevalence of this disease is 0.1%. Which of the following is
the most likely result of this screening program?
A) Negative predictive value decreases
B) Positive predictive value decreases
- PPV is directly proportional to PREVALENCE.
C) Sensitivity decreases
D) Specificity decreases
41. A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-year history of increasingly severe
dull pain in her lower back and buttocks. She also has had morning stiffness of the lower back that
lasts for 1 to 2 hours. There is no history of trauma. Her job does not require heavy lifting. Her blood
pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 68/min and regular, and respirations are 16/min.
Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. There is tenderness to palpation over the
sacroiliac joints bilaterally and decreased flexion and extension of the lumbar spine. An x-ray film of
the lumbosacral spine shows sclerosis of the sacroiliac joints. Laboratory studies are most likely to
show which of the following findings in this patient?
A) Decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
B) Histocompatibility human leukocyte antigen B27
C) Increased serum antinuclear antibody titer
D) Increased serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level
E) Positive serum rheumatoid factor
42. A 6-month-old boy is brought to the physician because of respiratory distress for 1 day. He had
a persistent dry cough 3 days ago. He has not had a fever or nasal discharge, but he has had
chronic watery stools. He is at the 50th percentile for height and 10th percentile for weight. He
appears ill and is in respiratory distress. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), pulse is 140/min, and
respirations are 78/min. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 70% while breathing room
air. Examination shows white plaques on the mucous membranes of his mouth and diffuse
adenopathy. There are intercostal retractions, and diffuse crackles are heard throughout all lung
fields. In addition to oxygen and antibiotic therapy, which of the following is the most appropriate
next step in management?
A) Stool culture for bacterial pathogens
B) Urinalysis
C) HIV testing
In neonates, serologic testing is not useful for HIV diagnosis because of the passage of maternal
antibodies to the fetal circulation through the placenta. PCR, viral culture and p24 antigen
testing are more appropriate; HIV infection is confirmed if at least two of these tests are
positive.
The disease progresses more rapidly in neonates and infants. Infected infants are generally
asymptomatic at birth.
The first symptoms usually appear in the first month and include:
Persistent oral thrush, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly.
More severe symptoms subsequently develop, such as intractable diarrhea, refractory
infections and failure to thrive. Half of HIV positive children develop AIDS in the first year of
life, with an average survival rate of 3 years.
*** Persistent oral thrush, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly may be the
presenting symptoms of AIDS in infants.
D) Quantitative measurement of immunoglobulins
E) Nitroblue tetrazolium testing
F) Platelet morphology evaluation
G) Tympanocentesis
43. A 42-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because of a 2-month history of
staring spells that last 1 to 2 minutes each. During episodes, he also smacks his lips and picks at
his shirt collar. Four years ago, he was comatose for 2 weeks after sustaining a head injury in a
motorcycle collision; he required 6 months of rehabilitation. He reports that, over the past year, he
has had intermittent episodes of smelling burnt rubber that occur approximately every 2 weeks. He
hears an intense hissing sound during these episodes. Examination shows no abnormalities. Which
of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Absence seizures
B) Complex partial seizures
Complex partial or temporal lobe seizuresDuring this type of seizure, you will briefly lose contact
with reality, stop purposeful activity, and begin a series of automatic gestures, such as lip
smacking, handwringing, picking at clothing, etc. Not everyone develops automatic gestures during
these seizures; sometimes it simply appears as a brief moment of confusion or loss of
attentiveness. Occasionally this type of seizure is accompanied by the perception of unusual sights,
sounds, or smells
C) Transient ischemic attack
D) Tourette's disorder
E) Limbic encephalopathy
:Limbic encephalitis is a form of encephalitis, a disease characterised by inflammation of the brain.
[1] Limbic encephalitis is caused by autoimmunity
44.
A 47-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for evaluation of a 2-week history of increased
irritability and racing thoughts. Her family reports that she argues with anyone who does not agree
with her. She has been talking incessantly at a rapid rate and pacing around the house. She says
that, for years, she has been hearing the voice of God telling her that she has been chosen for a
special mission. She has barely slept for the past week, waiting to hear further messages from God.
She is disheveled and dehydrated. Serum studies show:
Na+ 137 mEq/L
Cl 96 mEq/L
K+ 3.8 mEq/L
HCO3 22 mEq/L
Glucose 68 mg/dL
Mental status examination shows disorganized thoughts and flight of ideas. She is agitated and has
difficulty staying seated. She is too distractible to perform cognitive tests. Toxicology screening is
negative. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A
) Acute renal failure
B
) Borderline personality disorder
C
) Diabetes insipidus
D
) Narcissistic personality disorder
E
) Schizoaffective disorder
F
) Schizoid personality disorder
45. A 20-year-old man comes for a routine health maintenance examination. He has a 15-year
history of difficulty relaxing his hands after tightly gripping objects or after shaking hands. His
father has cataracts and frontal baldness. Examination shows thin forearms. There is moderate
weakness of the hands and difficulty releasing after gripping with his hands. Which of the following
is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
B) Cervical spondylosis
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Myasthenia gravis
E) Myasthenic (Lambert-Eaton) syndrome
F) Myotonic muscular dystrophy
:Myotonic dystrophy (Steinert disease) is the second mc muscular dystrophy in North America,
Europe, and Australia. AD trait.
(DM1) is caused by a CTG trinucleotide expansion on chromosome 19q13.3 ; 3q21 and 15q21q24.
Myotonic Dystrophy is an example of a genetic defect causing dysfunction in multiple organ
systems. Not only is striated muscle severely affected, but smooth muscle of the alimentary tract
and uterus is also involved, cardiac function is altered, and patients have multiple and variable
endocrinopathies, immunologic deficiencies, cataracts, dysmorphic facies, intellectual impairment,
and other neurologic abnormalities.
Infants can appear almost normal at birth, or facial wasting and hypotonia can already be early
expressions of the disease. The facial appearance is characteristic, consisting of an inverted
V-shaped upper lip, thin cheeks, and scalloped, concave temporalis muscles. The head
may be narrow, and the palate is high and arched because the weak temporal and pterygoid
muscles in late fetal life do not exert sufficient lateral forces on the developing head and face.
"Facial weakness, inverted V-shaped upper lip, and loss of muscle mass in the temporal
fossae" are characteristic of myotonic muscular dystrophy, even in infancy.
Weakness is mild in the first few years. Progressive wasting of distal muscles becomes increasingly
evident, particularly involving intrinsic muscles of the hands. The thenar and hypothenar
eminences are flattened, and the atrophic dorsal interossei leave deep grooves between the
fingers. The dorsal forearm muscles and anterior compartment muscles of the lower legs
also become wasted. The tongue is thin and atrophic. Wasting of the sternocleidomastoids
gives the neck a long, thin, cylindrical contour. Proximal muscles also eventually undergo atrophy,
and scapular winging appears. Difficulty with climbing stairs and Gowers sign are
progressive. Tendon stretch reflexes are usually preserved. During physical examination, myotonia
may be demonstrated by asking the patient to make tight fists and then to quickly open the hands.
Rx: Myotonia may be diminished, and function may be restored by drugs that raise the
depolarization threshold of muscle membranes, such as mexiletine, phenytoin, carbamazepine,
procainamide, and quinidine sulfate.
G) Polymyalgia rheumatica
H) Polymyositis
I) Progressive neuropathic (peroneal) muscular atrophy
46. A 47-year-old man is admitted to the hospital after threatening to harm a radio announcer he
believed was broadcasting his thoughts. Over the past 20 years, he has had multiple psychiatric
hospitalizations for threatening people who he believed were plotting against him, trying to control
his mind, or causing him to hear voices by implanting devices in his head. Past symptoms improved
with neuroleptic therapy; after discharge, he discontinued the medication and his symptoms
worsened. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy to decrease this
patient's risk for future hospitalization?
A) Clozapine
B) Fluphenazine hydrochloride
C) Haloperidol decanoate
NONCOMPLIANCE TREATMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
=======================================
Treatment noncompliance in schizophrenic patients is common and results from several factors.
Patients who live by themselves, who have poor social support systems, who are elderly, or who
have developed side effects with the use of neuroleptics are all more likely to be noncompliantwith
their medications.
This noncompliance leads to symptom exacerbation, relapse, and recurrent hospitalization.
It is therefore recommended that schizophrenic patients with a history of noncompliance be given
LONG_ACTING INJECTABLE ANTIPSYCHOTICS such as *** Fluphenazine or *** Haloperidol.
When administered in an outpatient setting at regularly scheduled intervals (usually 2x/month,
twice per month), high doses of injectable antipsychotics allow for better symptom control and
circumvent the issue of poor medication adherence.
***** DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS such as:
Fluphenazine Decanoate &
Haloperidol decanoate
They are the treatment of choice for schizophrenic patients who suffer relapses due to treatment
noncompliance.
D) Risperidone
E) Trifluoperazine hydrochloride
___________________________________________________________________
Answers:
NBME CK form 1
block 1
cbbbc fdajh cagcf cbfed bdbed daabb ecaab debed cacea d
block 2
ddadd efegc edbec dgahh bbeeb cdeaa adbfe eddde ddbbb b
block 3
fcbbe cacae ccced abgcd caacc caeab bbeba dabaa dcedb g
block 4
heddd gfpda hhibd dcecb aceda eabea ddedc gfeeb bcbef c
NBME FORM 1 ANSWERS

BLOCK 1
1- C
2 -B
3 -B
4- B
5 -C
6 -F
7- D
8 -B
9 -H
10 11-C / B ?
12- A
13- G
14 C
15- F
16-C
17- B
18- F
19- E
20 D
21- B
22-D / C ?
23-B
24-E
25-D
26-D
27-A
28-A
29-B
30- B
31- E / D
32-C
33-C
34-A
35-B
36-D
37-E
38-B
39-E
40-D
41-C
42-A
43-C
44-E
45-A
46-D
block 2
1-b
2-d?
3-a
4-d
5-d
6-e
7-f
8-e / next ? c
9-g??
10-c
11-e
12-d
13-B/ d??
14-e
15-c
16- D
17- G
18- E
19- H
20- K
21- B
22- B
23- E
24- E
25- E
26- C
27- B
28- E
29- A
30- A
31- A
32- C / D
33- B
34- F
35- E
36- E
37- D
38- D
39- D
40- E
41- D
42- D / E
43- B
44- B
45- B
46- B
BLOCK 3
1F
2C
3B
4B
5E
6C
7A
8 C OR E ( if strept pyogens is the same as strept pneumonia then its E)
9A
10 E
11 C
12 C
13 A
14 E
15 D
16.a
17.b?g?
18.g
19.a?c?
20.b?d?
21.c
22.a
23.a
24.c
25.a?b?
26.c
27.a?b?
28.e?g?
29.a
30.b
31 B
32 B
33 E
34 B
35 A
36 D
37 A
38 B (why such a low bp in this patient,)?
39 E
40 B
41 D
42 C
43 E
44 D
45 B
46 G
BLOCK 4
1-m
2-e
3-e
4-d
5-d
6-g
7-f
8-q
9-a
10-a
11-h
12-?a
13-c
14-?b
15-b
16-?c
17-c
18-e
19-?c
20-b
21-a
22-c
23-e
24-d
25-b
26-e
27-c
28-?b
29-e
30-a
31-d
32-d
33 e
34-d
35-c
36-g
37-f
38-e
39-e
40-b
41-b
42-c
43-e
44-e
45-i
46-a

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What is the most likely explanation for the patient's poor response to fluid resuscitation?

What is the most likely explanation for the patient's poor response to fluid resuscitation?

NBME Form 1 Step 2

A ) Anemia secondary to infection

E ) Panic disorder with agoraphobia

9. An 82-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her granddaughter because of a 6-week

C ) Compression of the airway by a vascular ring

Head circumference (cm)

) Presynaptic neuromuscular junction

A) Escherichia coli infection

E) Vascular trauma would have resolved

is the most appropriate next step in management?

A) Notify the hospital liability department

of eczema herpeticum are (1):

C) High-output cardiac failure

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid shows:

B) Influenza virus vaccine

for each item in the set.

is most likely to be increased in this patient?

Creatinine 0.9 mg/dL

) Test of the stool for occult blood

) Radial nerve at the wrist

following is the most likely diagnosis?

present on the right. Sensory examination shows no abnormalities.

by which of the following?

D) Coarctation of the aorta

E) Outflow obstruction of the bladder

BPH-Enlarged rubbery prostate nontender to palaption.

of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

NBME FORM 1 ANSWERS

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