Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations

In this section we learn how to solve second-order nonhomogeneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients, that is, equations of the form
1

ay
by
cy
G
x

where a, b, and c are constants and G is a continuous function. The related homogeneous
equation
2

ay
by
cy
0

is called the complementary equation and plays an important role in the solution of the
original nonhomogeneous equation (1).
3 Theorem The general solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation (1)
can be written as

y
x
yp
x
yc
x

where yp is a particular solution of Equation 1 and yc is the general solution of the
complementary Equation 2.
Proof All we have to do is verify that if y is any solution of Equation 1, then y  yp is a
solution of the complementary Equation 2. Indeed

a
y  yp 
b
y  yp 
c
y  yp 
ay  ayp
by  byp
cy  cyp

ay
by
cy 
ayp
byp
cyp 

t
x  t
x
0
We know from Additional Topics: Second-Order Linear Differential Equations how to
solve the complementary equation. (Recall that the solution is yc
c1 y1
c2 y2 , where y1
and y2 are linearly independent solutions of Equation 2.) Therefore, Theorem 3 says that
we know the general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation as soon as we know a particular solution yp . There are two methods for finding a particular solution: The method of
undetermined coefficients is straightforward but works only for a restricted class of functions G. The method of variation of parameters works for every function G but i0s usually
more difficult to apply in practice.
The Method of Undetermined Coefficients
We first illustrate the method of undetermined coefficients for the equation
ay
by
cy
G
x
where G
x) is a polynomial. It is reasonable to guess that there is a particular solution
yp that is a polynomial of the same degree as G because if y is a polynomial, then
ay
by
cy is also a polynomial. We therefore substitute yp
x
a polynomial (of the
same degree as G ) into the differential equation and determine the coefficients.
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the equation y
y  2y
x 2.
SOLUTION The auxiliary equation of y
y  2y
0 is

r 2
r  2

r  1
r
2
0
1

2 NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

with roots r
1, 2. So the solution of the complementary equation is

yc
c1 e x
c2 e2x
Since G
x
x 2 is a polynomial of degree 2, we seek a particular solution of the form
yp
x
Ax 2
Bx
C
Then yp
2Ax
B and yp
2A so, substituting into the given differential equation, we
have

2A

2Ax
B  2
Ax 2
Bx
C
x 2
or

2Ax 2

2A  2Bx

2A
B  2C
x 2

Polynomials are equal when their coefficients are equal. Thus

Figure 1 shows four solutions of the differential equation in Example 1 in terms of the particular solution yp and the functions f
x
e x
and t
x
e2 x.

2A  2B
0

2A
B  2C
0

The solution of this system of equations is

A
 12

yp+2f+3g
yp+3g

2A
1

B
 12

C
 34

A particular solution is therefore

yp+2f

_3

yp
x
 12 x 2  12 x  34

yp

and, by Theorem 3, the general solution is

_5

y
yc
yp
c1 e x
c2 e2x  12 x 2  12 x  34

FIGURE 1

If G
x (the right side of Equation 1) is of the form Ce k x, where C and k are constants,
then we take as a trial solution a function of the same form, yp
x
Ae k x, because the
derivatives of e k x are constant multiples of e k x.
EXAMPLE 2 Solve y
4y
e 3x.
SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is r 2
4
0 with roots 2i, so the solution of the
Figure 2 shows solutions of the differential
equation in Example 2 in terms of yp and the
functions f
x
cos 2x and t
x
sin 2x.
Notice that all solutions approach  as x l 
and all solutions resemble sine functions when
x is negative.

complementary equation is
yc
x
c1 cos 2x
c2 sin 2x
For a particular solution we try yp
x
Ae 3x. Then yp
3Ae 3x and yp
9Ae 3x. Substituting into the differential equation, we have
9Ae 3x
4
Ae 3x 
e 3x

yp+f+g

yp+g
yp

_4
yp+f
_2

FIGURE 2

so 13Ae 3x
e 3x and A
131 . Thus, a particular solution is

2

yp
x
131 e 3x
and the general solution is
y
x
c1 cos 2x
c2 sin 2x
131 e 3x
If G
x is either C cos kx or C sin kx, then, because of the rules for differentiating the
sine and cosine functions, we take as a trial particular solution a function of the form
yp
x
A cos kx
B sin kx

NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 3

EXAMPLE 3 Solve y
y  2y
sin x.

SOLUTION We try a particular solution

yp
x
A cos x
B sin x

yp
A sin x
B cos x

Then

yp
A cos x  B sin x

so substitution in the differential equation gives

A cos x  B sin x

A sin x
B cos x  2
A cos x
B sin x
sin x

3A
B cos x

A  3B sin x
sin x

or
This is true if
3A
B
0

and

A  3B
1

The solution of this system is

A
 101

B
 103

so a particular solution is
yp
x
 101 cos x  103 sin x
In Example 1 we determined that the solution of the complementary equation is
yc
c1 e x
c2 e2x. Thus, the general solution of the given equation is
y
x
c1 e x
c2 e2x  101
cos x
3 sin x
If G
x is a product of functions of the preceding types, then we take the trial solution to be a product of functions of the same type. For instance, in solving the differential
equation
y
2y
4y
x cos 3x
we would try
yp
x

Ax
B cos 3x

Cx
D sin 3x
If G
x is a sum of functions of these types, we use the easily verified principle of superposition, which says that if yp1 and yp2 are solutions of
ay
by
cy
G1
x

ay
by
cy
G2
x

respectively, then yp1
yp2 is a solution of

ay
by
cy
G1
x
G2
x
EXAMPLE 4 Solve y  4y
xe x
cos 2x.
SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is r 2  4
0 with roots 2, so the solution of the com-

plementary equation is yc
x
c1 e 2x
c2 e2x. For the equation y  4y
xe x we try

yp1
x

Ax
Be x
Then yp1

Ax
A
Be x, yp1

Ax
2A
Be x, so substitution in the equation
gives

Ax
2A
Be x  4
Ax
Be x
xe x
or

3Ax
2A  3Be x
xe x

4 NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

Thus, 3A
1 and 2A  3B
0, so A
 13 , B
 29 , and

yp1
x
( 13 x  29 )e x
For the equation y  4y
cos 2x, we try
yp2
x
C cos 2x
D sin 2x
In Figure 3 we show the particular solution
yp
yp1
yp 2 of the differential equation in
Example 4. The other solutions are given in
terms of f
x
e 2 x and t
x
e2 x.

Substitution gives
4C cos 2x  4D sin 2x  4
C cos 2x
D sin 2x
cos 2x
8C cos 2x  8D sin 2x
cos 2x

or

yp+2f+g

Therefore, 8C
1, 8D
0, and

yp+g
yp+f
_4

yp2
x
 18 cos 2x

yp

By the superposition principle, the general solution is

_2

y
yc
yp1
yp2
c1 e 2x
c2 e2x  ( 13 x
29 )e x  18 cos 2x

FIGURE 3

Finally we note that the recommended trial solution yp sometimes turns out to be a solution of the complementary equation and therefore cant be a solution of the nonhomogeneous equation. In such cases we multiply the recommended trial solution by x (or by x 2
if necessary) so that no term in yp
x is a solution of the complementary equation.
EXAMPLE 5 Solve y
y
sin x.
SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is r 2
1
0 with roots i, so the solution of the com-

plementary equation is
yc
x
c1 cos x
c2 sin x
Ordinarily, we would use the trial solution
yp
x
A cos x
B sin x
but we observe that it is a solution of the complementary equation, so instead we try
yp
x
Ax cos x
Bx sin x
Then

yp
x
A cos x  Ax sin x
B sin x
Bx cos x

yp
x
2A sin x  Ax cos x
2B cos x  Bx sin x

The graphs of four solutions of the differential equation in Example 5 are shown in Figure 4.

Substitution in the differential equation gives

yp
yp
2A sin x
2B cos x
sin x

so A
 12 , B
0, and

_2

yp
x
 12 x cos x

yp
_4

FIGURE 4

The general solution is

y
x
c1 cos x
c2 sin x  12 x cos x

NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 5

We summarize the method of undetermined coefficients as follows:

1. If G
x
e kxP
x, where P is a polynomial of degree n, then try yp
x
e kxQ
x,

where Q
x is an nth-degree polynomial (whose coefficients are determined by

substituting in the differential equation.)
2. If G
x
e kxP
x cos mx or G
x
e kxP
x sin mx, where P is an nth-degree

polynomial, then try

yp
x
e kxQ
x cos mx
e kxR
x sin mx
where Q and R are nth-degree polynomials.
Modification: If any term of yp is a solution of the complementary equation, multiply yp
by x (or by x 2 if necessary).
EXAMPLE 6 Determine the form of the trial solution for the differential equation

y  4y
13y
e 2x cos 3x.

SOLUTION Here G
x has the form of part 2 of the summary, where k
2, m
3, and

P
x
1. So, at first glance, the form of the trial solution would be
yp
x
e 2x
A cos 3x
B sin 3x

But the auxiliary equation is r 2  4r
13
0, with roots r
2  3i, so the solution

of the complementary equation is
yc
x
e 2x
c1 cos 3x
c2 sin 3x
This means that we have to multiply the suggested trial solution by x. So, instead, we
use
yp
x
xe 2x
A cos 3x
B sin 3x

The Method of Variation of Parameters

Suppose we have already solved the homogeneous equation ay
by
cy
0 and written the solution as
4

y
x
c1 y1
x
c2 y2
x

where y1 and y2 are linearly independent solutions. Lets replace the constants (or parameters) c1 and c2 in Equation 4 by arbitrary functions u1
x and u2
x. We look for a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation ay
by
cy
G
x of the form
5

yp
x
u1
xy1
x
u2
xy2
x

(This method is called variation of parameters because we have varied the parameters c1
and c2 to make them functions.) Differentiating Equation 5, we get
6

yp

u1 y1
u2 y2 

u1 y1
u2 y2 

Since u1 and u2 are arbitrary functions, we can impose two conditions on them. One condition is that yp is a solution of the differential equation; we can choose the other condition
so as to simplify our calculations. In view of the expression in Equation 6, lets impose the
condition that
7

u1 y1
u2 y2
0

6 NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

yp
u1 y1
u2 y2
u1 y1
u2 y2

Then

Substituting in the differential equation, we get

a
u1 y1
u2 y2
u1 y1
u2 y2
b
u1 y1
u2 y2 
c
u1 y1
u2 y2 
G
or
8

u1
ay1
by1
cy1 
u2
ay2
by2
cy2 
a
u1 y1
u2 y2 
G

But y1 and y2 are solutions of the complementary equation, so

ay1
by1
cy1
0

and

ay2
by2
cy2
0

and Equation 8 simplifies to

a
u1 y1
u2 y2 
G

Equations 7 and 9 form a system of two equations in the unknown functions u1 and u2 .
After solving this system we may be able to integrate to find u1 and u2 and then the particular solution is given by Equation 5.
EXAMPLE 7 Solve the equation y
y
tan x, 0  x   2.
SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is r 2
1
0 with roots i, so the solution of

y
y
0 is c1 sin x
c2 cos x. Using variation of parameters, we seek a solution

of the form
yp
x
u1
x sin x
u2
x cos x
Then

yp

u1 sin x
u2 cos x

u1 cos x  u2 sin x

Set
u1 sin x
u2 cos x
0

10

Then

yp
u1 cos x  u2 sin x  u1 sin x  u2 cos x

For yp to be a solution we must have

yp
yp
u1 cos x  u2 sin x
tan x

11

Solving Equations 10 and 11, we get

u1
sin 2x
cos 2x
cos x tan x

Figure 5 shows four solutions of the

differential equation in Example 7.

u1
sin x

2.5

u1
x
cos x

(We seek a particular solution, so we dont need a constant of integration here.) Then,
from Equation 10, we obtain
0
yp

u2


sin x
sin 2x
cos 2x  1
u1




cos x  sec x
cos x
cos x
cos x

_1

FIGURE 5

So

u2
x
sin x  ln
sec x
tan x

NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 7

(Note that sec x
tan x  0 for 0  x   2.) Therefore

yp
x
cos x sin x
sin x  ln
sec x
tan x cos x

cos x ln
sec x
tan x
and the general solution is
y
x
c1 sin x
c2 cos x  cos x ln
sec x
tan x

Exercises
A Click here for answers.

16. y
3y  4 y

x 3
xe x

Click here for solutions.

17. y
2 y
10 y
x 2ex cos 3x

18. y
4y
e 3x
x sin 2x

110

Solve the differential equation or initial-value problem

using the method of undetermined coefficients.
1. y
3y
2y
x

2. y
9y
e

3. y  2y
sin 4x

7. y
y
e x
x 3,

y
0
2,

8. y  4y
e x cos x,

y
0
2,

y
0
0

; 1112

Graph the particular solution and several other solutions.

What characteristics do these solutions have in common?

13 18

13. y
9 y
e

x sin x
2

x

14. y
9 y
xe

cos  x

15. y
9 y
1
xe 9x

2328
Solve the differential equation using the method of variation of parameters.

1
1
ex

25. y  3y
2y

Write a trial solution for the method of undetermined

coefficients. Do not determine the coefficients.
2x

24. y
y
cot x, 0  x  2

12. 2y
3y
y
1
cos 2x

23. y
y
sec x, 0  x  2

11. 4y
5y
y
e x

22. y  y
e x

y
0
1,

21. y  2y
y
e 2x

y
0
2

20. y  3y
2y
sin x

y
0
1

10. y
y  2y
x
sin 2x,

19. y
4y
x

y
0
0

y
0
1,

Solve the differential equation using (a) undetermined

coefficients and (b) variation of parameters.

6. y
2y
y
xex

5. y  4y
5y
e

1922

4. y
6y
9y
1
x
x

9. y  y
xe x,

3x

26. y
3y
2y
sin
e x 

27. y  y

1
x
e2x
x3

28. y
4y
4y

8 NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

Answers
S

Click here for solutions.

1. y
c1 e2x
c2 ex
2 x 2  2 x

1

3. y
c1
c2 e 2x

7
4

cos 4x  201 sin 4x

1
5. y
e
c1 cos x
c2 sin x
10 ex
3
11
1 x
7. y
2 cos x
2 sin x
2 e
x 3  6x
1
9. y
e x ( 2 x 2  x
2)
5
11.
The solutions are all
asymptotic to yp
e x10 as
x l . Except for yp ,
all solutions approach
_2
4
yp
either  or  as x l .
1
40

2x

_4

13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.

yp
Ae 2x

Bx 2
Cx
D cos x

Ex 2
Fx
G sin x

yp
Ax

Bx
C e 9x
yp
xex 
Ax 2
Bx
C  cos 3x

Dx 2
Ex
F sin 3x
y
c1 cos 2x
c2 sin 2x
14 x
y
c1e x
c2 xe x
e 2x
y

c1
x sin x

c2
ln cos x cos x
y
c1
ln
1
ex e x
c2  ex
ln
1
ex e 2x
y
[c1  12 x
e xx dx]ex
[c2
12 x
exx dx]e x

NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 9

Solutions: Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations

1. The auxiliary equation is r 2 + 3r + 2 = (r + 2)(r + 1) = 0, so the complementary solution is
yc (x) = c1 e2x + c2 ex . We try the particular solution yp (x) = Ax2 + Bx + C, so yp0 = 2Ax + B and
yp00 = 2A. Substituting into the differential equation, we have (2A) + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax2 + Bx + C) = x2 or
2Ax2 + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C) = x2 . Comparing coefficients gives 2A = 1, 6A + 2B = 0, and
2A + 3B + 2C = 0, so A = 12 , B = 32 , and C =
2x

y(x) = yc (x) + yp (x) = c1 e

+ c2 e

1 2
x
2

7
.
4
3
x
2

Thus the general solution is

+ 74 .

3. The auxiliary equation is r 2 2r = r(r 2) = 0, so the complementary solution is yc (x) = c1 + c2 e2x . Try the
particular solution yp (x) = A cos 4x + B sin 4x, so yp0 = 4A sin 4x + 4B cos 4x

and yp00 = 16A cos 4x 16B sin 4x. Substitution into the differential equation
gives (16A cos 4x 16B sin 4x) 2(4A sin 4x + 4B cos 4x) = sin 4x

(16A 8B) cos 4x + (8A 16B) sin 4x = sin 4x. Then 16A 8B = 0 and 8A 16B = 1
1
and B = 20
. Thus the general solution is y(x) = yc (x) + yp (x) = c1 + c2 e2x +

1
40

cos 4x

1
20

A=

1
40

sin 4x.

5. The auxiliary equation is r 2 4r + 5 = 0 with roots r = 2 i, so the complementary solution is

yc (x) = e2x (c1 cos x + c2 sin x). Try yp (x) = Aex , so yp0 = Aex and yp00 = Aex . Substitution gives
Aex 4(Aex ) + 5(Aex ) = ex
2x

y(x) = e (c1 cos x + c2 sin x) +

10Aex = ex

A=

1
.
10

Thus the general solution is

1 x
e .
10

7. The auxiliary equation is r 2 + 1 = 0 with roots r = i, so the complementary solution is

yc (x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x. For y00 + y = ex try yp1 (x) = Aex . Then yp0 1 = yp001 = Aex and substitution gives
Aex + Aex = ex

A = 12 , so yp1 (x) = 12 ex . For y00 + y = x3 try yp2 (x) = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D.

Then yp0 2 = 3Ax2 + 2Bx + C and yp002 = 6Ax + 2B. Substituting, we have
6Ax + 2B + Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D = x3 , so A = 1, B = 0, 6A + C = 0 C = 6, and 2B + D = 0

D = 0. Thus yp2 (x) = x3 6x and the general solution is

y(x) = yc (x) + yp1 (x) + yp2 (x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + 12 ex + x3 6x. But 2 = y(0) = c1 +

and 0 = y0 (0) = c2 +
y(x) =

3
2

cos x +

11
2

1
2

c2 =

11
.
2

1
2

c1 =

3
2

Thus the solution to the initial-value problem is

sin x + 12 ex + x3 6x.

9. The auxiliary equation is r 2 r = 0 with roots r = 0, r = 1 so the complementary solution is yc (x) = c1 + c2 ex .

Try yp (x) = x(Ax + B)ex so that no term in yp is a solution of the complementary equation. Then

yp0 = (Ax2 + (2A + B)x + B)ex and yp00 = (Ax2 + (4A + B)x + (2A + 2B))ex . Substitution into the
differential equation gives (Ax2 + (4A + B)x + (2A + 2B))ex (Ax2 + (2A + B)x + B)ex = xex

(2Ax + (2A + B))ex = xex A = 12 , B = 1. Thus yp (x) = 12 x2 x ex and the general solution is

y(x) = c1 + c2 ex + 12 x2 x ex . But 2 = y(0) = c1 + c2 and 1 = y0 (0) = c2 1, so c2 = 2 and c1 = 0. The

solution to the initial-value problem is y(x) = 2ex + 12 x2 x ex = ex 12 x2 x + 2 .

10 NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

11. yc (x) = c1 ex/4 + c2 ex . Try yp (x) = Aex . Then

10Aex = ex , so A =

1
10

and the general solution is

y(x) = c1 ex/4 + c2 ex +

1 x
e .
10

The solutions are all composed

of exponential curves and with the exception of the particular

solution (which approaches 0 as x ), they all approach
either or as x . As x , all solutions are
asymptotic to yp =

1 x
e .
10

13. Here yc (x) = c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x. For y00 + 9y = e2x try yp1 (x) = Ae2x and for y 00 + 9y = x2 sin x try
yp2 (x) = (Bx2 + Cx + D) cos x + (Ex2 + F x + G) sin x. Thus a trial solution is
yp (x) = yp1 (x) + yp2 (x) = Ae2x + (Bx2 + Cx + D) cos x + (Ex2 + F x + G) sin x.
15. Here yc (x) = c1 + c2 e9x . For y 00 + 9y0 = 1 try yp1 (x) = Ax (since y = A is a solution to the complementary
equation) and for y 00 + 9y0 = xe9x try yp2 (x) = (Bx + C)e9x .
17. Since yc (x) = ex (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x) we try
yp (x) = x(Ax2 + Bx + C)ex cos 3x + x(Dx2 + Ex + F )ex sin 3x (so that no term of yp is a solution of the
complementary equation).
Note: Solving Equations (7) and (9) in The Method of Variation of Parameters gives

u01 =

Gy2
a (y1 y20 y2 y10 )

u02 =

and

Gy1
a (y1 y20 y2 y10 )

We will use these equations rather than resolving the system in each of the remaining exercises in this section.

19. (a) The complementary solution is yc (x) = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x. A particular solution is of the form
yp (x) = Ax + B. Thus, 4Ax + 4B = x

A=

1
4

solution is y = yc + yp = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + 14 x.

and B = 0 yp (x) = 14 x. Thus, the general

(b) In (a), yc (x) = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x, so set y1 = cos 2x, y2 = sin 2x. Then
y1 y20 y2 y10 = 2 cos2 2x + 2 sin2 2x = 2 so u01 = 12 x sin 2x
R

u1 (x) = 12 x sin 2x dx = 14 x cos 2x + 12 sin 2x [by parts] and u02 = 12 x cos 2x

R

u2 (x) = 12 x cos 2xdx = 14 x sin 2x + 12 cos 2x [by parts]. Hence

yp (x) = 14 x cos 2x + 12 sin 2x cos 2x + 14 x sin 2x + 12 cos 2x sin 2x = 14 x. Thus

y(x) = yc (x) + yp (x) = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + 14 x.

21. (a) r 2 r = r(r 1) = 0

r = 0, 1, so the complementary solution is yc (x) = c1 ex + c2 xex . A particular

solution is of the form yp (x) = Ae2x . Thus 4Ae2x 4Ae2x + Ae2x = e2x

2x

Ae2x = e2x
x

yp (x) = e . So a general solution is y(x) = yc (x) + yp (x) = c1 e + c2 xe + e2x .

A=1

(b) From (a), yc (x) = c1 ex + c2 xex , so set y1 = ex , y2 = xex . Then, y1 y20 y2 y10 = e2x (1 + x) xe2x = e2x
R
and so u01 = xex u1 (x) = xex dx = (x 1)ex [by parts] and u02 = ex
R
u2 (x) = ex dx = ex . Hence yp (x) = (1 x)e2x + xe2x = e2x and the general solution is
y(x) = yc (x) + yp (x) = c1 ex + c2 xex + e2x .

NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 11

23. As in Example 6, yc (x) = c1 sin x + c2 cos x, so set y1 = sin x, y2 = cos x. Then

sec x cos x
y1 y20 y2 y10 = sin2 x cos2 x = 1, so u01 =
= 1 u1 (x) = x and
1
R
sec x sin x
u02 =
= tan x u2 (x) = tan xdx = ln |cos x| = ln(cos x) on 0 < x < 2 . Hence
1
yp (x) = x sin x + cos x ln(cos x) and the general solution is y(x) = (c1 + x) sin x + [c2 + ln(cos x)] cos x.
25. y1 = ex , y2 = e2x and y1 y20 y2 y10 = e3x . So u01 =
Z

e2x
ex
=
and
x
3x
(1 + e )e
1 + ex

ex
ex
ex
dx = ln(1 + ex ). u02 =
= 3x
so
1 + ex
(1 + ex )e3x
e + e2x

Z
ex
ex + 1
u2 (x) =
ex = ln(1 + ex ) ex . Hence
dx = ln
3x
2x
e +e
ex

u1 (x) =

yp (x) = ex ln(1 + ex ) + e2x [ln(1 + ex ) ex ] and the general solution is

y(x) = [c1 + ln(1 + ex )]ex + [c2 ex + ln(1 + ex )]e2x .

ex
ex
and
27. y1 = ex , y2 = ex and y1 y20 y2 y10 = 2. So u01 = , u02 =
2x
2x
Z x
Z x
e
e
dx + ex
dx. Hence the general solution is
yp (x) = ex
2x
2x

Z x
Z x
e
e
y(x) = c1
dx ex + c2 +
dx ex .
2x
2x