4000ese6 PDF

pas s
English
Words

vk.com/englishlibrary
4000 Essential English W ords 6
4000 Essential English W ords 6

Paul Nation
2 0 0 9 Compass Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transm itted in any form or by any m eans, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherw ise, w ithout prior
permission in w riting from the publisher.
Acquisitions Editor: Fidel Cruz
Project Coordinator: Annie Cho
Design: Design Plus
email: info@ com passpub.com
http://w w w .com passpub.com
ISBN: 978-1-59966-407-1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
12 11
Photo Credits
All images Shutterstock, Inc.
English
Words
f f
I J L i d J E s ... S j S -
l v
......... -................. -...............................
j j j g j g g j
Unit
|
D
Target Words
Page
alleviate, astrology, differentiate, disrupt, equation, err, erroneous, frantic, hull, inadvertent, improvise,
latitude, mariner, multitude, nuisance, permanence, revolve, soothe, stranded, volatile
arduous, attain, coexist, conceive, dubious, ego, elastic, endeavor, engrave, excavate,
jagged, locale, mold, outright, periphery, plaster, shovel, skeletal, terrestrial, vicious
14
absurd, anemia, aristocracy, aristocrat, attire, craze, enlarge, excess, feminine, hallmark,
pad, predominant, reputable, rouge, signify, strap, tangle, vanity, vie, vulgar
20
attic, chunk, civic, descent, din, dissatisfy, fuss, gourmet, hence, intrinsic, kettle, ministry,
ordeal, outspoken, overwork, particular, pungent, snore, soundly, superintendent
26
alternate, apologetic, benign, char, clarify, distress, dogged, ensue, gasp, negotiate,
overdose, persuasion, relay, reluctance, restate, sesame, sip, verge, wary, waver
32
ashore, contradict, counterpart, devoid, diverge, elude, embryo, fend, fictitious, gazette,
homogeneous, obstruct, plunge, prolong, publicize, sparse, surplus, theorize, verify, vigorous
38
altar, arthritis, botany, credible, deceased, deception, decipher, dung, dusk, gratify,
hone, mash, ornate, pneumonia, psychic, psychotic, scope, sinister, strife, therapeutic
44
congested, courier, deform, etiquette, exclusive, freight, garment, insomnia, intuitive, liable,
obsess, overboard, premium, privilege, propel, socialize, suppress, tram, unsettle, warp
50
artery, deterioration, elusive, forage, impede, induce, inseparable, invalid, magnify, mainstream,
microbe, negligible, paralysis, pest, prevail, respiration, rupture, savage, stun, susceptible
56
10
accumulate, aerial, apparatus, avalanche, consistency, convection, discharge, intact, mortal,

omen, overcast, poignant, ranger, rubble, seclude, sideways, sob, sober, speck, upbringing
62
11
advocate, authorize, civilian, commodity, conquest, disclose, dynamics, enroll, envious,

euphoria, festive, jolly, lentil, marshal, morale, prophecy, sage, senate, sentiment, unrest
68
12
adorn, bliss, butler, cramp, dilapidated, evoke, farewell, faucet, filth, flaw, grin,
housekeeping, mound, numb, reckless, slate, stool, testament, timber, valve
74
13
certify, collaborate, compile, counteract, curb, diagnose, enact, federation, gross, humane,
intolerable, needy, onset, pledge, prohibit, rash, render, smallpox, transmit, vow
80
14
camouflage, contemplate, contend, cot, enlist, frontier, handbook, hesitant, lush, marrow,
outfit, paw, quiver, splendid, stray, substantial, torch, tract, vigil, weary
86
15
adhere, administer, compassionate, contaminate, deficiency, epidemic, hazard, imperative, intestines, manifest,
metabolic, overcrowded, paramount, practitioner, provision, replenish, sterile, upgrade, viable, voluntary
92
Unit
Target Words
Page
16
amid, backstage, billionaire, brute, clumsy, collide, culprit, evacuate, flammable, mob,
premature, resent, satire, scrutiny, segregate, subject, testify, tumult, underestimate, uproar
98
17
accelerate, anew, defect, dreary, duplicate, electromagnetic, electron, glide, ingenious, innovation,
innovative, launch, meteorological, meteorology, penetrate, propulsion, simulate, spur, stimulate, tenacious
104
18
beforehand, centigrade, chatter, concerto, condense, cove, deteriorate, exterior, freeway, hearty,
hospitable, manor, monastery, nursery, outstretched, parcel, profile, vivacious, winding, zip
110
19
airway, Almighty, advent, constellation, definitive, equate, inhale, invoke, lunar, novelty,
outmoded, personalize, pertain, primal, psychiatric, psychiatry, reflex, seizure, session, utensil
116
20
adhesive, adverse, dependency, dump, eternal, fluctuate, fro, inclusion, intermediate, intermittent,
mentor, phoenix, photosynthesis, pollen, regain, reverse, swarm, texture, tickle, vibrant
122
21
abolish, amend, aspire, censor, charter, constitution, cosmopolitan, disseminate, flatter,

infamous, lame, limp, outburst, pathological, phenomenal, poll, remorse, secrecy, tackle, trance
128
22
coward, delete, firsthand, earnest, ethnic, exclude, fluent, imperial, inclusive, legislature,
linguistic, monolingual, nationality, patriot, prosecute, racial, solemn, solidarity, tact, undermine
134
23
allocate, appetizing, blizzard, cavity, clockwise, concentric, courtesy, crisp, discord, frigid,
generate, glacial, interchange, locker, multicultural, omission, oversee, pierce, replicate, wavy
140
24
abide, conversion, cram, defer, export, fume, habitual, justify, output, overpopulation, patent,
penalize, petroleum, prototype, scrap, sector, subscribe, subsist, suspend, synthesis
146
25
acrobat, advocacy, communal, fluid, harmonize, industrious, inventive, judicial, Mandarin,

metropolitan, mimic, misguided, rehearse, scorn, sensory, staple, statute, veteran, villain, vine
152
26
constrain, depot, emulate, forefinger, guts, inherent, intimidate, janitor, moist, nope,
prod, ransom, restrain, saliva, spit, sprint, stunt, tolerant, vampire, yawn
158
27
analogy, ancestry, archer, conspiracy, deputy, earl, fragrant, funnel, hereditary, hymn,
invert, prey, procession, prophet, sarcastic, seasoning, sodium, tyranny, tyrant, vinegar
164
28
adjoining, allege, arch, assemble, casualty, erect, foul, hectare, heighten, hospitality,
mansion, outnumber, overjoyed, pasture, petition, renovate, revise, slab, terrace, turf
170
29
analogous, binoculars, bulk, comprise, depict, dual, Fahrenheit, fulfill, grove, ore, outback,
outweigh, paradox, pier, shortcut, tariff, thermometer, tilt, vice versa, whereabouts
176
30
amber, charcoal, columnist, courteous, credentials, crickets, delta, detergent, euphemism,

expire, granite, gravel, haunt, liberal, maze, moss, peck, pebble, reservoir, streak
182
About the Vocabulary

The 600 words in each book of this series along with the additional target words
presented in the appendices included in the first three books of the series are the most
useful words in English. They were found by analysis of a collection of English course
books from various levels in the primary, secondary and tertiary school systems. The
words included in this series were chosen because they occurred many times in different
levels of these materials. Because of the way
that they were chosen, these words have the following characteristics:
1
They are useful in both spoken and written English. No matter what English course
you are studying, the words in these books w ill be of value to you.
Each word in these books is a high-frequency word. This means that the effort in
learning the words is well repaid by the number of times learners have a chance to
encounter or use them.
These books as a whole cover a large proportion of the words in any spoken or written
text. They cover at least 80% of the words in newspapers and academic texts, and
at least 90% of the words in novels. They also cover at least 90% of the words in
conversation.
About the Books

The activities in these books are specially designed to make use of im portant learning
conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example
sentence. The activities that follow in the units encourage learners to recall the meanings
and forms of the words. Some activities also make the learners think about the meaning
of the words in the context of a sentence a sentence different from the sentences that
occurred in the introduction of the words. Moreover, each unit ends with a story containing
the target words. While reading the story, the learners have to recall the meanings of the
words and suit them to the context of the story. Such activities help learners develop a
better understanding of a common meaning for a given word which fits the different uses.
Illustrations for each target word are provided to help learners visualize the word as it
is being used in the example sentence. These w ord/im age associations aim to help
students grasp the meaning of the word as well as recall the word later.
CIS
It should be noted that words have more than one grammatical category. However, this
series focuses on the words most common form. This is mentioned to remind learners
that just because a word is labeled and utilized as a noun in this series does not mean
that it can never be used in another form such as an adjective. This series has simply
focused on the word in the form that it is most likely to be expressed.
Supporting Learning with Outside Activities

A well-balanced language course provides four major opportunities for learning: learning
through input, learning through output, deliberate learning, and fluency development. The
highly structured activities in these books support all four types of learning opportunities.
In addition, learning can further be supported through the following activities:
1
Have students create vocabulary cards with one word from the unit on one side of the
card and the translation of the word in the student s first language on the other side.
Students should use the cards for study in free moments during the day. Over several
weeks, students will find that quick repeated studying for brief periods of time is more
effective than studying for hours at one sitting.
Assign graded readers at students appropriate levels. Reading such books provides
both enjoyment as well as meaning-focused input which w ill help the words stick in
students memory.
Practice reading fluency to promote faster recall of word meaning for both sight
recognition and usage. Compass Publishings Reading fo r Speed and Fluency is a
good resource for reading fluency material.
Include listening, speaking, and w riting activities in classes. Reinforcement of the

high-frequency vocabulary presented in this series is im portant across all the four
language skills.
A u th o r
Paul Nation
Paul Nation is professor of Applied Linguistics in the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies
at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He has taught in Indonesia, Thailand, the United States,
Finland, and Japan. His specialist interests are language teaching methodology and vocabulary learning.
alleviate
[aii vieit] v.
To alleviate pain or suffering means to make it less intense or severe.

She needed something to alleviate the pain in her back.
astrology
[astralsd3i] n.
Astrology is the study of the stars in the belief that they influence peoples lives.
Jack, who studies astrology, believes that the stars can predict the future.
differentiate [difarenjieit] v.
To differentiate things or people is to show the difference between them.
It was hard to differentiate between the identical twins.
disrupt
[disrApt] V.
To disrupt something or someone is to prevent them from working.

The loud crash disrupted the class lecture.
equation
[i(:)kwei3an] n.
An equation is a math operation to determine the value of something.

I used the Pythagorean theorem to solve the equation.
err
[ax] v.
To err means to make a mistake.

The p ilo t erred in his estimate o f the time it would take to make the trip.
erroneous
[irounias] adj.
When something is erroneous, it is incorrect or only partly correct.

The child held the erroneous belief that time machines were real.
frantic
[frsentik] adj.
If people or things are frantic, they behave in a wild way because they are frightened
* The cat became frantic when I tried to give it a bath.
hull
[hAl] n.
The hull of a boat or tank is the main body of it.

- Afterthe wreckatsea, the ships hull was the last part to sink.
inadvertent
[inadvertent] adj.
When an action is inadvertent, it is done without realizing what you are doing.
* She made an inadvertent error when she knocked over the nail polish.
oa
improvise [impravaiz]
V.
To improvise something is to do it with whatever is available or without planning.

There was no meat for the pizza, so we improvised with what was in the fridge.
latitude
[Isetej/uid] n.
The latitude of a place is its distance from the equator.

* The device was able to tell the traveler his exact latitude.
mariner
[mseranar] n.
A mariner is a sailor.
The old mariner used his telescope to find the shore.
multitude
[mAltipid] n.
A multitude of things or people is a very large number of them.

>A multitude o f people were waiting at the airport.
nuisance
[ryu.'ssns] n.
A nuisance is a person or thing that is annoying or causes a lot of problems.

The teenager considered her noisy little brothers to be quite a nuisance.
permanence
[paxmanans] n.
The permanence of something is its ability to last forever.

Poor results will threaten the permanence o f the new teaching system.
revolve
[rivdlv]
V.
To revolve around something is to keep it as the main feature or focus.

My life revolves around sports.
soothe
[su
a
] v.
To soothe means to calm someone who is angry or upset.

The mother soothed her crying baby by rocking him in her arms.
Stranded
[straendid] adj.
If someone is stranded, they are prevented from leaving a place.

When the plane left, my sister and I were stranded in China.
volatile
[vdlatil] adj.
When something is volatile, it is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly.

The volatile volcano m ight explode at any moment.
Exercise
Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part.

1.
He chose to paint a picture on the main body of the boat.
2.
When the plane crashed on the island, the passenger knew he was prevented from leaving.
3.
I admired the very large number of stamps in his collection.
4.
I took some aspirin to make less my back pain.
5.
The countries were concerned about the treatys ability to last forever.
6.
Australias distance from the equator is less extreme than I imagined.
7.
I m still not sure if the math operation I did was correct.
8.
When the rats got out of the cage, the girl was behaving in a wild wav because of fear.
9.
The incorrect or partly correct information gave us the wrong idea about the president.
10. When he forgot his rope at home, he had to make one using whatever was available.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the word bank.
........................ ............................(
nuisance
frantic
latitude
hull
Ward Bank
soothed
erroneous
% ............
multitude
volatile
; ..............
mariners
stranded
When the heat was turned off, we became quite 1 ___________

When it finally came back on, our concerns and fears were 2__
The iceberg caused severe damage to the ships 3__________
The motor stopped working, and the ship became 4_________
When he has too much to drink, he can become quite 5_____
His unpredictable behavior is not dangerous, but he is a 6___
During our journey, we arrived at the wrong 7______________ .
I suppose our calculations were 8______________ .
When the ship came in, I was surprised at the number of 9___
I thought there would only be a few sailors, but there was a 10.
Exercise 3
Write C if the italicized word is used correctly. Write! if the word is used incorrectly.
1.
She loves to improvise peanut butter and jelly sandwiches for lunch.
2.
Ice packs are sometimes used to alleviate headaches.
3.
This math book is full of equations for students to practice.
4.
The expert in astrology went to work every day to study rocks and soil.
5.
This math problem is tricky, so be careful not to err.
6.
The permanence of the flood was gone in a couple of days.
7.
After months of planning, the inadvertent decision to sell the company was carried
out.
8.
The Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
9.
Two flat tires disrupted our drive to the countryside.
10.
What differentiates Dan from his brother is Dans unmatched love of sports.
The
North Star
Among the multitude of stars in the universe, there are a couple that are of great
importance to people on Earth. The sun, of course, is one of them. The other is known as
Polaris, the North Star. Polaris is special because it is the only star that always appears to
be in the same place in the sky. Therefore, Polaris is a great compass. When people in the
northern hemisphere of Earth look toward Polaris, they can be certain that they are facing
north. The permanence of Polaris in the north sky has helped countless people find their
destinations.
Before the invention of modern navigation tools, mariners relied on Polaris. From the
top of their hulls, sailors would look for Polaris to figure out their place at sea. They figured
out the angle between the star and the horizon to determine their latitude. As long as the
equations werent erroneous, the results were very reliable. Polaris also let sailors determine
North, South, East, and West. By knowing directions and their location, mariners could easily
navigate their ships.
To those who sail at night, volatile storms and dark clouds were more than nuisances.
They could disrupt entire journeys by blocking the view of Polaris. A captain could err and
make an inadvertent wrong turn. The ship could become stranded at sea, and the frantic
captain would have no way to improvise to get the ship back on the right course. The mariners
fears wouldnt be soothed until the clouds cleared and Polaris came back into view. Even today,
sailors sometimes opt to navigate by using Polaris on clear nights.
Its not difficult to differentiate Polaris from other stars. The Big Dipper, a constellation
that is well known in astrology, appears to revolve around Polaris. The handle of the Big
Dipper always points to the North Star. When people get lost, its comforting to know that
their problems can be alleviated by looking at the sky.
Reading Comprehension
ISH
Mark each statement T for true or F for false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
PART O
1.
Even today, sailors opt to improvise by using Polaris on clear nights.
2.
A ship could become stranded if a captain erred and made an inadvertent wrong turn.
3.
People who are lost can be alleviated by gazing up at a frantic sky.
4.
Volatile storms were more than nuisances because they disrupted entire journeys.
5.
It is not difficult to differentiate Polaris from the multitude of other stars in the
universe.
PART O
Answer the questions.
1.
How did mariners determine their latitude from the top of their hulls?
2.
What has the permanence of Polaris done for people?
3.
How did sailors figure out latitude?
4.
What well-known constellation in astrology revolves around Polaris?
5.
On a cloudy night, when would a mariner finally feel soothed?
UNIT
Word List
arduous
[d:rd3uas] adj.
When something is arduous, it demands great effort or labor.

The explorers began their arduous hike up the steep mountain.
attain
[stein]
To attain something means to gain or achieve it, often after a lot of effort.
* In two more years, I will attain my high school diploma.
Coexist
[kouigzistl v.
To coexist with something means to exist with it in the same time and place.
* Our pets coexist at our home with little or no problems.
C O n C e iv e [kansiv] v.
To conceive something means to be able to imagine or believe it.

- * The child could not conceive the actual size o f the Earth.
dubious
[dyu bias] adj.
When something or someone is dubious, they are not considered honest.

* The police thought that the mans description o f the crime was dubious.
e g O [i:gou] n.
An ego is a persons sense of their own worth.

Kellys ego made her think that she was some kind o f a superhero.
elastic
[ilaestik] adj.
Elastic is a rubber that stretches when it is pulled.

-+ He attached the elastic bungee to his legs before he jumped o ff the platform.
endeavor
[eridevar] n.
An endeavor is an attempt to do something, especially something new or original.

* The companys new advertising endeavor ended in a horrible failure.
engrave
[ingreiv] V.
To engrave means to cut a design or words into the surface of something.

The couple engraved their names onto the old pine tree.
e x c a v a t e [ekskaveit] v.
To excavate means to dig on land and remove dirt to look for something.
-* The team wishes to excavate the site in hopes o f finding fossils.
jagged
[d3fegid] adj.
When something is jagged, it has a tough, uneven shape or edge.

The swimmer was hurt when he fell on the jagged rocks.
lo c a le [loukaei] n.
A locale is a small area or place where something specific happens.

* The spa was the perfect locale for my mother to relax and enjoy her vacation.
mold
[mould] n.
A mold is a hollow container that is used to make certain shapes.

Using a cupcake mold will ensure that they come out ju st right.
OUtright
[autrait] adj.
When something is outright, it is open and direct.

>Everyone knew that the boys story was an outright lie.
periphery
[pari:fari] n.
The periphery of an area, place, or thing is the edge of it.

A beautiful floral pattern is on the periphery o f the stationery.
plaster
[plaestar] n.
Plaster is a smooth paste that gets hard when it dries.

He used plaster to fill in the cracks in the old walls.
shovel
[/Aval] n.
A shovel is a tool with a long handle that is used for digging.

- The boy grabbed his shovel and got all o f the snow o ff o f the sidewalk.
skeletal
[skelatl] adj.
When something is skeletal, it relates to bones in the body.

We studied the skeletal system in anatomy class.
terrestrial
[tarestriai] adj.
If something is terrestrial, it relates to Earth.

There are billions o f terrestrial life forms.
vicious
[vijas] adj.
When something or someone is vicious, they are violent and cruel.

The vicious dog tried to bite the small child.
Exercise

1.
He chose to make his sculpture out of a smooth paste that hardens when it dries.
2.
Our violent and cruel boss forced us to work twelve hours in a row without a break.
3.
The race was close, so it was difficult to determine an open and direct winner.
4.
This is the perfect small area where something happens for a picnic.
5.
Truck drivers often stay awake for many hours to make their difficult and tiring drives.
6.
The salespersons claim seemed quite dishonest, unsafe, and unreliable.
7.
Mike was thrilled to pass the driving test and gain his drivers license.
8.
Physics on the moon are much different than Earth-related physics.
9.
The prisoners were unable to imagine and believe a plot for escaping the jail.
10.
To plant these seeds, I will first need to buy a tool used for digging.
Exercise 2
Choose the answer that best fits the question.
1. What might a person with a large ego say?
a. I am the best.
b. I cant do it.
c. I m hungry.
d. I m sorry.
2. Which is likely to be jagged?

a. A doll
b. A cliff
c. A cloud
d. A pillow
3. Which is likely to be excavated?

a. Water
b. A sofa
c. A computer
d. The ground
4. What is part of the skeletal system?

a. The skin
b. The tongue
c. The skull
d. The fingernails
5. What is an example of an endeavor?

a. Waking up
c. Making coffee
b. Inventing a new machine

d. Com bingyourhair
Exercise
Write C if the italicized word is used correctly. Write I if the word is used incorrectly.
1.
The alarm clock was set to endeavor every morning at seven A.M.
2.
Experts excavated the site in hopes of finding an ancient city buried underneath.
3.
Everyone loved to hug and kiss the vicious baby.
4.
The elephant is one of the largest terrestrial animals still in existence.
5.
The dubious chocolate ice cream is a favorite treat at the restaurant.
6.
The concerned owner built a fence along the periphery of the parking lot.
7.
Preparing for the difficult test was an arduous task for the nervous students.
8.
You ll need a shovel if you plan on getting on top of the roof.
9.
The delicate flower was a jagged addition to the arrangement.
10.
Children cheered as the circus clown attained balloons into different shapes.
11.
He filled the ugly holes in the ceiling with plaster.
12.
At the factory, the workers made screws by pouring liquid metal into a mold.
13.
I hope she is able to engrave all of her homework before school tomorrow.
14.
I cannot conceive the reason why he would act in such a mean way.
15.
The small fights and arguments eventually led to an outright war.
16.
When the glass vase fell to the floor, we heard an elastic sound.
17.
She bought a cute new ego from the pet store today.
18.
We need to choose a locale for Brians birthday party.
19.
Derrick bought a skeletal from that new clothing store downtown.
20.
Although they were rivals, the stores were able to coexist in the same neighborhood.
The
Fossil Hunters
Tim and Dean were great fossil hunters. They were the very best at finding dinosaur
bones. Although Tim and Dean were quite similar, they were outright enemies. The two men
got into vicious arguments all the time. They couldnt coexist peacefully because their egos
were too large. Tim thought he was the best fossil hunter, while Dean was sure that he was
much better than Tim.
One day, Tim was searching for fossils on the periphery of the city when he discovered a
huge bone. He had never seen anything like it! He took his shovel and carefully excavated
the dirt around it. As he dug, he uncovered more jagged bones. He realized that he had
found an entire dinosaur skeleton! Tim couldnt conceive a plan to remove the huge
skeleton all by himself. Such an endeavor would be too arduous. He needed help. He
tried to think of people who would be capable of helping him remove the skeleton without
breaking it. The only person Tim could think of was Dean, his enemy.
Tim ran into the city to find Dean. Tim found him and said, Dean, Ive found the skeletal
remains of a huge terrestrial animal. But I cant get the skeleton out by myself. Will you
please help me?
Dean thought that Tims claim might be dubious. He replied, If youre serious about the
skeleton, I ll help.
Tim excitedly showed Dean the skeletons locale. They worked together to carefully remove
each bone. And to keep the bones together, they tied them with elastic strips. When they
were finished, they had attained a perfect skeleton. They used plaster to make a mold of
the dinosaurs skull. They engraved their initials into it and gave it to the curator of a local
museum.
Tim and Dean found out that they could work very well together.
They decided to end their feud and become friends. By combining
their talents, the men became even greater than they were before.
Mmnrwcmr e h e n s i o n
PART O
1.
Tim and Dean were outright enemies who got into vicious arguments.
2.
Tim and Dean removed the jagged bones and used elastic to attain them.
3.
Tim couldnt conceive a plan to remove the bones because the endeavor would be
too arduous.
4.
Dean thought that Tims ego might be dubious.
5.
When Tim excavated the land, he uncovered many engraved bones.
PART O
1.
Why couldnt Tim and Dean coexist peacefully?
2.
What did Tim use his shovel to do?
3.
What was Tim doing on the periphery of the city?
4.
What did the fossil hunters do to the plaster mold before they gave it to the curator?
5.
What did Dean say before he went to the locale of the terrestrial animals skeletal remains?
absurd
[absaxd] ad/'.
If something or someone is absurd, they are ridiculous.

That group o f people making animal noises sounds completely absurd.
*
anemia
[ani:mia] n.
Anemia is a blood condition that causes a person to be pale and tired.

When she first developed anemia, she became tired often.
aristocracy
[aerastdkrasi] n.
The aristocracy is the highest class of people in certain societies.

Most members o f the aristocracy were very well-fed.
aristocrat
[arfstakraet] n.
An aristocrat is a person who is of the highest class in certain societies.

The aristocrat did not need a job because his fam ily was wealthy.
attire
[ataiar] n.
Attire is nice or special clothing.

Everyone wore their best attire to the presidents daughters wedding.
craze
[kreiz] n.
A craze is a brief and popular activity or object.

- Wearing bright red socks was a craze when I was in high school.
enlarge
[enld:rd3] V.
To enlarge something means to make it bigger.

The classrooms were enlarged over the summer to make room for more students.
excess
[ekses] n.
An excess is an amount of something that is more than needed or wanted.

Because it never got cold that winter, many stores had an excess o f coats.
feminine
[femanin] adj.
If something is feminine, then it has qualities that are commonly related to women.
Many o f the older people thought his long hair made him look too feminine.
hallmark
[h5:lma:rk] n.
A hallmark is a unique characteristic of something.

Different types o f pasta and tomato sauces are hallmarks of Italian food.
CNJI
-----
----UNIT
u
p a d Ipaedj n.
A pad is a thick piece of soft material used to protect or clean things.

Football players wear shoulder pads to keep them safe.
p r e d o m in a n t [priddmanant] adj.
If something is predominant, then it is the most important, common or strongest.

Before cars were invented, horses were the predominant method o f travel.
reputable
[repjatabal] adj.
If someone or something is reputable, then they have a good reputation.

* The service from the less than reputable company made her angry.
rOUge
[ru:3] n.
Rouge is a red powder or cream used as makeup on the cheeks or lips.

Even when she didnt wear rouge, her cheeks appeared red.
signify
[sfgnafai] v.
To signify means to be a symbol of something.

A red octagon is used to signify to stop.
strap
[straep] n.
A strap is a thin long piece of fabric used to fasten, carry, or hold something.
*She put the strap o f her purse over her shoulder and walked out o f the door.
tangle
[taengal] n.
A tangle is something or many things twisted together.

The laces o f his shoes were in such a tangle that he could not untie them.
vanity
[vsenati] n.
Vanity is excessive pride or love of one s own appearance or things one has done.
-+ Her vanity wont allow her to pass a m irror without looking at herself.
vie
[vai] v.
To vie for something means to compete against others for it.

* The three boys vied for the prize in the chemistry contest.
vulgar
[vAlgar] adj.
If something or someone is vulgar, then they are rude or lacking in style.

* Her vulgar behavior got her into trouble with her parents.
Exercise
Choose the one that is similar in meaning to the given word.

1. vanity
a. truck
b.
pride
c. dusk
d. shelf
2. aristocrat
a. noble
b.
painting
c.
weather
d. angel
3. pad
a. pocket
b.
cushion
c.
alley
d. subject
4. vulgar
a. young
b.
faint
c.
short
d. rude
5. predominant
a. mysterious
b.
gradual
c.
superior
d. parallel
6. attire
a. clothing
b.
wheel
c.
labor
d. smell
7. tangle
a. knot
b.
tint
c.
slope
d. spice
8. enlarge
a. fight
b.
rent
c.
greet
d. swell
9. absurd
a. hungry
b.
round
c.
funny
d. polite
b.
symbolize
c.
consult
d. remove
10.
signify
a. scribble
Exercise 2
1.
I broke the long piece of fabric that goes over my shoulder on my purse.
2.
Matts female appearances made everyone take notice of him immediately.
3.
You must wear proper clothing if you plan on attending the formal dance.
4.
He works for a well-respected firm downtown.
5.
The soft materials in his helmet will protect him if he should fall and strike his head
on an object.
Exercise
mm
........................................................ (
strap
feminine
aristocracy
rouge
Word Bank ) ................. ...............................
excess
hallmark
vie
reputable
craze
anemia
Beths 1 _________ _ _ had made her face lose a lot of its color.
She decided to use some 2______________ to make her cheeks look less pale.
All the girls had to own that style of purse with the yellow 3______________ .
But Pam knew that it was just another 4______________ .
)ohn was not like the other members of the 5______________ .
Though he had a(n) 6______________of money, he gave it to help people.
Will had to 7______________ with other students for the respect of the teacher.
However, once he became a(n) 8______________ student, he stopped studying.
Some people thought the musicians lipstick made him look 9______________ .
But others felt that this 10______________ is what made him so popular.
Exercise 4
Write Cif the italicized word is used correctly. Write I if the word is used incorrectly.
1.
We all felt that the new office rules were completely absurd.
2.
The bushes were tangled with vine.
3.
Losing your memory as you get older is called anemia.
4.
A strong smell is the hallmark of a good cheese.
5.
It was easy to get lost in the big house. Its many hallways made it seem like a craze.
6.
The local vanity asked people to give old clothing and money.
7.
After putting on too much rouge, she looked like a clown.
8.
Everyone may attend excess those who have not finished their assignment.
9.
Talking to people with food in your mouth is not only gross. It is also quite vulgar.
10.
Because he was an aristocrat, he had to wash dishes in order to make enough money.
Dressed
to
Excess
If you traveled back in time to the 1700s in Europe, you would laugh when you saw how
the aristocracy dressed. Soon youd realize, though, that the aristocrats of Europe were
very serious about their appearance.
The predominant style in womens attire was enormous
dresses. They were often three times larger than
the wearer. Ladies even used pads to enlarge
the appearance of their hips and shoulders. On
the other extreme, the aristocratic women made
their waists appear extremely thin. It took several maids
stretching fabric and pulling straps in order to get a
ladys waist to the proper thinness. These ladies
could barely breathe and often fainted.
Pale skin was also a craze, yet this too was
done in excess. One could not simply be pale.
Instead, she needed to look as if she had
anemia. In order to look paler, ladies actually
cut themselves daily, so they would
bleed.
The hairstyles, however,
were the hallmark of
womens fashion. These
stood a meter high on the
ladies heads. The columns
of hair were a ridiculous tangle
of wigs, jewels, flowers, and even
stuffed birds.
Mens fashion was similarly absurd. Today it
would probably seem very feminine. Reputable men
wore wigs of long curly hair. Their shoes had large
soles or high heels so that they could walk high
above the filth on the streets. Furthermore, just like
the ladies, the men wore lipstick and put rouge on
their cheeks.
Their clothes were brightly colored, often purple
and pink. They were made from the finest of fabrics and
decorated with jewels and lace. The men vied with one
another to see who wore the more expensive clothes, for the
clothing signified his wealth and status.
Both men and women spent huge amounts of money and time
on how they looked. Though such vanity would seem vulgar today,
three hundred years from now, the fashions of our time might also
seem completely ridiculous.
PART O
1.
Ladies used pads to enlarge their hips and shoulders.
2.
Only the ladies wore lipstick and rouge.
3.
The aristocracys vanity would seem vulgar today.
4.
Womens hair was a tangle of wigs, straps, flowers, and stuffed birds.
5.
Mens fashion was absurd and feminine.
PART O
1.
What was the predominant style in womens attire?
2.
What did the clothing of an aristocrat signify?
3.
What craze was done in such excess that women had to look like they had anemia?
4.
What was the hallmark of womens fashion?
5.
When reputable men vied with each other, what were they trying to see?
attic
y
i3
[aetik] n.
An attic is a room just below a house s roof.

There were two windows in their attic.
chunk
[tjAQk] n.
A chunk is a thick, solid piece of something.

* When they broke open the rock, they saw it was filled with chunks o f gold.
c iv ic [sivik] adj.
If something is civic, then it is related to a town or city, especially its government.

* Most o f the important civic buildings are located downtown.
descent
[disent] n.
A descent is a movement downwards.

During the space shuttles descent, the Earth became larger and larger.
din
[din] n.
A din is loud, unpleasant, and extended noise.

* The din o f the rusty machinery made the factory a horrible place to work.
dissatisfy
[disseetisfai] v.
To dissatisfy someone means to fail to please them.

He was dissatisfied with his meal.
fuss
[fAs]
n.
A fuss is excited or annoyed behavior that is not useful in any way.

The child made an awful fuss because she didnt want to go to bed.
gourmet
[guarmei] adj.
If food is gourmet, then it is nicer and more expensive than regular food.
In order to get a gourm et meal, you have to eat at an expensive restaurant.
hence
[hens] adv.
If something happens hence, then it happens as a result of something.

John forgot the key. Hence, we couldnt open the door.
intrinsic
[intrinsik] adj.
If something is intrinsic, then it is related to the basic nature of that thing.

Paper money has no intrinsic value. It is useful simply because society says it is.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
kettle [ketl]
n.
A kettle is a large metal pot used for boiling liquids or cooking food.
The soup was being cooked in a large kettle.
ministry
[lYiinistri] n.
A ministry is a government department.

- The M inistry o f Trade is responsible for taxing imports and exports.
ordeal [ordi:sl]
n.
An ordeal is a bad experience.

- Driving in the snowstorm was an ordeal shed never forget.
outspoken
[autspoukken] adj.
If someone is outspoken, then they are not afraid to say what they think.
She was an outspoken critic about the new banking laws.
overwork
[ouvarwa.rk] v.
To overwork someone means to make them tired with too much work.
* After working for three weeks with only one day o f rest, Judy was overworked.
particular
[partikjalar] adj.
If something is particular, then it is a single, important part of a group of things.

- The dress shop d idnt have the particular dress she was looking for.
pungent
[pAnd3S>nt] adj.
If something is pungent, then it tastes or smells strong and sharp.

The garlic made the soup taste so pungent that the chef wouldnt serve it.
snore
[snor]
To snore means to make a loud noise each time a sleeping person breathes.
-* It was impossible to get to sleep because my husband snored.
soundly
[saundli] adv.
If something is done soundly, then it is done in the best or most complete way.
-> The nearest opponent was ten meters behind. She won the race soundly.
superintendent
[su perintendent] n.
A superintendent is a person who runs a certain department or building.

-> The superintendent decided to close the schools because o f the weather.
Exercise
Choose the one that is opposite in meaning to the given word.

1. din
a. home
2. outspoken
a. quiet
3. pungent
a. hurt
4. civic
a. swollen
5. descent
a. climb
6. attic
a. mouse
7. fuss
a. complaint
8. dissatisfy
a. cleanse
9. overwork
a. relax
10. chunk
a. bridge
b.
supper
c.
silence
d.
ghost
b.
little
c.
inside
d.
bright
b.
mild
c.
kind
d.
young
b.
happy
c.
private
d.
mature
b.
odor
c.
plate
d.
bill
b.
square
c.
number
d.
cellar
b.
calm
c.
argument
d.
commerce
b.
leap
c.
trim
d.
please
b.
understand
c.
select
d.
repair
b.
song
c.
whole
d.
lamp
Exercise 2
1. intrinsic
a. logical
2. ministry
a. porch
3. snore
a. grunt
4. kettle
a. cup
5. superintendent
a. diner
6. gourmet
a. delicious
7. soundly
a. slowly
8. hence
a. also
9. ordeal
a. problem
10. particular
a. moody
b. natural
c. usable
d. fragile
b. coast
c. agency
d. bush
b. fly
c. rain
d. call
b. bucket
c. pot
d. pan
b. manager
c. sunrise
d. beginning
b. comfortable
c. legitimate
d. pleasant
b. totally
c. loudly
d. briefly
b. instead
c. still
d. thus
b. direction
c. bargain
d. request
b. beaten
c. exact
d. secret

1. The movement downward from the mountain was because it had started to rain.
2. The berries were not ripe when he tried them. Their taste was extremely sharp and strong.
3. A thick, solid piece of dirt was stuck underneath the wagons tire.
4. Please share your suggestions with the department leader so she can address them.
5. After toiling for hours in the hot sun, the prisoners were tired from too much work.
6. For her birthday, her boyfriend took her out for a fancy and expensive dinner.
7. The room just below the roof is on the third floor of the house.
8. She was respected by many because she was not afraid to say what she thought.
9. He always dreamed of getting a job with one of the departments of government.
10.
Getting lost in the desert would have been quite an awful experience.
Exercise 4
1.
The caffeine in the tea gave him more energy. Hence, he was more alert.
2.
Mom, something smells good in the kitchen. I cant wait for din.
3.
The cat waited outside the door and made a fuss until someone let her inside the
house.
4.
See that politician over there? He works in the Ministry of Truth.
5.
The need to protect ones family is an intrinsic quality found in many animals.
The
Butlers Bad Day
The Superintendent of Civic Projects was a busy man.He worked every day of the week
and had fancy parties at his house every night.
However, if there was someone busier than him, it was his butler. He worked all day
organizing the superintendents parties and then cleaned up after them late at night.
Hence, while the superintendent slept soundly, snoring loudly in his bed, the butler was
still awake.
Sadly, though the butler was always overworked, his professions intrinsic nature
demanded he never be outspoken. Therefore, his employer never knew the butler hadnt
slept for several days. On any day the butler might make a mistake.
One day, the superintendent said, This particular party is important. Peoplefrom the
ministry are coming. Everything must be perfect.
The butler began preparing at once. First he went to the attic to get more chairs and
tables. But on his descent, he realized he needed to make the food. A gourmet dinner was
necessary for such a party. He boiled water in a kettle for soup and chopped some beef into
chunks. Just as he was starting the soup, he remembered that he had to sweep the veranda.
As he was sweeping the veranda, he realized that he had to clean the sauna.
By this time, the first guests had arrived. The veranda was still dirty. There were not
enough chairs for the guests to sit on, and the soup tasted too pungent. Some guests were
dissatisfied. They started to make a fuss, and the party was filled with a din of complaints.
The superintendents party was a disaster. He wondered why his butler had made so
many mistakes. At last, the butler admitted to being exhausted. His boss felt pity for the
butler. He had no idea the butler was so tired. He said, You should have told me earlier,
then we could have avoided this whole ordeal.
PART O
1 .
The Superintendent of Civic Projects cleaned late at night; hence, he was busier than
his butler.
2.
Though the butler was outspoken, his jobs intrinsic nature made him never become
overworked.
3.
This particular party was important because people from the ministry were coming.
4.
The butler boiled caffeine in a kettle and chopped beef into chunks.
5.
The soup for the gourmet dinner tasted too pungent.
PART
1.
How was the butler while the superintendent slept soundly and snored?
2.
On his descent from the attic, what did the butler realize?
3.
How could the butler have avoided the entire ordeal?
4.
lust as he started the soup, what did the butler remember?
5. Why was the party filled with a din of unhappy guests making a fuss?
UNIT
5
alternate
fcritameit] v.
To alternate means to switch back and forth between two things.

The best exercise alternates muscle and heart strengthening.
apologetic [apdl0d3etik]
adj.
If someone is apologetic, they are sorry about something.

-+ The boy felt apologetic after losing his sisters favorite toy.
benign
[binain] adj.
If something or someone is benign, they do not hurt anyone.

Many spiders look scary, but most are actually benign.
char [tjd
:r] V.
To char means to burn something so that it turns black.
While Frank went inside to get the mustard, he accidentally charred the hotdogs.
clarify
[klaerafai] v.
To clarify means to make something easier to understand by explaining it.

Drew tried to clarify all the functions o f Michelles new computer.
distress [distres]
n.
Distress is the feeling of being upset or worried.

-> Failing a class caused the student a lot o f distress.
dogged
[dd(;)gid] adj.
When someones actions are dogged, they try hard to continue something.
Her dad bought her a new jacket after her dogged requests for one.
ensue
tinsu:] v.
To ensue means to happen after something.

After a few minutes o f lightening, thunder ensued.
gasp
[gaesp] v.
To gasp means to make a noise by quickly breathing in when surprised.

John always gasps when watching a scary movie.
negotiate
[nigoujieit] v.
To negotiate means to try to make an agreement through discussion.

Mario and Joe took a long time negotiating the contract between the companies.
o v e r d o s e [ouvardous] n.
An overdose is an instance of taking or havingtoo much of something.

Johns skin was burned from an overdose o f sunshine.
p e r s u a s io n [parswei3an] n.
Persuasion is the act of making someone do or believe something.

- * The persuasion o f his argument convinced the customer to buy the laptop.
relay [ri:lei]
n.
A relay is a race in which teams of runners or swimmers race against each other.
Jerry was the fastest on his team, so he ran the last part o f the relay.
reluctance
[rilAktans] n.
Reluctance is a feeling of not wanting to do something.

- Jesse took out the trash with great reluctance.
restate [ri:steit]
v.
To restate something means to say it again or in a different way.

Mrs. Jones restated the test question to the class.
sesame
[sesami] n.
Sesame is an herb that is grown for its small seeds and its oil.
I used the buns with the sesame seeds on them.
Sip
[sip] v.
To sip something means to drink a small amount at a time.

Liza relaxed on the beach, sipping fru it juice through a straw.
verge [vard3]
n.
The verge is the point at which something is about to happen.

Joan was on the verge o f leaving her house when the phone rang.
wary
[wcari] adj.
If someone is wary, they are cautious or mistrusting.

She was wary o f going to school because she hadnt done her homework.
waver [weivax]
V.
To waver is to be unable to decide between two choices.

I wavered between eating the apple or the cake for a snack.
Exercise

1. An overdose of something is
a. expensive
c. not true
.
b. too much
d. not enough
2. What might cause someone to gasp?

a. Falling asleep
c. Eating too much
b. Getting a surprise party

d. Laying on a bed
3. What is something that can be sipped?

a. A plate of rice
c. A glass of soda
b. A bowl of fruit
d. A piece of chicken
4. If you knew that a snake was benign, you would probably feel like this:
a. Fine
b. Scared
c. Angry
d. Hungry
5. She felt apologetic a bo u t

.
a. calling her friend back
c. forgetting her friends birthday
b. walking home alone

d. giving to charity
6. If people are negotiating, what are they doing?

a. Deciding on something
b. Arguing about a silly topic
c. Meeting for the first time
d. Going on a date
7. What does charred meat look like?

a. It is raw and not cooked enough,
c. It is black on the outside.
b. It is cooked perfectly,
d. It is red on the outside.
8. If someone does something with reluctance, how do they feel?

a. Excited
b. Unwilling
c. Frightened
d. Nervous
9. What might ensue after someone has misplaced a lot of money?

a. A worried search
b. A visit from the doctor
c. The arrivalof a friend
d. A party
10 . What might cause a teacher distress?

a. All the students doing their homework
c. Her students not coming to class
b. Her students always arriving on time

d. Her students all passing an exam
UNIT
IS
Exercise 2
Choose the one that is similar in meaning to the given word
1. reluctance
a. loneliness
2. apologetic
a. unsure
3. char
a. burn
4. relay
a. plate
5. persuasion
a. talent
6. restate
a. decide
7. gasp
a. breathe
8. negotiate
a. decide
9. sesame
a. container
10. verge
a. edge
b. hesitance
c. dependence
d. lateness
b. lucky
c. sorry
d. pitiful
b. cook
c. on fire
d. dark
b. race
c. desert
d. snack
b. influence
c. ripeness
d. climate
b. discuss
c. lose
d. summarize
b. announce
c. mean
d. drink
b. discuss
c. fair
d. ask
b. food
c. an animal
d. shell
b. done
c. plan
d. last
Exercise 3
Choose the one that is opposite in meaning to the given word
1. benign
a. quick
2. dogged
a. working
3. clarify
a. confuse
4. waver
a. river
5. distress
a. thoughtful
6. sip
a. gulp
7. alternate
a. divide
8. overdose
a. lack
9. wary
a. tired
10. ensue
a. come before
b. painful
c. harmful
d. warm
b. arrival
c. flexible
d. serious
b. clean
c. do again
d. order
b. determine
c. chili
d. solid
b. reasonable
c. peace
d. surprising
b. laugh
c. provide
d. keep
b. move
c. travel
d. continue
b. mixture
c. teacher
d. cottage
b. mad
c. small
d. trusting
b. safe
c. punish
d. ask about
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- --- ------------------------------------------------
A Bet
Russell finished running a relay and joined his friend Becky in the cafeteria. He asked,
Whats for lunch?
Sesame chicken. Its OK, except the meats charred. Oh, and watch out for the chili
peppers, Becky said.
Chilies dont bother me! said Russell.
My stepmother says you should be careful with them, replied Becky.
An argument ensued about eating chilies. Chilies arent so bad. I bet I can take more
bites of this chili than you, Russell said.
Becky was wary of eating the pepper. Despite her reluctance, she didnt want to say no
to the bet. She wavered about whether to do it or not. She negotiated the details. What
will the winner get? she asked.
The loser has to carry the winners books for a year! I ll even let you go first.
Becky replied, Fine, but to clarify, youll carry my books for the entire school year, right?
Russell restated the agreement, Thats rig h t
I ll carry your books all year if you
winwhich you wont!
His dogged persuasion convinced her. The chili looked benign, but Becky knew it could
cause a lot of pain. She bit the bottom of the pepper. Surprisingly, she felt nothing.
My turn, said Russell. He bit the middle of the chili. Immediately, he seemed to be in
distress. He gasped and his face alternated between brave and pained expressions. He
experienced an overdose of spice. He was on the verge of tears and finally let out a horrible
cry.
Take this, said Becky, handing him her drink.
That was awful! he said, continuing to sip from the glass.
That night, Becky researched chilies. The next day she said in an apologetic voice, I read
that the hot part of chilies is in the middle, where the seeds are. Im sorryI feel like I cheated
by going first.
Russell was relieved, not only did he learn something new about chilies, but he learned
that Becky was a good friend.
eadi nq C o m p r e h e n s i o n
PART O
1.
. Becky was having charred sesame chicken for lunch.
2.
The argument ensued because Becky wavered about whether to run the relay.
3.
After Russell and Becky negotiated the bet, they decided that whoever lost would
carry the winners books for a year.
4.
Russell was wary about eating the pepper even if it looked benign.
5.
Becky was apologetic because of her choice to take the first bite of the pepper.
PART O
1.
Why did Becky take the bet in spite of her reluctance?
2.
Why did Russell have to restate the terms of the bet?
3.
How did Becky know that Russell was in distress and had an overdose of spice after he ate
the pepper?
4.
Who warned Becky about chilies?
5.
What did Russell do after he ate the chili?
I6
r
UNIT
Word List
ashore [aJ6:r]
adv.
If something goes ashore, it goes from water to the land.

- * After a long day o f fishing, Glen pulled his boat ashore, so it wouldnt float away.
contradict [kantradikt] V.
To contradict means to state the opposite of what someone else has.
Ken was always fighting with his little sister because she kept contradicting him.
M i
counterpart
[kauntarpdirt] n.
A counterpart is something that is very similar to something else in what it does.

Our manager will meet our rival companys counterpart later today.
devoid
[divoid] adj.
When something or someone is devoid of a thing, they are missing it.

* The movie was devoid o f any violence, so it was a perfect movie for the family.
diverge
[diva:rd3] v.
To diverge is to become different or to follow a different direction.

The road diverged into two paths that led to our houses.
elude [iiu:d] v.
To elude means to avoid being caught by something.
The rabbit eluded the w olf by hiding in a bush.
embryo [embridu]
n.
An embryo is a human or animal that is still growing inside its mother.

Some doctors say that what a mother eats has a big effect on her embryo.
fend [fend] V.
To fend off something means to push it away and avoid it.
* Dave spent all night fending o ff bugs instead o f sleeping.
fictitious [fiktifas]
adj.
When something is fictitious, it is made up and not real.

* The author said that the characters in her book were completely fictitious.
gazette [gazet]
n.
A gazette is a newspaper.
Alice wants to write for a gazette when shes older.
homogeneous
[houmad3i:nias] adj.
If something is homogeneous, it is made up of things which are all the same.

All o f the houses on Victors block were boring and homogenous.
Obstruct [abstrAkt] v.
To obstruct something means to get in its way.
* The car broke down on the road and obstructed traffic for hours.
plunge
[plAnd3] v.
To plunge means to move down into something very quickly.

The water in the pool was very cold, but the boy plunged in anyway.
prolong [proul5:r|]
v.
To prolong means to make something last for a longer time.

- * Sandy walked slowly across the beach, trying to prolong her lunch break.
publicize
[pAblasaizJ v.
To publicize is to make something get a lot of attention.

The company publicized the job positions in the newspaper.
sparse
[spa:rs] adj.
If something is sparse, there is not very much of it in a big area.

Rob spent Saturday in his garden, clearing out the sparse weeds.
surplus
[sexplAs] n.
A surplus is an extra amount of something.

- * The store sold their surplus items on sale.
theorize
[ei:araiz] v.
To theorize means to develop ideas about something.

They enjoyed theorizing about how things worked.
verify
[verafai] v.
To verify means to find out if something is true.

- Julian called the movie theater to verify that the movie started at nine.
Vigorous [vigaras]
adj.
If something or someone is vigorous, they use a lot of energy.

-+ Henry uses vigorous exercise to keep him self in shape.
Exercise

1. What animal can survive ashore?
a. A dolphin
b. An alligator
c. A shark
2. How can someone devoid of any happiness be described?

a. Lazy
b. Content
c. Depressed
3.
4.
5.
How do turtles elude predators?

a. They walk fast,
c. They have sharp teeth.
b.
d.
d. A goldfish
d. Humorous
They hide in their shells,

They dig a hole in the ground.
What is something that people can plunge into?

a. A school
b. A car
c. A cup
d. A pool
Which of the following is NOT used to obstruct sunlight?

a.
Sunglasses
b. Curtains
c. A telescope
d. A baseball cap
Exercise 2
1.
Human undeveloped babies grow inside the mother for up to nine months.
2.
The concert was made well-known over the radio.
3.
Ms. Hiller had a spare amount of clothes, so she gave them to charity.
4.
The philosopher developed an idea about what happens to good people.
5.
The principal called Alexs house to make certain he was sick at home.
6.
Margaret collected shells that had come from the water to land on the beach.
7.
Elliot moved down into the water as soon as he arrived at the beach.
8.
Oscar hid behind a tree to not get caught by the bully who was chasing him.
9.
The beads in the box were all the same.
10.
The amount of hair he had on his head was a small amount.
-------
Exercise 3
1.
prolong
a. show
b. ensure
c. extend
d. destine
fictitious
a. invented
b. realistic
c. wonderful
d. unseen
contradict
a. move away
b. disagree
c. thinkabout
d. describe
homogeneous
a. same
b. weak
c. unrelated
d. barred
b. skilled
c. qualified
d. energetic
vigorous
a. untamed
Exercise 4
1.
I obstructed my brother from coming in by locking the door.
2.
I ate a light snack to fend off my hunger.
3.
The river diverged into three different channels.
4.
Sheila publicized her party over the Internet. She didnt want a lot of people to know
about it.
5.
I viewed this mornings gazette to find out about todays weather.
6.
Jason always contradicted what his friend said. They agreed about everything.
7.
Andrew verified that his friends were coming to his house, so his mom could make
enough food for dinner.
8.
9.
10.
. Did you remember to take the hot pan off of the counterparti
Class was prolonged because Shelly had a lot of questions. By the time she was
done, school had been over for ten minutes.
Greg didnt like vigorous exercise, so he played many different sports.
Amazing Komodo Dragons

Once, a British gazette had an unusual story. Scientists at a zoo made a discovery about
komodo dragons. Komodo dragons are giant lizards that grow up to two and a half meters
long. A female lizard at the zoo had babies. However, it had never been around a male
lizard in its entire life. After the scientists publicized their discovery, many people thought it
was fictitious.
But it was true. It was discovered that female komodo dragons can have babies without
the help of their male counterparts. This contradicts what scientists know about how most
animals have babies.
In most cases, there are many things that can obstruct this type of reproduction. For
example, adult males and females carry different genes needed to make an embryo. If the
genes are homogeneous, the babies are weaker and have genetic problems. Over time, the
weakened species dies out completely. This makes it necessary for the male to be involved.
However, scientists verified that when Komodo babies are born, their genes arent the exact
same genes as their mother. Also, they are devoid of any genetic problems.
Scientists theorize that Komodo dragons developed the ability because it helps the
species fend off extinction. If a volcano erupts, lava can kill all of the komodo dragons on
an island. However, as long as one female eludes death, she can prolong the survival of
the species. Luckily, Komodo dragons are vigorous swimmers. So the surviving female
can plunge into the ocean and swim to another island. When she comes ashore, she can
reproduce by herself. Over time, the genes within the population diverge. Then, the sparse
population increases. Once again there is a surplus of lizards on one island. Scientists think
that this may be how the lizards took over all of the islands in that area.
eading C o m p r e h e n s i o n
PART O
1.
People thought that the story publicized in the gazette about the komodo dragons
was fictitious.
2.
Female komodo dragons can have babies without their male counterparts.
3.
Scientists verified that baby komodo dragons have homogeneous genes if they dont
have fathers, which leads to genetic problems.
4.
Scientists theorize that the special ability of komodo dragons help them elude predators.
5.
A female komodo dragon can increase a sparse population so that there are surplus
lizards on one island.
PART O
1. How do komodo dragons contradict what scientists know about reproduction?
2.
Why is it possible for a komodo dragon to come ashore at a different island?
3.
How can a female komodo dragon prolong the survival of the species in case of a disaster?
4.
According to the passage, what happens to the genes of the population overtime?
5. What will happen to the komodo bobies if the genes are homogeneous?
.__________________________________________________________
altar
[o;ltar] n.
An altar is a table used in churches.

The altar had many lit candles on it.
arthritis
[areraitis] n.
Arthritis is an illness causing pain and swelling in a persons joints.

* Agatha couldnt play the piano anymore because o f her arthritis.
botany
[batani] n.
Botany is the study of plants.

Gardens are the best places for botany.
Credible
[kre d a b sl] adj.
If something or someone is credible, they can be believed or trusted.

Dick gave a credible reason for being late and d idnt get in any trouble.
deceased
[disi:st] adj.
If someone is deceased, they are dead.

* We visited the graves o f our deceased grandparents.
deception
[disepjan] n.
Deception is the act of lying or tricking someone.

The magic looked very real, but it was only deception.
decipher
[disaifa/-] v.
To decipher writing is to figure out what it says.

My teacher complained that she couldnt decipher my essay.
dung
[dAQ] n.
Dung is solid waste material produced by animals.

There was cow dung all over the field.
dusk
[dAsk] n.
Dusk is the time in the evening when it begins to get dark.

After dusk, Hannah would catch fireflies in the park.
gratify
[graetsfai] v.
To gratify someone means to please them.

* Bonnie was gratified after receiving her gift from her parents.
1[
V f* ^ '
r hone [houn] v.
To hone something is to improve it and make it very good.
Lisa honed her chess skills by hours and hours o f practice.
r mash [mas/] V.
To mash something is to crush it so that it is soft.
* We mashed the hard potatoes and served them for dinner.
1c
Ornate [omeit]
adj.
If something is ornate, it is decorated with a lot of fancy things.

- * Kims prom dress was very expensive since it was so ornate.
r pneumonia [n/umounja]
e
1
n.
Pneumonia is a dangerous illness causing the lungs to fill with liquid.

- Elaine got pneumonia after playing outside in the rain without a coat.
1r
psychic [saikik]
adj.
When someone is psychic, they know what will happen or what people think.
- / think my grandmother has psychic abilities because she can predict anything.
r
psychotic [saikdtik]
adj.
If someone is psychotic, they have a very serious mental illness.

The psychotic patient believed he saw things that werent real.
^
* H I
SCOpe
[skoup] n.
The scope of something is how many people or things it relates to.

- Modern history has a wide scope.
sinister
[sinister] adj.
If something or someone is sinister, they are evil.

Bad guys in most movies have sinister laughs.
'M L
1 r Strife
[strait] n.
Strife is disagreement or fighting between people or groups.
There was a lot o f strife between Jim and Lisa about what TVshow to watch.
I
;'
C therapeutic
[eerapju:tik] adj.
If something is therapeutic, it helps to cure a disease or makes you healthier.
k4
After a stressful day o f working, Phoebe would take a therapeutic bath.

LTJ
Exercise

1. credible
a. unbelievable
b. incorrect
c. sly
d. unprocessed
deceased
a. healed
b. affected
c. young
d. alive
ornate
a. unworthy
b. simple
c. cruel
d. blessed
therapeutic
a. valued
b. sickening
c. unavailable
d. extra
dusk
a. moon
b. sunrise
c. eclipse
d. month
Exercise 2
1.
The journalist checked all her sources to make sure they were believable.
2.
The hospital had a separate section for very mentally ill people.
3.
The childs handwriting was almost impossible to figure out.
4.
The priest stood behind a(n) table used in religious ceremonies.
5.
Her new sweater was colorful and decorated.
6.
My dad crushes food for my baby brother because he doesnt have teeth yet.
7.
People with an ailment affecting the joints are often unable to do physical activities.
8.
Some people think I have future seeing powers, but in reality I m just very observant.
9.
Cows release so much waste material that some scientists believe they harm the environment.
10.
He didnt like attending the opera, but he did it to satisfy his mother.
UNIT
Exercise

1. hone
a. game
b. pain
c. curse
d. improve
2. gratify
a. admire
b. please
c. approve
d. layer
3. mash
a. crush
b. place
c. leave
d. gather
4. strife
a. hurt
b. death
c. conflict
d. weakness
b. futuristic
c. willful
d. thoughtless
5.
sinister
a. evil
Exercise 4
.................................................... f
deceased
scope
decipher
botany
Word Bank ......................... ...............
sinister
therapeutic
pneumonia
strife
dusk
deception
The i ______________ of the medical book is broad.

It deals with all illnesses from colds to 2______________ .
Marcia found the sound of the river 3______________ .
She went there every day at 4______________to relieve her stress.
The criminal fooled everyone with his 5______________ .
If only someone had stopped him from doing his 6______________ crimes.
Solomons grandmother was 7____________ .
Before she died, she taught him a lot about gardening and 8____________
After the war, there was much 9__
It was difficult for the people to 10.
about land.
the new laws about ownership.
Greek Magical Papyri

The Greek Magical Papyri is a collection of writing about magic. After it was found in the
Egyptian desert, it took experts years to decipher it. The text was written in at least three
different ancient languages. After many years, experts realized it contained a number of
spells that varied greatly in scope.
The most common types of magic in the collection dealt with healing illnesses like
pneumonia. Some spells also gave advice for treating people with mental illnesses, such as
those who became psychotic. Some spells asked for unusual things, like crocodile dung.
But botany was an important part of the magic. Many healing spells gave instructions on
how to use herbs and plants that were believed to be therapeutic. For example, in order to
cure arthritis, the book says that the magician should build an ornate altar. Then he should
mash different types of herbs and place them on top of it. At dusk, he is supposed to say a
spell, so the gods would be gratified.
Other parts of the collection describe how to hone ones psychic abilities and how to
give credible descriptions of the future. Often, the book advised people how to use different
objects to tell the future, including tea leaves. Also, one part of the book tells what different
dreams might mean. It gives advice for using dreams to tell the future.
A small part of the book, however, is more sinister than the rest. It is meant to cause
strife and deception. For example, one tells how to give someone warts, while another will
make all of the victim s farm animals die. However, if someones
farm animals died as a result of a curse, he could ask a magician
to perform magic that makes the
deceased come back to life.
eadi nq C o m p r e h e n s i o n
PART O
1.
.The Greek Magical Papyri was hard to decipher because it was too large in scope.
2.
The book is about botany.
3.
The book gave advice for using crocodile dung to heal.
4.
A spell is spoken at dusk to become more credible.
5.
The book had instructions for honing ones psychic powers.
PART O
1. What illnesses does the book have advice for healing?
2.
What kind of plants does the book recommend using?
3.
What should someone do if they want to cure arthritis?
4.
What does the sinister part of the book focus on?
5. What could someone ask a magician to do if their farm animals died?
Ward List
T M M -
congested
Hi
wm
[kand3estid] adj.
If something is congested, it is full or blocked.

Tom did n t get home until after dark because the road was so congested.
courier
[kuriar] n.
A courier is someone who takes and delivers mail or packages.

Before trains, most couriers used horses to travel.
deform
idifoxm] v.
To deform something means to change it from its correct or original shape.

The computer program deformed the buildings picture into an unreal sight.
etiquette
[etiket] n.
Etiquette is the group of rules about how to be polite.

When in Asian countries, bowing is a form o f etiquette.
exclusive
[ikskiu :siv] adj.
If something is exclusive, it is expensive and only for rich people.

The g o lf course was so exclusive that most people hadnt even heard o f it.
freight
[freit] n.
Freight is a set of items carried on a train, boat, or airplane.

Trade ships only carried valuable freight like silk and spices.
garment
[garment] n.
A garment is a piece of clothing.

The business man had all o f his garments cleaned before the important meeting.
insomnia
[insomnia] n.
Insomnia is a condition in which a person has difficulty sleeping.

Nates insomnia prevented him from getting enough rest.
intuitive
[inyu:itiv] adj.
Intuitive is knowing about something without naturally having support or proof.

* Rhonda had an intuitive feeling that Shane wasnt coming to school today.
liable [laiabal]
adj.
If something is liable to happen, it is very likely that it will happen.

During the summer months, hikers in the forest are liable to see deer and elk.
UNIT
obsess
[abses] v.
To obsess about something means to think about it all of the time.

After watching the Star Wars movies, Ike obsessed about becoming a Jedi.
overboard
[ouverbo:rd] adv.
When something is overboard, it is over the side of a boat and in the water.
Tom and Gary slipped on the wet floor and fell overboard.
premium
[pri :miam] n.
A premium is a payment that is higher than average.

* Tony paid for premium gas because it made his car run the best.
RESERVED
PARKING
privilege
Employee
of the
Year
[privalid3l n.
A privilege is a special right given to only a certain person or group of people.

Only the best employee had the privilege o f parking in that spot.
propel
[prapel] v.
To propel something means to push or move it somewhere.

* The strong wind propelled the leaf through the air and across the street.
Socialize
[soujalaiz] v.
To socialize is to have a good time with people.

* I like to socialize with my classmates after school.
suppress
[sapres] v.
To suppress something means to prevent it from happening.

- She suppressed her urge to scream because she d idnt want to be noticed.
tram
[traemj n.
A tram is a vehicle like a streetcar that runs on electricity above ground.

-* I took the tram to Eighth Avenue.
unsettle
Unseti] v.
To unsettle someone means to make them anxious or worried.

The dark clouds in the sky unsettled Beth.
warp [wo:rp} V.
To warp means to become bent into the wrong shape.
- The woman put the clock above the fireplace, and the heat warped it.
un
Exercise

1.
congested
a. normal
b. crowded
c. distinct
d. hostile
exclusive
a. limited
b. ancient
c. inexpensive
d. unruly
unsettle
a. bring
b. intend
c. increase
d. worry
garment
a. clothing
b. equipment
c. criticism
d. unplanned action
b. push
c. capable
d. toughen
propel
a. avoid
Exercise 2
1.
The meeting of the citizens group was prevented from happening by the police.
2.
The warm weather had changed the ice sculptures into strange shapes.
3.
Dad says drinking milk before going to bed helps with a disorder that makes it hard to sleep.
4.
After I saw the scary movie, walking home in the darkness upset me.
5.
After school, I m likely to go visit my friend at her house.
6.
Dylan believed it to be his special right to be treated as superior to all the others.
7.
A gust of wind blew her scarf over the edge of the boat while she was sailing.
8.
He didnt know what the proper set of rules about being polite was for returning a gift.
9.
The train was full of clothes that were to be sold overseas.
10. The wax candle twisted and formed a different shape because it was left in the sun.
Exercise
.................................................. i Word Bank
congested
courier
exclusive
socialize
The club was very 1 ________

The members had to pay a 2_
i...............................................
suppress
obsessed
premium
warp
etiquette
tram
and didnt have many members.

________just to join.
My mother is 3______________ with making sure we impress our guests.

For example, she makes sure our 4______________ is perfect.
I stepped onto the 5______________ and couldnt find a seat right away.
Finally, I made my way through the 6______________ aisle and sat down.
Hannah worked as a 7______________ for an advertising company.
Between making deliveries, she liked to 8______________ with the employees.
The glue couldnt 9_
. the water from leaking from the pipes.
Since I didnt clean it up right away, it caused the wooden floor to io_
Exercise 4
1.
Allie could always count on her intuitive powers to know where her cat was. Thats
why the cat never got lost.
2.
The weatherman said it was liable to rain over the entire weekend, so we decided to
go for a picnic on Saturday.
3.
Jared couldnt stop obsessing about his grade. When his teacher returned his test, he
forgot about it immediately.
4.
Maxine suffers from insomnia. She has seen several doctors, but none have helped
her get any more sleep.
5.
Walter didnt know what to wear to the concert. All of his best garments needed to be
washed.
Watch Out!
Kevin stepped off the tram and walked toward the ship, holding a package tightly in his
hands. He had been hired as a courier for an important broker. All he needed to do was
deliver a package to an office in New York City; the ship would take him there.
When he boarded, the ship was congested with people. As Kevin walked to his cabin,
he saw the exclusive first-class section. Everybody inside was wearing fancy garments. He
would have liked to socialize with the people inside, but it was against proper etiquette.
People paid a premium for the privilege to ride in first-class.
Instead, he went to his cabin next to the freight section of the boat. His room smelled
bad, and the floorboards were warped and deformed in some areas. He could also hear the
motor humming as it waited to propel the ship forward. Suddenly, Kevin was unsettled by
something, but he wasnt sure why.
He took a short walk on the ships deck, but he still felt strange. That night, he suffered
from insomniahe couldnt suppress his obsessing over how strange he felt.
Kevin went back on deck. It was cold and dark outside. He looked overboard, but it
seemed that everything was all right. Just go back inside, he thought. Then Kevin saw it. A
giant iceberg was sticking out of the ocean in the distance!
Help! he yelled.
People looked at him as if he was crazy, but he continued to shout until he saw the
captain.
There s an iceberg out there, Kevin said to him. If the ship doesnt move, we re liable
to crash, he said, pointing toward the iceberg.
The captain saw it and immediately instructed the crew to change the ships direction.
Without your help, we would have definitely hit the iceberg. That would have been a
terrible disaster! he said to Kevin.
Kevin felt relieved. Now he knew to always trust his intuitive sense.
El
Reading C o m p r e h e n s i o n
PART O
i.
Kevin took a taxi to the ship.
2.
In order to get the privilege to be in the exclusive section, one had to wear fancy garments.
3.
Kevin didnt socialize with the people in the exclusive section because it was too
congested.
4.
Kevin could not sleep because he had insomnia.
5.
If Kevin hadnt seen the iceberg, the ship was liable to have crashed into it.
PART O
1.
Describe Kevins room next to the freight section.
2.
While he was on the ship, what could Kevin hear humming?
3.
What did Kevin see when he looked overboard the first time?
4.
What did the captain do when he heard the news about the iceberg?
5. What did Kevin learn at the end of the story?
artery
[drtari] n.
An artery is a tube that takes blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
-* Eating healthily keeps your arteries clean, so blood can flow with ease.
deterioration
tditiarioreijan] n.
Deterioration is the act of becoming worse.

- * The lack o f care led to the deterioration o f the house.
elusive
[iiuisiv] adj.
If something or someone is elusive, they are hard to find.

The elusive fish only came out at night.
forage
[fo-.rids] v.
To forage means to look around for food.

Many animals hide food in the fall since little can be foraged in winter.
impede
[impi.d] v.
To impede something means to keep it from moving or going forward.

The barrier impeded our ability to get closer to the building.
induce
[jnd/u:s] v.
To induce something means to make it happen.

- * Running without good shoes may induce leg pain.
inseparable
[inseparaba/] adj.
If two things are inseparable, they cant be separated.

Denise and Diana have been inseparable since they first met.
invalid
[invaelid] adj.
If something is invalid, it is not correct.

- * The way to winning debates is to avoid invalid arguments.
magnify
[mgegnafai] v.
To magnify something means to make it look bigger than it really is.

- * Astronomers use telescopes to magnify far-away stars.
mainstream
[meinstriim] n.
The mainstream is a group of ideas that are considered normal and accepted.
Before punk rock music became part o f the mainstream, only a few people liked it.
microbe
[maikroub] n.
A microbe is a very small living thing that often makes people sick.
* The first step in curing a disease is finding the microbe that causes the disease.
negligible
[neglid39bal] adj.
If something is negligible, it is extremely small and not important.

The amount she owed was negligible. It was less than ten cents.
paralysis
[psrselasis] n.
Paralysis is the loss of the ability to move all or part of your body.
- * His paralysis meant that he had to use a wheelchair to get around.
pest
[pest] n.
A pest is an animal or insect that hurts plants or food.

Many farmers put up scarecrows to keep pests o ff o f their corn.
prevail
[priveil] v.
To prevail means to be accepted or very common.

Unfortunately, injustice still prevails in the countrys court system.
respiration
[respareijan] n.
Respiration is the act of breathing.

Artificial respiration is the best thing to do if someone stops breathing.
rupture
[rAptJer] V.
To rupture means to tear or burst open.

Sarah put too much water into the balloon, and it ruptured.
S a v a g e [saevid3] adj.
If something or someone is savage, they are very violent or cruel.

Wild animals are very savage when defending their babies.
Stun
[stAn] V.
To stun someone means to make them unable to speak due to surprise or shock.
*Tim fell o ff the swing and was too stunned to cry.
susceptible
[saseptabal] adj.
If one is susceptible to something like disease, they are easily harmed by it.
Not eating enough vegetables makes you more susceptible to getting sick.
Exercise

1. microbe
a. germ
b. type
c.
liquid
d.
difficulty
2. respiration
a. living
b.
sleeping
c.
breathing
d.
moving
3. artery
a. vein
b.
area
c. medication
d.
tube
4. pest
a. bug
b.
food
c.
toy
d.
victim
5. induce
a. take out
b.
cause
c.
stop
d.
chase
6. invalid
a. hurt
b.
unproven
c.
critical
d.
untrue
7. rupture
a. burst
b.
reach
c.
sting
d.
bother
8 . forage
a. plant
b.
cook
c.
search
d.
hide
9. stun
a. shock
b.
injure
c.
threaten
d.
attack
10 . susceptible
a. helpful
b.
at risk
c.
informative
d.
suffering
Exercise 2
1.
2.
The old house was full of insects that cause harm.
My brother-in-law always tries to enlarge small problems so that they seem much greater
than they really are.
3.
Mr. Robinson owned a violent dog that terrified all the children in the neighborhood.
4.
If you eat spicy food at night, it will lead to heartburn.
5.
His tubes that carry blood are clogged.
Exercise

1. impede
a. allow
b. start
c. anger
d. heal
2. elusive
a. available
b. under
c. venomous
d. shy
3. paralysis
a. illness
b. mobility
c. problems
d. doctor
4. mainstream
a. uncommon
b. untested
c. scientific
d. wild
5. negligible
a. cared for
b. reasonable
c. important
d. unexpected
6. magnify
a. release
b. check
c. save
d. shrink
7. prevail
a. conquer
b. fail
c. take
d. feel
b. back-up
c. function
d. loss
b. cruel
c. gentle
d. unwilling
b. dividable
c. kind
d. resigned
8. deterioration
a. improvement
9. savage
a. hungry
10. inseparable
a. protective
Exercise 4
.................................................... < Ward Bank | .........................
elusive
stunned
mainstream
susceptible
paralysis
deterioration
pests
forage
The movies unusual topic might 1 ___________

________ its popularity.
Most 2______________ movies dont deal with strange themes.
The 3________
. fox finally came out of its den.
It planned to 4_
________ for food before winter.
Rats are 5____

They carry 6__
. that are found all over the world.

that can make people very sick.
Mr. Garson was 7______________ by the bright light.

His shock caused a momentary 8______________that kept him from moving.
Mrs. Drapers old age made her 9_
Doctors told her that the 10_____
__________to some illnesses.

. of her health could be avoided.
microbes
impede
Dangerous Bites
There are many animals with dangerous bites in the world, but which one is the worst?
Some would say that the elusive short-tailed mamushi has the worst bite. The snake only
goes into homes to chase pests such as mice. Otherwise, it stays in the fields, where its
dangerous to people who forage for food there. If someone stuns it by accidentally stepping
on it, it bites to protect itself. At first, the effects of the bite may seem negligible because
it doesnt cause a lot of bleeding. However, after a few moments, the venom induces
paralysis in the area where the individual was bitten. Furthermore, the venom can also
impede respiration. If the person doesnt go to the doctor, they are susceptible to kidney
deterioration.
Others would argue that tigers have the worst bite. Mother tigers are inseparable from
their babies and seem to be the gentlest creatures when they are around their young.
However, if the babies are threatened, the mother tigers savage nature prevails. With
strong jaws and the ability to move quickly, the tiger can kill someone with one bite. Thats
because it always tries to bite an important artery when it attacks. If the artery is ruptured,
the victim will bleed to death.
In the mainstream, animal bites are seen as the most dangerous. But some scientists
think this idea is invalid. In fact, the most dangerous bite might be the human bite. When
scientists magnified the contents in human saliva, they found about three hundred different
microbes in it. A human bite can be dangerous if the bacteria enters the body through a cut,
which can make people very sick. Furthermore, most people dont
PART O
1.
The elusive mamushi attacks humans if it is bothered by pests in houses.
2.
The consequences of a mamushi bite are negligible.
3.
Mother tigers are inseparable from their babies.
4.
When tigers attack, they try to rupture an important artery.
5.
Scientists think that the mainstream idea that human bites are the most dangerous
is invalid.
PART O
1. What group of people is at risk for mamushi bites?
2. What are the effects of a mamushi bite?
3. When does a tigers savage nature prevail?
4.
What did scientists find when they magnified human saliva?
5. Why do human bites often become infected?
-.
-AM
UNI T
Word List
accumulate
[akju:mjaleit]
V.
To accumulate something is to collect a lot of it over time.

The mail accumulated in their mailbox while they were on vacation.
aerial [tanai] adj.

When something is aerial, it relates to being in the air or flying.
The aerial photographer took pictures from the air balloon.
apparatus
[aeparaeitas] n.
An apparatus is a device used for a particular purpose.

The campers had an apparatus that showed them their exact location.
avalanche
[aevalaentj] n.
An avalanche is a large amount of snow, ice, and rock falling off a mountain.
- The avalanche destroyed the mountain village.
consistency
[kansistansi] n.
Consistency is the state of always behaving in the same way.

Her consistency in archery meant that our team had a chance to win.
convection
[kanvekjan] n.
Convection is the flow of hot air through gas or liquid.

- The weather changed because o f convection in the atmosphere.
discharge
[distja:rd3] v.
To discharge someone is to allow them to leave from a place, usually a hospital

I was discharged from the hospital after three days.
intact
[intaekt] adj.
When something is intact, it is complete and not damaged.

Despite being over ten years old, my fathers model ship is still intact.
mortal
[m6 :rtl] adj.
When a person is mortal, they cannot live forever.

All people are mortal.
O m e n [ouman] n.
An omen is a sign of what will happen in the future.

He thought that seeing a black cat in the street was an omen o f bad luck.
O v e r c a s t .ouvarksest ] adj.
When the sky is overcast, it is full of clouds and is not sunny.

The sky was overcast in the morning, but by noon it was bright again.
poignant
[p5in/ant] adj.
When something is poignant, it causes a very strong feeling of sadness.

The girls cried at the end o f the poignant movie.
ranger
[reind38 .r] n.
A ranger is a person who protects the forest or parks.

* Peter wanted to be a ranger because he liked spending time outside.
rubble
[rAbal] n.
Rubble is piles of broken stone and wood created after a building is destroyed.
There was rubble all over the city after the earthquake.
seclude
[sikiu d] *
To seclude someone means to keep them away from other people.

She was secluded on an island for over a year.
sideways
[saidweiz] adv.
If something moves sideways, then it moves to or from the side.

Jim turned sideways in order to slow down and stop his snowboard.
Sob
[sab] v.
To sob is to cry loudly.

- * I sobbed when my youngest daughter got married.
sober
[soubax] adj.
When something or someone is sober, they are serious and calm.

After the funeral, everybody felt very sober.
speck
[spek] n.
A speck is a very small mark or amount.

A speck o f blood appeared where the mosquito b it him.
upbringing
[Apbrir]irj] n.
An upbringing is the way that someone is taught to behave by their parents.

He had a strict upbringing and was never allowed to watch television.

1. omen
a. sign
b. storm
c. accident
d. item
2. apparatus
a. method
b. idea
c. device
d. name
3. convection
a. weather
b. belief
c. heat flow
d. movement
4. sob
a. watch
b. serve
c. wait
d. cry
5. seclude
a. study
b. repair
c. hide
d. purchase
6. ranger
a. forest worker
7. avalanche
a. landslide
b. police
c. lumberjack
d. guard
b. snowstorm
c. disaster
d. believable
8. accumulate
a. impressive
b. winning
c. collect
d. wave
9. rubble
a. boards
b. dirt
c. ruins
d. ice
b. routine
c. schedule
d. experience
10. upbringing
a. background
Exercise 2
1.
The accident wasnt serious, and Ernest was released from the hospital quickly.
2.
My grandfather says that if you have itchy hands, its a(n) sign that youll receive money soon.
3.
The books emotional descriptions taught me that war brings sadness to everyone.
4.
The photograph was perfect except for a tiny mark on the corner.
5.
The child cried loudly because his mother wouldnt buy him a toy he wanted.
Exercise

1.
overcast
a. warm
b. bright
c. morning
d. apparent
2. consistency
a. irregularity
b. delicacy
c. loyalty
d. intelligence
3. poignant
a. gloomy
b. supportive
c. thoughtful
d. unemotional
4. intact
a. alive
b. broken
c. aged
d. tired
5. mortal
a. natural
b. content
c. deadly
d. everlasting
6. speck
a. huge
b. fragment
c. far
d. clear
7. sober
a. drunk
b. caring
c. calm
d. ready
8. discharge
a. cure
b. imprison
c. pay
d. arrive
9. aerial
a. from ground
b. technology
c. emergency
d. safety
b. forward
c. again
d. safely
10. sideways
a. quickly
Exercise 4
.................................................... t
aerial
overcast
Word Bank } ..........................
accumulated
avalanche
Before the storm, it was very windy and i_

When it began to snow, it quickly 2_____
sober
sideways
rubble
ranger
outside.
on the roof.
The old wall fell over3_

. and broke to pieces.
Afterwards, nothing was left but some 4_
The photograph, though old, was still 5_
It showed my father in his forest 6_____
After the 7_
8________
. uniform.
_, much of the town was destroyed by snow.

. photographs showed that only a few houses remained.
It was a very 9_ ___________ moment for him when his wife passed away.
He truly realized that people are io_
intact
mortal
The
Avalanche
Randy was a forest ranger. Because of his job, he was secluded in a cabin in the
wilderness.
One day, the radio reported, Convection in the atmosphere is causing a lot of clouds to
form. A serious storm . . . Suddenly, the radio went silent. The signal was lost.
He went outside and looked at the overcast sky. Anybody else would have taken the
dark sky as an omen of a very bad storm, but not Randy. His upbringing had taught him
consistency. He had done this job for years, and nothing could stop him. Besides, he
thought nothing could hurt him.
Today, he had a very important task to do. The snow was starting to pile up high on
the mountain. If too much accumulated, it could cause an avalanche. But Randy had an
apparatus to get rid of the snow. It used dynamite to shake the snow and make the top
*
layer of snow come down.
As the snow started falling, he thought about returning to the office until the storm
stopped, but he decided not to. Suddenly, he heard a loud noise behind him. It was an
avalanche! He started to run, but within seconds, he was knocked sideways and buried
by the snow and rubble from an old cabin that had been destroyed. An aerial rescue team
came quickly. Randy was just a speck amongst the great pile of snow, but the team found
him thanks to his brightly colored jacket. They quickly took him to a hospital.
After a few hours, Randy woke up in the hospital. He looked at the sober faces of the
doctors and saw his wife sobbing.
Whats wrong? he asked. He didnt remember what had happened.
You were almost killed! his wife said.
You broke several ribs. But the rest of you is still
reasonably intact. You are really lucky to be alive, the
doctor said.
After five days, Randy was discharged from the
hospital. The experience had taught him a poignant
lesson: he was a mortal, and nature was much more
powerful than him.
to
CD
PART Q
l.
.The avalanche was caused by convection in the atmosphere.
2.
Randys job as a ranger had taught him consistency.
3.
Randy had an apparatus that moved snow sideways to help avoid avalanches.
4.
Randy was seen by the aerial rescue team thanks to his brightly colored jacket.
5.
According to the doctor, Randy was lucky to be alive after the avalanche.
PART O
1. What was the overcast sky an omen of?
2.
What did Randy see when he woke up after the avalanche?
3. Why was Randy secluded in the wilderness?
4. How long was it before Randy was discharged from the hospital?
5. What poignant lesson did Randy learn from his experience?
UNIT
11
Ward List
advocate
[aedvakeit] v.
To advocate a plan or idea is to support or suggest it in public.

The group advocated increased spending on education and schools.
authorize
[5:earaiz] v.
To authorize something means to give permission for it.

The mayor authorized the construction o f a new statue in the park.
Civilian
[siviljan] n.
A civilian is someone who is not in the military.

- * It was Todds job to keep civilians from entering the army facility.
commodity
[kamddati] n.
A commodity is something that can be bought or sold.

Frans uncle made most o f his money trading commodities.
conquest
[karjkwest] n.
A conquest is an event by which one country takes over another country.

After the conquest, the people o f the small city had no freedom.
d is c lo s e [disklouz] v.
To disclose something means to tell it to someone else.

- * John came home late, so he had to disclose his activities to his wife.
dynamics
[dainaemiks] n.
The dynamics of a situation are the way that parts of it affect each other.
A good psychologist needs to know a lot about the dynamics o f brain disorders.
enroll
[enroul] v.
To enroll in something is to put ones name on a list as a member of a group.

The students had to enroll in the class one semester in advance.
envious
[envias] adj.
When someone is envious, they want something that another person has.
They were envious o f their neighbors front yard.
euphoria
[ju:f5:ria] n.
Euphoria is a feeling of extreme happiness.

The athlete felt euphoria after he won the im portant game.
festive
[festiv] adj.
When something is festive, it is happy and related to a party or celebration.

Deans favorite part o f Christmas is the festive clothing that people wear.
jolly
[d3alij adj.
When someone is jolly, they are cheerful and happy.

* My grandmothers jo lly attitude always made me smile.
lentil
[lent/I] n.
Lentils are very small beans that people cook and eat.
Danni made her special soup with lentils when her husband was sick.
marshal
[maxjai] v.
To marshal a group means to assemble them in order.

- The students were marshaled outside and put into groups.
morale
[mourafel] n.
Morale is the amount of hope that people have during a difficult situation.
- To improve our fam ilys morale, mom suggested going on a picnic.
prophecy
[prdfasi] n.
A prophecy is a prediction about what will happen in the future.

Some people believe that prophecies are actually true.
sage
[seids] n.
A sage is someone who is very wise.

-* Hal always visited the local sage for help with love.
senate
[senat] n.
A senate is a part of the government in some countries.

Everybody liked Caroline and chose her to speak for them in the senate.
sentiment
[sentamant] n.
A sentiment is an opinion based on your feelings.

Tess told everyone at the table her sentiments about eating meat.
unrest
Unrest] n.
Unrest is a state of anger about something among the people in a place.

High taxes caused much o f the unrest that led to the Revolutionary War.
Exercise
U nUHhI

1. Who is a person with the power to authorize a war?
a. A teacher
b. A guard
c. A chef
d. A president
2. Which of the following might give you euphoria?

a. Winning a great prize
b. Falling off your bike
c. Having your jacket stolen
d. Cutting your finger
3. What best describes a sage?
a. Alert
b. Intelligent
c. Heavy
4. Which of the following is a valuable commodity?

a. Oil
b. Mountains
c. Rainwater
5.
d. Unreliable
d. Grass
What might cause unrest at a school?

a. Students receiving lunch for free
b.
Students getting rewarded for good grades
c.
d.
Students being told to go home early
Students having daily tests
Exercise 2
authorize
a. make easy
b. reinforce
c. declare
d. reject
conquest
a. combination
b. liberation
c. eliminate
d. shortage
disclose
a. conceal
b. support
c. dry out
d. show as guilty
euphoria
a. measurement
b. suggestion
c. depression
d. untruthfulness
unrest
a. no planning
b. peace
c. early stage
d. generosity
sage
a. fool
b. stubborn
c. gloomy
d. praiseworthy
civilian
a. traditionalist
b. salesman
c. preacher
d. soldier
festive
a. honest
b. penniless
c. unhappy
d. unchanging
enroll
a. quit
b. imply
c. enlist
d. make better
advocate
a. fallen
b. sinner
c. antisocial
d. oppose
Exercise

1. lentil
a. prize
b. bean
c. nut
d. coin
2. envious
a. awkward
b. sensible
c. jealous
d. cowardly
3. commodity
a. product
b. inactivity
c. genius
d. act of scolding
4. dynamics
a. angry speech
b. edge of
c. aspects
d. enthusiasm
5. prophecy
a. comes before
b. prediction
c. true story
d. large amount
6. morale
a. goodness
b. confidence
c. sympathy
d. temperature
7. marshal
a. assemble
b. promise
c. attempt
d. contain
8. jolly
a. inspiring
b. appealing
c. merry
d. rational
9. senate
a. nice feeling
b. aspiration
c. school
d. government
b. effort
c. acceptance
d. opinion
10. sentiment
a. confidence
Exercise 4
1.
Janices dad was a part of the senate. He fixed cars all day.
2.
Damon read about the Roman conquest of northern Africa. He was amazed by all the
places that the Romans took over.
3.
The teacher understood the dynamics between instructors and students in the
classroom.
4.
Mariah enrolled the clothes and put them in her drawer.
5.
Sheldon was a vegetarian. He advocated for people not to eat meat.
The
Lydian King
King Croesus was once one of the richest kings in the world. He ruled over Lydia, an ancient
empire located near modern-day Turkey and controlled a valuable commodity: gold. Many
people were very envious of him.
One day, a messenger disclosed some interesting news: political unrest in Persia had
weakened the empire. Before then, the Persians had taken over many countries. Many
leaders were scared of the Persian conquest. But King Croesus understood the dynamics
of war better than most. He decided that it would be a good time to try to beat the Persians
while they were weak.
He advocated starting war, but nobody shared his sentiment. Then he asked a wise
member of the senate who was visiting from Athens. The sage didnt say whether he should
attack the Persians or not. He only warned him that his good luck wouldnt last.
Finally, King Croesus sent a messenger to visit the Oracle, a special lady who could see
%
the future. The messenger gave the Oracle jugs of wine and baskets of lentils in orderto make
her happy.
When the messenger came back, he was in a festive mood.
What was the Oracles prophecy? asked King Croesus.
The jolly messenger responded, She said that if you attack Persia, you will destroy a great
empire.
The news filled Croesus with euphoria. After hearing the Oracles prophecy, many civilians
enrolled in the Lydian army. The king marshaled his troops and prepared them for a war with
Persia. Their morale was high because they were sure they would win. Soon, King Croesus
authorized an attack against the Persians.
However, the Persian army was still very strong. After a few months of fighting, it was
obvious that the Oracles prophecy had come true: by attacking the Persians, King Croesus
had destroyed a great empirehis own! King Croesus should have considered the advice
more carefully.
PART O
1.
People were envious of King Croesus because he understood the dynamics of war
better than anybody else.
2.
The messenger disclosed that the Persians were in a state of unrest.
3.
The sage man from the senate was the only one that shared the kings sentiment.
4.
The messenger gave the Oracle jugs of wine and baskets of lentils to make her happy.
5.
The Oracles prophecy was that the Lydian conquest of Persia would be successful.
PART O
1. Why did King Croesus advocate war against the Persians?
2. Why was the messenger in a festive and jolly mood when he returned from seeing the Oracle?
3.
How did King Croesus feel after he heard the Oracles prophecy?
4.
How did the civilians who enrolled and were marshaled in the Lydian army feel about the war?
5. What did King Croesus learn from the experience?
UNIT
Word List
adorn
[ado:rn] v.
To adorn something means to make it more beautiful by decorating it.

- * Small glass beads adorned the vase.
bliss
[blis] n.
Bliss is a state of complete happiness.

Every time he sees his girlfriend, he feels a sense o f bliss.
butler
[bAtlar]
n.
A butler is the most important male servant in a wealthy house.

Whenever he needed something, he rang a bell, and the butler appeared.
cramp
[kraemp] n.
A cramp is a strong pain caused by a muscle after a lot of physical use.

After the marathon, Jenny got a terrible cramp in her calf muscle.
dilapidated
[dileepadeitid] adj.
When a building is dilapidated, it is old and in bad condition.

Paint peeled o ff o f the old dilapidated apartment building.
evoke
[ivouk] v.
To evoke a memory or emotion means to make it occur.

The picture evoked memories o f when grandmother was a girl.
farewell
[fearwel] n.
A farewell is an instance of saying goodbye or a way to say it.

She got on the plane after we said our farewells.
faucet
[fo:sit] n.
A faucet is a device that controls the flow of a liquid or gas.

Turn o ff the faucet when you are done brushing your teeth.
filth
[file] n.
Filth is a large amount of dirt or dirty things that disgust you.
There was tons o f filth and trash on the shore o f the river.
flaw
[flo ] n.
A flaw is a mistake in something that causes it to be less effective or correct.

We discovered a major flaw in the metal chain.
grin
[grin] v.
To grin means to smile broadly.

That joke makes me grin every time I hear it.
housekeeping
[hauski:pir]] n.
Housekeeping is the maintenance of a house or an establishment like a hotel.

* Housekeeping is not much fun, but it has to be done.
mound
[maund] n.
A mound of something is a large pile of it.

There was a mound o f clothes on the messy teenagers floor.
numb
[nAm]
adj.
When a body part is numb, it does not have any feeling.

After holding my hand under the icy water, my fingers went numb.
reckless
[reklis] adj.
When people are reckless, they act in an unsafe way.

*The reckless driver posed a threat to everyone else on the road.
Slate
[sleit] n.
Slate is a dark grey rock that can easily be split into layers.
* The roof o f the church was made o f slate.
StOOl
[stu:l] n.
A stool is a seat with legs but no support for a persons arms and back.
I dont find stools very comfortable to sit on.
testament
[testament] n.
A testament to something shows that it exists or is true.

- The beautiful performance was a testament to the singers natural talents.
timber
[timber] n.
Timber is wood that is used for building houses and making furniture.
Trees in this area are grown specifically to be used for timber.
valve
[vselv] n.
A valve is a device attached to a pipe that controls the flow of liquid or air.
The mechanic removed the d irt to clear the engine valve.
Exercise

1. reckless
a. impressive
b. careless
c. fake
d. colorful
2. flaw
a. loss
b. injury
c. mistake
d. relative
3. farewell
a. goodbye
b. maybe
c. instead
d. with luck
4. filth
a. ice
b. dirt
c. tear
d. track
5. bliss
a. boldness
b. comfort
c. greatness
d. happiness
Exercise 2
1.
The large pile of dirt covered most of the backyard.
2.
Please call for the most important male servant.
3.
I dont think we have enough wood used for building furniture to complete the project.
4.
The playful puppy made the baby smile broadly.
5.
We ll have to install a new device that attaches to a tube to control the flow of liquid.
6.
I got a small muscle pain in my leg after having a long workout at the gym.
7.
To reach the TV, the young girl stood on the seat with legs but no arm support.
8.
A high examination score is a proof of the existence of good studying skills.
9.
The man became worried when his arm was without feeling.
10.
He was hired to repair the house that had become old and in bad condition.
Exercise
1.
The scientists theory was full of flaws. There was no way it could work.
2.
The butler catered to the old mans every need.
3.
I hope we do not have to say farewells to the bus to school.
4.
The teacher was proud of the filth her students achieved in class.
5.
After the initial pain of droppingthe hammer on my toe, it went numb.
6.
He was not looking forward to cleaning the huge mound of dirty dishes in the sink.
7.
The scared child felt bliss and cried for his mother.
8.
Huge stained-glass windows adorn the new church.
9.
Fossil evidence is a testament to the immense size of dinosaurs.
10.
The reckless climber took every precaution to insure asafe climb.
11.
The girls jump rope has a cramp in it.
12.
The weather report says slate will fall for the next three days.
13.
My entire family helps with housekeeping. I sweep the floor, and my brother dusts.
* 14.
The mother grinned when her child scored the winning run in the baseball game.
15.
The timber was a nice addition to our breakfast meal.
16.
He took off his shoes and leaned back into the comfortable stool.
17.
Adjust the valve to insure proper airflow.
18.
The dilapidated fire truck was a beautiful site.
19.
The movie was great because it evoked strong feelings in viewers.
20.
You can get hot or cold water from this faucet.
The
Butler
Greta was an elderly lady who lived alone in a huge, dilapidated mansion. The mansion
was in terrible condition. It was covered with filth, and most of the furniture was broken.
Plus, the kitchen sink leaked water all over the floor. Greta was too old to do housekeeping
and repairs herself, so she hired a butler named Gordon.
Gordon was a young, muscular man. His muscles were a testament to his strong work
ethic. He believed that if he worked hard, great things would happen for him. On his first
day, he worked for hours cleaning and making repairs. He swept up mounds of dirt. He
tightened the valve underneath the kitchen faucet to stop the leak. He even bought timber
to build new stools for the kitchen. He worked so hard that his fingers went numb, and he
got cramps in his shoulders.
Gordon worked hard every day. Even when tasks were boring, he was never reckless. He
made sure there were no flaws in his work. Gordon was worried, however,
that Greta wasnt pleased. She never expressed thanks or said that he
did a good job. The lack of appreciation evoked unhappy feelings
in Gordon. He even thought about quitting. But he decided the
right thing to do was to keep working hard.
One day, while Gordon was sweeping,
Greta said, Gordon! I have a surprise for
you! He went to Gretas room and saw
a beautiful slate statue. It looked
just like him! It was adorned with a
banner that read: Welcome home.
'
Greta said, Youve made this
ugly old mansion look new again.
I m so thankful for your hard work
that I want you to have it. I ll move
into a smaller house.
He grinned and gave
Greta a big hug. He said,
I m in bliss! My hard
work really paid off!
The two said their
farewells, and Gordon
spent the afternoon
admiring his beautiful
new home.
PART Q
1.
.The dilapidated mansion was covered in filth.
2.
. Gordons muscles were a testament to his flaws.
3.
Gordon was never reckless even when tasks were boring.
4.
The mound of dirt evoked unhappy feelings in Gordon.
5.
Gordon tightened the valve under the kitchen faucet and bought timber to build
stools.
PART O
1. Why did Greta hire a butler to do the housekeeping and repairs?
2. Why did Gordons shoulders get cramps and his fingers become numb?
3. What was written on the banner that adorned the slate statue?
4. What did Gordon say when he grinned and felt bliss?
5. What happened after Greta and Gordon said their farewells?
certify
[sartafai] v.
To certify something means to confirm that its results are true.

The photograph on her passport certified that she was indeed Jolene Sawyer.
collaborate
[kalaebareit]
v.
To collaborate means to work together on something.

When they collaborated, they managed to finish their chores early.
compile
[kampail] v.
To compile things means to collect a variety of them into a group.

She compiled a list o f people who she wanted to attend her birthday party.
counteract
[kauntarjfekt] v.
To counteract something means to act against it in order to reduce or stop it.

- * Medicine is supposed to counteract illnesses.
Curb
[ka:rb] v.
To curb something means to prevent it from happening or increasing.

She curbed her anger by listening to a relaxing song.
diagnose
[daiagndus] v.
To diagnose someone means to identify the medical condition they have.

* Several o f the children were diagnosed with the flu.
enact
[insekt] V.
To enact something means to make it into a law.

The council enacted a law that would only allow buses to drive downtown.
federation
[fedareifan] n.
A federation is a group of states or businesses working for a common cause.

-> The United Nations is a federation designed to prevent war, disease, and famine.
grOSS
[grous] adj.
If something is gross, then it is disgusting.

The food was so gross that the dog couldnt eat it without feeling sick.
h u m a n e [/?ju:mein] adj.
If something is humane, then it is good and kind.

Helping build homes for poor people is very humane.
intolerable
[intdlerabal] adj.
If something is intolerable, then it is so bad that people cannot bear it.

The weather was so intolerable that I had to p ut on my warmest clothes.
needy
[nhdi] adj.
If someone is needy, they are very poor.

* After he lost his job, he became very needy.
onset
[onset] n.
The onset of something unpleasant is the beginning of it.

At the onset o f the battle, the enemy wasnt prepared for such a large attack.
pledge
[pied3] v.
To pledge means to make a promise to do something.

Her mother pledged that she would find her daughters lost kitten.
prohibit
[proi/hibit] v.
To prohibit something means to not allow it.

She prohibited the students from speaking until their work was done.
r a s h [raej] n.
A rash is an infected area of the skin with redness, bumps, itching, or dryness.
* The new perfume left a horrible rash on my skin.
render
[render]
V.
To render something means to make it become something else.

>His report was rendered unimportant by the release o f new information.
r
Smallpox
[smo:lpdks] n.
Smallpox is a disease that causes tiny bumps on the skin and high fevers.
When she saw the tiny bumps, she thought her son m ight have smallpox.
transmit
[transmit] v.
To transmit something means to pass it from one person or place to another.

- The radio tower transmits a signal to all the radios in a 20-kilometer radius.
VOW [vau]
V.
To vow means to make a promise to do something.

* Before they are allowed to work, all senators must vow to never accept bribes.
oa
Exercise

1. federation
a. motion
2. render
a. stop
3. smallpox
a. disease
4. curb
a. drain
5. diagnose
a. smell
6. certify
a. apply
7. rash
a. pants
8 . needy
a. poor
9. onset
a. fork
10. collaborate
a. cooperate
b.
union
c.
suction
d.
tension
b.
tear
c.
rent
d.
make
b.
match
c.
arrive
d.
hide
b.
excuse
c.
prevent
d.
breathe
b.
continue
c.
extend
d.
identify
b.
reduce
c.
confirm
d.
listen
b.
bumps
c.
lists
d.
pies
b.
sweet
c.
moist
d.
short
b.
show
c.
light
d.
start
b.
estimate
c.
understand
d.
determine
Exercise 2
1. enact
a. open
2. intolerable
a. chewable
3. pledge
a. lie
4. counteract
a. pretend
5. vow
a. command
6. prohibit
a. examine
7. transmit
a. ride
8. gross
a. little
9. compile
a. tower
10. humane
a. hairy
b. travel
c. cancel
d. recline
b. washable
c. bearable
d. honorable
b. write
c. throw
d. fall
b. arrange
c. support
d. repair
b. gather
c. elect
d. deceive
b. undo
c. allow
d. chew
b. hold
c. dig
d. burn
b. similar
c. powerful
d. pretty
b. scatter
c. mound
d. dinner
b. kind
c. close
d. cruel
El
Exercise

1. The new law will make the schools less effective at teaching certain subjects.
2.
Some countries have a larger population of poor citizens than other countries do.
3. The teachers collected the names of all the students who passed the test in her book.
4.
If you touch that plant, you might get a sore and infected area of skin that itches badly.
5. The doctor identified her illness as being only a mild stomach flu.
6.
I dont like those kinds of movies because they have scenes that are really disgusting.
7. Many diseases are passed from one person to another when they shake hands.
8.
The companies agreed that it would be cheaper to ship the fruit if they formed a group.
9. Her treatment of the patients was good and kind, and they seemed to heal much faster.
10. The two artists decided to work together on their next series of sculptures.
The End of Smallpox

Smallpox was once the most deadly disease in the world. During the 1800s, more than
20 million people got the disease every year. Of those, nearly half died. At the onset of
smallpox, people suffered from high fevers, headaches, vomiting, and aching muscles. Yet
the worst symptom of all was an intolerable rash that caused irritation on the entire body.
Those who survived the disease were often rendered blind or left with gross scars on their
face and body.
Today, however, cases of smallpox are very rare due to the work of many countries during
the late 1900s. This federation of countries collaborated to completely destroy smallpox.
Early in the century, wealthy countries in Europe and North America had developed a
substance that made the body immune to smallpox. They had required all their citizens to
get this vaccine to counteract the disease. Hence, the people of these countries no longer
had to worry about smallpox.
However, many of the needy people in poorer parts of the world still suffered from the
disease. Their countries could not afford the vaccine nor supply enough doctors to curb the
spread of smallpox.
In 1950, the wealthier countries of the world vowed to free the world of the disease. They
pledged to supply the vaccine to any country that could not afford it. Scientists compiled
lists of areas where the disease still thrived. Then doctors diagnosed
people who had the disease in these areas. They enacted laws that
prohibited people with smallpox from mixing with those who did
not. In this way, they could not transmit the disease to others.
Then the doctors gave all of them the vaccine.
It took a longtim e and a lot of work. But nearly thirty years
later, on December 9,1979, a group of scientists certified
that smallpox had been successfully stopped. The humane
efforts of people from all over the world had accomplished
a great task.
eading C o m p r e h e n s i o n
PART
o statements
to make them true.
1.
In the 1800 s, more than 20 million people were diagnosed with smallpox each year.
2.
Smallpox rendered people bald and caused an intolerable rash that left gross scars.
3.
Laws were enacted to prohibit sick people from mixing with healthy people.
4.
The wealthier countries pledged to give North America a vaccine to counteract

smallpox.
5.
The humane efforts of people everywhere helped to successfully stop smallpox.
PART O
1. What did people suffer from at the onset of smallpox?
2. What did the federation of countries collaborate in order to do?
3. Why couldnt the needy peoples countries curb the spread of smallpox?
4. What did doctors do to help reduce the spread of smallpox?
5. Who certified that smallpox had been stopped in December of 1979?
Word List
camouflage
[ksemafld:3] n.
Camouflage is something used to hide people and things.

The green and brown camouflage was best used for hiding in forests and jungles.
contemplate
[kantempleit] v.
To contemplate something means to think about it.

-> Mark took a moment to contemplate the math problem before solving it.
contend
[kentend] V.
To contend with something means to struggle to overcome it.

- * Stacy had to contend with a learning disability throughout high school.
COt
[kat] n.
A cot is a small portable bed.

At the camp, the boys cabin was lined with cots.
enlist
[enlist] v.
To enlist means to join the military.

- * In their final year at school, the students were asked to enlist in the military.
frontier
[frAntfer] n.
A frontier is a border between two regions or countries.

* A fence was b u ilt along the frontier where the river curved.
handbook
[haendbuk] n.
A handbook is an item that gives specific information or instructions.

If you look at the handbook, it will tell you which wires to connect to the TV.
hesitant
[hezetant] adj.
If someone is hesitant, then they are not sure or slow in acting or speaking.
Though he knew the answer, he was hesitant to say it because he might be wrong.
lush
[IaJ] adj.
If something is lush, then it is full of a variety of large, healthy plants.

* The lush jungle was filled with plants, trees, and vines.
marrow
[maerou] n.
Marrow is the soft substance in the center of bones.

- * Dissolved marrow is a common ingredient in soups.
r outfit
[autfit] n.
An outfit is a set of clothes worn together, often for a certain job or event.
Kellys new outfit made her look so glamourous.
r
paw
[po:] n.
A paw is an animals foot that has claws or soft bottoms.

-* The kitten cleaned its paws with its tongue.
r
quiver
[kwivar]
To quiver means to tremble or shake.

The flame on the candle quivered whenever someone opened or closed a door.
splendid
[splendid] adj.
If something or someone is splendid, then they are very good.

From his head down to his shoes, his clothes looked splendid.
stray
[strei] v.
To stray means to go in a wrong direction and often become lost.

-* He found him self lost because he had strayed from the tour group.
substantial
[sabstaenjal] adj.
If something is substantial, then it is of great importance, size, or value.

The bank said that he owed it a substantial amount o f money.
r
torch
[to:rtJ] n.
A torch is a stick with one end on fire that can be carried in order to give light.
- He grabbed a piece o f wood and stuck it in the fire in order to make a torch.
C
tract
[traekt] n.
A tract is a large area of land.

- On the other side o f the mountains was a long tract o f forest.
vigil
[vid39l] n.
A vigil is a period of watchful attention at night fora specific purpose.

He had a vigil in front o f the tomb for three days.
weary [wisri]
adj.
If someone is weary, then they are tired.

- * Jane was weary after a long day o f work.
Exercise

1. paw
a. father
b. foot
c. fort
d. fashion
2. cot
a. chamber
b. bed
c. fabric
d. hut
3. camouflage
a. disguise
b. funny
c. tired
d. scared
4. lush
a. shelf
b. poem
c. weather
d. green
b. majestic
c. large
d. comfortable
5. substantial
a. backward
Exercise 2
Word Bank
camouflage
torches
outfit
paw
weary
vigil
handbook
enlist
lush
contemplated
At first, he didnt know to which animal the 1 ______________s print belonged.

But after he looked it up in the 2______________ , he knew what it was.
He decided to 3______________in the army.
After he was done signing the papers, he dressed in his new 4______________ .
She was supposed to keep a(n) 5
all night.
However, she soon became 6______________ and fell asleep.

Because the forest was so 7______________ , it was dark inside even during the day.
So, in order to see the path, the explorers had to light their 8______________ .
He 9______________ how to get the stains out of his favorite suit.
At last, Mark decided to wear another 10______________ .
Exercise

1. contend
a. give up
b. ready
c. quick
d. ugly
2. substantial
a. bright
b. runny
c. small
d. handsome
3. hesitant
a. visible
b. certain
c. colorful
d. broken
4. splendid
a. night
b. whale
c. terrible
d. skin
b. erase
c. boil
d. increase
5. enlist
a. resign
Exercise 4
1.
I am so weary. The loud music kept me awake most of last night.
2.
The pages in the book were quivering with sheer horror.
3.
Bill was hesitant to speak to his teacher. But after thinking about it, he talked to her.
4.
You can tell that the bones are old because they dont have any marrow left in them.
5.
I have five siblings. We often contend with each other for our parents attention.
6.
After the meal, Father strayed the bill, and we left.
7.
Mountains divide the northern frontier from the southern
8.
He parked the car in the cot but didnt notice he was on the wrong street.
9.
I installed a new tract in the bathroom today.
10.
I had to contemplate what I was going to do with my life.
plains.
The
Cowards Lesson
Tom was easily frightened. He enlisted in the army because he thought the military
would teach him courage. And though he needed courage, he never imagined how he
would learn it.
During a march across a tract of wilderness near his countrys frontier, Tom strayed
from his squad. He had stopped to gaze at a splendid view of a lush valley. When he
turned around, his squad was gone. He searched for them, but because their outfits had
camouflage, he couldnt find them.
It was getting dark, and Tom grew weary. All he had was a knife, a boomerang, and his
handbook. He made a camp for the night. It was cold, and the ground was hard. He wished
he had his cot and a blanket. Instead, he made a fire, wrapped himself tightly in his jacket,
and fell asleep.
A loud noise roused him from his sleep. What was that? he wondered.
Then he noticed it. An animal of substantial size had left a print from its paw in the dirt.
He sat closer to the fire and looked into the darkness. He
imagined a large beast jumping from the gloom and
attacking him. He shook so much from fear that
it felt like the marrow in his bones quivered.
Tom contemplated many different
plans. He was hesitant to act. He decided
to stay by the fire, but during his vigil, he
heard more noises.
He couldnt contend with his fear
any longer. He knew what he had to
do. He made a torch and followed
the prints. He heard a twig snap very
close ahead, but he bravely went
on. Seconds later, he discovered
what had scared him. It was only a
kangaroo.
Tom went back to his camp and
slept. In the morning, he found
his squad. He had finally learned
courage. He learned that he had
to confront his fear in order to
conquer it.
PART
o statements
to make them true.
1.
Tom strayed from his squad to gaze at a splendid view of a lush forest near the frontier.
2.
Tom couldnt find his squad on the tract of wilderness because their outfits had
camouflage.
3.
All Tom had with him was his cot, a boomerang, and his handbook.
4.
A monster of substantial size left a print from its paw in the dirt near Toms fire.
5.
A loud noise woke him from his sleep.
PART O
1. Why did Tom enlist in the military?
2. What roused Tom from his sleep?
3. What caused Tom to shake so much that the marrow in his bones quivered?
4. Though he contemplated many plans, he was hesitant to act. What did he finally decide to do?
5. During his vigil, what could Tom not contend with any longer?
Word List
adhere
[adhiar] v.
To adhere means to act in the way that a rule or agreement says is right.
- * If the new employees wish to succeed, they must adhere to the bosss rules.
administer
[administar]
V.
To administer means to take responsibility for organizing something.

The teachers assistant will administer the test.
Compassionate
[kampaejanit] adj.
When people are compassionate, they feel pity and sympathy for others.
The compassionate nurse tried to make the sick man feel comfortable.
Contaminate
[kantaemaneit] v.
To contaminate something means to put dirty or harmful chemicals into it.

* The lake was contaminated when pollutants entered into the water.
deficiency
[difijansi] n.
A deficiency is a lack of something, especially something that is needed.

Your snack has a deficiency o f any real nutrients.
epidemic
[epademik] n.
An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease that spreads quickly.

- * It was difficult to stop the flu epidemic.
hazard
[haezard] n.
A hazard is something that could be dangerous to a persons health or safety.

* Smoking cigarettes poses many health hazards.
imperative
[imperativ] adj.
When something is imperative, it is extremely important and must be done.

It was imperative for him to find a job.
intestines
[intestinz] n.
Intestines are tubes through which food passes after it leaves the stomach.
* Whatever you eat goes into your intestines.
manifest
[maenafest] v.
To manifest means to make something visible or obvious.

* The holiday season manifested joy in the children.
metabolic [metabalik]
adj.
When something is metabolic, it relates to a persons or animals metabolism.

People who have a low metabolic rate will gain weight.
overcrowded [ouvarkraudid]
adj.
When a place is overcrowded, it has too many people or things in it.

The lobby was overcrowded with people.
paramount
[paeramaunt] adj.
When something is paramount, it is more important than anything else.

- The safety o f passengers must be paramount when designing a car.
practitioner
[praektijanar] n.
A practitioner is a doctor.
She made an appointment with the practitioner to treat her cough.
provision
[pravi3an] n.
The provision of something is the act of giving it to people in need or want.

That department is responsible for the provision o f emergency supplies.
replenish [ripienij] *
To replenish something means to make it full or complete again.
We planted nearly one hundred seeds to replenish the garden after the fire.
sterile
[stern] adj.
When something is sterile, it is completely clean and free from germs.

- * The hospital room looked quite sterile.
upgrade
[Apgreid] v.
To upgrade something means to improve it or make it more efficient.

He upgraded to a real fancy car.
viable [vaiabal]
adj.
When something is viable, it is capable of doing what it is intended to do.

Her method o f solving the math problem seemed viable.
voluntary
[valanteri] adj.
When something is voluntary, it is done by choice but is not required.

Many people attended the voluntary boat safety class.
Exercise

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What can start an epidemic?

a. A kingdom
c. A fire
b. A virus
d. A storm
What is found inside intestines?

a. Books
c. Food
b. Students
d. Electronics
If you replenish an empty refrigerator, you

a. turn the temperature down
c. clean it with a sponge
b.
d.
What is a hazard on a street?

a. A stop sign
c. A carpool lane
b. A hole in the ground

d. A crosswalk
What can contaminate the air?

a. A poison
c. A mosquito
b. A flower
d. A flag
fill it with food

replace the light bulb
6.
Which of the following is the most serious to have a deficiency of?

a. Children
b. Addresses
c. Vitamins
d. Pencils
7.
What process is metabolic?

a. Sitting quietly
c. Sleeping
b. Learning to spell
d. Digesting food
8.
What is paramount when swimming underwater?

a. Not getting wet
b. Holding your breath
c. Breathing regularly
d. Stretching your limbs
9.
What needs to be sterile?

a. A hospital room
c, A bicycle rack
b. An ocean
d. The soil
What does a practitioner do?

a. Make furniture
c. Make laws
b. Fight crime
d. Treat the sick
10.
Exercise

1. voluntary
a. heavy
b. required
c. obvious
d. nonexistent
2. imperative
a. unimportant
b. faulty
c. mastered
d. chosen
3. compassionate
a. likely
b. distant
c. afraid
d. uncaring
4. sterile
a. not fair
b. not clean
c. not free
d. not working
5. overcrowded
a. empty
b. costly
c. silly
d. bland
Exercise 3
1.
They need to improve and make more efficient the medical devices in the hospital.
2. To save the boy, rushing into the burning house is extremely important and must be done.
3. Handing out rain jackets was a necessary act of giving.
4. Sometimes, cold weather can be made visible or obvious in the most unlikely places.
5. The theory seems capable of doing what it needs to do to me.
6. You must act in a wav that is right according to the rules of the game.
7. Joining the choir will be an action that is done by choice.
8.
The amusement park was no fun because it was occupied by too many people.
9. Who is going to take responsibility for organizing the protest?
10. The criminal was certainly not feeling pity or sympathy for suffering people.
UU
cn
Epidemic
in
Zimbabwe
In August of 2008, a deadly cholera epidemic manifested in Zimbabwe. A severe health

hazard caused the outbreak. There was an extreme lack of clean drinking water in the
overcrowded urban cities. Garbage and chemicals got into the public water supplies and
contaminated them. Since people did not have access to other sources, they had to drink
the dirty water.
The outbreak spread rapidly and infected almost 16,000 people. The illness caused
extreme pain in peoples intestines. It also caused a deficiency of important fluids in sick
peoples bodies. Without the proper fluids and minerals, metabolic processes stopped
working correctly. People were unable to digest food properly or replenish their lost nutrients.
If they had not received viable treatment, they would have been likely to die. It was imperative
for help to come soon.
However, the government of Zimbabwe was unable to provide help to its people. The
government didnt have a plan to stop the spread of cholera. In addition, the country was
too poor to get clean water or medication for the sick. The people seemed to be doomed.
Luckily, many other countries recognized the paramount need to contain the outbreak.
Dozens of voluntary practitioners from Britain, France, the United States, and other countries
went to Zimbabwe to treat the disease. Through the provision of sterile drinking water and
medication, people finally got the treatment they badly needed. The compassionate doctors
were able to save the lives of thousands. By january of 2009, the epidemic was almost
completely contained.
Today, the Zimbabwean government is working with other countries to prevent future
epidemics. They are cleaning up the water supply and learning how to avoid health hazards.
The system used to filter water is being upgraded. The government now administers the
water supply plants and makes sure that they adhere to strict safety guidelines. Hopefully,
future instances of cholera will be treated before they start deadly epidemics.
PART O
1.
The health hazard was a lack of sterile drinking water in overcrowded urban cities.
2.
A deficiency of contaminated water caused metabolic processes to stop working correctly.
3.
It was imperative that people received viable treatment quickly.
4.
The government used to filter water is being upgraded.
5.
The government now administers water supply plants to make sure they adhere to
guidelines.
PART O
1. What paramount need did other countries recognize?
2.
When did the cholera epidemic manifest itself in Zimbabwe?
3.
Where did the voluntary practitioners come from?
4.
What were infected people unable to replenish in their intestines?
5. What provisions did the compassionate doctors provide?
amid
[amid] prep.
If something is amid something else, then it is in the middle of it.

* The bee was busily flying amid the flowers in the garden.
backstage
[bseksteid3] adv.
If something happens backstage, it occurs behind a theaters stage.

After the show, the director went backstage and thanked the actors.
billionaire
[biljanear] n.
A billionaire is someone who has at least one billion dollars.

The sale o f his inventions made the inventor a billionaire.
brute
[bruit] n.
A brute is someone who behaves or looks like a violent animal.

My older brother can act like a brute when he doesnt get his way.
clumsy
[klAmzi] adj.
If someone is clumsy, then they are awkward in handling things.

The businessman was clumsy and dropped his work files.
collide
[kalaid] v.
To collide with something means to hit into it while moving.

The two cars collided with each other because their drivers were not careful.
CUlprit
[kAlprit] n.
A culprit is someone who did a crime or other bad deed.

The police were still searching for the culprit from the robbery.
evacuate
[ivsekjueit] v.
To evacuate means to leave a place of danger to a place of safety.

* During the flood, many families were evacuated to higher ground.
flammable
[flsemabal] adj.
If something is flammable, then it is able to catch on fire.

Be careful with that blanket near the candle. It is extremely flammable.
mob
[mob] n.
A mob is a large crowd of people that often wants to cause violence.

The copier was destroyed by a mob o f angry workers.
premature
[primayuar] adj.
If something is premature, then it is done too early or before the proper time.
Marks celebration was premature because the ball hadnt fallen in the hole.
if
resent
Irizent]
To resent something means to have bad feelings about it.

She resented the fact that she had never been able to play an instrument.
Satire
[saetaiar] n.
A satire is a work of art that uses humor and irony to make fun of something.
* This book is a satire o f what life was like in the army.
scrutiny
[skruiteni] n.
Scrutiny is the careful examination of something.

A scientist should always practice scrutiny with their work.
segregate
[segrigeit] v.
To segregate something means to place it in a group apart from other things.

In gym class, the children were segregated into two groups: boys and girls.
subject
[s8 bd3ekt] v.
To subject someone to something means to force them to do or experience it.

-+ The officers subjected everyone to a careful search before they left the plane.
testify
[testafai] v.
To testify means to give evidence as a witness.

The judge listened while the victim testified about the robbery.
tumult
[t/u:m Alt]
n.
A tumult is a loud and confused noise made by a large crowd of people.

She couldnt hear her friend over the tum ult o f the other excited guests.
underestimate
[Andarestameit]
V.
To underestimate something or someone means to think they are not important.

\Ne lost the game because we underestimated the other teams skill.
uproar
[Apror] n.
Uproar is loud noise caused by people who are very angry or upset.
The fans made a great uproar when their team lost the game.
03
era
Exercise

1. culprit
a. sewer
b. engine
2. segregate
a. defend
b. whisper
c. combine
d. improve
3. uproar
a. calm
b. particle
c. jewels
d. substance
4. clumsy
a. helpful
b. quick
c. healthy
d. graceful
b. late
c. near
d. great
c. victim
d. muscle
5. premature
a. smart
Exercise 2
.....................................................
clumsy
premature
billionaire
uproar
Word Bank !
culprits
segregated
flammable
backstage
........
underestimate
amid
When they canceled the show, there was a great 1 ______________ from the crowd.
It was so loud that the actors could hear it 2______________ .
He placed the rags 3______________the pile of logs.
The rags were very 4______________ and would help start the fire.
I wouldnt 5______________ that mans class just by the way he talks and dresses.
Ive heard that he is actually a(n) 6______________ .
It might have been 7_____________ of her to walk so soon after the operation.
Her movements were very 8______________ , and she might have hurt herself.
The police officer 9______________ the people into two groups.
One group was innocent people, and the other was the 10_____
Exercise 3

1. mob
a. broom
b. crowd
c. gun
d. choice
2. tumult
a. plan
b. gate
c. tent
d. noise
3. brute
a. monster
b. camera
c. smell
d. temper
4. resent
a. buy
b. lose
c. give
d. hate
5. scrutiny
a. tower
b. part
c. study
d. dream
6. testify
a. learn
b. solve
c. greet
d. declare
7. collide
a. sing
b. crash
c. float
d. bake
8. subject
a. force
b. show
c. sleep
d. teach
9. evacuate
a. leave
b. suck
c. check
d. share
b. promise
c. coffin
d. comedy
10. satire
a. supper
Exercise 4
1.
.We had very little time to evacuate the building before the earthquake.
2.
. The guards sometimes subjected the prisoners to unfair punishments.
3.
_Some people like to watch action movies. But I enjoy a good satire.
4.
_When we heard the phone collide, we thought it was our uncle calling us.
5.
. We whispered very quietly in all the tumult, or someone might have easily heard us.
6.
. The women loved the brute because he was so kind and gentle.
7.
. My brother was one of the angry people in the mob that day.
8.
. Her father had to testify in court about the car accident he saw.
9.
_ I tried to solve the math problem several times and finally resented it in the morning.
10.
. He has several large homes and his own airplane because hes a billionaire.
The
Brute and the Billionaire
Hundreds of people had come to see a popular satire, but during the performance a fire
started in the theater. The audience and actors evacuated the building. Luckily, no one was
hurt, and the fire was soon put out. Immediately, the audience assembled into an angry
mob and demanded to know what had happened.
It was soon revealed that the fire had started backstage, and only two people were in the
area at the time. One was the husband of the plays star actress, the billionaire Henry Rich.
The other was the theaters janitor, Bill, a large and strong man who looked like a brute.
The crowd segregated the two men and demanded to know who the culprit was. Most of
the crowd thought that Bill was to blame. They felt that he had started the fire without ever
subjecting him to any scrutiny. Bill resented this but said nothing.
Luckily, the billionaires wife testified in his defense. Your decision is premature, she
told the crowd. I fell down amid the tumult while everyone fled the fire. Bill rescued me
and carried me out of the building. I thinkyou underestimate his character. Besides, in
order to be close enough to save me, he couldnt have been near the place where the fire
began.
The crowd then turned their eyes to the billionaire. He did it! they shouted. Make him
pay!
Wait, the billionaire said over the uproar. I admit that I started the fire, but it was an
accident. I was going backstage to see my wife and was clumsy. I collided with a lamp, and
it fell to the floor. The floor was flammable. A fire started, and I fled.
The mob was surprised. The man they blamed was innocent, and the billionaire was
guilty. To pay for his error, the billionaire not only repaired the theater but had it remade to
be better than before.
PART O
1.
The performance was a satire of Communism.
2.
The billionaire and the plays star actress were the only two people backstage.
3.
Because Henry looked like a brute, the crowd underestimated his character.
4.
The billionaire fell down amid the tumult while everyone fled the fire.
5.
The crowd made an uproar when they learned who had started the fire.
PART O
1. Why did the actors and audience have to evacuate the theater?
2. When the mob segregated the two men, who did they first think was the culprit?
3.
Who testified in the Bills defense since the mob didnt subject him to any scrutiny?
4.
What was the flammable object that caught fire when Mr. Rich collided with a lamp?
5. Because their decision was premature, what was the mob surprised to learn in the end?
DQ
Word List
accelerate
[aekselareit] v.
To accelerate means to increase in speed.

When he stepped on the gas pedal, the motorcycle accelerated.
anew
[anju:] adv.
If you do something anew, you do it again and in a different way.

Though he had failed his driving test, he decided to try it anew.
defect
[difekt] n.
A defect is a part of something that is wrong or missing.

* All these bottles have a defect and must be sent back to the warehouse.
dreary
[driari] adj.
If something is dreary, then it is dull, dark, and lifeless.

After the fire, this section o f forest is rather dreary.
duplicate
[dju:plakeit] v.
To duplicate something means to copy it.

She duplicated her friends movements like she was in front o f a mirror.
electromagnetic
[ilektroumaegnetik] adj.
If something is electromagnetic, it is related to electricity and magnetic fields.

Different colors o f lig h t come from different levels o f electromagnetic energy.
electron
[ilektron] n.
An electron is a particle in all atoms that has a negative electric charge.

The number o f electrons in an atom determines the substance the atoms make.
glide
[glaid] v.
To glide means to fly on extended wings with little or no effort.

When the wind is blowing, birds can glide easily through the sky.
ingenious
[ind3 i:njas] adj.
If someone is ingenious, then they are very smart.

Charles was the only person ingenious enough to repair the planes engines.
innovation
[inouveijan] n.
An innovation is a product or an idea that is new or very original.

Mrs. Johnson made a great innovation to the companys business plan.
innovative
[Inouveitiv] adj.
If something or someone is innovative, they can think in creative ways.

* Since Peter was so innovative, he was chosen to lead the science team.
launch [lo.ntj] *
To launch something means to make it go into motion.
The boat launched from the dock and floated down the river.
meteorological [mi:tiaralad3ikal]
adj.
If something is meteorological, it is concerned with the science of weather.

The thunderstorm was so large that it became a great meteorological event.
meteorology
tmktiaraledsi] n.
Meteorology is the science that studies the weather.

In order to understand the weather, you have to study meteorology.
penetrate
[penatreit] v.
To penetrate something means to enter into it.

The knife easily penetrated the surface o f the orange.
propulsion
[prapAIJan] n.
Propulsion is the force that moves something forward.

The propulsion lifted the rocket into the sky.
Simulate
[slmjaleit] v.
To simulate something means to copy its actions or characteristics.

* The French language teacher could simulate the accent o f a French citizen.
Spur [spa:r] v.
To spur someone means to urge them into action.
The coachs speech spurred her team into playing the best game o f their lives.
Stimulate [stfmjaleit] V.
To stimulate something means to cause or to increase activity in it.
* Doctors sometimes use electric shock to stimulate a patients heartbeat.
tenacious
[taneijas] adj.
If someone is tenacious, then they do not easily give up.

-> Im sure that hell finish that difficult sale. He is very tenacious.
Exercise

1.
defect
a. perfect
b. broken
c. clean
d. magical
innovation
a. obsolete
b. cunning
c. original
d. compatible
accelerate
a. speed up
b. slow down
c. open
d. melt
meteorological
a. weather
b. past
c. body
d. mind
dreary
a. bright
b. fluorescent
c. frigid
d. dull
Exercise 2
1. You can hear because sound causes activity in the tiny hairs on the inside of your ear.
2. Some worms are small enough to enter into the skin without being detected.
3. She tried to copy the way her best friend dressed.
4. The teacher offered the kids candy in order to urge them into finishing their homework.
5. In science class, we learned about the particles in atoms that have a negative electric charge.
6. Every time the childrens fort fell down, they built it again and better.
7. She took classes in the science that studies the weather and became a weatherperson.
8. The small airplane flew without any effort through the sky.
9.
10.
A rocket requires a lot of fuel in order to start it into the sky.
Amanda is quite an intelligent girl for her young age.
Exercise
1.
Just when you thought youd caught up to Brian, he d accelerate and quickly get away.
2.
The orchestra made a very tenacious sound, and many in the audience decided to leave.
3.
Dan had duplicated the sculpture exactly. It now looked nothing like the original one.
4.
Lions are dangerous hunters. They can glide through the air to capture their prey.
5.
They had a picnic in the park and launched on small sandwiches and grapes.
6.
We made a small toy train that stimulated how real trains worked 100 years ago.
7.
Cellular phones are one of the most popular innovations in the world today.
8.
The knights sword could not penetrate his opponents armor.
9.
The thought of his warm bed spurred the traveler on through the cold night.
10.
We didnt mind that our paintings got ruined. It was fun to start them anew.
11.
Satellites are very important for gathering meteorological data.
12.
Fish use their fins for propulsion in the water.
13.
I wish Dad wasnt so innovative. He always comes into my room without knocking.
14.
Some metals are attracted to other metals due to an electromagnetic force.
15.
Certain kinds of light can simulate flowers into producing seeds earlier than usual.
16.
John is so ingenious. He hasnt passed a single test so far this year.
17.
Ive always been interested in meteors. Thats why I want to study meteorology.
18.
The lake was frightening. The water was still and dreary.
19.
Everyone who voted in the electron was given the day off of work.
20.
The new pot looked perfect. It was covered in new, shiny defects.
The
Tenacious Inventor
A young student of meteorology was having a difficult time with an experiment. He was
attempting to duplicate lightning in clouds. He had made a device that could simulate
lightning. It worked by releasing an electromagnetic pulse into the cloud. This pulse,
in turn, stimulated the electrons in the clouds particles. Then the electrons produced
lightning.
But his meteorological experiment had a major defect. He couldnt get the device into
the sky.
He had tied it to balloons, but they had burst. He had shot the device from a cannon, but
the force of the cannon had damaged it.
You should give up, his friends told him. You ll never get that thing into the air.
But his friends criticisms only spurred him to try again. The student was very innovative,
and at last, he thought that he had an innovation that would work. He attached wings to
the device, and on one dreary day, when clouds blocked the light of the sun, he started his
experiment anew.
He placed the device on a rocket and launched it into the sky. The propulsion of the
rocket carried the device high into the air. The rocket accelerated into the clouds and then
released the device. It glided on its wings through the clouds, and when it penetrated
the center of a large black cloud, it emitted the electromagnetic pulse. And just as he had
predicted, lightning shot from the cloud!
He called his professors, and the next day they came to watch. He successfully
duplicated the experiment. His teachers were extremely impressed and called the student
and his invention ingenious.
The student was given many awards and became a famous inventor. He had not given
up. He had remained tenacious and succeeded.
Readin
PART o
1.
The student of meteorology had bought a device that simulated lightning in clouds.
2.
The electromagnetic pulse stimulated the electrons in the clouds particles.
3.
The students friends criticisms spurred him to try his experiment anew.
4.
It was a dreary day when the device glided into the clouds.
5.
The propulsion of the rocket accelerated the speed of the lightning.
PART O
1.
What was the defect of the students meteorological experiment?
2.
What innovation did the innovative student use to launch his device into the clouds?
3.
For whom did the student duplicate his ingenious experiment?
4.
What did the device do when it finally penetrated the center of a large black cloud?
5.
What happened to the student because he was tenacious?
beforehand
[t>ifoxhsend] adv.
If something is done beforehand, then it is done in advance.

- He packed his luggage beforehand, so he was able to leave right away.
centigrade
[sentagreid] n.
If a temperature is centigrade, it is scaled, so water freezes at 0 and boils at 100.

During the spring time, the temperature gets as warm as 26 degrees centigrade.
chatter [tjaetar] V.
To chatter means to talk quickly about unimportant things.
The children chattered in the back o f the classroom.
c o n c e r t o [kantjertou] n.
A concerto is music for a solo instrument and played with an orchestra.

The piano concerto has a section in which only the piano plays.
condense
[kandens] v.
To condense a gas means to make it a liquid.

The cool air made tiny drops o f water condense on the tops o f the grass.
COVe [kouv] n.
A cove is a part of land where it curves inward around the sea.

They hid the boat in a small cove on the south side o f the island.
deteriorate
[diti'ariareit] V.
To deteriorate means to become steadily worse.

The nations economy continued to deteriorate despite the politicians efforts.
exterior
[ikstisriar] n.
An exterior is the outside surface of something.

The exterior o f the nut was hard and woody, but the inside was soft and delicious.
freeway
[frrwei] n.
A freeway is a road with no stops where cars travel at high speeds.

* Once you get on the freeway, it only takes an hour to drive to my parents farm.
hearty
[ha:rti] adj.
If someone or something is hearty, then they are loud and happy.

The grandmother ended her story with a hearty laugh that pleased her grandchild.
hospitable
[haspitabel] adj.
If someone is hospitable, they are friendly to strangers.

* At dinner, Dad was very hospitable to my friends.
m a n o r [maenax] n.
A manor is a large house with many rooms.

The manor had over forty rooms in addition to beautiful gardens.
monastery
[mdnasteri] n.
A monastery is a building in which monks live.

> The monks at this monastery are famous for their bread and music.
nursery
[naxsari] n.
A nursery is a room where babies and children sleep, play, or are cared for.
The children kissed their parents goodnight and went upstairs to the nursery.
outstretched
[autstretjt]
adj.
If something is outstretched, then it is extended to its full length.

The cat stood on its back legs with its front legs outstretched.
parcel
[paxsal] n.
A parcel is a package of things to be carried or mailed somewhere.

* The parcel looked like it had been stepped on by someone.
profile
[proufail] n.
A profile is an outline of a face, usually as seen from the side.

The drawing o f Olivias profile came out very well.
v iv a c io u s [viveifas] adj.
If someone is vivacious, they are talkative and cheerful.

- Everyone at the party was very vivacious and having a good time.
winding
[waindirj] adj.
If something is winding, then it follows a twisting course.

The winding river turned and looped around the bases o f the hills.
zip
[zip] v.
To zip something means to close it with a zipper.

-* She zipped her backpack closed after putting her books inside it.
Exercise

1. Who is someone that would most likely be hospitable?
a. An enemy
b. A host
c. A singer
d. A gangster
2. At what temperature centigrade does water freeze?

a. 0 degrees
b. 32 degrees
c. 100 degrees
d. 132 degrees
3. If the mist from fog condensed, what would happen to the ground?
a. It would be wet.
b. It would be dry.
c. It would be sandy,
d. It would be snowy.
4. If you are going on a trip, which is something you should do beforehand?

b. Take a walk
a. Exercise
c. Throw a party
d. Pack clothes
5. Who of the following would most likely perform a concerto?
a. A musician
b. A pilot
c. A swimmer
d. A superhero
Exercise 2
1. monastery
a. stairs
b. currency
c. abbey
d. frown
2. winding
a. spiral
b. stormy
c. broken
d. tiny
3. cove
a. tomb
b. oven
c. term
d. bay
4. freeway
a. road
b. path
c. slow
d. farther
5. manor
a. polite
b. hut
c. large home
d. field
6. parcel
a. landscape
b. package
c. battery
d. moisture
7. nursery
a. auditorium
b. nurses lounge
c. hospital
d. infants center
b. quiet
c. cheerful
d. tired
b. region
c. bridge
d. outside
b. toss
c. join
d. walk
8 . vivacious
a. angry
9. exterior
a. priest
10 . zip
a. close

1.
They didnt want to get covered with sand, so they relaxed on an extended blanket.
2.
The boys were talking quickly about what they were going to do that weekend.
3.
Its easy to go past the exit when you re driving on the road where cars drive fast.
4.
This building used to be a house where monks lived, but now its used as a museum.
5.
The twisting path that went through the mountains was beautiful to hike in the spring.
6.
The photograph showed one side of the mans face.
7.
Their chances of escaping the room became worse as the water level continued to rise.
8.
The outside surface of the car looked bad, but the inside still looked new.
9.
Lisa is a very loud and happy person.
10.
I ll remember her forever. I had never before met such a cheerful, talkative person.
The
Nurses Lesson
One of the children in the nursery was sick. The childs mother, who was usually quite
vivacious and chattered constantly, was quiet and worried. She knew that if she did not act
quickly, the childs condition would deteriorate.
She summoned the childrens nurse and said to her, The monks make a medicine that
can cure my childs sickness. Please, hurry tonight to the monastery and get it.
The nurse immediately hurried from the manor to get the medicine. The monastery was
far away by Rabbit Cove, and there was no freeway leading to it. The only way there was to
walk along a dark and winding trail.
The temperature was close to zero degrees centigrade, and it was raining. Luckily, the nurse
had grabbed her raincoat beforehand. She zipped it up and pulled the hood over her head.
I ll never make it there, she thought. Perhaps I should return and go in the morning.
But she remembered the sick child and decided to continue.
Finally, she arrived at the monastery. It was very late. She feared the monks would not
be hospitable. But she approached the door and knocked anyway. The rain had condensed
on the exterior of the windows by the door. All she could see was the profile of a large man
coming to answer the door. Again, she was filled with fear.
But the monk smiled at her when he opened the door. He took her outstretched hand
and welcomed her with a hearty voice. The place was warm, and she heard a concerto
playing in another room. She relaxed.
How can I help you? the monk asked, and the nurse explained the situation.
He instantly knew what to do. He grabbed a parcel of medicine and took her back to the
manor in a carriage. The medicine worked. The
nurse was happy she had persevered through
the bad weather and found the monastery.
Now the boy would be able to live a long
natural life.
Reading C o mp r e h e n s i o n
PART o
1.
The nurse was usually a vivacious woman who constantly chattered.
2.
The nursery was far from the freeway that was near Rabbit Cove.
3.
When it started to deteriorate, the nurse zipped up the jacket she had brought
beforehand.
4.
The temperature was close to zero degrees centigrade.
5.
When the nurse heard a concerto playing in another room, she became hospitable.
PART O
1.
Where did the dark and winding trail lead?
2.
Who took the nurses outstretched hand and welcomed her with a hearty voice?
3.
How did the nurse feel when she saw the profile of a man coming to answer the door?
4.
What had condensed on the exterior of the monasterys windows?
5.
What was in the parcel that the nurse took back to the manor?
UNIT
1 Q
l1 T
Word List
airway
[earwei] n.
An airway is the passage by which air reaches a persons lungs.

*Since he was sick, mucus would occasionally get stuck in his airway.
Almighty
[o:lmaiti] n.
The Almighty is a name for a god in a religion.

- * Before eating, they thanked the Alm ighty for their food.
advent
[sedvent] n.
An advent is the arrival or beginning of an important person, thing, or event.

* During the advent o f radio, very few programs actually played music.
Constellation
[kanstaleijan] n.
A constellation is a group of stars with a recognizable shape.

That constellation in the shape o f a square is named after a flying horse.
definitive
[difinativ] adj.
If something is definitive, then it is the most official.

This library has the definitive collection o f books on ancient Egypt.
equate
[ikweit] v.
To equate one thing with another is to compare them and consider them very similar.
>She equated the mans messy appearance with a lack o f responsibility.
inhale
[inheii] v.
To inhale means to take air or a smell into the lungs.

* The camper inhaled the cool and fresh mountain air and felt relaxed.
invoke
[invouk] v.
To invoke something is to mention it to support an argument or ask for help.

> Before going into battle, the soldier invoked the name o f his god for protection.
lunar
[lumar] adj.
If something is lunar, then it is related to the moon.

During a lunar eclipse, Earths shadow darkens the moons surface.
novelty
[navalti] n.
A novelty is something that is new, original, or strange.

Ice cream was a novelty for him since he rarely had any.
di
o u tm o d e d
[au tm o udid]
adj.
If something is outmoded, then it is no longer in fashion or use.

Black and white television sets are outmoded.
personalize
[paxsanalaiz] v.
To personalize something means to design it to meet a persons unique needs.

He personalized the womans exercises to give her a better workout.
pertain
[partein] v.
To pertain to something means to be related or connected to it.

All o f the lawyers questions pertained to events around the night o f the crime.
primal
[praimel] adj.
If something is primal, then it is very basic or related to the origin of something.

Cooking the food over the camp fire felt like a prim al way o f making a meal.
psychiatric
[saikisetrik] adj.
If something is psychiatric, then it is related to mental illness or its treatment.

-> The doctor said the patient m ight have a psychiatric problem.
psychiatry
[saikaiatri] n.
Psychiatry is the study and treatment of mental illness.

>Studying psychiatry has taught me a lo t about mental illness.
reflex
[nifleks] n.
A reflex is an unconscious action in which a body part responds to an event.

There was a reflex when the doctor h it his knee with a rubber hammer.
seizure
[sf:3a/-] n.
A seizure is sudden illness in which the body loses control and shakes.
Bright flashing lights can cause seizures in children.
session
[sejan] n.
A session is a meeting at a regular time in order to discuss and solve an issue.

- Every three months the managers met in a session to discuss regional sales.
Utensil
[ju:tensal] n.
A utensil is a common tool or container.

It seemed that a fork was the wrong utensil for trying to eat the soup.
Exercise

1.
lunar
a. sun
b. moon
c. stars
d. earth
2. reflex
a. response
b. delay
c. broken
d. squeeze
3. pertain
a. piece
b. fact
c. describe
d. relate
4. utensil
a. horn
b. badge
c. spoon
d. glove
b. new
c. outdoors
d. innovative
5. outmoded
a. old-fashioned
Exercise 2
................................................... 4 Word Bank
novelty
pertain
constellation
reflexes
I ..........................
definitive
seizure
personalized
psychiatry
utensil
lunar
The doctors thought that too much sugar caused the i_

However, their findings werent 2______________ .
A star burning at night as brightly as the moon was quite a(n) 3_
In fact, the 4______________ glow was actually not as bright.
Those seven stars form the 5______________known as the Big Dipper.
A dipper is a(n) 6______________ shaped like a spoon used for getting water.
There are many methods used in 7______________ to help cure mental illnesses.
They are all 8______________ to the specific needs of the patient.
The bodys 9___
These actions 10.
are too quick to be controlled by the brain.

to the nerves and spine rather than the brain.
UNIT
Exercise
IB

1. inhale
a. breathe
b. exit
c. sell
d. borrow
2. psychiatric
a. passionate
b. cozy
c. mental
d. similar
3. advent
a. start
b. moment
c. candle
d. pipe
4. equate
a. prepare
b. drip
c. sleep
d. relate
5. session
a. ocean
b. sweater
c. rubbish
d. meeting
6. invoke
a. allow
b. resist
c. request
d. divide
7. Almighty
a. fire
b. capital
c. god
d. tower
8. primal
a. basic
b. bright
c. wooden
d. strict
9. airway
a. cloud
b. throat
c. road
d. plane
b. whole
c. dumb
d. old
10. outmoded
a. wild
Exercise 4
1.
The coach designed to their unique needs a program for each of the athletes.
2.
Jacks parents had a weekly meeting with his teacher to discuss Jacks schoolwork.
3.
If you look at that group of stars in the sky, what do you see?
4.
The priest asked the god to bless everyone in the church.
5.
She compared the pain in her back to being stabbed with a knife.
Seizures Then and Now

If a person who lived 200 years ago was treated for a seizure today, they would be
surprised by the treatments novelty. Thats because doctors in the 1800s were influenced
more by primal medical beliefs than science.
Rather than thinking the brain caused seizures, people in the 180'
still thought they were the result of strange forces. They equated
seizures with the work of evil spirits. Others felt that the seizures had
a cosmic or lunar cause. They believed that the cycles of the moon
and constellations could make someone have a seizure.
During a session to treat a patient who had seizures, doctors
would force the patient to invoke the grace of the Almighty.
They thought if the patient did this, then the patient would rid
themselves of the evil spirits causing the seizures.
The advent of modern psychiatry occurred during the 1800s. At that time people who
suffered from seizures were placed in psychiatric hospitals. They were treated like they
were insane. However, none of the outmoded treatments worked.
It wasnt until the late 1850s that the causes of seizures were understood. We know
today that these causes pertain to the brain. Misfired signals from the brain cause a jerking
reflex in the body. These usually occur when someone is very tired.
Once the causes of seizures were known, definitive treatments were developed. Today,
treatments range from taking pills to having surgery. Treatment is personalized according to
the type of seizure the patient has.
Even today, some people are unsure about seizures. Their most common mistake is
thinking that a person having a seizure will swallow their tongue. They often shove some
utensil in the persons mouth. However, this doesnt help. The utensil often blocks the
airway and prevents the person from inhaling. Yet most of the public no longer fear people
who have seizures. Instead, they can now help and comfort a person if they have a seizure.
rehension
PART o
1.
Doctors who treated patients for seizures in the 1800s were influenced by primal
medical beliefs.
2.
Doctors still used outmoded treatments even after definitive treatments were developed.
3.
The cause of seizures used to be equated to the work of the Almighty.
4.
Today, care for people with seizures is better because treatment sessions are more
personalized.
5.
The cause of seizures pertain to misfired signals in the brain that cause a jerking
reflex in the body.
PART O
1.
Why would someone from the past be surprised by the novelty of todays treatments for
seizures?
2.
How does a utensil placed in someones airway prevent them from inhaling?
3.
During the advent of modern psychiatry, how were people treated in psychiatric hospitals?
4.
What did some people believe constellations and lunar cycles could cause?
5.
What did doctors force seizure patients to invoke in order to treat their seizures?
UNIT
Word List
adhesive
[* d h ( siv] n.
An adhesive is a substance used for sticking things together.

The carpenter used an adhesive to hold the two pieces o f wood together.
adverse
[aedvairs] adj.
If something is adverse, then it is harmful.

Not eating healthy foods can have an adverse effect on your health.
dependency
[dipendansi] n.
A dependency is a strong need for someone or something.

The child still has a dependency on her mother.
dump
[d A m p ]
V.
To dump something means to throw it away or get rid of it.

She dumped the garbage into the trash can.
eternal
[itam si] adj.
If something is eternal, then it lasts forever.

She said that her love for him was eternal.
fluctuate
[flAktfueit] v.
To fluctuate means to rise and fall in number or amount.

Prices for gasoline have been fluctuating all month.
fro
[frou] adv.
If something moves to and fro, it moves backward and forward or side to side.
Her long hair went to and fro as she swung on the swing.
inclusion
[inklu:3an] n.
Inclusion is the act of including someone or something in a group.

Her inclusion into the photo club was well received.
intermediate
[intarmhdiit] adj.
If something is intermediate, then it is in the middle of two levels, places, ortimes.

He selected the intermediate ski h ill to begin his afternoon o f skiing.
intermittent
[intarmftent] adj.
If something is intermittent, then it happens in a way that is not constant.

It was hard to focus because interm ittent noises came from the workers outside.
mentor
[mentor] n.
A mentor is a person with experience or knowledge who advises someone.

* The students each chose a mentor to help them with the experiment.
phoenix
[frniks] n.
A phoenix is an imaginary bird that burned to ashes and was reborn.

>Some believe the phoenix is a symbol for rebirth and a new beginning.
photosynthesis
[foutot/sineesis] n.
Photosynthesis is the process in which plants change sunlight and air.

> The chemical in plants that makes them green is used in photosynthesis.
pollen
[palen] n.
Pollen is the tiny yellow powder made in the flowers of plants.

-> During the spring, the pollen in the air makes some people become sick.
regain
[rigein] V.
To regain something means to get it back.

The battery regained its power after being recharged.
reverse
[rivers] v.
To reverse means to change to the opposite direction.

They reversed their direction after seeing the sign.
swarm
[sworm] n.
A swarm is a group of flying insects.

* A beautiful swarm o f butterflies filled the summer sky.
texture
[tekstjar] n.
Texture is the quality of something that can be known by its touch.

The texture o f her skin was very soft and smooth.
tickle [tlkal]
v.
To tickle someone is to touch them in a way that causes laughter.

-> The mother tickled the little boys foot, and he screamed with laughter.
vibrant
[vaibrant] adj.
If something is vibrant, then it is bright and full of color.

Their new shirts were a vibrant shade o f red.

1. reverse
a. spell
b. train
c. switch
d. camp
2. adverse
a. written
b. harmful
c. tense
d. blank
3. intermediate
a. amazing
b. safe
c. stupid
d. middle
4. regain
a. reclaim
b. book
c. member
d. length
5. mentor
a. flavor
b. terror
c. teacher
d. painter
6. inclusion
a. energy
b. moment
c. peninsula
d. welcome
7. adhesive
a. paste
b. floor
c. segment
d. treasure
8. vibrant
a. dangerous
b. messy
c. dynamic
d. hollow
9. dependency
a. expanse
b. need
c. freshness
d. tone
b. group
c. truth
d. ledge
10. swarm
a. heat
Exercise 2
..................................................... 4 Word Bank ) ............................................
phoenix
mentor
intermittent
pollen
dependency
adverse
texture
photosynthesis
fro
vibrant
He enjoyed watching the 1 ______________ movement of the branch in the wind.

As the branch moved to and 2______________ , he felt calmed.
Her favorite magical creature was the 3_____________.
The birds feathers were always a(n) 4______________mix of red and orange.
Actually, those flowers have a(n) 5______________ effect on my mothers health.
The 6______________in it makes her sneeze.
Mr. Roth had been a valuable 7______________ for so many years.
You could feel the knowledge from the 8______________of his wrinkled hands.
Plants have a(n) 9______________ on sunlight.
Its a necessary ingredient for the process of 10______________ .
Exercise

1. inclusion
a. exclusion
b.
2. regain
a. snow
inside
c. instant
d. unclean
b. break
c. lose
d. smell
3. eternal
a. great
b. true
c. flat
d. brief
4. dump
a. gather
b. explain
c. solve
d. glow
5. fluctuate
a. heal
b. remain
c. stutter
d. choose
Exercise 4
1.
The branches moved to and fro in the breeze.
2.
Honeybees collect pollen from flowers.
3.
The meeting was eternal. It lasted only ten minutes.
4.
The adhesive on this tape doesnt work anymore. It wont stick.
5.
In order to get into the sports arena, we had to pay a phoenix.
6.
This past week the weather has fluctuated a lot. Its been warm and sunny every day.
7.
Dont touch my knee. It tickles when anything touches me there.
8.
9.
10.
. She dumped the dirty water out back in the garden.

My level of Spanish is only at the intermediate stage.
The texture of his workload was incredible.
The
Greedy Bee
A young bee had passed his intermediate level exams. He now knew everything about
flowers. He understood how they used photosynthesis to make oxygen and which ones
produced the best pollen. Bees had an important dependency on pollen. From the beginning
of time, bees eternal task was to gather pollen and make honey with it.
Since he passed his exams, the little bee had earned his inclusion in the swarms that
gathered pollen. He was excited because he was finally allowed to leave the hive. He left
with the next swarm and was determined to find the perfect flower. Soon he saw a large,
vibrant flower full of pollen. He landed on a petal and walked toward the pollen at the
flowers center.
Immediately, he began rolling in the pollen, gathering it on his legs and wings. The fine
texture of the pollen tickled when it stuck to his body. It was the best experience the little
bee had ever had. He gathered as much as he could.
But when he was flying back home, he realized that all the pollen had an adverse effect.
He had no control over his flight. The intermittent wind fluctuated in
power. He was blown to and fro. One minute he was flying straight,
and the next minute the wind had reversed his course.
He tried to dump some of the pollen, but it acted as an adhesive.
He couldnt get it off. He became tired and fell to the ground.
What am I going to do now? he thought. Just then, his mentor
landed next to him and began cleaning the excess pollen off the
little bee. You shouldnt have taken so much, his mentor said.
Finally, with the pollen off of him, the bee easily regained his
strength, and like a phoenix, the young bee flew back into the
air. When he returned to the hive, he turned to his mentor
and said, I learned an important lesson today. I will
never be greedy again.
Reading Comprehens ion

PART o
1.
The bees had an important dependency on pollen.
2.
The texture of the petals in the vibrant flower tickled.
3.
The little bee was blown to and fro and reversed in his direction.
4.
Because the pollen acted like an adhesive, the little bee couldnt dump it.
5.
After his mentor helped him regain his strength, the little bee lost his ambitions and
fell to the ground like a phoenix.
PART O
1.
After the intermediate exams, what did the bee know about photosynthesis?
2.
What did his inclusion in the swarms finally allow the little bee to do?
3.
What was the bees eternal task?
4.
How did the excess pollen have an adverse effect on the bees flight?
5.
What was intermittent and fluctuated in the bees power?
abolish [abdiij] v.
To abolish something means to put an end to it, such as a system or law.
* President Lincoln abolished slavery in the US.
amend
[amend] V.
To amend something means to change it to improve or make it accurate.

The countries were in agreement that the treaty needed to be amended.
a s p ir e [aspaiar] v.
To aspire means to have a strong desire to achieve or do something.

George aspired to be a doctor from a young age.
censor [sensar] v.
To censor information means to remove it if it is rude or rebellious.
To protect innocent people, the location o f the bomb was censored.
charter [tjaA a r]
n.
A charter is a document that describes the rights of an organization or group.

- * The company charter explained that all employees had to pay a tax.
constitution [kanstayu:Jan] n.
A constitution is a document of principles for a government.
The countrys constitution said a prime minister could only serve three terms.
Cosmopolitan
[kdzmapdlatan] adj.
When a place is cosmopolitan, it is full of people from many different places.

There are dozens o f different types o f restaurants in a cosmopolitan city.
disseminate
[disemaneit] V.
To disseminate information or knowledge means to distribute it.

The organization disseminates information about the dangers o f smoking.
flatter [fleeter] v.
To flatter people means to praise them in an effort to please them.
He was ju st flattering me when he said that my new dress looked gorgeous.
infamous [fnfamas] adj.

When someone is infamous, they are well known for something bad.
That news channel is infamous for presenting biased information.
lame
[leim] adj.
If one is lame, they cannot walk properly due to an injury to the leg or foot.
* The terrible accident left many people dead and several others lame.
limp Omp] v.
To limp means to walk with difficulty because someones leg or foot is hurt.
After the injury, the player limped o ff o f the field.
Outburst
[autbarst] n.
An outburst is a sudden, strong expression of an emotion.

-* There was an outburst o f cheers when the comedian took the stage.
pathological
[paeSaladjikal] adj.
When a behavior is pathological, it is extreme, unacceptable, and uncontrollable.

* The pathological liar could not even tell the truth about unimportant matters.
phenomenal
[findmanl] adj.
When something is phenomenal, it is unusually great.

The childs ability to play the piano is nothing short o f phenomenal.
poll
[poul] n.
A poll is a survey in which people give their opinions about important things.
The p oll showed that many people support the plan to stop gang violence.
remorse
[rimdrs] n.
Remorse is a strong feeling of sadness and regret.

> When I realized what I did, I felt remorse for my actions.
secrecy
[si :krasi] n.
Secrecy is the behavior of keeping things secret.

The secrecy o f the big organization made the government nervous.
tackle
[taekal] v.
To tackle something means to deal with it in a determined and efficient way.

Such social problems need to be tackled right away.
trance
[trsens] n.
A trance is a a state where people seem asleep and have no control of themselves.
The womans powerful eyes often put men in a trance.
Exercise

1. What might be abolished?
a. A rule
b. A toy
c.
2. Who tackles crime?

a. Bankers
c. Postal workers
b. Criminals
A car
d. A star
d. Police officers
3. Who is infamous?
a. A trusting friend
c. A tiny puppy
b. An evil king
d. A newborn baby
4. If a behavior is pathological, i t _____

a. is envied
c. can be bad
b. cannot be controlled
d. is pleasant
5. Who might be lame?

a. A healthy baby
c. A young man
b.
d.
6. A trance is most similar t o

.
a. dancing
b. eating
c. showering
d. sleeping
c. A large company
d. A basketball
c. A cruise
d. Cell phone
c. in need of practice
d. great
c. A big city
d. A small village
7.
What is most likely to have a charter?

a. An unknown island b. A new automobile
An athlete
Someone in a wheelchair
8 . What might be censored?

a. A newspaper
b. A fly
9. If your skills are phenomenal, they are ____

a. ordinary
b. not appreciated
10.
Which area is likely to be cosmopolitan?

a. A television set
b. A bedroom
Exercise 2
1. lame
a. rude
b. kind
c.
smart
d.
healthy
2. secrecy
a. well known
b. hidden
c.
upset
d.
popularity
3. abolish
a. great
b. start
c.
round
d.
caring
4. remorse
a. again
b. grief
c.
happiness
d.
glow
5. disseminate
a. distribute
b. collect
c.
open
d.
forget
Exercise

1.
His moving speech caused a huge strong, sudden expression of happy tears.
2.
The main goal of the group was to distribute information about the needs of the poor.
3.
The wounded soldier had to walk with difficulty because of a hurt foot back to the base.
4.
We excitedly watched the results of the survey in which people give opinions.
5.
The boys have a strong desire to finish college in less than three years.
6.
When he saw how badly things had turned out, he felt a strong feeling of sadness and regret.
7.
It is a difficult process to improve the official rulebook.
8.
Those salesmen praise in an insincere wav people to trick them into buying useless items.
9.
The document of principles for the government was based on freedom for all people.
10.
We were immediately suspicious of the boy because of his act of keeping things secret.
Exercise 4
1.
The boy tackled when he slipped on the ice.
2.
Many different languages are spoken in this cosmopolitan area.
3.
The trance was a beautiful arrangement of fruits and flowers on the table.
4.
The doctor had to amend the mans lungs to help him breathe better.
5.
The new country created a strong constitution to help guide it through the years.
The
Mayor of Sherman
The cosmopolitan city of Sherman needed to elect a new mayor. Two men aspired to
become mayor: Mr. Jones and Mr. Webb. Mr. Jones was a tall, handsome man. He was a
phenomenal speaker, and the citizens loved him. However, Mr. Jones didnt know much
about running a city. He was a pathological liar who merely flattered people with his words.
Mr. Webb was very different. He was a small, unattractive man. He was lame and limped
when he walked. But he was an expert on politics and knew what was best for the people.
The citizens of Sherman didnt care about what the politicians had to say.
No one listened to Mr. Webb, even though he had great ideas. They cheered
when Mr. Jones spoke, although he didnt talk about important things. His
____
pretty words put people in a trance. All the polls predicted that Mr. Jones
would win the election.
9
When the votes were totaled, Mr. Jones won easily.
But when he took office, he didnt know what
to do! He tried to hide his ignorance by
working in secrecy. He added a law to the
citys constitution that prevented citizens
from seeing the mayor. He even
censored newspapers that tried
to disseminate information
about his inability to help
the people.
Soon, however, Mr.
Jones became infamous
for his poor leadership.
There was an outburst of
anger among the citizens. They
were full of remorse for their
misguided decision to elect an
ignorant mayor. They voted to remove
Mr. Jones and let Mr. Webb take over.
Immediately, Mr. Webb proved that
he was a great mayor. He abolished
Mr. Joness law, and he was willing
to talk openly with everyone. He
tackled important issues and
amended unfair laws in the citys
charter.
The citizens learned that a
pleasant appearance and nice
words do not make a good leader.
The most important qualities are
intelligence and a desire to help
others.
Reading Comp rehension

PART Q
1.
.Two men aspired to be mayor of the cosmopolitan city of Sherman.
2.
Mr. Jones was a pathological speaker who flattered people with his words.
3.
Mr. Webb was lame, so he limped when he walked.
4.
Mr. Webb tackled important issues and amended unfair laws in the city charter.
5.
Mr. Jones censored newspapers that tried to disseminate outbursts of anger.
PART O
1.
What did the polls predict after the people were put into a trance?
2.
What misguided decision did the people feel remorse for making?
3.
What was Mr. Webb willing to do after he abolished Mr. Joness laws from the constitution?
4.
What did the phenomenal speaker become infamous for?
5.
What was Mr. Jones trying to do by working in secrecy?
UNIT
Word List
coward
[kausrd] n.
A coward is a person who lacks courage to do risky or dangerous things.

A firefighter cannot be a coward. They have to be able to act quickly.
delete
[dii(:t] v.
To delete something means to remove or erase written material.

Several lines had been deleted from her speech.
firsthand
[fa:rsthaend] adj.
If something is firsthand, then it is from an original source.

If you want firsthand knowledge, ask someone who saw it.
earnest
ternist] adj.
If someone is earnest, then they are honest.

The child was very earnest when she told her mother how she broke the dish.
ethnic
[eenik] adj.
If something is ethnic, then it is related to a group with a similar culture.

Many sections o f the city are home to different ethnic communities.
exclude
[iksktu:d]
V.
To exclude someone means to not accept them into a group.

Carol was excluded from the contest because her friend was a judge.
fluent
[flu snt] adj.
If someone is fluent in a language, then they are able to speak it very well.
She was so fluent in German that youd have thought she was from Germany.
imperial
[impiarial] adj.
If something is imperial, then it is of, or related to an empire.

These old im perial coins were once used in the Roman Empire.
inclusive
Onktu :siv] adj.
If something is inclusive, then it is open to all groups and people in society.

A more inclusive event would have allowed children to attend.
legislature
[ledjisleitjar] n.
A legislature is the section of a government that makes laws.

The senator had served ten years in the national legislature.
linguistic
[lirjgwfstik] adj.
If something is linguistic, then it is concerned with language.

A linguistic way o f studying culture focuses on words within that culture.
monolingual
[mdnah'rjgwal] adj.
If someone is monolingual, then they speak only one language.

- In todays global economy, being monolingual limits your opportunities.
nationality
[naejsnaelati] n.
Nationality is an identity based on the nation from which you come.

His nationality is German, but he speaks French, Spanish, and Korean.
patriot
[peitriat] n.
A patriot is someone who loves, supports, and defends their country.

* Every year young patriots join their countries militaries.
p r o s e c u t e [prdsakju:t] v.
To prosecute someone means to take legal action against them.

They were prosecuted for fishing in the river without a permit.
racial
[reijal] adj.
If something is racial, then it is related to a race or races.

The differences between racial groups are physical characteristics and culture.
Solemn
[salam] adj.
If something is solemn, then it is serious and honest.

The professor preferred a solemn relationship between him and his students.
solidarity
[sdladaerati] n.
Solidarity is a union formed from common responsibilities or interests.

All the citizens came together in a show o f solidarity to create change.
tact
[tasktj n.
Tact is the ability to avoid offending people when dealing with problems.
Since both sides would not agree, it required someone with tact to make peace.
undermine
[Andamnain] v.
To undermine someone means to betray or weaken their efforts or authority.

The documents helped to undermine the workers trust in their bosses honesty.

1.
No matter how much she begged, the older girls still did not accept Suzy.
2.
Language based approaches are the best way to learn about a culture.
3.
Constant changes were weakening the projects chances of being finished on time.
4.
The boy made a serious and honest promise to his parents that he would never again cheat.
5.
The movie director gave the actors and actresses a personal and original view of the newly
completed movie.
6.
Everyone knew that Luke studied Chinese. But no one knew he was able to speak it very
well.
7.
The teacher was waiting for one of the students to be honest about what had happened on
the playground.
8. The Internet has made talking to people everywhere very natural. As a result, having a sense
of common support for your ideas is easy.
9.
10.
Though he looked Greek, his identity based on the country he came from was Mexican.
Today, no one lives in the old royal palace. Instead, its part of the university.
1.
Peter is so earnest. He made more money than anyone I know.
2.
If you like ethnic foods, then you like foods from other cultures.
3.
Though its the same language, there are linguistic differences between the two
areas.
4.
The patriot is an amazing bird. It can repeat anything you tell it.
5.
If you want someone to care for your cattle, you should call a coward.
6.
The boy said that the test was unfair, and his classmates showed solidarity and
agreed.
7.
The king said the princes had undermined his authority when they issued new
orders.
8.
We deleted all the words that were spelled wrong.
9.
I m sorry you cant eat here. This restaurant is inclusive.
10.
The road going to the farmhouse is monolingual, so watch cars coming your way.
11.
He had seen the battle firsthand in old movies.
12.
If someone goes to court, then they are judged by the legislature.
13.
This citys history is important. It was once the imperial capital.
14.
His friends had left him alone in the library, but he didnt mind being solemn.
15.
The criminals were prosecuted for the crimes they had committed.
16.
That college excludes anyone who has low test scores.
17.
Many people wonder about her nationality. However, he knows where shes from.
18.
The mothers covered their childrens heads because the rain was so fluent.
19.
I liked all the cars, but I bought the racial car because it was the fastest.
20.
His method had a lot of tact. Soon, everyone agreed with his point of view.
The
Editors Choice
A newspaper editor sat at his desk and stared at the flashing cursor on his computers
screen. He didnt know if he should delete the article he had just written or go ahead and
publish it. He was scared and filled with doubt.
The empire had passed a new law stating that citizens could only use the imperial
language. The editor disagreed with the law and decided to write an article about why it was
wrong. He felt that the new law excluded people of different nationalities and racial and
ethnic backgrounds. He had firsthand knowledge of what it feels like not to be fluent in the
imperial language because he was from a remote part of the empire.
He felt that the empire shouldnt be monolingual and should be more inclusive. Yet he
was afraid that he would get in trouble for having this belief. Many would say that he was
not a patriotthat he didnt love the empire. But he didnt wish to undermine the authority
of the empire. He wanted to argue that the empire could be stronger if it accepted people of
various cultures and beliefs.
At last, he decided to stop being a coward and to be earnest about how he felt. He wrote
the article. It wasnt rude or angry, but rather, very solemn and intelligent. The next day it
was published in all the papers.
Everyone was impressed by his tact and showed solidarity with his ideas. He expected
to be arrested any day, but the police never came. Surprisingly, instead of being prosecuted,
he became a hero. The legislature changed the law, and people from many linguistic
backgrounds praised him.
PART O
1.
The editor felt the imperial law excluded people of different nationalities and racial
and ethnic backgrounds.
2.
The legislature prosecuted the editor for undermining the authority of the empire.
3.
The editor was not fluent in the empires language.
4.
Everyone was impressed by the editors tact and showed solidarity with his ideas.
5.
The article wasnt solemn and intelligent, but rather rude and angry.
PART O
1.
Where was the editor sitting when the cursor was ready to delete his article?
2.
After the editor decided not to be a coward but be earnest, what did he do?
3.
If the empire accepted other languages, what did the editor think would happen?
4.
Why was the editor afraid to say that the empire should be more inclusive?
5.
What did the editor write about being vocal?
allocate
[aelakeit] v.
To allocate something means to put it aside for a certain purpose or person.

- The government allocated $100 million to aid the disaster relief effort.
appetizing
[aepitaizirj] adj.
When food is appetizing, it looks and smells very good.

The appetizing plate o f cookies was gone in half an hour.
blizzard
[Wizard] n.
A blizzard is a severe snow storm with strong winds.

We did not dare to go outside during the terrible blizzard.
cavity
[kaavati] n.
A cavity is a hole or space in something.

There was a small cavity in the wall o f the cave where an animal lived.
c lo c k w is e [klakwaiz] adv.
If something moves clockwise, it moves in a circle in the same direction as a clock.

* Turn the screw clockwise to tighten it.
concentric
[kansentrik] adj.
When circles or rings are concentric, they have the same center.
* The target was a series o f concentric circles.
courtesy
[ko:rtasi] n.
Courtesy is the excellence of manners or social conduct.

Jenna always behaves with great courtesy when people visit her home.
Crisp
[krisp] adj.
When food is crisp, it is hard or has a hard surface in a way that is pleasant.
My favorite snack is a bag o f crisp, delicious potato chips.
discord
[disko:rd] n.
Discord is disagreement or fighting between people.

There was much discord between the experts on the talk show.
frigid
[frid3 id] adj.
When something is frigid, it is extremely cold.

We decided not to go on the hike because the weather was too frigid.
generate
[d3enareit] v.
To generate something means to cause it to develop or begin.

* The mayor promised to generate new jobs and programs to help the poor.
glacial
[gleijal] adj.
When something is glacial, it relates to large masses of ice that move slowly.
* Penguins thrive in the glacial regions o f Antarctica.
interchange
[intartjeind3] n.
An interchange of ideas between people is a discussion of each persons idea.

*There was an interchange o f ideas between the groups.
locker
[Idker] n.
A locker is a small cabinet with a lock where people store their possessions.
* I keep my school books in my locker.
multicultural
[rriAltikAltjaral] adj.
When something is multicultural, it relates to many different cultures.

Everyone was welcomed to attend the m ulticultural celebration.
omission
[oumijen] n.
An omission is something that has been left out or not done.

Mike was upset because o f the omission o f his name during the ceremony.
O v e r s e e [ouvarsi:] v.
To oversee something means to make sure that it is being done properly.

His job was to oversee the progress o f the construction project.
pierce [pi0rs] v.
To pierce something means to make a hole in it using a sharp object.
> The arrow pierced the target in the very center.
replicate
[replakeit]
V.
To replicate something is to do it in the exact same way as someone before.

I would love to replicate my fathers achievements in school.
wavy
[weivi] adj.
When something is wavy, it is not straight but has a series of curves.

The child drew wavy lines all over the piece o f paper.
Exercise

1. frigid
a. happy
b. hot
2. wavy
a. straight
c. open
d. clear
b. pretty
c. likely
d. quick
3. crisp
a. more
b. slow
c. nice
d. soft
4. replicate
a. flight
b. original
c. friend
d. agreement
5. allocate
a. take away
b. freeze
c. close
d. fight
Exercise 2
1.
No one else can open my small cabinet with a lock.
2.
How can we prevent argument and disagreement in the future?
3.
The brave travelers were not stopped by the snow storm with strong winds.
4.
The organizers made sure that the parade was reJated to many different cultures.
5.
The thief hid the money in a small hole in the wall.
6.
I thought the hosts showed a lot of politeness and respect for others.
7.
It was her job to make sure everything was being done properly on the project.
8.
What can we do to cause the beginning or development of interest in our product?
9.
People cannot withstand extremely cold temperatures without clothing and shelter.
10.
John used a knife to make a hole in the thick rubber.
Exercise 3
1.
This is a multicultural holiday. People from all over the world celebrate it.
2.
The valuables are kept in a secure locker.
3.
If things move clockwise, they move in reverse.
4.
The doctor pierced his skin with the needle to draw blood.
5.
The scientist tried to replicate the experiment and compare the results.
6.
The cavity quickly traveled down the stream and to the lake.
7.
The frig id soup burned my tongue!
8.
School was cancelled today because of the horrible blizzard outside.
9.
The appetizing scene made everyone in the theater cry.
10.
After a brief interchange of ideas, we were ready to begin the new project.
11.
Make sure to include an omission of our goals in the presentation.
12.
The charity raised money for all of the wavy children in the city.
13.
Tim was chosen to oversee the progress of the building crew.
14.
The glacial dog loved to run and chase the ball in the park.
15.
We need to generate a new plan because this one isnt going to work.
16.
He was not pleased with the movie. He thought it was too concentric.
17.
The brothers cannot work together. There is always discord between them.
18.
The crisp lettuce went well with the sandwich.
19.
The mother was disappointed with the extreme courtesy her children displayed.
20.
Seats will be allocated to the people who are the first to arrive.
The
Ice House
Last year, Erik constructed one of the worlds strangest houses in the glacial landscape
of northern Sweden. He called it the Ice House: a house made entirely of ice and snow. All
of the beds, chairs, tables, and walls are cold, hard sculptures of ice.
A group of architects and volunteers from all over the world traveled to the site of the Ice
House and began its construction. The multicultural group journeyed through blizzards and
frigid temperatures to reach the site. Once the builders arrived, there was an interchange
of ideas, and tools were allocated to each worker. An expert was selected to oversee the
building process to make sure there was no discord between the workers. Once a plan
was generated, they got right to work. The design was very unique; the builders couldnt
replicate the design from normal houses.
The first step was to build the walls and ceiling. The builders used a metal frame to help
them build the structure. After the ice was in place, the frame was removed. The builders
then created furniture and art pieces. Designs were carved into each piece. One worker
carved big wavy lines, and another made tiny clockwise, concentric circles. Finally, the
workers carved small cavities in the roof and inserted colored lights. When the work was
finished, the beautiful house was ready for a resident to enjoy.
Living in the Ice House is an experience like no other. Erik stores his belongings in an
ice locker and lays out a sleeping bag on his ice bed. At dinner, he dines on a delicious
salad with crisp toppings. And for the main course, he enjoys appetizing fish caught from
a nearby river. The fish are pierced with icicles and served on ice plates. After dinner, he
gets ready for a cold night. The omission of heaters can be
too much for his visitors sometimes. Luckily, there
are warm rooms nearby, as a courtesy to
^
Readinq C o mp r e h e n s i o n
PART O
1.
A multicultural group traveled through blizzards and frigid temperatures to reach the site.
2.
Erik dines on crisp, appetizing fish that are pierced with icicles.
3.
The expert who oversaw the process made sure there wasnt discord in the glacial
landscape.
4.
One worker carved big wavy lines, and another made tiny clockwise, concentric circles.
5.
The builders replicated the design from normal houses.
PART O
1.
What was allocated to the workers after an interchange of ideas?
2.
What was put in cavities in the roof?
3.
What happened when a plan was generated?
4.
What is provided as a courtesy when guests get too cold?
5.
What did Erik put in his ice locker?
abide
[abaid] v.
To abide by something, like a rule, means to obey it.

If you want to play the game with us, you must be willing to abide by our rules.
conversion
[kanva:r3<?n] n.
Conversion is the act of changing something into a different state or form.

The city discussed the conversion o f the parking lot into a skateboard park.
cram
[kraem] v.
To cram things means to put them into a place that can barely contain them.
He crammed all o f his shirts into the top drawer o f the dresser.
defer
[difair] v.
To defer means to arrange for an action to happen at a later time.

The g irl was very sleepy, so she chose to defer her bath until morning.
export
[ikspo:rt] t/.
To export products means to sell them to other countries.

The United States exports many cereals and grains.
fume
[fju'.m] n.
Fumes are unhealthy smoke and gases that are made by fires or chemicals.
The engine p ut unpleasant, black fumes into the air.
habitual
[habitji/ai] adj.
When something is habitual, it is a behavior that a person usually does or has.

The man was a habitual liar who was incapable o f being honest with the police.
justify
[d3Astafai] v.
To justify something means to show or prove that it is necessary.

* The government tried to ju stify its decision to bring the country into a war.
OUtpUt
[autput] n.
Output is the amount of something that a person or thing produces.

* The boss hired more workers to increase the factorys output o f products.
overpopulation
[ouvarpapjuleijan] n.
Overpopulation is the state of having too many people in an area.

The organization is concerned with overpopulation o f the world.
patent
[psetent] n.
A patent is a right to be the only person allowed to make or sell a new product.
He quickly established a patent for his brilliant invention.
penalize
[pi:nslaiz] v.
To penalize someone means to punish him or her.

The team was penalized when they broke the rules.
petroleum
Ipitrouliam] n.
Petroleum is a liquid natural resource from which many fuels are made.
The petroleum at that factory is used to make gasoline.
prototype
[proutataip] n.
A prototype is a new machine that is not ready to be made in large quantities.

He introduced his prototype to the motorcycle company.
SCrap
[skraep] n.
A scrap of something is a small amount of it.

Chris liked to use many scraps o f paper when thinking up ideas.
S e c t o r [sektax] n.
A sector is a part of a countrys economy in a specific type of industry.

We learned about ju st a few o f the factories within the manufacturing sector.
subscribe
[sabskraib] v.
To subscribe to something is to agree or to concur with it.

She subscribed to the view that musical education should be kept in schools.
subsist
[sabsist] v.
To subsist means to have the food, water, and money needed to stay alive.
-+ Some people are forced to subsist on only a few dollars a month.
suspend
[saspendj v.
To suspend something means to delay or stop it from happening for a while.

The oil company suspended production until it was sure the factory was safe.
synthesis
[sineasis] n.
A synthesis is a combination of different ideas or styles.

The bands music was a synthesis o f many different musical genres.
?
Exercise 1
1.
What is needed to subsist?

a. Rainy weather
c. Fast cars
b. Clean water
d. The Internet
2. What is someone penalized for?

a. Falling in love
c. An invention
b. Winning a race
d. Breaking the law
3. What does a business owner justify?

a. Her house
c. Her workers
b. Her decision
d. Her family
Which one of these uses a product made from petroleum?

a. A sandwich
b. A telephone
c. An automobile
d. A cow
5.
What releases fumes?

a. An old truck
b. A baby cat
c. A tired worker
d. A bicycle
Exercise 2
................................
fumes
overpopulation
4j Word Bank P ...........................

habitual
patent
scraps
export
prototype
output
Everyone was very excited about the new 1 ______________ .

The inventor of the machine got a 2______________ .
The dramatic increase of people into the city led to 3______________ .
It is the most important problem in the human services 4______________,
The mother was worried that her childs bad behavior was 5______________ .
She decided on some new rules to which her child had to 6______________ by.
The factory produced 5000 computers a day as 7______________ .
But the machines used to make them also let out harmful 8______________ .
The country prepared tons of different materials to 9.
However, some of the materials were just 10______
abide
sector
Exercise 3
1.
The best theory was the one that was a combination of all the scientists ideas.
2.
When the power went out, he was forced to stop or delay progress on his project.
3.
The brothers believe along with other people to the opinion that socialism is best.
4.
The cutting tool was just a new machine not ready to be made in large amounts.
5.
Her job was to get all of the goods ready to sell to other countries.
6.
The chemist demonstrated the change into a different form of liquid water into gas.
7.
After the tornado, it was difficult for the family to have the food and money needed to live.
8.
The mechanic yelled when he stepped on the sharp small amount of metal.
9.
It is the policemans job to make sure people do what is right by the law.
10.
We ll have to postpone our vacation until next month.
Exercise 4
Write C if the italicized word is used correctly. Write 1if the word is used incorrectly.
1.
The big city worked hard to prevent overpopulation problems.
2.
I tried to cram all of my clothes into one suitcase.
3.
The machines output was so great that we ran out of room to store the products.
4.
Why dont we defer the decision until right now?
5.
The conversion over the bridge was scary.
Preparing ofthe Future
- wTg
Overpopulation is a big problem in the world today. Too many people are crammed
into cities and towns around the globe. Earths population is about 6.5 billion people. This
number is growing every day. In just 50 years, the population will be almost 9 billion.
Many people worry that the Earth wont have enough resources to support so many
people. One major reason for this is that wasting resources and polluting have become
habitual behaviors. Industrial output results in polluting the air with dangerous fumes.
Also, cars and machines waste a ton of important natural resources like oil and water. Its
possible that the Earth may become so damaged that it cannot support a large population
of humans.
Another issue is the lack of useful land for cultivating crops. Even today, many people
subsist on mere scraps of food and little water. In 50 years, many experts worry that huge
numbers of people will starve to death. So what is being done to prepare for the future?
People are realizing they can no longer justify their wasteful behavior or defer action
to fix it. Many car companies already have patents on prototypes for very efficient cars.
Such cars waste no resources and produce no pollution. A conversion to clean cars means
that petroleum can be saved for the future. In addition, the environmental sectors of many
governments are setting strict rules for industries that pollute too much. If companies do
not abide by the standards, they are penalized with higher taxes. In some cases, their
operations might be suspended altogether.
Food is also an issue that is being
tackled. Many countries are now
subscribing to the point of view that
immediate action is needed. They are
determining ways to export goods to people
^
k
.4
in need, so that no one goes hungry. Experts
will continue to come up
with ideas for the future,
and a synthesis of these
ideas will help to support the
growing population.
PART O
1.
Because of overpopulation, too many people are crammed into cities and towns.
2.
The environmental sectors of many governments are deferring strict standards.
3.
Some car companies have patents on prototypes.
4.
A conversion to clean cars means petroleum can be used right now for people.
5.
Companies that dont abide by standards are penalized or their operations might be
suspended.
PART O
1.
What will a synthesis of good ideas for the future do?
2.
What have become habitual behaviors in the world today?
3.
What prototypes do companies have patents for in the passage?
4.
What behavior can no longer be justified?
5.
What point of view are many countries subscribing to?
acrobat
[aekrabaet] n.
An acrobat is a person who entertains people by doing amazing physical things.

* There were acrobats at the circus that did impressive and complicated jumps.
advocacy
[aedvskesi] n.
Advocacy is the act of supporting or recommending something.

Janines strong advocacy for the event made people want to attend.
communal
[kamju:nl] adj.
If something is communal, it involves a group of people.

On the weekends, Theo and his son picked up trash in the communal park.
fluid
[flu:id] adj.
If something is fluid, it is smooth and moves gracefully.

Boris was a famous ballet dancer because people admired his flu id movements.
harmonize
[hd xmanaiz] v.
To harmonize means to make different things go well together.

The sweet and sour flavors o f the dish harmonized well and tasted great.
industrious
[indAstrias] adj.
If someone is industrious, they work hard.

-* Dennis was very industrious, so he never had problems finding a job.
inventive
[inventiv] adj.
When someone is inventive, they are good at creating new things.

The inventive student b uilt a robot to help her with her chores.
judicial
[d3u;dpl] adj. 1
If something is judicial, it is related to judges or courts of law.

The laws changed the way the judicial system was structured.
Mandarin
[maendarin] n.
Mandarin is one of the two main Chinese languages.

* Although Johns parents both spoke Mandarin, he could only speak English.
metropolitan
[metropolitan] adj.
If something is metropolitan, it relates to a large city.

All o f the metropolitan excitement o f New York City made Rufus nervous.
mimic
[mimik]
To mimic something means to copy the way it sounds or moves.

The hunter mimicked a ducks call and shot the two ducks that called back.
misguided
[misgaidid] adj.
When something is misguided, it is based on bad judgment or wrong beliefs.

The snake b it Molly during her misguided attempt to grab it.
rehearse
[rihars] v.
To rehearse means to practice and prepare for a performance in front of people.

* Vicks band rehearsed all week before their first show.
scorn
[skoxn] V.
To scorn someone means to behave without respect toward them.

* The criminal was scorned by everyone in the community.
sensory
[sensari] adj.
If something is sensory, it is related to the senses.

*Iris and Eric preferred the sensory th rill o f watching movies in the theater.
Staple
[steipal] adj.
If something is staple, it is standard or basic.

Hamburgers, steaks and hotdogs are staple foods to cook on a grill.
Statute
[staet/u:t] n.
A statute is a law that is official and has been written down.

The new statute made it illegal to walk dogs in the park.
veteran
[veteran] n.
A veteran is someone who has a lot of experience doing something.

Hank was the team veteran and had played in more games than anyone else.
villain
M a n ] n.
A villain is an evil person who breaks the law or hurts others.

* The villain escaped with h alf o f my fam ilys valuables.
vine
[vain] n.
A vine is a plant that has long, twisting stems and climbs upward.
* The branches o f the trees were covered with vines.
Exercise t
1. veteran
a. wet
b. amateur
c. young
d. vague
2. harmonize
a. exaggerate
b. disagree
c. lessen
d. mark
3. misguided
a. lost
b. lengthy
c. common
d. well-planned
4. villain
a. supporter
b. thief
c. hero
d. loud person
b. weird
c. delicate
d. factory-related
5. scorn
a. respect
Exercise 2
........................
industrious
statutes
communal
acrobats
Word Bank I ...........................
rehearsed
inventive
metropolitan
Mandarin
fluid
judicial
Stella was amazed by the performance of the 1 ______________ .

She thought their 2______________ movements were beautiful.
Dave had four siblings, so he was used to 3_
_ living.
They shared almost everything and were 4 _

things.
. about finding new uses for old
The 5______________system has many roles.

It interprets laws and 6______________ and judges whether they are fair.
The students 7__
. for the play every day after school.
They were very 8_
_ and often stayed after dark.
9______________ is spoken throughout northern and southwestern China.

However, other languages are also popular in 10______________ areas.
1.
The animal rights advocacy group worked to protect animals.
2.
He was well-liked by people in his class. A lot of people scorned him.
3.
Going on a rollercoaster is a wild sensory experience.
4.
Items like sunscreen, towel and bathing suit are staple items needed for the beach.
5.
The hotel had a communal kitchen that the guests were free to use.
6.
The acrobat had studied biology for many years before he became successful.
7.
The audience rehearsed the play for the actors.
8.
Chris s actions were misguided. He should have found out the facts first.
9.
The people of the small town were very metropolitan.
10.
Mandarin Chinese is said to be one of the hardest languagesto learn.
11.
Kayla watched the fluid motions of the graceful bird.
12.
The statute was placed in front of the new police station.
13.
The singers harmonized during the last part of the song. It sounded lovely.
14.
After his shoelaces tore, the inventive boy used floss to tie his shoes together.
15.
Mrs. Campbells son was lazy and industrious.
16.
I m interested in getting a job as a judicial officer, like my father the judge.
17.
Some insects mimic the appearance of poisonous bugs to keep predators away.
18.
The veteran gave my pet dog medicine to feel better.
19.
Long vines grew around the side of the house and covered up the front wall.
20.
The villain helped the family escape their house when it caught fire.
Hundred Plays
Over two thousand years ago, Chinese farmers had a problem. Even though they were
very industrious, the weather became too cold outside to plant their staple food, rice.
So what did they do? Since they had so much free time during the long, cold winters, the
inventive farmers started performing tricks to entertain themselves. They used their farm
tools and anything they could find to make their tricks more spectacular. They even twisted
their bodies into crazy shapes and performed awesome jumps. Overtime, they became
great acrobats, and their art form came to be known as Hundred Plays.
Hundred Plays involves doing many kinds of tricks. For example, in Mandarin-speaking
parts of China, performers do the lion dance. They wear costumes and mimic the animals
movements. Early performers also did tricks on ropes and vines that were high above the
ground.
Even though the acrobats fluid movements may have looked easy, they took a lot of
work.
Learning Hundred Plays is a communal event. A veteran of the acrobatic arts usually
teaches younger people in the village. They spend a lot of time rehearsing. The young
performers also learn an old philosophy. The teachings help them harmonize the sensory
aspects of acrobatics with mental aspects. In other words, it teaches them to use their
physical and mental strength together.
Since the art has its origins with poor farmers, rich people used to scorn acrobats.
They thought acrobats were villains. The rich people thought the acrobats just wanted to
trick them. But later, their misguided opinions changed. Acrobats came to be respected
in Chinese society. They were invited to perform in metropolitan areas as well as in small
villages. They performed for important people, including judicial officers. Arts advocacy
groups convinced the government to support Chinese acrobatics. As a result, there is now a
statute that made several villages the center of training future acrobats.
PART O
1.
The Chinese farmers became great acrobats while planting staple crops like rice.
2.
The version of the lion dance in Mandarin-speaking areas involves performers

mimicking the movements of the lion.
3.
Chinese acrobats gain their fluid motions by rehearsing often.
4.
The art form of Hundred Plays harmonizes the sensory and mental aspects of acrobatics.
5.
Advocacy groups worked to get a statute that would protect acrobats from being scorned.
PART O
1.
According to the passage, what were the early Chinese farmers like?
2.
How are new acrobats trained?
3.
What were the misguided judgments about acrobats in the past?
4.
What unusual object was used by early acrobats to do tricks high above the ground?
5. How did the location and audience of a Hundred Play change after acrobats gained respect?
constrain
[kanstrein] V.
To constrain something means to lim it its development.

* Jim cannot join us because he is constrained by previous plans.
depot
[dkpou] n.
A depot is a bus or train station.

He waited for his mother to arrive at the depot.
emulate
[emjaleit] V.
To emulate people means to imitate them because they are greatly admired.
>As a small boy, he always tried to emulate his big brother.
forefinger
[fb r fin g w ] n.
The forefinger is the finger between ones thumb and middle finger.
* He shouted, There it is ! and pointed with his forefinger.
gUtS
[gAts] n.
The guts are all the organs inside a person or animal.

- The doctor can tell you every process that happens in ones guts.
inherent
[inhiarant] adj.
When something is inherent, it is a natural part of something else.

* Sweating is an inherent bodily function when exercising.
intimidate
lintimadeit]
To intimidate means to frighten others.

My dad intimidates my friends whenever they visit.
janitor [djaenatar]
n.
A janitor is a person who makes repairs and takes care of a building.

The school ja n ito r cleaned up the messy cafeteria.
moist
[moist] adj.
When something is moist, it is slightly wet.

The ground is still moist from the rain last night.
n o p e [noup] adv.
Nope is an informal way of saying no.

- * He asked if I had any money, and I had to say, Nope.
prod
[prod] V.
To prod means to push someone or something with a finger or pointed object.

The bully prodded me in the chest with his finger.
[ransam] n.
ra n s o m
A ransom is a sum of money paid to a kidnapper to set the person free.

He kidnapped the prince and demanded $1 million as ransom.
restrain
[nstrem] v.
To restrain someone or something means to use physical strength to stop them.

* Mike restrained Allen from reaching the door.
Saliva
[salaiva] n.
Saliva is the watery liquid in peoples mouths that helps in digestion.

The baby could not keep the saliva from dripping out o f its mouth.
spit
[spit] v.
To spit means to force liquid from ones mouth.

He emerged from the pool and sp it water from his mouth.
sprint
[sprint] v.
To sprint means to run very fast over a short distance.

* The kids d idnt want to be late to class, so they sprinted to the bus stop.
Stunt
[stAnt] n.
A stunt is something that is done in order to get attention or publicity.

* The man jumped over the cars as a promotional stunt.
tolerant
[talarant] adj.
When people are tolerant, they are approved of because they accept others.
The tolerant leader thought that everyone was equal regardless o f race.
v a m p i r e [vaempaiar] n.
A vampire is a fictional monster that sleeps in a coffin and sucks peoples blood.
*The vampire snuck up on the woman and b it her in the neck.
yawn
[jo n] v.
To yawn means to open ones mouth wide and breathe in air.

The child yawned and stretched her arms before bed for the night.
Exercise I
....
........

1.
I m glad our teacher is so accepting of others as they are.
2.
Chewing gum creates a lot of watery liquid used for d igestion and chewing food.
3.
She had to use physical strength to stop the big dog so that it did not try to attack us.
4.
Lets see who can run fast over a short distance to the car in the shortest amount of time.
5.
Lots of people try to imitate the sports star.
6.
The ache is coming deep from within her organs within the body.
7.
Please take a slightly wet towel and wipe the surface of the table to clean it.
8.
She wore a ring on her finger between her thumb and middle finger.
9.
A lack of money might lim it the development of the project.
10.
His answer is always an informal wav of saving no.

prod
a. eat
b. push
c. speak
d. believe
nope
a. no
b. free
c. brave
d. alive
sprint
a. crave
b. drive
c. run
d. pretend
emulate
a. annoy
b. proceed
c. fear
d. imitate
b. monster
c. feather
d. trait
vampire
a. car
Exercise 3
1.
After walking through the desert, the thirsty man had no saliva left in his mouth.
2.
Weve been waiting at the depot for two hours for the train to arrive!
3.
The joke was so funny that it made him yawn.
4.
The tolerant coach didnt think that girls were good enough to play on the team.
5.
He spit on the ground to show his disgust for the situation.
6.
I hope I dont have to constrain another essay at school tomorrow.
7.
The boys dream was to restrain as well as his father someday.
8.
He is usually a very calm person. His anger today was just an inherent act.
9.
The evil man expected a large ransom before he would return the child to her mother.
10.
The rotten meal gave me a terrible pain in my guts.
11 .
I intimidated my homework, so I could go outside and play baseball.
12.
No one was impressed with Bobbys stunt to get attention.
13.
Using his forefinger, he pointed to a plane in the sky.
14.
Take plenty of water with you before you begin the journey across the moist desert.
15.
The janitor had to fix the heater before people could enter the building.
The Kidnapping
Anne was a very quiet girl who had an inherent fear of almost everything. The kids at
school would play tricks on her all the time. They would hide behind the door of the school
janitors closet, then jump out to scare her. Once, a boy dressed up like a vampire and
chased her down the street. Anne hated being constrained by her fears, but she didnt
know how to be brave.
She was walking home from school one day when someone came up behind her. Before
she could turn around, a powerful man grabbed her. She couldnt scream because a huge
hand was put over her mouth. Anne knew that this could not be another stunt by her
classmates. The scary man restrained her arms and legs and carried her to his house. He
tied Anne to a chair. Her guts began to hurt because she was so scared.
The man prodded Anne with his forefinger and said, You ll stay right here until I get a
ransom from your parents. Then I ll be rich! The dirty man spit when he talked. A string of
saliva hung from his moist lips. Anne was terrified and intimidated by the horrible man. But
she knew she had to escape somehow.
Eventually, the man yawned. Anne waited quietly until he fell asleep. As he slept, she
carefully wiggled her arms and legs until the
ropes became loose. She slipped out of the
ropes and carefully opened the door. She
sprinted to the bus depot and boarded a bus
to the police station. She told the police
what happened, and they arrested the
kidnapper.
The kids at school were amazed. They
asked her, Werent you too scared to
escape?
She said, Nope, I knew that I had to
be brave and get out of there!
The kids were very tolerant of Anne
from then on. They even decided that
they would emulate her bravery if they
ever got into a tough situation.
PART Q
1.
Anne was constrained by her inherent fears.
2.
The vampire restrained her arms and legs and carried herto his house.
3.
Annes guts began to hurt because she was intimidated by her classmates.
4.
The dirty man spit when he talked.
5.
At the end, the kids were tolerant of Anne and decided to emulate her bravery.
PART O Answer the questions.

1.
What would the kids do in the janitors closet?
2.
What happened after the man yawned?
3.
After the man prodded Anne with his forefinger, what did he say about the ransom?
4.
What did Anne do after she sprinted to the bus depot?
5.
To what question did Anne respond by saying nope ?
UNIT
Ward List
analogy
[anaelad3i] n.
An analogy is a connection made between things to show that they are similar.
- The doctor made an analogy between the human heart and a water pump.
ancestry
[sensestri] n.
A persons ancestry is the series of people from whom a person descended.

* M/e studied our ancestry and found out that we are related to royalty.
archer
[d xtfa r] n.
An archer is a person who uses a bow and arrows.

* The expert archer h it the target every time.
c o n s p i r a c y [kanspirasi] n.
A conspiracy is a secret plan made by a group of people to do something illegal.

* Some people think that there was a conspiracy to kill American president John KenneA
deputy [depjati]
n.
A deputy is the second-highest-ranking person in a business or government.

* While the sheriff was ill, the deputy took over his duties.
earl
[a:rl] n.
An earl is a nobleman from Britain.

- The Earl o f Canterbury lived in a huge mansion.
fragrant [fragrantly.
When something is fragrant, it has a pleasant smell.
The g irl picked delicious berries and fragrant flowers.
MOTOR
OIL
funnel
[fAni] n.
A funnel is an object with a wide top and a narrow bottom for pouring liquids.
* The worker used a funnel when he poured the oil into the engine.
hereditary
[hiredateri] adj.
If something is hereditary, it is a trait passed onto children from their parents.

* The hereditary disease affected three generations o f children.
hymn
[him ] n.
A hymn is a religious song that often praises a god.

> The book was filled with hymns that the worshippers sang.
invert
[invert] v.
To invert something means to turn it upside down.

He inverted the bicycle to make repairs on the wheels.
p rey [prei] n.
Prey is the animals that are hunted and eaten by another creature.
-> The lion ran as fast as he could to catch his prey.
procession [prasejsn] n.
A procession is a group of people who walk or drive in a line during a public event.
The procession all celebrated when they reached the end.
p ro p h e t [profit] n.
A prophet is a person chosen by a god to give the gods message to people.
Harold believed that he was one o f the prophets o f his god.
s a r c a s tic
[sa rk a es tik ]
adj.
When something is sarcastic, it is the opposite of what is actually meant.

She hurt her mothers feelings with her constant sarcastic remarks.
s ea s o n in g [si:z>nir)] n.
Seasoning is a mix of salt, herbs, and spices that improves the taste of food.
This steak tastes bland. Maybe Ill add some seasoning to it.
SOdium [soudiam] n.
Sodium is an element that can be used to make substances such as salt.
Sodium and chloride combine to make table salt.
ty ra n n y [tfranO n.
A tyranny is a cruel and unfair government in which one person has power.
His tyranny was impossible to live under.
ty ra n t [taiarant] n.
A tyrant is someone who treats people in a cruel, harsh, and unfair way.
Our boss is a tyrant. He makes us work long hours for little pay.
v in e g a r [vinigar] n.
Vinegar is a strong liquid made from sour wine that is used in cooking.
- * Be careful because too much vinegar will ruin the recipe.
Exercise 1
H U

1. If vou invert a bottle, vou
a. drink from it
b. wash it with soap
c. turn it upside down
d. drop it
2. Which of the following would most likely require the use of a funnel?
a. Snow
b. Books
c. Carrots
d. Water
3. What is a w o lfs prey?

a. Its pups
b. Its den
c. Its food
d. Its ally
4. Which is hereditary?
a. Place of birth
b. Eye color
c. Favorite foods
d. Hobbies
5. If something is fragrant, vou

a. like to smell it
b. want to eat it
c. try to end it
d. want to sing it
6. Who uses seasoning at work?

a. A teacher
b. A chef
c. A builder
d. An electrician
7. Which of the following describes a kind of deputy?

a. A supervisor
b. A CEO
c. A vice president
d. A Manager
8. What is made from sodium?

a. Furniture
b. Salts
c. Toys
d. Soda
9. Where would you most likely hear a hymn?

a. At work
b. Underwater
c. At the zoo
d. In a church
c. betrays you
d. is ill
10. If vour brother is sarcastic, he

a. wants to hit you
b. insults you
Exercise 2
......................................................... 4
prey
fragrant
hereditary
seasoning
Wnrd Bank ) ................................................
tyrant
hymns
procession
archer
One ingredient in the recipe is a small amount of 1 _________

Then you need to pour in a pint of 2______________ .
She can play many instruments and sing many 3___________
Her mother is a good musician, too. Her talent must be 4____
The hunter was a very talented 5______________ .
He only needed one arrow to shoot his 6______________ .
Everyone lined up to take part in the 7______________ .
We marched to honor the king and the noble 8____________
When it came to keeping the house clean, his mother was a 9.
She punished him if his room did not smell very 10_________
vinegar
earls

1. He liked to pour the strong tasting liquid made from sour wine directly on his salad.
2. To better explain the procedure, he used a great wav to show that things are similar.
3. We were in awe of the performance of the skilled person who uses a bow and arrows.
4. The war was a means to overthrow the cruel and unfair government.
5. I have a feeling that the robbery was a secret plan to do something illegal by the owners.
6. At the library, we learned how to trace our line of people from which we descended.
7. The people were convinced that the strange visitor was a person chosen by God.
8. The father acted like a person who treated people in a cruel and unfair way.
9. The British nobleman was a very kind and respected man.
10.
The new mayors first priority was to select a second most important person.
Exercise 4
1.
The sarcastic teacher was always sure to speak clearly and honestly with his
students.
2.
The tyranny at the church made people feel welcome.
3.
The mechanic used a funnel to pour the gas into the tank.
4.
Because of the analogy, many people were injured.
5.
I think the addition of more sodium to the recipe made the bread too salty.
The
Earl of Shining
In the village of Hampton, there was

an old soldier named Michael, but he
was known to the world as the Earl of
Shining. Michael was once an expert
archer and a great fighter. In fact,
his skills seemed to be hereditary;
all the people in his ancestry were
famous warriors. However, he was
getting old and no longer wished
to fight.
One day, he was in the forest
hunting prey when he saw a
beautiful prophet singing a hymn.
She said, Michael, an evil army is
involved in a conspiracy to take over
Hampton. Youre the only one who
can defeat them and stop the tyranny.
The village needs you!
Michael replied, But I m too old to
fight! I m not confident that I can do it.
The prophet said, You must try. I will even
make a potion to increase your strength.
The prophet took out a bottle and a funnel. She
poured some vinegar and garlic into the bottle. Next,
she added some seasoning and sodium and shook it
up.
Michael smelled the potion. Wow, this is
fragrant, he said in a sarcastic tone. He inverted
the bottle and drank the whole potion. He
immediately felt stronger. Ill try my best, he
promised.
Michael rode his horse to a hilltop, where he could see the village of Hampton below. He
saw the evil tyrant and his men marching in a procession through the town.
Michael charged down the hill and into the village. An enemy deputy officer shouted, He
looks as strong as an ox! It was an apt analogy. Michael grabbed the officer and threw him
across the street with one arm. The rest of the officers screamed and rode away, and their
army followed.
The prophet reappeared. Michael said, Its a good thing you gave me the potion.
She replied, But Michael, the potion was fake! Your strength really came from having
confidence!
Michael realized he really was still great. He just needed to believe in himself.
mmmm
xS m
PART O
1.
The Earl of Hampton was an expert archer who was in the forest hunting prey.
2.
The prophet used a funnel to put vinegar, garlic, some seasoning, and sodium in a
bottle.
3.
The evil tyrant and his men marched in a procession through the town.
4.
The prophet, who sang a hymn, was involved in a conspiracy to take over Hampton.
5.
Michaels strength really came from the fragrant potion.
PART O
1.
What suggests that Michaels skills were hereditary?
2.
What analogy did an enemy deputy officer use to describe Michael?
3.
What did Michael say in a sarcastic tone before he inverted the bottle?
4.
What did Michael say after the prophet said the village needed him to stop the tyranny?
5.
What did Michael realize after his final encounter with the prophet?
[ad3dinin]
a d jo in in g
adj.
If something is adjoining, it is next to or joined with a building, or room.

I couldnt sleep because the people in the adjoining room were loud.
allege
[aied3] v.
To allege something is to say that it is true without offering proof.

-> The little g irl had alleged that her older brother hid her favorite doll.
arch
[a:rtj] n.
An arch is a curved opening formed under a structure such as a bridge or doorway.

- The arch o f the bridge was not high enough for the tall boat to pass underneath.
assemble
[asembal] V.
To assemble means to get together in one place.

- * The parents assembled to discuss ways to improve their childrens education.
casualty
[kse3ualti] n.
A casualty is a person killed or injured in a war or an accident.

-* The only casualty in the car accident was a woman who broke her arm.
erect
[irekt]
V.
To erect something means to build it.

The king erected two towers on the north and south sides o f his castle.
foul
[faul] adj.
If something is foul, then it is not pleasant or enjoyable.

>He wouldnt let his dog drink from the water because it had a foul smell.
hectare
[hektear] n.
A hectare is a unit of measure equal to 10 , ooo square meters.

His fam ily farm covered many hectares.
heighten
[tiaitn] v.
To heighten an emotion means to increase the intensity of it.

> The pleasant music heightened their enjoyment o f the wonderful dinner.
hospitality
[haspitselati] n.
Hospitality is friendly behavior and entertainment given to guests or strangers.

- The travelers were amazed at the hospitality given them by the hotels staff.
mansion
[msenjen] n.
A mansion is a large and expensive home.

> The mansion had thirty bedrooms, two kitchens, and a pool.
o u tn u m b er [autnAmba/-] v.
To outnumber a group means to have a greater number than it.
- * The girls outnumbered the boys at the school by four to one.
overjoyed [ouvard3oid] adj.
If someone is overjoyed, then they are extremely happy.
* He was overjoyed by the news o f his promotion.
pasture [psestjar] n.
A pasture is an area of land covered with grass for animals to use as food.
The sheep were taken to a pasture where there was more grass.
p e titio n [pitijan] n.
A petition is a written request asking an authority to do something.
The citizens all signed a petition asking the mayor to repair the sidewalks.
renovate [renaveit] V.
To renovate a building means to repair it or build new structures on it.
- The old fire station was renovated into an apartment building.
revise [rivaiz] *
To revise something means to change or update it to make it better.
When the editor discovered certain facts were wrong, he revised the book.
slab [slaeb] n.
A slab is a large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, metal, or wood.
I looked at various slabs o f stone to decorate my house.
terrace [teras] n.
A terrace is an open area that is connected to a house or an apartment.
* In the afternoons, she liked to sit on the terrace and check her email.
tu rf [ta:rf] n.
Turf is a section of grass and the dirt in which it grows.
After the game, the turf looked ragged.
Exercise 1
1. hectare
a. violence
2. terrace
a. festival
3. casualty
a. victim
4. allege
a. reverse
5. renovate
a. refer
6. outnumber
a. count
7. adjoining
a. talking
8 . revise
a. cover
9. arch
a. color
10. petition
a. request
b.
10,000m2
c.
temple
d.
caven
b.
temper
c.
video
d.
patio
b.
effect
c.
decision
d.
perfume
b.
accuse
c.
assist
d.
digest
b.
apply
c.
repair
d.
compute
b.
share
c.
exceed
d.
borrow
b.
reflective
c.
adjacent
d.
absolute
b.
detest
c.
plea
d.
change
b.
feeling
c.
gift
d.
curve
b.
license
c.
animal
d.
station
Exercise 2
1. pasture
a. marsh
2. foul
a. meaningful
3. slab
a. office
4. assemble
a. believe
5. overjoyed
a. stinky
6. turf
a. ocean
7. erect
a. approve
8. heighten
a. balance
9. mansion
a. pencil
10. hospitality
a. medicine
b. scream
c. future
d. stance
b. dangerous
c. pleasant
d. muscular
b. freedom
c. spit
d. pebble
b. scatter
c. repeat
d. obey
b. hidden
c. expensive
d. miserable
b. name
c. effort
d. sport
b. destroy
c. donate
d. contain
b. pretend
c. elect
d. reduce
b. shack
c. female
d. blouse
b. style
c. unfriendliness
d. silence
1.
Once the weather was renovated, the day was warm and sunny.Now, we were all able
to go on a picnic in the park.
2.
The scientists worked all day in then slab. They were inventing a new plastic that
would not melt under the extreme heat of the sun.
3.
The amount of cows outnumbered the pigs. There were more pigs than cows.
4.
Why dont you connect those two large blue arches, so that you can form a giant
square?
5.
The worse casualty from the earthquake was a woman who broke a leg.
6.
The two enemies erected a wall between their properties. They had hoped that it
would reduce any future arguments.
7.
Whenever Doug was in a foul mood, everyone enjoyed being around him.
8.
The glass was filled with a hectare of water.
9.
This is the kitchen, and the adjoining room is the dining room.
10.
The visit lacked in hospitality. There was nothing to eat and nowhere to sit.
11.
You can stay in the house tonight, but your dog has to sleep outside in the mansion.
12.
William alleged all the way home. As a result, he was out of breath and sweaty by the
time he got there.
13.
The grandmother was overjoyed to see her grandchildren. She couldnt stop smiling
when she saw their lovely faces.
14.
This room here is the pasture. It s where we keep all our old furniture.
15.
The manager read his employees petition. They wanted a longer lunch break.
The
Lord and the Farmers
A wealthy lord was renovating his mansion. He had added another story to his home
with large windows that overlooked the farmers pastures on the eastern border of his land.
Around the mansion, he then erected a great wall. He built an arch for the gate out of huge
slabs of stone. The lord was overjoyed with the addition to his home.
However, one day while he was sitting on the terrace, some farmers knocked at his door.
He invited them in. Despite his hospitality, the farmers appeared to be in a foul mood.
Why are you so upset? the lord asked.
One farmer replied, That is actually the reason for our visit. He then handed the lord a
petition. It alleged that the shadow cast by the mansion was harming their pastures. Your
mansion now casts a shadow over several hectares of our land, the farmer explained. The
turf in the shadow has died, and our cattle now have less grass to eat.
It is too late for me to revise my plans, the lord answered. You will just have to live
with the change.
His reply only heightened the farmers anger. They left, but they assembled that night
outside the mansions gate. They planned to destroy the mansion. The lords servants tried
to defend the house, but the farmers outnumbered them.
The servants fled, and the farmers rushed into the mansion and set it on fire. Everyone
got out of the house, and there were no casualties. However, the fire soon spread from the
house to the adjoining pastures that belonged to the farmers.
Both sides properties were destroyed. The lord and the farmers were sorry for their
actions. The lord promised to pay for the burned pastures, and the farmers promised to
rebuild the mansion. They had learned that when you fight, both sides lose.
PART Q
.The farmers that assembled outnumbered the lords servants.
2.
Despite the lords hospitality, the farmers appeared to be overjoyed.
3.
The lord built an arch for the gate out of slabs of stone.
4.
When the lord said it was too late to revise his plans, it heightened the farmers foul
mood.
5.
The pastures were owned by the lord.
PART O
1.
What did the farmers petition allege?
2.
While renovating, what did the lord erect around his mansion?
3.
What happened to the pastures adjoining the burning mansion?
4.
Why were there no casualties in the fire at the mansion?
5.
While he was sitting on the terrace, who knocked on the mansion door?
UNIT
analogous
[anaelagas] adj.
If something is analogous to another thing, then it is like it in certain ways.

* The relationship with his teacher was analogous to that o f a son and mother.
binoculars
[banakjalarz] n.
Binoculars are a device used for seeing things that are far away.
* He could see the ship on the horizon only if he used his binoculars.
bulk
tbAlk] n.
The bulk of something is its great size.

The large elephant moved its bulk with legs as strong as tree trunks.
comprise
[kampraiz] v.
If something comprises something else, it consists of or is made up of it.

- * Our schools football team is mostly comprised with seniors.
depict
[dipfkt] v.
To depict something means to show or portray it, often using art.

The statues face depicted the generals determination and courage.
dual
[d/u:al] adj.
If something is dual, then it is made up of two parts.

The room had a dual function. It was a living room, but at night it was a bedroom.
Fahrenheit
[fceranhait] n.
Fahrenheit temperature is a scale where water freezes at 32 and boils at 212.

When the temperature dropped to 32 Fahrenheit, it started snowing.
fulfill
[fulfil]
V.
To fulfill something means to achieve or finish it.

The professor did not fu lfill his promise not to miss a single class.
grove
[grou v] n.
A grove is a small group of trees.

All the trees in this grove are apple trees.
ore
[o:r] n.
Ore is the raw form of rock or material from which a valuable metal is taken.
The factory melted the ore and used it to make iron products.
outback
[autbaek] n.
The outback is the wild inland region of Australia where very few people live.
* Many Australian farmers use the outback to raise cattle.
outweigh
[autwei]
V.
To outweigh something means to exceed it in value, amount, or importance.

Finding a warm place to sleep outweighed the need to find something to eat.
p a r a d o x [pseraddks] n.
A paradox is a true statement or real event that seems illogical.

The paradox o f her work was that the less she worked, the more she got done.
pier
[piar] n.
A pier is a structure that extends into a body of water.

If you want to catch bigger fish, then go to the far end o f the pier.
Shortcut
[JoirtkAt] n.
A shortcut is a route that is shorter than the main route.

+ We got to the house first because we took a shortcut through the forest.
tariff
[tserif] n.
A tariff is a tax or fee paid on certain imports or exports.

Our ta riff on imported wool makes foreign wool more expensive.
thermometer
tea :rmcimita:r] n.
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature.

The thermometer outside the window indicated that it was a hot day today.
tilt
[tilt] v.
To tilt something means to tip it into a sloping position.

She tilted her glass and almost spilled some o f the wine inside.
vice versa
[vaisivaxsa] adv.
If a statement is vice versa, then its two main ideas are switched with one another.
-+ Students learn from their teachers, and vice versa.
whereabouts
[ftwearabauts] n.
The whereabouts of someone or something is the place where they are.

* The police looked for the lost dog, but its whereabouts were still unknown.
Exercise 1
1. Binoculars help you to see things that are
a. close by
b. under the sea
.
c. faraway
d. covered in mud
2. If you have dual responsibilities, then you have

things to take care of.
a. two
b. three
c. ten
d. twelve
3. Which of the following is about the same as a tariff?
a. A salary
b. A tax
c. A surplus
4. Where would you most likely see a pier?
a. In the water
b. On a plane
5. Fahrenheit is used to measure
a.
height
c. Under the ground
d. A bonus
d. On a road
b. distance
c. weight
d. temperature
Exercise 2
........................................................( Word Bank I ........................................................

outback
whereabouts
thermometer
grove
vice versa
fulfill
ore
Fahrenheit
outweighed
shortcut
When the food is ready, its temperature should be 140 degrees 1 _____________
You can use that 2______________ to determine when it is hot enough.
There are not many forests in the Australian 3______________ .
But there might be a 4______________ wherever there is enough water.
She didnt have much time to get to the house to 5______________ her promise.
Therefore, she took a(n) 6______________ that would get her there in no time.
The need to create more jobs 7______________the need to spend more money.
But in other years it was 8______________ .
According to legend, gold was made from the caves 9____
However, today its 10______________ have been forgotten.
Exercise 3
1. comprise
a. return
b. consist
c. explain
d. favor
2. tilt
a. mix
b. dig
c. lean
d. grip
3. pier
a. dock
b. cake
c. chef
d. fort
4. analogous
a. metric
b. powerful
c. secure
d. similar
5. paradox
a. illogical
b. cattle
c. calendar
d. feather
Exercise 4
1.
These mines produce several types of valuable raw forms of rock.
2.
The company had to pay a tax on exports for the steel it shipped to Europe.
3.
She used the device used for seeing things far away to observe the small bird.
4.
The painting portrayed what the beach looked like twenty years ago.
5.
He had sent a letter from the city three days earlier. But his precise location was still a mystery.
6.
The two-part plan involves scientists from both universities.
7.
The meal was made up mostly of beans and vegetables.
8.
If youre sick, take your temperature. The device for measuring temperature is in the cabinet.
9.
His promotion was a real event opposite to common knowledge due to his sparse knowledge.
10.
It was difficult to lift the great mass that had accumulated in his backpack.
The
Shortcut
A truck driver was driving cargo from the outback to the coast. His load was comprised of
many types of ore. He needed a huge truck to carry its bulk to a ship waiting at a pier on the
countrys eastern coast. At the border between two counties, hed have to pay a tariff on the
cargo. However, he could keep his money if he avoided the station at the border. He worried
about getting in trouble for not paying the tariff, but the thought of extra money outweighed
this concern.
He took out his road map. To his surprise, it depicted a small road that had a dual
advantage. It not only avoided the border station but also was a shorter route to the coast.
He decided to take the shortcut.
However, along his journey, he soon ran into problems. First, he had to cross a small
wooden bridge. His truck weighed too much for the bridge. It was analogous to an elephant
trying to stand on a tree branch. The bridge started to break as the truck crossed, and the
trailer tilted to the right. Fortunately, the truck made it safely across, but most of the ore fell
into the river below.
Next, it was a very hot day. The thermometer read over 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The
trucks engine became too hot, so the driver parked it in the shade of a grove of trees until
it cooled down.
Later, he took a wrong turn. He stopped and took out his binoculars. He scanned his
surroundings and eventually discovered a landmark that led him back to the proper route.
Finally, he arrived at the pier, but the ship wasnt there. When he asked about the ships
whereabouts, a man said that it had left thirty minutes ago. He had not fulfilled his duty. He
realized then the paradox of the shortcut. The shortest
route can be the longest, and vice versa, a long
route may be the fastest.
Readin
PART
Comprehension
1.
The drivers load was comprised of many types of ore.
2.
The paradox of the shortcut was that the shortest route could be the longest but not
vice versa.
3.
The thermometer read under 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
4.
When the trailer tilted, the drivers binoculars fell into the river.
5.
The driver had fulfilled his duty.
PART O
1.
What was the truck crossing the bridge analogous to?
2.
What outweighed the drivers concern of being punished for not paying the tariff?
3.
What was the dual advantage of the route depicted on the map?
4.
What made the driver park his truck in a grove of trees while in the outback?
5.
Why couldnt the driver determine the ships whereabouts at the pier?
UNIT
30
a m b e r [aembar] n.
Amber is a hard, yellowish material that comes from trees.

The necklace was made from pieces o f amber.
charcoal
[tfaxkoul] n.
Charcoal is a black material that is used as fuel for fire.

-* There was burnt charcoal left on the ground from an old fire.
columnist
[kdlemnist] n.
A columnist is a writer who creates articles about a particular subject.

The columnist won praise for his articles about life on the farm.
courteous
[kairtias] adj.
When someone is courteous, they are polite and respectful.

The mother asked her fam ily to be courteous to their guests.
Credentials
[kridenfalz] n.
Credentials are the proof of someones experience or ability to do something.

The mechanic hung his credentials on his office wall.
cricket
'H
y h
d
tkrikit] n.
A cricket is an insect that makes loud noises, usually at night.

- In the country, we could see the stars and hear the crickets at night.
delta
[delta] n.
A delta is flat area where a river splits into smaller rivers that flow into the sea.
* The archeologists found many ancient materials in the delta o f the Nile River.
detergent
[dita:rd3ent] n.
Detergent is soap that is used to clean clothes or dishes.

- My brother added too much detergent to the wash, and bubbles got all over the floor.
euphemism
[ju :famizam] n.
A euphemism is a term that is used in place of a mean or unpleasant word.

Window maintenance officer is a euphemism for a window washer.
expire
[ikspaiar] V.
To expire is to no longer be effective because its use has come to an end.

-* The mans drivers license was going to expire in two days.
granite
[graenit] n.
Granite is a very hard type of rock that is often black or pink.

- The kitchen counter was made o f granite.
gravel
[graeval] n.
Gravel is a combination of small stones mixed with sand.

The ground around the swing set was covered with gravel.
haunt [ho:nt] v.
To haunt is to cause problems or negative thoughts over a long period of time.
* His thoughts about his scary dream haunted him for weeks.
liberal [liberal] adj.

When someone is liberal, they accept different ideas and people.
My grandparents arent as liberal as my parents.
maze
[meiz] n.
A maze is a system of paths that is complicated and easy to get lost in.
We got lost in the maze in the garden.
moss
[mo(:)s] n.
Moss is a small green or yellow plant that grows on wet dirt, rocks, or tree trunks.
* Be careful not to slip on the moss thats covering those rocks.
pebble [pebal]
n.
A pebble is a small, round stone.

We threw pebbles into the lake to make the water splash.
peck [pek] V.
When a bird pecks, it bites or hits something with its beak.
* The birds pecked at the seeds on the ground.
reservoir
[rezervwa:/-] n.
A reservoir is a place for storing water for a town to use.

- * If it doesnt rain soon, the reservoir is going to dry up completely.
streak [stitk]
n.
A streak is a long, thin mark that is easy to see.

Her hair was brown except for a streak which she dyed blonde.
Exercise 1
1. Where does a columnist work?
a. At a university
b. At a newspaper
c. At a restaurant
d. At an airport
2. Which of the following might a liberal person do?

a. Restrict freedoms
b. Learn new ideas
c. Reject free speech
d. Support tyranny
3. What animal pecks?

a. A bee
b. A cat
c. A bird
d. A tiger
4. What is stored in a reservoir?

a. Water
b. Food
c. Books
d. Tools
5. Which of these animals have a long streak on their bodies?

a. A skunk
b. A horse
c. A rhino
d. A gorilla
Exercise 2
1.
After seeing her house on fire, jenna was troubled by thoughts of fire.
2.
The boy had small round rocks stuck on the bottom of his shoe.
3.
The bird bit or hit the dish and carried away pieces of bread.
4.
The city made a place t o store water, so there would always be water for the people.
5.
She poured soap to clean dishes into the sink and washed the dishes.
6.
The woman was impressed by her friends polite and respectful brother.
7.
The scientist went to school for many years to earn her proof of ability.
8.
I added some more rocks that served as fuel to the fire.
9.
10.
Clara didnt want to offend her grandmother, so she used a replacement for an unpleasant
word to refer to old age.
The land in the flat place where the river divides was good for growing food.
Exercise 3
1. columnist
a. singer
b. journalist
c. electrician
d. CEO
2. cricket
a. grasshopper
b. beetle
c. ant
d. mosquito
3. maze
a. disguise
b. hoop
c. tower
d. puzzle
4. gravel
a. boulder
b. rock
c. hill
d. mound
b. play
c. terrorize
d. soothe
5. haunt
a. calm
Exercise 4
Word Bank ) ..........................

expired
reservoir
courteous
crickets
amber
maze
pebbles
moss
They had three minutes to find their way out of the 1 ______________ .
They had to get out before the time 2______________ .
Jessica had the carpet in her house replaced with 3______________tiles.
The tiles had lovely designs on them and also pieces of A______________ .
Gene squeezed the bottle and got a 5______________ of ketchup on his shirt.
The 6______________ host was nice enough to get him a new shirt.
There was a pile of 7______________near the water.
They had been washed up from the bottom of the 8_____________ .
We walked down the road and passed many trees covered in 9_____________
It was dark already, and all that could be heard were the 10______________ .
streak
granite
The
Mad Hatter
One morning, Lucas sat outside with his grandfather. They looked past the gravel road that
led to a natural reservoir on the delta. On the other side of the water, there was a cottage.
Does a ghost live there? Lucas asked.
No, a mad hatter lives there, said his grandfather. Lucas didnt know what a mad hatter
was, but the image of a scary man haunted him.
Later, Lucas went for a walk in the forest. He collected pieces of amber and granite that
he found on the ground. He looked at the moss on the trees and watched a bird peck at the
ground. But the forest was like a maze. Soon, Lucas was lost.
Lucas heard somebody behind him. He wanted to run away, but he fell. He had a streak
of blood on his shirt and some pebbles stuck in his skin. Then a man appeared.
I will take you home. First, lets get you cleaned up, he said.
Lucas followed him. When they arrived at the cottage, he realized the man was the mad
hatter!
He sat down inside. It smelled like charcoal, but it looked like a normal house. The man
brought Lucas back some medicine.
Its a bit old, but its not expired, the man said.
While Lucas cleaned his cut, the man washed the blood out of his shirt with detergent.
Lucas asked, Are you a mad hatter?
The man laughed and replied, Thats a euphemism for a crazy person. Actually, I m
pretty normal. I m a columnist fora newspaper, said the man. He pointed to his credentials
which hung on the wall.
Lucas could hear the crickets outside. It was getting dark, so he asked, Could you take
me home now?
The man said yes. Lucas was surprised that people thought the man was crazy. He was
actually very courteous. Maybe Lucas should have a more liberal attitude. Next time, Lucas
wouldnt make judgments about people without getting to know them first.
PART
1.
Lucass thoughts about the house across the reservoir haunted him.
2.
Lucas collected crickets and moss while he walked through the forest.
3.
The bird was pecking at the maze.
4.
Lucas got a streak of blood on his shirt and pebbles in his skin from falling down.
5.
The mans house smelled like food that had expired.
PART O
1.
Where was the cottage located in relation to the grandfathers house?
2.
What did the man wash Lucass shirt with?
3.
Why did the man point to his credentials on the wall?
4.
What did the man say about the term mad hatter ?
5.
What did the courteous man teach Lucas at the end of the story?
assem b le
a b id e
..........146
abolish ...............
128
absurd ................ 20
accelerate . .. . . .104
accumulate ........
62
a c ro b at................... 152
a d h e re
92
adhesive .. .. . ..*122
adjoining ............. * 170
adm inister.......... 92
ad orn
74
advent
116
adverse
.....122
advocacy
152
advocate ............. 68
a e ria l.................. 62
...... 170
astrology
a tta in
decipher
compassionate * 92
d e fe c t.....
26 com pile............... 80
defer * ****
20
avalanche ........... 62
concentric
backstage ........... 98
beforehand ......... 110
benign ................ 32
billionaire ........... 98
176
bliss . .. . .. . .. . .. 74
blizzard ........ .......140
allege ....................170
brute ........ .... . .. 98
allocate
.........140
bulk *..................... ** 176

butler-*...................* 74
Almighty .................116
a lta r..................... 44
a lte rn a te ............... 32
am ber
*............ 182
amend ............. .128

a m id
98
analogous
176
analogy
164
ancestry
.1 6 4
anemia ............... 20
anew ....... ............104
apologetic
***** 32
apparatus....... 62
appetizing
...140
a rc h ................. ......170
a rch er.............
164
ard u o u s................. 14
aristocracy
20
aristocrat
20
artery................ 56
arthritis
44
a s h o re
........ 38
a s p ire
........128
176
conceive ...........**
botany ................ 44
com prise
authorize ............ 68
binoculars
deception
14
airw ay................... 116

alleviate ..............
68
com m unal........... 152
a ttic .....................
a ttire ...............
com m odity
14
deficiency
definitive
140
deform ***
concerto.............. 110
delete *****
condense
delta ****
.......110
congested ............ * 50
dependency
conquest
68
d e p ic t......
consistency ......... 62
d e p o t........
conspiracy.........
164
deputy *
constellation 116
descent
constitution
128
detergent
.1 5 8
deteriorate
constrain
contam inate
92
deterioration
contemplate * * * 86
devoid .........
contend .............. 86
diagnose *****
contradict
38
differentiate
convection ........
62
dilapidated
conversion .............146
d in
cosmopolitan- * - 1 2 8
discharge *
cot
86
disclose ***
** 80
discord .....
counteract
camouflage ......... 86
counterpart
38
disrupt......
c asu alty............. * 170
co urier
50
dissatisfy *
cavity
........... 140
courteous
* 182
disseminate
censor
................128
courtesy..................140
distress
centigrade......... * 110
cove .......
110
diverge *
c e rtify
coward
....... .....134
dogged
...............146
dreary *
so
c h a r.................... 32
cram
charcoal ***......
c ra m p
ch arter
182
.128
*............ *
craze ........ *.........
74
dual ****
20
dubious *
c h a tte r.....................110
credentials
chunk.............. *...... 26
credible ........ *
civic
26
crickets
.........182
duplicate
civilian
68
c ris p ........... . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 0
d u s k ......
c la rify .................... 32
cu lp rit................. 98
dynamics
clockw ise
curb ................... 80
...140
clum sy..... ... ..

coexist
44
d u m p .....
dung ******
98
....... 14
collaborate .......... 80
collide ................ 98
colum nist
182
.........182
deceased ..........
e a rl.........
44
earnest
ego .................. * 14
fe n d ............ .... .. 38
elastic............... ***** 14
festive .........*........ 69
electromagnetic 104
electron ........ .......104
38
fictitious ......
filth .................... 74
e lu d e ................
38
firsth an d
elusive
56
flam m able
e m b ry o ............
38
fla tte r ................. *1 2 8
158
flaw ***...... ***........ 74
e n a c t...............*** 80
fluctuate ...........*122
endeavor ............ 14
flu e n t
engrave ..........****** 14
fluid *... 152
enlarge ...........
fo ra g e
emulate .......
20
e n lis t................ 86
134
98
134
56
en ro ll...............**** 68
forefinger
....... * 158
fou[ . ....................170
ensue **............ 32
fragrant
envious............ 68
fran tic
epidem ic.............. ** 92
freeway ... ... .... .. 110
e q u a te ................ 116
freight
e q u a tio n ......... 8
frigid ******....... ......1 4 0
erect *..................... 170
fro
err *.......
frontier
erroneous .......
fu lfill.................... ***176
164
........
*...... 50
*........*...........122
86
e te rn a l.................... 122
fu m e
e th n ic .............. .......134
fu n n e l
............146
e tiq u e tte ......... ...... 50
fu s s ...................***** 26
164
68
evacuate.........
98
evoke...............
74
excavate ......... 14
excess ............ 20
exclude................... 134
exclusive........ * **** 50
e x p ire
* *...... 182
exp ort..............146
Fahrenheit......
g a rm e n t
50
gasp ......
32
gazette
*......
38
generate ..........***** 141

glacial...................... 141
g lid e
104
granite
......
183
gratify ..... .. . . . .. 44
gravel ................. 183
g rin ..................... 75
176
gross ...........
so
farew ell............... 74
g ro v e.................. .*176
fa u c e t............. ..... 74
gUtS ..... .. . .. .. . . 158
federation . . . . . . . . 80
feminine . . . . . . . . . . 20
h a b itu a l
......146
hallmark ......
20
handbook
harmonize
86
......** 152
h a u n t............... ......183
hazard ................... 92
h e a rty ...................... 110
hectare ...........
170
heighten .................170
hence ....... . . .. .. 26
hereditary ...........1 6 4
h e s ita n t
86
homogeneous ***** 39
h o n e .... ......... . .. 45
intestines
.........122
.......... 92
intimidate .............. 158

intolerable
81
intrinsic ..........****** 26
in tu itiv e ................
inventive .. ...... .. 152

......* 165
in v e rt
invoke ......
116
jagged
15
ja n ito r
...........158
111
jo lly ......................
hospitality
170
judicial -
housekeeping * 75
h u ll....................
69
152
ju s tify
.............146
humane .............. 80
hymn ................. 164
n
impede
50
invalid ............ ****** 56
hospitable
k e ttle ....................
......
27
56
92
im p e ria l............... 134
gourmet ..... . . . .. 26
exterior............. ***** 110
intermittent
im perative
euphemism ****** 182

eu p h o ria........ * *
improvise ............
inadvertent
inclusion ........... . 122

inclusive ............. .134
induce ...........
56
industrious
152
infam ous
.......128
ingenious
.....104
in h a le ...................... 116
inherent ...... . . .158
innovation
*104
innovative
105
D
la m e
...... 129
la titu d e
*......
launch ...... 105

legislature
le n til
........134
......
69
lia b le ...................... 50
liberal *......
lim p
183
**........... 129
linguistic.................135
locale
lo c k e r
lu n ar
................
15
**........ * 141
116
lush .................... 86
inseparable ......... 56
insom nia
**** 50
interchange ......... 141
interm ediate
magnify
in ta c t...................
62
122
56
mainstream ......... 56
Mandarin ............ 152

m anifest................ 92
m an o r.................... 111
mansion............... * 171
m ariner..................
m arro w
marshal
9
86
......
69
mash .................. 45
maze ...........
183
m entor..................**123
m etabolic......... 93
meteorological 105
meteorology ** ** * 105
metropolitan
152
microbe ...... *........
57
mimic *....... *..... **** 153

ministry.................. 27
m isguided
153
m o b . . ............ ... 98
m o is t
158
m o ld ................
15
monastery . ..... ... 111

m onolingual
m o ra le
135
69
mortal ..... ..... . .. 62

m o s s ..................... **-183
mound ........ ...... 75

multicultural
141
m u ltitu d e............** 9
135
needy ................. 81
negligible.............. 57
negotiate.............. 32
n o p e ............ ....... 158
novelty.....................116
n um b
nursery
obsess *................. * 51
o bstru ct
39
omen
62
................
omission ............. 141

onset
81
o rd e a l
27
ore ........................... 176

ornate ................. 45
outback................. * 177
........... 129
outburst
o u t fit................. 87
outmoded ...............117
outnum ber .......... 171
Output ............
146
15
outspoken ........... 27
outright................
outstretched ........ 111

177
outw eigh
overboard..............
*............. 75
*........ 111
51
overcast.............. 63
overcrowded
93
overdose
33
171
overjoyed
overpopulation 146
oversee ............... 141
27
overwork
p erip h ery
*.....
perm anence
15
personalize ..........* 117

persuasion
33
p ertain ..................... 117
57
p e s t.....................
pungent *
27
quiver
87
phenom enal
*129
phoenix*..*.**
*123
r a c i a l............... ...... 135
photosynthesis *123
ra n g e r ............ ..... 63
pier .......................... 177
ransom ........... .......159
pierce ................. 141
15
r a s h .................. ..... 81
reckless .......... ...... 75
pledge . .. . ..... .. 81
r e f le x ..... *........ ....... 117
plunge . .............. 39
r e g a in .............. .......123
re h e a rs e .......... ...... 153
p la s te r
.....
pneum onia
45
p o ig n an t
...... 63
33
r e la y ................
poll .. ..................12 9
r e lu c ta n c e ..... ....... 33
............12 3
rem orse .......... ......129
p o lle n
. .. 81
practitioner ......... 93
re n d e r ............
predominant..**.*** 21
re n o v a te .......... ..... 171
99
re p le n is h ........ ..... 93
51
re p lic a te .......... ...... 141
57
prey ... .... ........... 165
r e p u t a b le ....... ....... 21
prem ature
premium
..........
prevail
......
99
r e s e n t ..............
p rim a l...................... 117
re s e rv o ir.......... .....1 8 3
51
re s p ira tio n ..... ....... 57
prod
............
159
111
33
restate ..........
restrain ........... .......159
177
prohibit.................. 81
reverse ........... .......123

revise .............. ...... 171
*. 57
prolong .... . .. .... 39
revolve ........... .....
........
paralysis
39
p etitio n ....................171
petroleum .............. 147
procession ........... *165
21
publicize
* 9
privilege ........
paradox
nationality
...... 105
p e n e tra te
p a d ....................
nuisance
profile
param o u nt
93
p ro pel
51
rouge *............ ...... 21
p a rc e l..................
111
prophecy
...... 69
ru b b le .......... ..... . 63
p articular
27
prophet. . ... .... .. 165
ru p tu re ........ . ...... 57
- 171
p a s tu re
p a te n t ................. 147
.........
105
propulsion
prosecute **......... 135
129
prototype
...........147
patriot .....................135
provision
**** ** 93
paw
87
psychiatric**
117
p e b b le
183
psychiatry***
117
p e c k .............
183
psychic................
45
psychotic
45
pathological
p enalize
............147
sage .............*........ 69
saliva *......................159
sarcastic
* 165
s a tire ................. 99
savage
*.......... 57
scope ........
Stool ........................ 75
tu m u lt.................... 99
waver .................... 33
scorn ....................... 153
stranded
t u r f ........................... 171
w a v y .................
scrap ....................... 147
s tra p ........................
21
tyranny ................... 165
w eary....................
scrutiny.............
s tra y
ty ra n t....................... 165
w hereabouts
45
99
*.......
87
seasoning . . . . . . . . 165
s tre a k
seclude...................* 63
s trife .................
secrecy...................129
s tu n
s e c to r
s tu n t.................. *** 159
147
183
45
...... 57
segregate............
99
subject................. .
seizure
117
subscribe ............ 147
......
99
senate . . .. .. .. .. 69
subsist
sensory................. 153
substantial.......
sentim ent...............* 69
superintendent 27
sesam e.................. 33
suppress...............
51
session....................117
surplus ........
39
shortcut
susceptible ......*** 57
177
147
87
shovel....................
15
suspend.............. 147
sideways
63
swarm ................. .-1 2 3
signify....................
21
synthesis............
147
winding
underestimate 99
undermine ............. 135
u nrest
unsettle
upbringing ........... 63
u p g ra d e ................ 93
uproar ................ 99
utensil .............
117
valv e ....................... 75
sinister.............
vampire ............... 159
45
** 33
skeletal
15
s la b ..........................171
s la te ....................... 75
sm allpox
81
s n o re ...................... 27
sob
..........
63
so b er...................... 63
socialize ...............
51
sodium ................... 165

solemn ................... 135
solidarity.................135
so o th e ................
soundly ................
27
sparse ................... 39
speck .................... 63
s p it........................... 159
splendid..............
sprint
87
.......... 159
spur ........................ 105

s ta p le ......................153
s ta tu te .................... 153
sterile
.......
93
stim ulate.................105
vanity
129
tackle ...........
ta c t........................... 135
tariff
21
177
tenacious...........
105
ta n g le ....................
te rra c e ................ 171

terrestrial ............ 15
testam ent.............. 75
te s tify .............
99
te x tu re ................. ..123
theorize ...........
39
therapeutic........
45
th erm om eter
177
tickle ...................**-123
tilt
............. - 177
timber*--*............... 75
159
to leran t
to rch ...................... . 87
tra c t.............
87
tra m ........................
51
tra n c e
tra n s m it
......129
........ 81
....... 21
verge ..... *............... 33

verify
.................. 39
veteran ............... ***153

viable .................... 93
vibrant .......... 123
vice versa *.............177
vicious...................
15
v ie ........................... 21
vigil .................... 87
vigorous................ 39
villain
vine
................ 153
....... 153
vinegar ................. 165

vivacious................. 111
volatile ..........
voluntary............. 93
VOW .......
87
177
*............ 111
a
y a w n ................. .....159
69
............. 51
sim ulate..................105
sip *................
141
81
vulgar .. . .. .. . ... 21
warp *......................* 51
wary ....................... 33
a
z ip ........................... 111

4000ese6 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4000ese6 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

4000ese6 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

pas s

4000 Essential English W ords 6

4000 Essential English W ords 6

......... -................. -...............................

accumulate, aerial, apparatus, avalanche, consistency, convection, discharge, intact, mortal,

advocate, authorize, civilian, commodity, conquest, disclose, dynamics, enroll, envious,

abolish, amend, aspire, censor, charter, constitution, cosmopolitan, disseminate, flatter,

acrobat, advocacy, communal, fluid, harmonize, industrious, inventive, judicial, Mandarin,

amber, charcoal, columnist, courteous, credentials, crickets, delta, detergent, euphemism,

About the Vocabulary

About the Books

Supporting Learning with Outside Activities

Include listening, speaking, and w riting activities in classes. Reinforcement of the

To alleviate pain or suffering means to make it less intense or severe.

To disrupt something or someone is to prevent them from working.

An equation is a math operation to determine the value of something.

To err means to make a mistake.

When something is erroneous, it is incorrect or only partly correct.

The hull of a boat or tank is the main body of it.

To improvise something is to do it with whatever is available or without planning.

The latitude of a place is its distance from the equator.

A multitude of things or people is a very large number of them.

A nuisance is a person or thing that is annoying or causes a lot of problems.

The permanence of something is its ability to last forever.

To revolve around something is to keep it as the main feature or focus.

To soothe means to calm someone who is angry or upset.

If someone is stranded, they are prevented from leaving a place.

When something is volatile, it is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly.

Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part.

He chose to paint a picture on the main body of the boat.

I admired the very large number of stamps in his collection.

I took some aspirin to make less my back pain.

Australias distance from the equator is less extreme than I imagined.

I m still not sure if the math operation I did was correct.

When the heat was turned off, we became quite 1 ___________

Ice packs are sometimes used to alleviate headaches.

This math book is full of equations for students to practice.

This math problem is tricky, so be careful not to err.

The permanence of the flood was gone in a couple of days.

The Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Two flat tires disrupted our drive to the countryside.

Even today, sailors opt to improvise by using Polaris on clear nights.

People who are lost can be alleviated by gazing up at a frantic sky.

Answer the questions.

What has the permanence of Polaris done for people?

How did sailors figure out latitude?

What well-known constellation in astrology revolves around Polaris?

On a cloudy night, when would a mariner finally feel soothed?

When something is arduous, it demands great effort or labor.

To conceive something means to be able to imagine or believe it.

[dyu bias] adj.

When something or someone is dubious, they are not considered honest.

An ego is a persons sense of their own worth.

Elastic is a rubber that stretches when it is pulled.

An endeavor is an attempt to do something, especially something new or original.

To engrave means to cut a design or words into the surface of something.

When something is jagged, it has a tough, uneven shape or edge.

A locale is a small area or place where something specific happens.

A mold is a hollow container that is used to make certain shapes.