War & Terrorism

WAR
War is a state of armed conflict between societies. It is
generally characterized by extreme collective aggression,
destruction,

and

usually

high

mortality.

The

set

of

techniques and actions used to conduct war is known

as warfare.

An

absence

of

war

is

usually

called

"peace". Total war is warfare that is not restricted to

purely legitimate

military

targets,

and

can

result

in

massive civilian or other non-combatant casualties.

While some scholars see war as a universal and ancestral
aspect of human nature, others argue that it is only a result
of specific socio-cultural or ecological circumstances.
In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths down from
72,000 deaths in 1990. The deadliest war in history, in
terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is
the Second World War, with 6085 million deaths, followed
by the Mongol conquests

which was greater than 41

million. Proportionally speaking, the most destructive war in

modern history is the War of the Triple Alliance, which took
the lives of over 60% of Paraguay's population, according
to Steven Pinker. In 2003, Richard Smalley identified war as
the sixth (of ten) biggest problem facing humanity for the
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War & Terrorism

next

fifty

deterioration

years. War
of

usually

infrastructure

results
and

the

in

significant

ecosystem,

decrease in social spending, famine, large-scale emigration

from the war zone, and often the mistreatment of prisoners
of war or civilians.

The Mongal conquest of 13th century

War & Terrorism

Bombay during USA-Afghanistan War

Etymology:
The English word war derives from the late Old English
(circa.1050) words wyrre and werre; the Old French werre;
theFrankish werra;

and

the Proto-Germanic werso.

The

denotation of war derives from the Old Saxon werran, Old

High

Germanwerran,

and

the

German verwirren:

to

confuse, to perplex, and to bring into confusion.

Another

posited

Greek barbaros,

derivation
the Old

is

from

Persian varhara,

the Ancient
and

the

Sanskrit varvar and barbara. In German, the equivalent

isKrieg; the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian term for "war"
is guerra,

derived

from

the

Germanic werra (fight,

tumult). Etymologic legend has it that the Romanic

peoples adopted a foreign, Germanic word for "war", to
avoid using the Latinbellum, because, when sounded, it
tended

to

merge

with

the

sound

of

the

word bello ("beautiful").

Types
War must entail some degree of confrontation using
weapons and other military technology and equipment by
armed

forces

employing military

tactics and operational

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War & Terrorism

art within

broad military

logistics.

Studies

throughout military

of

strategy subject

war

by

history have

to military

military
sought

theorists

to

identify

the philosophy of war, and to reduce it to a military science.

Ruins of Guernica (1937). The Spanish Civil War was one of
Europe's bloodiest and most brutal civil wars.
Modern military science considers several factors before
a national defence policy is created to allow a war to
commence: the environment in the area(s) of combat
operations, the posture that national forces will adopt on
the commencement of a war, and the type of warfare that
troops will be engaged in.

Asymmetric

warfare is

conflict

between

two

populations of drastically different levels of military

capability or size. Asymmetric conflicts often result
in guerrillatactics being used to overcome the sometimes
vast gaps in technology and force size.

Chemical warfare involves the intentional use of

chemicals

in

combat.

Poison

gas

as

a chemical

weapon was principally used during World War I, and

resulted in an estimated 1.3 million casualties, including
100,000260,000

civilians.

Tens

of

thousands

or

more civilians and military personnel died from chemical

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War & Terrorism

weapon effects such as scarring of the lungs, skin

damage, and cerebral damage in the years after the
Great War ended. Various treaties have sought to ban its
further use. Non-lethal chemical weapons, such as tear
gas andpepper spray, are widely used, sometimes with
deadly effect.

Civil war is a war where the forces in conflict belong to

the same nation or political entity and are vying for
control of or independence from that nation or political
entity.

Conventional warfare is an attempt to reduce the

enemy's capability through open battle. It is a declared
war between existing states in which nuclear, biological,
or chemical weapons are not used or only see limited
deployment in support of conventional military goals and
maneuvers.

Globalizing war refers to a form of war which extends

beyond the national or regional boundaries of the
immediate combatants to have implications for the whole
planet. An obvious example of this form of war is World
War II, but others such as the Vietnam War also qualify.
Globalizing

war

thus

includes world

war-

with

that

category tending to be restricted by convention to the

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War & Terrorism

two

main

concept,

examples. Transnational

refers

to

wars

fought

war,

locally,

cognate
but

with

implications or hostilities across the boundaries of nationstates.

Total

war is

disregarding

warfare

the laws

on legitimate

by

of

any

war,

means
placing

possible,
no

military

limits
targets,

using weapons and tactics that result in significant civilian

casualties,

or

demanding

a war

effort that

requires

significant sacrifices by the friendly civilian population.

Nuclear

warfare is

warfare

in

which nuclear

weapons are the primary, or a major, method of coercing

the capitulation of the other side, as opposed to a
supporting tactical or strategic role in a conventional
conflict.

Unconventional

warfare,

the

opposite

of

conventional warfare, is an attempt to achieve military

victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine
support for one side of an existing conflict.

War of aggression is a war for conquest or gain rather

than

self-defense;

this

can

be

the

basis

of war

crimes undercustomary international law.

War & Terrorism

The First Battle of Panipat (India)-1526 AD

American Civil War (1861-1865)

War & Terrorism

Chemical Warfare During World War I

Nuclear Warfare: Hiroshima Bombing (World War II1945)

War & Terrorism

History
The earliest evidence of war belongs to the Mesolithic
cemetery Site 117, which has been determined to be
approximately 14,000 years old. About forty-five percent of
the skeletons there displayed signs of violent death. Since
the rise of the state some 5,000 years ago, military activity
has

occurred

over

ofgunpowder and

much

the

of

the

globe.

acceleration

of

The

advent

technological

advances led to modern warfare. According to Conway W.

Henderson, "One source claims that 14,500 wars have
taken place between 3500 BC and the late 20th century,
costing 3.5 billion lives, leaving only 300 years of peace
(Beer 1981: 20)." In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H.
Keeley, a professor at theUniversity of Illinois, says that
approximately

9095%

of

known

societies

throughout

history engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many

fought constantly.
Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as
small raids, large raids, and massacres. All of these forms of
warfare

were

used

by

primitive

societies,

finding

supported by other researchers. Keeley explains that early

war raids were not well organized, as the participants did
not have any formal training. Scarcity of resources meant
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War & Terrorism

that defensive works were not a cost effective way to

protect

the

society

against

enemy

raids.

William

Rubinstein wrote that "Pre-literate societies, even those

organised in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for
their studied cruelty ... 'archaeology yields evidence of
prehistoric massacres more severe than any recounted in
ethnography [i.e., after the coming of the Europeans]'.
At Crow Creek, South Dakota, as noted, archaeologists
found a mass grave of 'more than 500 men, women, and
children who had been slaughtered, scalped, and mutilated
during an attack on their village a century and a half before
Columbus's arrival (ca. AD 1325)' ". It is problematic,
however, to make generalizations of prehistoric violence,
frequency and manifestation of warfare varies greatly in the
ethnographic and archaeological record.According to the
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the Indian Wars of the
19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and
30,000 Indians.
In Western Europe, since the late 18th century, more than
150

conflicts

and

about

600

battles

have

taken

place. During the 20th century, war resulted in a dramatic

intensification of the pace of social changes, and was a

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War & Terrorism

crucial catalyst for the emergence of the Left as a force to

be reckoned with.
Recent rapid increases in the technologies of war, and
therefore

in

its

destructiveness

(see mutual

assured

destruction), have caused widespread public concern, and

have in all probability forestalled, and may altogether
prevent the outbreak of a nuclear World War III. At the end
of each of the last two World Wars, concerted and popular
efforts were made to come to a greater understanding of
the underlying dynamics of war and to thereby hopefully
reduce or even eliminate it altogether. These efforts
materialized in the forms of the League of Nations, and its
successor, the United Nations.
Shortly after World War II, as a token of support for this
concept, most nations joined the United Nations. During this
same post-war period, with the aim of further delegitimizing
war as an acceptable and logical extension of foreign policy,
most national governments also renamed their Ministries or
Departments of War as their Ministries or Departments of
Defense, for example, the former US Department of War
was renamed as the US Department of Defense.
In 1947, in view of the rapidly increasingly destructive
consequences of modern warfare, and with a particular
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War & Terrorism

concern for the consequences and costs of the newly

developed atom bomb, Albert Einstein famously stated, "I
know not with what weapons World War III will be fought,
but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."
Mao Zedong urged the socialist camp not to fear nuclear
war with the United States since, even if "half of mankind
died, the other half would remain while imperialism would
be razed to the ground and the whole world would become
socialist."
The Human Security Report 2005 documented a significant
decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since
the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. However, the
evidence examined in the 2008 edition of the Center for
International

Development

and

Conflict

Management's

"Peace and Conflict" study indicated that the overall decline

in conflicts had stalled.

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War & Terrorism

Ancient Depictions of Mesolithic cemetery(11500BC)

Remains excavated from the Site(First War known till

date)
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War & Terrorism

Nine largest (by death toll)

Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been
waged in the last century. These are the two World Wars, followed
by the Second Sino-Japanese War (which is sometimes considered
part of World War II, or overlapping with that war). Most of the
others involved China or neighboring peoples. The death toll of
World War II, being 60 million plus, surpasses all other war-deathtolls. This may be due to significant recent advances in weapons
technologies, as well as recent increases in the overall human
population.

Deaths

Date

War

(million
s)
60.7
84.6
60

1939 World

War

1945

casualties)

13th

Mongol

II (see World

War

II

Conquests (see Mongol

centu invasions and Tatar invasions)

40

ry
1850 Taiping

39

1864 revolt)
1914 World War

36

1918
755

casualties)
An
Shi

763

exaggerated

Rebellion (see Dungan

I (see World

War

Rebellion (number

based on census system, but not

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War & Terrorism

considering the territorial shrink

and

inefficient

census

20

afterwar)
1937 Second Sino-Japanese War

20

1945
1370 Conquests of Tamerlane

16

1405
1862 Dungan revolt

59

1877
1917 Russian
1922

Civil

War

and

system

Foreign

Intervention

The Mongol Conquest (13th century)

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War & Terrorism

Adolf Hitler with his Nazi Soldier (World War-II)

American Soldiers supplying Arms during world war-II

16

War & Terrorism

Taiping Rebellion(1850-1864)

An Shri Rebellion(755-763)

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War & Terrorism

Signing the treaty of Versailles(end of

world war-I)

Second Sino-Japanese War(19371945)

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War & Terrorism

The Conquest of Tamerlane(13701405)

Dungan revolt(1862-1877)

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War & Terrorism

Russian Civil War(1917-1922)

Holocaust Mass Grave

Effects:
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War & Terrorism

Military personnel subject to combat in war often suffer

mental

and

physical

depression, posttraumatic

injuries,

stress

disorder,

including
disease,

injury, and death.

During

World

War

II,

research

conducted

by US

Army Brigadier General S.L.A. Marshall found that, on

average, only 15% to 20% of American riflemen in WWII
combat fired at the enemy.
In Civil War Collectors Encyclopedia, F.A. Lord notes
that of the 27,574 discarded muskets found on the
Gettysburg battlefield, nearly 90% were loaded, with
12,000 loaded more than once and 6,000 loaded 3 to 10
times.
Swank and Marchands WWII study found that after
sixty days of continuous combat, 98% of all surviving
military personnel will become psychiatric casualties.
Psychiatric casualties manifest themselves in fatigue
cases, confusional states, conversion hysteria, anxiety,
obsessional and compulsive states, and character
disorders.

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War & Terrorism

During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, more French

military personnel died of typhus than were killed by
the Russians. Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the
Neman on 25 June 1812, less than 40,000 returned.
More military personnel were killed from 15001914 by
typhus than from military action. In addition, if it were
not for modern medical advances there would be
thousands more dead from disease and infection.
It is estimated that between 1985 and 1994,
378,000 people per year died due to war.
Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along
with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which
may

lead

to famine,

civilian population).

disease,

During

and

the Thirty

death
Years'

in

the

War in

Europe, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was

reduced by 15 to 40 percent. Civilians in war zones may
also be subject to war atrocities such as genocide, while
survivors may suffer the psychological after effects of
witnessing the destruction of war.
Most estimates of World War II casualties indicate that
around 60 million people died, 40 million of which were
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War & Terrorism

civilians. Deaths in the Soviet Union were around27

million.
Since a high proportion of those killed were young men
who had not yet fathered any children, population
growth in the post war Soviet Union was much lower
than it otherwise would have been.
One of the starkest illustrations of the effect of war
upon economies is the Second World War. The Great
Depression of the 1930s ended as nations increased
their production of war materials to serve the war effort.
[57]

The financial cost of World War II is estimated at

about a trillion U.S. dollars worldwide, making it the

most costly war in capital as well as lives.

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War & Terrorism

Ruins of Germany after World War-II

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War & Terrorism

Soldier Strolls in Garden of Grave in one of the

Concentration Camps in Germany
Officials estimated that total 20million people died in such
camps but the real figure remains mystery.

Factors ending a War:

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War & Terrorism

The political and economic circumstances in the peace that

follows war usually depend on the facts on the ground.
Where evenly-matched adversaries decide that the conflict
has resulted in a stalemate, they may cease hostilities to
avoid further loss of life and property. They may decide to
restore

the antebellum territorial

boundaries,

redraw

boundaries at the line of military control, or negotiate to

keep or exchange captured territory. Negotiations between
parties involved at the end of a war often result in a treaty,
such as the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which officially
ended the First World War of 1914-1918.
A warring party that surrenders or capitulates may have
little negotiating power, with the victorious side either
imposing a settlement or dictating most of the terms of any
treaty. A common result involves conquered territory
coming under the dominion of the victorious military power.
An unconditional surrender can take place in the face of
overwhelming military force as an attempt to prevent
further harm to life and property. For example, the Empire
of Japan unconditionally surrendered to the Allies in 1945
after

the atomic

bombings

Nagasaki (see Surrender

of

of

Hiroshima

Japan)

and

and
the

preceding massive strategic bombardment of Japan and the

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War & Terrorism

overrunning of Manchukuo. A settlement or surrender may

also be obtained through deception or bluffing.
Some wars or aggressive actions end when a power has
achieved its the military objective. Others do not, especially
in cases where the state structures do not exist, or have
collapsed prior to the victory of the conqueror. In such
cases, disorganised guerrilla warfare may continue for a
considerable period. In cases of complete surrender,
conquered territories may come under the permanent
dominion of the victorious side. A raid for the purpose
of looting may be completed with the successful capture of
goods. In other cases an aggressor may decide to end
hostilities to avoid continued losses and cease hostilities
without obtaining the original objective, such as happened
in the IranIraq War of 1980-1988.

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War & Terrorism

TERRORISM
Terrorism is defined, at its simplest, as: any act designed
to cause terror. Despite its name, not all actions that
are terrifying or terrible are described as terrorism. There is
no universal consensus as to what is or is not included, but
terrorism is generally understood to feature a political
objective,

whether

that

of nationalism, ethnicity, religion,

means

the

ideology or social

politics
class,

amongst others. Definitions as to which acts of violence are

considered terrorism will be more often subjective than
objective. Since the terrorist act is the symptom of a
struggle that has a national, religious or social cause, then
the response to it is also often determined by ethnicity,
beliefs or class. Furthermore, since attitudes to nationalism,
religion, and social status tend to evolve over the course of
time, it follows that acts of terrorism, and the individuals or
organisations engaging in that terrorism, may - and often
are - re-examined retrospectively, being either legitimised
or criminalised according to the subsequent prevailing
political perspectives.
One definition describes terrorism as: violent acts (or the
threat of violent acts) intended to create fear (terror),
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War & Terrorism

perpetrated

for

an

economic, religious,

political,

or

ideological goal, and which deliberately target or disregard

the

safety

of non-combatants (e.g.

neutral military

personnel or civilians). Another common definition sees

terrorism as: political, ideological or religious violence by
non-state

actors.

Some

definitions

now

include

acts

of unlawful violence and war. The use of similar tactics by

criminal organizations for protection rackets or to enforce
a code of silence is usually not labelled terrorism, although
these same actions may be labelled terrorism when done by
a politically motivated group. Usage of the term has also
been

criticized

for

its

with Islamism or jihadism,

frequent
while

undue

ignoring

equating
non-Islamic

organizations or individuals. In the international community,

terrorism has no legally binding, criminal-law definition.
The word "terrorism" is politically loaded and emotionally
charged, and this greatly compounds the difficulty of
providing a precise definition. A study on political terrorism
examining over 100 definitions of "terrorism" found 22
separate definitional elements (e.g. violence, force, fear,
threat, victim-target differentiation). In some cases, the
same group may be described as "freedom fighters" by its
supporters

and

as

"terrorists"

by

its

opponents,

a
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War & Terrorism

phenomenon giving rise to the clich, "one man's freedom

fighter is another man's terrorist."

Terrorist Attacks on Mumbai- 26/11

9/11 Attacks done by Al-Qaeda

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War & Terrorism

History of Terrorism:
Terror in Antiquity: 1st -14th Century AD
The earliest known organization that exhibited aspects of a
modern terrorist organization were the Zealots of Judea.
Known to the Romans as sicarii, or dagger-men, they carried
on an underground campaign of assassination of Roman
occupation forces, as well as any Jews they felt had
collaborated with the Romans. Their motive was an
uncompromising belief that they could not remain faithful to
the dictates of Judaism while living as Roman subjects.
Eventually, the Zealot revolt became open, and they were
finally besieged and committed mass suicide at the
fortification of Masada.
The Assassins were the next group to show recognizable
characteristics of terrorism, as we know it today. A
breakaway faction of Shia Islam called the Nizari Ismalis
adopted the tactic of assassination of enemy leaders
because the cult's limited manpower prevented open
combat. Their leader, Hassam-I Sabbah, based the cult in
the mountains of Northern Iran. Their tactic of sending a
lone assassin to successfully kill a key enemy leader at the
certain sacrifice of his own life (the killers waited next to
their victims to be killed or captured) inspired fearful awe in
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War & Terrorism

their enemies.
Even though both the Zealots and the Assassins operated in
antiquity, they are relevant today: First as forerunners of
modern terrorists in aspects of motivation, organization,
targeting, and goals. Secondly, although both were ultimate
failures, the fact that they are remembered hundreds of
years later, demonstrates the deep psychological impact
they caused.
Arguably the first organization to utilize modern terrorist
techniques was the Irish Republican Brotherhood, founded
in 1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group that carried
out attacks in England. The group initiated the Fenian
dynamite campaign in 1881, one of the first modern terror
campaigns. Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on
political assassination, this campaign used modern timed
explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very
heart of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political
gains.

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War & Terrorism

Zealots of Judea taking on Roman Legion(1st

Century)

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War & Terrorism

Irish Republican Brotherhood Bombings in

Manchester(19th Century)

Types of terrorism:
Civil disorder A form of collective violence interfering
with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the
community.
Political terrorism Violent criminal behaviour designed
primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial
segment of it, for political purposes.
Limited political terrorism Genuine political terrorism is
characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political
terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are committed
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War & Terrorism

for ideological or political motives but which are not part of

a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
Official or state terrorism "referring to nations whose
rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to
terrorism or such proportions". It may also be referred to
as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts
carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives,
often as part of their foreign policy.
Data-terrorism "The unjust storage or use of private
information for economic, political or personal gains".
Commonly seen in governments and countries like
the United States, Canada and Australia. Large corporations
such as Facebook are also guilty of using user data without
confirming explicit user knowledge and consent to do so
when joining
.Passive terrorism - (passive + terrorism) is an, inert or
quiescent behaviour towards terrorism; an inaction, nonreaction, non-participation, non-involvement in countering
terrorism. Passive terrorism describes a behaviour of
general public or government which silently allows the
spread or promotion of terrorism by turning a blind eye or
tolerating terrorism. Passive terrorism prevails when there is
35

War & Terrorism

no deliberate effort or decision to either counter it or raise

voice against it.
Other Types - Cyber terrorism, Eco Terrorism, Nuclear
terrorism, Narco Terrorism and Religious Terrorism.

Terrorism In 21st Century:

Major Terrorist Groups in The World:
1.

Al-Qaeda and Taliban

"The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively

spelled al-Qaida and sometimes al-Qa'ida is a
global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin
Laden, Abdullah Azzam and several others at some point
between August 1988 and late 1989, with origins traceable
to the Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. It operates as a
network comprising both a multinational, stateless
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War & Terrorism

army and an Islamist, extremist, wahhabi, jihadist group. It

has been designated as a terrorist group by the United
Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), theEuropean Union, the United States,
Russia, India, and various other countries (see below). AlQaeda has carried out many attacks on targets it
considers kafir. During the Syrian civil war, al-Qaeda
factions started fighting each other, as well as
the Kurds and the Syrian government. Al-Qaeda has
mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various
countries, including the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings,
the September 11 attacks, and the 2002 Bali bombings. The
U.S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by
launching the "War on Terror". With the loss of key leaders,
culminating in thedeath of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's
operations have devolved from actions that were controlled
from the top down, to actions by franchise associated
groups and lone-wolf operators. Characteristic techniques
employed by al-Qaeda include suicide attacksand the
simultaneous bombing of different targets. Activities
ascribed to it may involve members of the movement who
have made a pledge of loyalty to Osama bin Laden, or the
much more numerous "al-Qaeda-linked" individuals who
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War & Terrorism

have undergone training in one of its camps in Afghanistan,

Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan who have not. Al-Qaeda ideologues
envision a complete break from all foreign influences
in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new worldwide
Islamic caliphate.

2.

Boko Haram

Boko Haram, which calls itself Wilyat Gharb Ifrqyyah

(Islamic State's) West Africa Province, ISWAP), and was
formerly called Jam'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'lJihd', "Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and
Jihad"), is an Islamic extremist group based in north-eastern
Nigeria, also active in Chad, Niger and northern Cameroon.
[6] The group is led by Abubakar Shekau. Estimate of the
group's membership varies between 7,000 and 10,000
fighters. The group initially had links to al-Qaeda, but in
2014, it expressed support for the Islamic State of Iraq and
the Levant before pledging formal allegiance to it in March
2015.
After its founding in 2002, Boko Haram's increasing
radicalization led to a violent uprising in July 2009 in which
its leader was summarily executed. Its unexpected
resurgence, following a mass prison break in September
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War & Terrorism

2010, was accompanied by increasingly sophisticated

attacks, initially against soft targets, and progressing in
2011 to include suicide bombings of police buildings and
the United Nations office in Abuja. The government's
establishment of a state of emergency at the beginning of
2012, extended in the following year to cover the entire
northeast of Nigeria, led to an increase in both security
force abuses and militant attacks.
Boko Haram has killed more than 17,000 people since 2009,
including over 10,000 in 2014, in attacks occurring mainly
in northeast Nigeria. 650,000 people had fled the conflict
zone by August 2014, an increase of 200,000 since May; by
the end of the year 1.5 million had fled. Corruption in the
security services and human rights abuses committed by
them had hampered efforts to counter the unrest. The
group have carried out mass abductions including the
kidnapping of 276 school girls from Chibok in April 2014.

3.

Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT)

It was founded in 1990 by Hafez Saeed,Abdullah Azzam and

Zafar Iqbal in Afghanistan. With its headquarters based
in Muridke, near Lahore in Punjab province of Pakistan, the
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War & Terrorism

group operates several training camps in Pakistanadministered Kashmir.

Lashkar-e-Taiba has been accused by India of attacking
military and civilian targets in India, most notably the 2001
Indian Parliament attack and the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Its
stated objective is to introduce an Islamic state in South
Asia and to "liberate" Muslims residing in Indian Kashmir.[15]
[17]

The organization is banned as a terrorist organization by

India, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European

Union, Russia and Australia. Though formally banned by
Pakistan, the general view of India and the Western
countries, including of experts such as former
French magistrate Jean and New America
Foundation president Steve Coll believe that Pakistan's main
intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),
continues to give LeT help and protection. The political arm
of the group, Jamat ud Dawah, was banned in
Pakistan. However, Jamaat-ud-Dawa still continues to work
openly as Lashkar-e-Taiba's charitable wing.

4.

ISIS

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant also known as

the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or the Islamic State
40

War & Terrorism

of Iraq and ash-Sham,[Daesh or Islamic State(IS), is

a Salafi jihadist extremist militant group and selfproclaimed Islamic state andcaliphate, which is led by and
mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq andSyria. As of
March 2015, it has control over territory occupied by ten
million people in Iraq and Syria, as well as limited territorial
control in Libya and Nigeria. The group also operates or has
affiliates in other parts of the world, including South Asia.
The group is known in Arabic as ad-Dawlah al-Islmiyah f 'lIrq wa-sh-Shm, leading to the acronym Da'ish or Daesh,
the Arabic equivalent of "ISIL". On 29 June 2014, the group
proclaimed itself to be a worldwide caliphate, with Abu Bakr
al-Baghdadi being named its caliph, and renamed itself
"Islamic State" ( , ad-Dawlah al-Islmiyah). As a
caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority
over all Muslims worldwide, and that "the legality of all
emirates, groups, states, and organisations, becomes null
by the expansion of the khilfah's [caliphate's] authority
and arrival of its troops to their areas".ISIL is very adept at
social media, posting Internet videos of beheadings of
soldiers, civilians, journalists and aid workers, and is
notorious for its destruction of cultural heritage
sites. Muslim leaders around the world have condemned
41

War & Terrorism

ISIL's ideology and actions, arguing that the group has

strayed from the path of true Islam and that its actions do
not reflect the religion's true teachings or virtues. [48] The
group's adoption of the name "Islamic State" and idea of a
caliphate have been widely criticised, with theUnited
Nations, various governments, and mainstream Muslim
groups rejecting both.

Hall of Shame: Founders of the Terrorist

Organisations

Osama-Bin-Laden(Al-

Abu-Bakar Shekau(Boko

Qaeda)

Haram)
42

War & Terrorism

Hafeez Saeed(Lashkar-e-Toiba)

Abu Bakr al-baghdadi (ISIS chief)

43

War & Terrorism

Ajmal Kasab (Terrorist of 26/11 attacks on Mumbai

who got heaven after killing more than 100
innocent peoples)

Terrorists attack around the world:

44

War & Terrorism

Mumbai serial blasts 1993(Zaveri Bazar)

Pentagon bombings USA 2001

45

War & Terrorism

Killing of innocent children by ISIS militants

Syrian soldiers beheaded after surrendering ISIS

militants

46

War & Terrorism

Boko-Haram killings in Nigeria

Wars in India:
List Shows all the Battles fought on Indian soil.
Important Battles of Indian History
BC
327-26

Alexander invades India. Defeats Porus in the Battle of

Hydaspes (Jhelum) 326 BC

305

Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Greek King Seleucus.

47

War & Terrorism

216

The Kalinga War. Conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka.

c. 155

Menander's invasion of India

c. 90

The Saka invade India

AD
454

The first Huna invasion

495

The second Huna invasion

711-712

The Arab invasion of Sind under Mohammed-bin-Qasim

1000-27

Mahmud Ghazni invades India 17 times

11751206

Invasions of Muhammad Ghori. First Battle of Tarain.

1191 - Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghori;
Second Battle of Tarain,
1192 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithvi Chauhan;
Battle of Chandawar,
1194 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Jayachandra
Gahadvala of Kanauj.

1294

Alauddin Khilji invades the Yadava kingdom of Devagiri.

The first Turkish invasion of the Deccan.

1398

Timur invades India. Defeats the Tughlaq Sultan

Mahmud Shah; the Sack of Delhi

1526

Babur invades India and defeats the last Lodi Sultan

Ibrahim Lohi in the first Battle of Panipat.

1539-40

Battles of Chusa or Ghaghra (1539) and Kanauj or

Ganges (1540) in which Sher Shah defeats Humayun.

1545

Battle (siege) of kalinjar and death of Sher Shah Suri.

1556

Second Battle of Panipat. Akbar defeats Hemu.

1632-33

Conquest of Ahmadnagar by Shah Jahan.

1658

Battles of Dharmat (April-May 1658) and Samugarh (June 8, 1658).

Dara Shikoh, elest son of Shah Jahan, defeated by Aurangzeb.

1665

Shivaji defeated by Raja Jai Singh and Treaty of Purandhar.

48

War & Terrorism

1739

Invasion of India by Nadir Shah.

1746

First Carnatic War.

1748-54

Second Carnatic War.

1756-63

Third Carnatic War.

1757

Battle of Plassey. Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, defeated by

Clive.

1760

Battle of Wandiwash, in which the English under Sir Eyre Coote

defeated the French under Lally.

1762

Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali.

1764

Battle of Buxar. The English (under Munro) defeated Mir Kasim, the
Nawab of Bengal and Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah of Awadh.

1767-69

First Mysore War.

1774

The Rohilla War between the Rohillas and the Nawab of Awadh
supported by the East India Company.

1775-82

First Maratha War

1780-82

Maratha War

1780-84

Second Mysore War

1792

Third Mysore War

1799

Fourth Mysore War, Defeat and death of Tipu Sultan

1802-04

Second Maratha War

1817-18

Third Maratha War

1845-46

first Sikh War

1846

Battle of Aliwal between the English and the Sikhs. The Sikhs were
defeated.

1848-49

Second Sikh war and annexation of the Punjab to British India.

1857

The Revolt of 1857 (The First War of Indian Independence)

49

War & Terrorism

Alexander the great battle of Porous (326 AD)

Fourth Anglo Mysore War (1799)

50

War & Terrorism

Battle of kalinga (216 BC)

National uprising of 1857

51

War & Terrorism

Terrorism in India:
A common definition of terrorism is the systematic use or
threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or
government for political, religious, or ideological goals.
Terrorism in India, according to the Home Ministry, poses
a significant threat to the people of India. Terrorism found in
India includes ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious
terrorism, left wing terrorism and narco terrorism.
The regions with long term terrorist activities have
been Jammu and Kashmir, east-central and south-central
India (Naxalism) and theSeven Sister States. In August
2008, National Security Advisor M K Narayanan has said
that there are as many as 800 terrorist cellsoperating in the
country. As of 2013, 205 of the countrys 608 districts were
affected by terrorist activity. Terror attacks caused 231
civilian deaths in 2012 in India, compared to 11,098 terrorcaused deaths worldwide, according to the State
Department of the United States; or about 2% of global
terror fatalities while it accounts for 17.5% of global
population.

52

War & Terrorism

Media reports have alleged and implicated terrorism in India

to be sponsored by Pakistan, particularly through its InterServices Intelligence (ISI). In 2012, the US accused Pakistan
of enabling and ignoring anti-India terrorist cells working on
its soil; however, Pakistan has denied its involvement. [12]
List of Terrorist attacks in India:
March 12, 1993: A series of thirteen explosions in
Mumbai, then called Bombay, resulted in 257 deaths and
over 700 injuries. The blasts were orchestrated by the
organized crime syndicate called the D-Company, headed
by Dawood Ibrahim.
Feb. 14, 1998: Coimbatore bombings: 46 deaths, 200
wounded as a result of 13 bomb attacks in 11 places.
Oct. 1, 2001: Militants attack Jammu & Kashmir Assembly
complex in Srinagar, killing about 35. The Muslim extremist
group Jaish-e-Mohammed was allegedly involved.
Dec. 13, 2001: Attack on the Indian Parliament complex in
New Delhi led to the killing of a dozen people and 18
injured. Pakistan-based terror groups were blamed for the
attack.

53

War & Terrorism

Sept. 24, 2002: Akshardham temple in Gujarat: The first

major hostage taking since Sept. 11 in the U.S.; 31 people
were killed and another 79 wounded.
May 14, 2002: Militants attack on an Army camp near
Jammu, killing more than 30 people.
March 13, 2003: A bomb attack on a commuter train in
Mumbai killed 11.
Aug. 25, 2003: Twin car bombings in Mumbai killed at
least 52 people and injured 150. Indian officials blamed a
Pakistan-based terror outfit.
Aug. 15, 2004: An explosion in the northeastern state of
Assam killed 16 people, mostly school children.
July 5, 2005: Militants attack the Ram Janmabhoomi
complex, the site of the destroyed Babri Mosque at Ayodhya
in Uttar Pradesh.
Oct. 29, 2005: Three powerful serial blasts rocked the
busy shopping areas of south Delhi, two days before the
Hindu festival of Diwali, killing 59 and injuring 200. A
Pakistan-based terrorist outfit, the Islamic Inquilab Mahaz
(believed to have links with Lashkar-e-Taiba) claimed
responsibility.
54

War & Terrorism

March 7, 2006: A series of bombings in the holy city of

Varanasi killed at least 28 and injured 101. Indian police put
the blame on some Pakistan-based terror outfits.
July 11, 2006: Seven bomb blasts occurred at various
places on the Mumbai Suburban Railway, killing 200.
Investigations revealed that terror outfits with a base in
Pakistan were behind the blasts.
Sept. 8, 2006: At least 37 people were killed and 125 were
injured in a series of bomb blasts in the vicinity of a mosque
in Malegaon, Maharashtra. The blasts were followed by an
explosion and most of the people killed were Muslim
pilgrims. The students Islamic Movement of India was
responsible.
May 18, 2007: A bombing during Friday prayers at Mecca
Masjid, Hyderabad, killed 13 people. Four were killed by
Indian police in the rioting that followed.
May 26, 2007: Six people killed and 30 injured in a bomb
blast in India's northeastern city of Guwahati.
June 10, 2007: Gunmen killed 11 people in separate
incidents of firing in Manipur's border town of Moreh.

55

War & Terrorism

Aug. 25, 2007: Forty-two people killed and 50 injured in

twin explosions at a crowded park and a popular eatery in
Hyderabad by Harkat-ul-Jehad-i-Islami (HuJI) activist.
May 13, 2008: A series of six explosions tore through
Jaipur, a popular tourist destination in the Rajasthan state in
western India, killing 63 people and injuring more than 150.
July 25, 2008: Seven blasts in quick succession across the
south Indian tech city of Bangalore killed one and injured
more than 150 people.
July 26, 2008: Serial blasts in the western Indian city of
Ahmedabad killed 45 people and injured more than 150. A
group calling itself Indian Mujahideen claimed responsibility.
Sept. 13, 2008: Five bomb blasts in New Delhi's popular
shopping centers left 21 people dead and more than 100
injured. The Indian Mujahideen claimed responsibility.
Sept. 27, 2008: A blast in a New Delhi flower market left
one dead.
Oct. 30, 2008: Thirteen bomb blasts in India's
northeastern state of Assam and three other towns left at
least 61 people dead more than 300 injured.

56

War & Terrorism

July 13, 2011: Three bomb blasts in Mumbai; at least 20

people killed and more than 100 injured.

Terrorist attacks of 26/11(taj heritage hotel)

57

War & Terrorism

Dead bodies at CST station- 26/11 attacks

Serial blasts in mumbai trains (11th july 2006)

58

War & Terrorism

Bloodshed near BSE serial blasts of 1993

59

War & Terrorism

Hall of shame:

Afzal guru- mastermind of parliament attacks 2001

David Headley-26/11
attacks

Dawood Ibrahim-1993
blasts

Naxalism in India:
60

War & Terrorism

The NaxaliteMaoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict

between Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and
the Indian government. The conflict in its present form
began after the 2004 formation of the CPI-Maoists, a rebel
group composed of the PWG (People's War Group), and the
MCC (Maoist Communist Centre). In January 2005 talks
between the Andhra Pradesh state government and the CPIMaoists broke down and the rebels accused authorities of
not addressing their demands for a written truce, release of
prisoners and redistribution of land. The ongoing conflict
has taken place over a vast territory (around half of India's
28 states) with hundreds of people being killed annually in
clashes between the CPI-Maoists and the government every
year since 2005.
The armed wing of the NaxaliteMaoists is called the PLGA
(Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army) and is estimated to have
between 6,500 and 9,500 cadres, mostly armed with small
arms.
The Naxalites control territory throughout Bihar, Jharkhand
and Andhra Pradesh states and claim to be supported by
the poorest of the rural population, especially the Adivasis.
The Naxalites have frequently targeted tribal, police and
government workers in what they say is a fight for improved
61

War & Terrorism

land rights and more jobs for neglected agricultural

labourers and the poor.[18] The Naxalites claim that they
are following a strategy of rural rebellion similar to a
protracted people's war against the government.
In February 2009, the Indian central government announced
a new nationwide initiative, to be called the "Integrated
Action Plan" (IAP) for broad, co-ordinated operations aimed
at dealing with the Naxalite problem in all affected states,
namely (Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West
Bengal). This plan included funding for grass-roots
economic development projects in Naxalite-affected areas,
as well as increased special police funding for better
containment and reduction of Naxalite influence. In August
2010, after the first full year of implementation of the
national IAP program, Karnataka was removed from the list
of naxal affected states. In July 2011, the number of Naxal
affected areas was reduced to (figure includes proposed
addition of 20 districts) 83 districts across nine states. In
December 2011, the national government reported that the
number of Naxalite related deaths and injuries nationwide
had gone down by nearly 50% from 2010 levels.

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War & Terrorism

The NaxaliteMaoist insurgency gained international media

attention after the 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley
resulted in the deaths of around 24 Indian National
Congress leaders including the former state minister
Mahendra Karma and the Chhattisgarh Congress chief Nand
Kumar Patel.

63

War & Terrorism

Naxal affected parts in India

64

War & Terrorism

List of ongoing conflicts in the world:

10000 or more deaths in current or past
year.
Conflict in the following list have caused at least 10,000
direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year.
Start of

Conflict

Continent

Location

conflict
1978

War in

Asia

Afghanistan
2003

2009

Iraq War

Boko Haram

Afghanista

Africa

insurgency

Fatalities in

Fatalities in

fatalities

2014

2015

1,240,000-

14,277

20,435

201,000-

21,000-

10,519

227,000

47,000

20,200

10,849

9,402

220,000-

76,021

32,927

2,000,000

n
Asia

Cumulative

Iraq

Nigeria
Cameroon
Niger
Chad

2011

Syrian Civil War

Asia

Syria

320,000

1000-9999 deaths in current or past year

Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1,000 and
fewer than 10,000 direct violent deaths in current or past
calendar year.
Conflicts causing at least 1,000 deaths in one calendar year
are considered wars by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program.

Start of

Conflict

Continent

Location

Cumulative

Fatalities in

Fatalities in

65

War & Terrorism

conflict
1948

fatalities
IsraeliPalestinian

Asia

Israel

conflict

2014

2015

24,000

2,365

27

500,000

2,983

2,333

Palestin
e

1991

Somali Civil War

Africa

Somalia
Kenya

War in
Somalia

1998

Communal

Africa

Nigeria

15,907

1,822

714

conflicts in Nigeria
2003

War in Darfur

Africa

Sudan

178,363+

2,101

1,021

2004

War in North-West

Asia

Pakistan

58,525

5,496

2,513

North

Mexico

150,000+

7,504

1,813

Africa

Libya

13,482

2,825

1,879

Asia

Yemen

5,287- 11,000

1,500-7,700

4,300+

Pakistan
2006

Mexican Drug War

America
2011

Libyan Crisis

Libyan
Civil War

2011

Yemeni Crisis

Saudi

Yemeni

Arabia

Civil War
(2015)
2011

Sinai insurgency

Africa

Egypt

2,361

981

1,506

2012

Central African

Africa

CAR

7,473+]

5,186+

211

Africa

South

10,200- 50,000+

6,383-

Republic conflict
2013

South Sudanese
Civil War

2014

War in Donbass

40,000+

Sudan
Europe

Ukraine

6,503

4,771

1,908
]

1,993

100-999 deaths in current or past year

66

War & Terrorism

Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 100 and

fewer than 1000 direct violent deaths in current or past
calendar year.
Start of

Conflict

Continent

Location

conflict
1947

Kashmir conflict

Asia

India

Cumulative

Fatalities in

Fatalities in

fatalities

2014

2015

43,781-47,000

193

95

3,679+

339+

143

130,000-

66+

825

Pakista
n
1948

Balochistan conflict

Asia

Pakista
n
Iran

1948

Internal conflict in

Asia

Myanmar
1960

South Thailand

Colombian conflict

Asia

Thailan

6,100+

300+

36

Colombi

220,000

459

218

Asia

India

25,000+

465

178

Asia

India

13,812+

314

153

d
South
America

1964

Insurgency in

210,000

ar

insurgency
1964

Myanm

Northeast India
1967

NaxaliteMaoist
insurgency

1978

Katanga insurgency

Africa

DRC

100,000+

123

30+

1984

Turkey-PKK conflict

Asia

Turkey

45,000+

57+

468-968+

Pakista

5,137

208

202

Iraq
1989

Sectarianism in

Asia

Pakistan

1989

Xinjiang conflict

Asia

China

800

500+

76

1995

Ogaden insurgency

Africa

Ethiopia

1,300

172

200+

1996

ADF insurgency

Africa

DRC

3,053

440

261

1999

Ituri conflict

Africa

DRC

60,000+

26

76-108

2002

Insurgency in the

Africa

Algeria

2,764

42+

216

67

War & Terrorism

Maghreb
2004

Tunisia

Kivu conflict

Africa

DRC

1,600,000

468

499

Burundi
2009

Sudanese nomadic

Africa

Sudan

5,000+

995

643

Europe

Russia

3,131

341

77

Asia

Lebano

722+

297

32+

Africa

Sudan

4,900+

746

756

Africa

Mali

784-2,416+

380

278

conflicts
2009

Insurgency in the
North Caucasus

2011

Syrian Civil War

spillover in Lebanon

2011

South Kordofan

conflict
2012

Northern Mali
conflict

Fewer than 100 deaths in current or past

year
Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1 and
fewer than 100 direct violent deaths in current or past
calendar year.
Start of

Conflict

Continent

Location

conflict
1946

Kurdish

Cumulative

Fatalities in

Fatalities in

fatalities

2014

2015

Asia

Iran

36,500+

11+

22-56+

Asia

Indonesia

150,000

25

Asia

Philippines

120,000

91

61

separatism in
Iran
1963

West Papua
conflict

1969

Moro conflict

68

War & Terrorism

1969

CPP-NPA-NDF

Asia

Philippines

43,388+

87

18

rebellion
1975

Cabinda Conflict

Africa

Angola

30,000

1980

Internal conflict in

South

Peru

70,000

5+

Peru

America

LRA insurgency

Africa

DRC

100,000+

16

27,287+

61

36

31

1987

CAR
South
Sudan
1988

Nagorno-

Asia

Armenia

Karabakh conflict
1989

Internal conflict in

Azerbaijan
Asia

Bangladesh

1,234

76

Bangladesh
1991

FRUD conflict

Africa

Djibouti

1,000

12

1992

OLF insurgency

Africa

Ethiopia

1,300

46

1994

Chiapas conflict

North

Mexico

105+

Eritrea

2,000

34

13

America
1995

Second Afar

Africa

insurgency
2004

Conflict in the

90

Ethiopia
Africa

Nigeria

4,000+

13

Africa

Mozambiqu

200

19-39+

2-54

Burundi

100

100

Niger Delta
2013

RENAMO
insurgency

2015

2015 Burundi

e
Africa

unrest

69

War & Terrorism

Deaths by country
This section details armed conflict-related fatalities by
country in 2013 and 2014 based on the Project for the
Study of the 21st Century.
Mexico, Egypt and Kenya are not included into this project
but should appear and therefore have been added

70

War & Terrorism

Conflict related fatalities:

1.in the worlds 15 deadliest in 2013 and 2014(left)
2. In the worlds 15 deadliest countries in 2014 and in the same countries in 2013(right)

2013
Rank

Country

2014
Deaths

Country

Deaths

Syria

73,447

Syria

76,021

Mexico

11,324

Iraq

21,073

Afghanistan

10,172

Afghanistan

14,638

Iraq

9,742

Nigeria

11,529

Sudan

6,816

Mexico

7,504

Pakistan

5,739

South Sudan

6,389

Nigeria

4,727

Pakistan

5,496

South Sudan

4,168

Sudan

5,335

Somalia

3,153

Ukraine

4,707

10

Egypt

2,559

Somalia

4,447

11

Central African Republic

2,364

Central African Republic

3,347

12

DR Congo

1,976

Libya

2,825

13

India

885

Israel/

14

Mali

870

Yemen

1,500

15

Kenya

705

DR Congo

1,235

16

Libya

643

Egypt

981

Palestine

2,365

71