Temp. Measurement

ADMA-OPCO On-Site-Training
Instrumentation & Control
ADMA-OPCO ON-SITE-TRAINING PROGRAMME
TECHNICAL COURSES
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Temperature Measurement
For
Existing Instrument Technicians
And
Senior Instrument Technicians
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Temperature Measurement
Short course details
Objective
This course is designed for ADMA-OPCO existing instrument

technicians, to provide hands on experience related to
temperature measurement methods.
Content
This course reviews types of temperature measurements used in

ADMA-OPCO oil and gas facilities, Selection, Principle of
operations, Maintenance and troubleshooting.
Temperature sensing elements.

Local and remote temperature control.
Topics
Pre-alarm and trip/ alarm switch-settings.

Calibration of temp transmitters using standard temp charts
Bench services of temperature instruments.
Troubleshooting and maintenance.
Other
Technical
Contact
IHRDC
Audience
Prerequisites
Location
Duration
Format
:
:
:
:
:
Instrument technicians & senior technicians.

English comprehension and communication.
ADMA-OPCO VTC, DAS Island
4 Days.
Lecture, discussion and workshop practice.
IHRDC Job Advisor: Tel # 68030, Fax # 68033
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SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
1.GENERAL
Participant must become thoroughly familiar with the following safety requirements and
first aid procedures, and must observe the safety requirements at all times. Maximum
safety of personnel is of primary importance, followed closely by protection of
equipment from damage. Careful observation of these safety requirements will
minimize hazards or injury to personnel and equipment.
There are three types of Safety Requirements:
Warning, Cautions, and Notes, which are intended to emphasize critical information.
Safety Requirements also include procedures to be observed in the event of certain
operating malfunctions and important precautions to be observed when personnel are
working in a special environment (such as in an explosive atmosphere) or with a special
substance.
Warnings, Cautions, and Notes are listed in order of significance as follows:
WARNING
A WARNING points out a procedure, practice, condition, or precaution which, if not
heeded, could result in personal injury or loss of life.
CAUTION
A CAUTION points out a precaution which, if not observed, could result in damage or
destruction of equipment.
NOTE
A Note highlights information necessary to understand or follow a procedure, practice,
condition, or description.
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2. COURSE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Participant has to use the following safety precautions during
this course:
-Coverall.
-Safety helmet.
-Safety shoes/boots.
-Leather gloves.
COURSE CONTENTS
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1. Objectives
P. 06
2. Course Outline
P. 07-08
3. Equipment / Resources
P. 09
4. Course Manual
(Handout for the participant)
P. 10-54
5. Training aids
P. 55
6. Lesson plans
P. 56-59
7. Course Final Test
P. 60
Attachments:
1) Manufacturers instruction
Manuals for Temperature
Transmitter-Pneumatic
Manuals for Temperature
Transmitter-Electronic
Manuals for temperature
Switch
Objectives
Upon completion of this course the participant
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will be able to do the following:

1. Describe the temperature scales and
conversions
2. Describe the sensing elements and
thermowells
3. Perform the response check of RTDs
4. Perform the response check on
Thermocouples
5. Proper use of Conversion tables, T/c and
RTD simulators
6. Calibration of a temperature transmitter
7. Calibration of a SMART temperature
transmitter
8. Setting of a temperature switch
9. Trouble shoot the temperature measuring
instruments
COURSE OUTLINE
- This course is designed for the instrument technicians of ADMA-OPCO
working at offshore or onshore.
- Duration of this course is 4 working days (40 hr). The maximum number of
participant in a batch shall be four
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- This course can be conducted in the class rooms and work shops of ADMAOPCO vocational training center at DAS island.
- Course time plan: Every day 07.00 Hr to 17.00 Hr
- Total instruction-time
16 Hr
- Total work shop time:
20 Hr
- Total Assessment time:
2 Hr
- Total Tea/ snack/ Prayer:
3 Hr
Day 1
Time (Hr.)
4 Hr
5 Hr
0.5 Hr
IHRDC
Activities / Topics
Introduction
Temp scales
Mechanical sensors
Temperature switch
Temperature transmitter calibration
Temperature switch calibration
Assessment
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Location
Class room
workshop
classroom
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DAY :02
Time
Activities
Location
4 Hr
Thermo EMF
Cold Junction Compensation
Thermocouples
Classroom
5 Hr
Thermocouple Verification.
Calibration of a transmitter
Assessment
Workshop
0.5 Hr
Workshop
DAY : 03
Time
Activities
Location
4 Hr
Wheatstone bridge
Resistance temperature detectors
Wiring configurations
Classroom
5 Hr
Resistance table verification

Smart TT calibration
Assessment
Workshop
0.5 Hr
Workshop
DAY 04
Time
4 Hr
5 Hr
0.5 Hr
IHRDC
Activities
Location
Burn out protection

Trouble shooting
Measuring lags
Derivative term of a controller
Verification of burnout protection
Derivative action verification.
Classroom
Assessment
Work shop
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Work shop
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EQUIPMENT & RESOURCES

The following test equipment and tools are required to
conduct the short courses:
-
Thermocouple type K, J, T . any one
Resistance temperature detector Pt 100
Filled system temperature indicating controller
Temperature bath
mV calibration
Resistance decade box
Temperature transmitter (RTD or TC input)
Smart transmitter
HART communication
Reference tables (RTD, T/C)
Digital multimeter
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4. Course Manual
HANDOUT FOR THE
COURSE PARTICIPANT
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TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Temperature Scales
Heat is a from of stored energy. Temperature is the Measurement of intensity of heat. It
is like measuring the pressure of a gas in cylinder, irrespective of the volume of the
cylinder.
Temperature measurement is very important in oil and processing industries the
components in the crude oil and gas may vary in composition due to the variations in
temperature while they are treated in processing units.
The Machinery like pumps Compressors and equipment like the heating furnaces need
to be monitored carefully on their heat generating parts in order to safe guard them from
over heating there by preventing the damage of components and expensive break down.
Temperature is expressed in degree. There are few temperature scales commonly used in
Industrial measurement the centigrade the Fahrenheit and the Kelvin are most popular
scales.
The centigrade scale zero starts at the ice point of pure water and divided into 100
graduations at the temperature of boiling point of pure water each division is known as a
degree centigrade.
The Fahrenheit scale zero starts below ice point. It is divided into 10 equal graduations
in between pure water ice point and boiling point. The ice point is 32F and the boiling
point is 212F.
The absolute or the Kelvin scale zero reference starts from a point which is theoretically
derived, where all the particles in the matter stops moving and seizes to a stand still. It is
273.15 degrees below the ice point in centigrade scale. Hence, the ice point on a Kelvin
scale is 273.15K and the boiling point is 373.15K.
Temperature value on a given scale can be converted to express on other Scales:
Deg C = (Deg. F-32) x 5/9
Deg F = (Deg. C x 95) + 32
Deg K = (Deg. C x 273.15)
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Example:1 Convert 100C into Fahrenheit Scale?

F = C x 9/5 + 32
9
i e = (100 x
) + 32 = 212 F
5
Example: 2. Convert 122F into degrees centigrade?

5
C = (F-32) x
9
5
i e = (122-32) x
= 50 C
9
Example: 3 Convert -40C in degrees Fahrenheit?

9
F = (C x
) + 32
5
9
i e = (-40 x
) + 32 = -40
5
Hence -40C = -40F !
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Bimetallic Elements
Most substances expand when the temperature increases and contract when the
temperature decreases, but different sub-stances expand and contract at different rates
for a given material, the increase length per unit length per degree of temperature
increase is called the coefficient of thermal expansion for that material. If two materials
with different coefficients of thermal expansion are bonded together increase in
temperature will cause the free end to bend toward the material with the lower
coefficient of thermal expansion.
A bimetallic element can be formed in spiral or helix to increase the amount of motion
available for a given temperature change.
The spiral form of bimetallic element is convenient for housing in a circular flat case
and is typically used is dial thermometers that measure ambient temperature. The helical
form is well suited for housing in a narrow tube (stem) for insertion into a fluid directly
or housing within a thermowell with a small bore.
Thermometers
Filled system thermometers have a bulb filled with an expanding substance, (usually an
inter gas) and a dial, which is controlled by a bourbon tube. The bulb is connected by a
capillary tube, which can be up to about 50 feet (15 meters) long, to the dial mechanism.
Their accuracy is about the same as a bimetallic thermometer and they are much more
expensive. Therefore, filled system thermometers are not usually unless remote
installation of the gauge is desired. Figure shows filled system thermometers.
Schematic illustrating concept of bimetallic temperature elements
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Schematic of a typical bimetallic dial thremometer

Bimetallic thermometers are available in convenient range increments for measurements
between -80F (-50C) and 1000F (500C). A range should be chosen so that the normal
operating temperature is near the centre and both the high and low temperatures of
interest are covered. They are not very susceptible to damage from over-or under
ranging. Dial calibrations are available in either Fahrenheit or Celsius or with both
calibrations. An external adjustment screw is usually provided so that the thermometer
can be calibrated at a single point, but there is usually no adjustment for span.
Sectional View of An
Industrial Bimetallic
Thermometer
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Electric Temperature Switches

An electric temperature switch is a device, which causes a contact to open or close with
a change in temperature. Most switches can be used as either high temperature or low
temperature sensors, depending on how they are calibrated and electrically connected.
Mechanically operated temperature switches are used more frequently in production
facilities most mechanically operated temperature switches use a vapour-filled system or
a liquid-filled system to operate pressure switch. Gas-filled systems generally do not
develop enough power for switch use.
Filled system switches are available for both local and remote mounting. The local
mounting type has the bulb rigidly attached to the switch mechanism and housing. The
assembly has a threaded connection so that it can be screwed into and be supported by a
thermowell. The remote mounting type has the bulb connection to the switch
mechanism by a capillary tube from 6 feet (2 meters) to 25 feet (8 meters) or more long.
The local mounting type is less expensive to purchase and install, while the remote
mounting type provides isolation of the switch from process vibration and more
convenient access. The switch cannot be separated from the bulb in the field for either
these designs.
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Schematics illustraating types of compensaating sysTems for filled system deuices
Thermowells
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A thermowell is a protective sheath, which protects a thermal sensor from the process
fluid. Almost all temperature sensors in production facilities, with the exceptions stack
temperature and pilot flame sensors are installed in thermowells. This relatively simple
device will be discussed first because a thermowell is often apart of other types of
devices.
Typical thermowells
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Most thermowells used in production facilities are machined from a solid piece of
material in a fabrication process generally referred to as drilled or bar-stock
construction. They can also be made by cutting a piece of drown tubing, welding the
construction end closed, and then welding on the process connection. This second type
is generally known as welded, drawn, or tubing Drilled construction more expensive
than welded construction, but is more reliable and durable. A very large majority of
operating companies insist on drilled construction.
Schematics of threaded thermowells for screwed on connection
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Insertion Length is the length that is exposed to the process fluid. It is the distance
from the bottom of the threads, bottom of the socket to the tip of the thermowell.
Insertion length is also known as the U-dimension.
Thread Allowance is the threaded length of the thermowell. This is usually 1 inch (25
mm). Thread allowance applies only to screwed thermowells.
Wrench Allowance is the length of the wrench flats above the threads. This dimension
is usually 3/4 inch (18 mm). Wrench allowance applies only to screwed thermowells.
Lagging Extension (or log) is the length between the thread allowance and the wrench
to allow the top of the well to be accessed when installed in an insulated pipe or vessel.
The lagging extension is usually 3 inches (75mm) lagging extension is usually extension
is usually only specified when insulation is present and applies only to screwed or
socket-weld thermowells. The nozzle for mounting the flanged well will protrude
through the insulation so that a lagging extension is not required. The lagging extension
is also known as the "T" length.
Flanged and Van stone flanged thermowells extend above the face to allow for
installation of the flange, but there is no special name for this dimension. This
dimension is usually about 21/4 inched (56 mm).
Element Length is the depth of the measured from the very top of the well to bottom of
the bore. Usually, this dimension will be 1/4 inch (6 mm) less than the overall length of
the well.
Thermocouples
A thermocouple is a junction of dissimilar metals used to measure temperature. When
two different metals come in contact with each other, thermal energy is converted into
electrical energy. Any two metals can be used and the amount of electrical energy
created is a direct function of the absolute temperature except in circumstances. Also the
amount of energy converted depends on the metals selected. Certain combinations of
metals have been identified which create enough energy in a sufficiently liner manner so
that they can be used to measure temperature with a high degree of accuracy.
Thermocouple, wires of the selected metals are joined together to make electrical
contact.
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The electrical limitations are that the junction, including any third metal, must be at the
temperature to be measured, the wires must be insulated from each other from the
junction to be receiver, and if the junction is grounded, there must be no other ground.
The only physical limitation is that the wires must be able to stand the environment to
which they are subjected.
Schematic depicting a copper-constantan thermocouple circuit with an external

reference junction
Connection of thermocouples does present some difficulty be-cause when the selected
metals are connected to any other metal, such as copper wire, another thermocouple is
created and the temperature of this connection will affect the measurement as much as
the temperature of the primary junction. Figure shows a thermocouple constructed from
copper (Cu) wire and a copper-nickel alloy wire named constant an (c) connected to a
voltmeter made of copper. The constant an wire must be connected an wire must be
connected to copper somewhere in addition to the thermocouple to complete the circuit,
but this will form another thermocouple. This connection is made so that the
temperature can be held constant at a known temperature and is called the cold junction
or reference junction (J2) A temperature that is easy to create and duplicate is that of a
bath formed by pure water and the ice that water, 32F (0C) by holding the reference
junction at the ice point, the temperature of the primary junction (J 1) can be found by
measuring the voltage it creates in reference to the voltage created by the reference
junction.
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Tables of the voltage created at temperature versus the ice point are published by the
Untied National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and are used worldwide. By measuring the
thermocouple voltage, the temperature can be found from the table.
If the reference junction is located where the temperature is known or can be measured
accurately, then the junction voltage for this temperature can be added to the measured
voltage to find the temperature of the primary junction. All of the connections and the
measurement are made to a thermally conductive, but electrical insulating material
known as the isothermal block. This block is usually in the instrument case, but in large
installations is sometimes done elsewhere by minimizing the thermocouple wire. If the
temperature is computed circuit it is known as software compensation. If an electronic
circuit is used to correct the reading, it is known as hardware compensation or an
electronic ice point.
The thermocouple is connected tp the isothermal block by wire made from the same
metals as the thermocouple, called thermocouple extension wire. A thermocouple
extension wire is usually a shielded, twisted pair with the shield grounded at the
instrument to minimize interference pickup. Terminal strips constructed of
thermocouple material are available and should be used if intermediate connections are
required. Only a few mili-volts are produced by a thermocouple, so careful attention to
proper wiring and shielding is essential to good measurement.
Schematic depicting a hardware compensated thermocouple assembly
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Three basic types of thermocouple assembly

Some thermocouple assemblies are manufactured so that the thermocouple makes
electrical contact with the sheath (called ground junction) and some are manufactured
where the thermocouple is electrically insulated from the sheath (called ungrounded
junction) A third option is where the thermocouple extends slightly beyond the heath
(called exposed junction) Exposed junction offer the fastest response, but are not used in
oil and gas processing because they are subject to physical damage.
They would need to be installed without a thermowell to take advantage of this faster
response. Grounded junction offer faster response than ungrounded junctions because
the contact area which provides the electrical connection also provides good thermal
conduction. Also, grounding at thermocouple provides the most nearly symmetrical
circuit, which reduced interference picked up by the wires to a minimum. Grounded
thermocouples should be selected unless other components of the circuit require that the
ground be at some other point, or the process fluid and piping are not at ground
potential.grounding any measurement loop at more than one point will usually cause
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measurement errors because of potential difference in the grounding system.

These errors are more acute with low voltage signals such as generated by
thermocouples. These statements do not preclude grounding the extension wire shield at
the receiver, which is recommended.
The most common and leat expensive thermocouple is iron versus constant an (ISA type
J). Type can be used for measurement from -320F (-195C) to1400F (760C), but is
normally limited to 32 to 1000F (0-500C). Type J is usually furnished when no
specific type is specified
Chromal versus alumal thermocouples (ISA type K) offer better corrosion resistance.
Type K can be used for-310F (-190C) to 2500F (1370C) but usually limited to 32 to
2000F (0 to 1000C) Type K does not produce as much out put as type
Copper versus constantan thermocouples (ISA type T) are usually used when
temperatures below zero are to be measured. While the usable range for type T, 310 to
750 F (- 190 to 400 C), is the same for the lower limit and less for the higher limit
than for types J and K, the recommended range is -290 to 700F (-180 to 370C). The
materials used in type T behave more predictably at low temperatures than those used
for types J and K.
Chromel versus constant an thermocouples (ISA type E) provide the largest voltage
change per temperature change for standard thermocouples. An output of 40 millivolts
at 1000F can be compared to 30 mv for type J and 22 mv for type K. type E can be
used for 320 to 1830F (-195 to 1000() and is recommended for 32 to 1600F (0 to
870F). Some sources extend this range downward to -100F (-73 C), but type T is
generally considered a better choice for below freezing temperature. Type E has more
tendency to change
characteristics with time than types J, K and T.
These four types of thermocouples comprise the base metal thermocouples.
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Output versus temperature curves for the four types of base metal
thermocouples. (Types J, K, T and E)
Other thermocouple types, called the noble metal types are available for measurements
where the base metal types are not suitable. They are made from expensive metals such
as platinum, rhodium, iridium and tungsten thus are more expensive. Also, they do not
provide as much output as the base metal types.
These noble metal thermocouples are used in laboratories, for molten metals and other
applications, but are rarely used in production facilities.
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A nipple-union-nipple extension assembly for installing an RTD or

thermocouple element into a thermowell
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Resistance Temperature Detectors

The resistance of a conductor usually increase as the temperature increase. If the
properties of that conductor are known, the temperature can be calculated from the
measured resistance. A resistance temperature detector (RTD) is a conductor of known
characteristics constructed for insertion into the medium for temperature measurement.
Any conductor can be used to construct an RTD, but a few have been identified as
having more described characteristics than others. The characteristics which are desired
include.
1. Stability in the temperature range to be measured. The material must
not
melt, corrode, embrittle or change electrical characteristics when subjected
to the environment in which it will operate.
2. Linearity. The resistance change with temperature should be as liner
as possible over the range of interest to simplify readout.
3. High resistively. Less material is needed to manufacture an RTD with
a specified resistance when the material has a high characteristic resistively.
4. Workability. The material must be suitable for configuring for insertion
the media.
into
The materials which have been identified as having acceptable characteristics are:
copper, nickel, tungsten and platinum.
Copper has good linearity, workability, and is able up to 250F (120C), but has low
resistively, thus either a long conductor or one with a very small cross-sectional area is
required for a reasonable resistance. Nickel and nickel alloys have high resistively, good
stability and good workability, but have poor linearity.
Tungsten is brittle and difficult to work with. Platinum has been accepted as
the material which best fits all the criteria and has been generally accepted for
industrial measurement between -300 and 1200 F (-150 and 650C).
The effect of resistances inherent in the lead wires of the RTD circuit on the temperature
measurement can be minimized by increasing the resistance of the sensor; however, the
size of the sensor will also be increased. RTDS are commercially available with
resistances from 50 to 1000 ohms at 32F (0C) and increase resistance 0.385 ohms for
every C of temperature rise.
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This is called the European (E) standard and is in accordance with the DIN (Deutsche
Institut fuer Normung) 43760 Standard.
Chemically pure platinum has a rise of.392 ohms per C for a 100 ohm RTD in
accordance with the American (A) standard.
The European standard is dominant,. Even in the United States the American standard is
seldom used.
When the resistance of the RTD is found by measurement, the temperature can
be calculated:
C = (Ohms reading -100)/0.385
The accuracy of this calculation is determined primarily by the accuracy of the reading.
Modem instruments can measure resistance very accurately and the temperature can be
determined precisely if the resistance of the connecting circuit is insignificant or is
known. Unfortunately, this resistances usually not negligible or known for most
practical circuits. The wire thats usually used (16 AWG stranded copper) has a
resistance of approximately 4 ohms per 100 feet (305 m). If it is assumed that the RTD
is connected to the instrument by a 625- foot cable as shown in Figure, the total
resiatance will be 5 ohms larger than the RTD resistance, which will cause a 23.4 F
(13C) error. Furthermore, copper wire has a temperature coefficient of about 0.0039
ohms /C/ so the reading will vary about a degree for every 20 change in ambient
temperature.
These errors can be compensated for by measuring the resistance of every loop and
keeping track of the ambient temperature, but fortunately there are better methods.
Schematic two-wire RTD circuit
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Schematic of four-wire RTD circuit

The most accurate method for connecting the RTD is with four wires as shown in Figure
8. A constant current source forces a known current through the RTD, which for this
discussion will be assumed to be 2.6 milliamperes. The resistance of the wires
conducting this current does not need to be known. By Ohm's law, the voltage across the
RTD will be this current multiplied by the resistance of the RTD. This voltage is
measured by a high-impedance voltmeter on the other set of wires.
The voltmeter will read 260 millivolts when the temperature of the RTD is 32F (0C)
and its resistance is 100 ohms. For every 1.8 F (1C) of temperature rise, the resistance
of the RTD will increase 0.385 ohms, which when multiplied by the 2.6 milliamperes
flowing increases the voltage b 1 millivolt and the temperature in C can be read by
subtracting 260 from the reading. The resistance of the leads is not important, even in
relation to each other as long as the current can be maintained and the resistances of the
leads are small compared to the resistance of the voltmeter. Use of 4-wire RTD circuits
is usually limited to laboratories and situations where very high accuracy is desired
because less expansive 3-wire circuits almost always provide the needed accuracy.
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Schematic of Three-wire RTD circuit with a balanced bridge

A compromise connection method for RTDS that uses three wires and a balanced bridge
circuit is shown above. For this circuit, Rl and R2 are selected to be the same resistance
so that the voltage at the negative terminal of the voltmeter is one half o the supply
voltage. R3 is selected to be the same resistance as the RTD at the base temperature, 100
ohms if 0C is used as the base. For this circuit, it is important that wire A and wire B
have the same resistance. The usual practice is to run the three wires as a shielded raid,
thus they will all be the same length and the same resistance within manufacturing
tolerance.
At the base condition, the positive terminal will also see one-half of the supply voltage
and the reading will be zero. If 5.2 volts is used to power the bridge, the voltage will be
2.6 at each terminal of the voltmeter at the base temperature. When the temperature of
the RTD is raised one degree C, the voltage reading will increase to one millivolt. The
symmetry will be upset as the reading moves away from the base temperature and the
one millivolt per degree will not continue to be exact, but various schemes of
completion are available to give an acceptable reading.
The proceeding paragraphs are intended to explain the basis of two, three and four wire
RTD connections. The selection of resistors and compensation schemes are left to the
manufacturer of the instrument, but the facilities engineer selects which of the
connection methods to use.
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The three wire method is the proper selection for virtually all production facility
applications.
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDS) are the most frequently used electronic
temperature sensors for production facilities.
The industry has standardized on RTDS that are calibrated to Din standard 43760 which
is also known as the European standard RTDS which meet this standard measure 100
ohms at 0C, are made of platinum and exhibit a resistance increase of 0.385 ohms per
C temperature increase. Another standard, called the American Standard, is available
but is not in wide use, even in the United States. Typical RTDS are shown in Figure.
Various methods for attaching an RTD or thermocouple sheath to a

thermowell fitting
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RTDS are usually purchased as a probe assembly consisting of the RTD sensor installed
in a type 304 stainless steel sheath. The sheath is held in the thermowell by a fitting
which is threaded on both ends for attachment to the thermowell and the head so that the
tip of the sheath touches or is very near the end of the well. The preferred method of
attachment of the sheath to the fitting is with a spring assembly which allows the fitting
to be screwed into the thermowell as the spring is compressed. The spring holds the
sheath firmly against the bottom of the well for good heat transfer. Another method is to
sliver solder the sheath into the fitting which makes a good firm assembly, but requires a
small clearance from the bottom of the well. The third popular method is with a
comparison fitting so that the sheath can be pushed against the bottom of the well after
the fitting is screwed into the well. The compression nut is then tightened to hold the
sheath. The compression fitting
allows use of a universal probe in different lengths of thermowells.
The head of the assembly is a chamber where the leads from the RTD and the leads to
the receiver instrument can be terminated and connected to each other.
Temperature Transmitters
Temperature transmitters are used when it is necessary to convert the signal from a
temperature sensor to one of the standard signals for transmission over a long distance
or interface with other instruments. The signal is usually 4 to 20 ma. For electronic
transmission and 3 to 15 psig (20 to 100 Kpa) for pneumatic if a transmitter is used.
Other signals can be used if required by the receiver, but these are the most common and
should be used if possible. It is also possible to bring a temperature measurement into a
control room without using a transmitter A thermocouple RTD can be wired directly to
an instrument in the control room and this is acceptable practice.
Temperature transmitters for new installations are predominantly electronic with 4 to 20
ma. Outputs and inputs from thermocouples or RTDS. These transmitters can be
mounted in the field and on the thermowell or in the field on a support and connected to
the sensor by a cable.
Temperature transmitter mounted in the field must be protected from the elements by an
appropriate housing. A weatherproof (INEMA 4) housing is adequate for m most
applications, even in Division 2 hazardous area because there are no arching contacts in
a typical temperature transmitter. An explosion- proof (NEMA 7) housing is required for
Division I area unless the installation is certified intrinsically safe. The energy level
required in temperature transmitters is such that they can be used in intrinsically safe
installations if isolated from the power supply and receiver by approved barriers and
approved by an agency recognized in the country where installed.
Burn Out Protection
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 32
As the temperature sensors are continuously subjected to process temperature, there is a

likely chance of failure due to excess temperature or mechanical damage. In either
event, the RTD or thermocouple circuit will be open, discontinuing the electrical path.
This is called bum out.
It is a facility provided within the receiving instruments like the recorders, indicating,
controllers, to respond for such loss of input signals.
Burn out Protection Up Scale.
When the input to the instrument is disconnected the instrument shows a range
maximum value.
Burn out Protection Down Scale
When the input signal wiring to the instrument is disconnected. The instrument
shows scale minimum value.
The associated circuits with the above instrument like switches- alarm, shutdown logic
fail safe option is selected in Bum Out Protection.
Heat / Temperature
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 33
Temperature scales
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 34
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
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Sensors
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
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IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
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Thermo EMF
Thermocouples
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
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Temp Renges of T. C
Thermocouple
Pair
Iron-Constantan
CopperConstantan
Chromel
Alumel
Chronel
Constantan
IHRDC
Type
Positive
Insulation
BS/ANSI
Iron (magnetic)
:yellow
White
Copper (By Color)

:White/
Blue
Chromel (shiny)
Brown/
Yellow
Chromel (shiny)
Brown/
Purple
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Negative
Insulation
BS/ANSI
Constantan
(dull) :Blue/
Red
Useful
Range
0-800C
Constantan
(dull) :Blue/
Red
-200 to
+400C
Alumel
(Magnetic)
Blue
Red
0-1100C
Constantan
(dull) Blue/
Red
0-800C
Page 39
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
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IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
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Cables-color code
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TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
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Transfer log
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TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
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Derivative action
5. Training Aids
LIST OF TRANSPARENCIES
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 53
T1
Objectives
T2
Heat-Energy transfer
T3
Temperature Scales
T4
Sensors
T5
Thermowells
T6
Thermocouples
T7
Temp Ranges of T.C
T8
Promac Calibrator
T9
Calibration hook up
T10
T. C Verification
T11
Bridge circuit
T12
Resistance temperature Detector
T13
RTD wiring options
T14
RTD conversion tables
T15
Decade Resistance box
T16
RTD verification
T17
SMART transmitters
T18
Cold Junction
T19
Burn protection
T20
Cables-color code
T21
Transfer lag
T22
Derivative action
6. LESSON PLANS
Instructor 's guide
LESSON I
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 54
Introduction
Introduce your self and speak to the

participants to gauge their language
Objectives
- Show transparency Tl
read all the course objectives
Course out line
- Show transparency T2
Read the course plan
Heat/ Temperature
Temperature scales
Conversion
Show transparency T4
- Explain Ice point and Steam point.
About deg.centigrade,
about deg. fahrenheit,
about deg.kelvin or Absolute scale.
Sensors
Explain Bimetallic sensors
Filled system bulbs
Thermowells
Discuss thermo wells
screwed, flanged, length etc.
Temperature bath
Explain how to use the equipment
Explain about heat as an energy
Explain that temperature is the
intensity of heat
Lesson 2
Thermo EMF
IHRDC
Explain seebeck, Peltier and
Thomson effects
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 55
Thermocouples
Explain different types of thermo
couples,
Temperature ranges
Conversion tables
Test equipment
- Show transparency Tl1

explain the features of promac
calibrator
Calibration
Hook-up
- Show Transparency T12

Discuss the methods to simulate the
mv signal
Thermocouple
Verification
- show Transparency T13

Discuss the hook up
IHRDC
Show transparency Tl0

Explain the use of tables
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 56
LESSON 3
Wheatstone
bridge

- Explain the bridge balancing
RTD

Function of an RTD
Explain various symbols Pt 100, Cu 500
Wiring

Explain 2 wire, 3 wire
and 4 wire connections
Conversion
table
Show transparency Tl7

- Explain the use of tables
Decade
resistance box
RTD
verification
Smart
transmitters
IHRDC

Discuss the simulation method
Explain wiring
Explain hook up method and verification
Discuss smart communications
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 57
Lesson 4
CJC
Burn out
Protection

Explain reference junction
Discuss ambient temperature

Explain reasons for bum out
Discuss fail safe circuit
Explain up scale / down scale
Cables
Transfer lag
- - Show transparency T24

Discuss the energy transfer
Derivative action

Explain the need for a prediction
Explain how the controlers work
IHRDC

Explain extension leads
Discuss compensating cables
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 58
7. Assessment
Q, 1. A temperature transmitter was calibrated for 0-100C
(a) what will be the output when the process temperature is 348.15K? (output
range is 3 to 15 psig).
(b) what will be the local temperature gauge reading if the scale is in F?
Q.2. A temperature transmitter uses type T thermocouple, write down the procedure
to calibrate the instrument for a rang of -50 to +150C at a room temperature of
25C.
(a) Using thermocouple simulator.
(b) Using mV source and conversion tables.
Q.3. On a process line, RTD sensor resistance measured as 138.5 ohms. The
transmitter gives an output signal of16 mA. The process temperature was
brought down to 122F by the operator.
The transmitter gave an output of 8 mA. what is the calibrated range of the
transmitter?
IHRDC
TM I 06 (Rev. 0) 26.12.99
Page 59

Temp. Measurement

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ADMA-OPCO On-Site-Training

Instrumentation & Control

ADMA-OPCO ON-SITE-TRAINING PROGRAMME

Instrumentation & Control

This course is designed for ADMA-OPCO existing instrument

This course reviews types of temperature measurements used in

Temperature sensing elements.

Pre-alarm and trip/ alarm switch-settings.

Instrument technicians & senior technicians.

IHRDC Job Advisor: Tel # 68030, Fax # 68033

Instrumentation & Control

Instrumentation & Control

2. COURSE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Instrumentation & Control

7. Course Final Test

Instrumentation & Control

will be able to do the following:

Instrumentation & Control

- Total work shop time:

- Total Assessment time:

- Total Tea/ snack/ Prayer:

Instrumentation & Control

Resistance table verification

Burn out protection

Instrumentation & Control

EQUIPMENT & RESOURCES

Thermocouple type K, J, T . any one

Resistance temperature detector Pt 100

Filled system temperature indicating controller

Resistance decade box

Temperature transmitter (RTD or TC input)

Reference tables (RTD, T/C)

Instrumentation & Control

Instrumentation & Control

Instrumentation & Control

Example:1 Convert 100C into Fahrenheit Scale?

Example: 2. Convert 122F into degrees centigrade?

Example: 3 Convert -40C in degrees Fahrenheit?

Hence -40C = -40F !

Instrumentation & Control

Instrumentation & Control

Schematic of a typical bimetallic dial thremometer

Instrumentation & Control

Instrumentation & Control

Electric Temperature Switches

Instrumentation & Control

Schematics illustraating types of compensaating sysTems for filled system deuices

Instrumentation & Control

Instrumentation & Control

Schematics of threaded thermowells for screwed on connection

Instrumentation & Control

Instrumentation & Control

Schematic depicting a copper-constantan thermocouple circuit with an external

Instrumentation & Control

Schematic depicting a hardware compensated thermocouple assembly

Instrumentation & Control

Three basic types of thermocouple assembly

Instrumentation & Control

measurement errors because of potential difference in the grounding system.