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Frame Element Internal Forces Output Conventions

This document describes frame element internal force conventions. It lists the six internal forces as axial force P, shear forces V2 and V3, axial torque T, and bending moments M2 and M3. These forces are defined at cross-sections along the frame element and output at specified stations. The sign convention defines positive and negative faces, and indicates that positive internal forces acting on positive faces are oriented in the positive direction of the corresponding axis, while those on negative faces are oriented in the negative direction. It also describes the effects of positive M2 and M3 bending moments.

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Rodrigo Foneron
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522 views

Frame Element Internal Forces Output Conventions

This document describes frame element internal force conventions. It lists the six internal forces as axial force P, shear forces V2 and V3, axial torque T, and bending moments M2 and M3. These forces are defined at cross-sections along the frame element and output at specified stations. The sign convention defines positive and negative faces, and indicates that positive internal forces acting on positive faces are oriented in the positive direction of the corresponding axis, while those on negative faces are oriented in the negative direction. It also describes the effects of positive M2 and M3 bending moments.

Uploaded by

Rodrigo Foneron
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Frame Element Internal Forces Output Conventions

The frame internal forces are:

P, the axial force


V2, the shear force in the 1-2 plane
V3, the shear force in the 1-3 plane
T, the axial torque (about the 1-axis)
M2, the bending moment in the 1-3 plane (about the 2-axis)
M3, the bending moment in the 1-2 plane (about the 3-axis)

These internal forces and moments are present at every cross-section along the length of the frame. For each load pattern
and load combination the frame internal forces and moments are computed and reported at each frame output station. For
frame output displayed in a tabular form on the computer screen, printed to a printer or printed to a file, the locations of
the output stations are identified by the absolute distance to the station measured from the i-end of the frame.
The sign convention for frame internal forces is illustrated in the figure below. This sign convention can be described by
defining the concept of positive and negative faces of an object. Consider a section cut through the object in the 2-3 plane.
At this section the positive 1 face is the face whose outward normal (arrow that is perpendicular to the section and pointing
away from the section) is in the positive local 1 direction. At this same section the negative 1 face is one whose outward
normal is in the negative local 1 direction. The positive 2 and 3 faces are those faces with outward normals in the positive
local 2 and 3 directions, respectively, from the neutral axis. Note the following about the frame internal forces:

Positive internal forces (P, V2 and V3) and positive axial torque (T) acting on a positive 1 face are oriented in the positive
direction of the corresponding object local coordinate axis. For example, when V2 acting on a positive 1 face is positive, it is
oriented in the direction of the positive local 2-axis.
Positive internal forces (P, V2 and V3) and positive axial torque (T) acting on a negative 1 face are oriented in the negative
direction of the corresponding object local coordinate axis. For example, when V2 acting on a negative 1 face is positive, it is
oriented in the direction of the negative local 2-axis.
Positive M2 bending moments cause compression on the positive 3 face and tension on the negative 3 face.
Positive M3 bending moments cause compression on the positive 2 face and tension on the negative 2 face.
When end offsets along the length of the frame are present, the internal forces and moments are output at the faces of the
supports rather than the ends of the object. No output is produced within the end offset length.
The right-hand rule applies in the figure for determining the sense of the moments shown by the double arrows.

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