Rate : Number of Demographic Events of Interest Population at Risk XK

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I.

Define/Differentiate
1. Rate: A rate is a proportion with a time element, i.e., in which occurrences are quantified
over a period of time.
The term rate appropriately refers to the ratio of demographic events tothe population at risk in a
specified period.

Rate =

Number of demographic events of interest


xk
Population at risk

Population at risk: This could be the mid-year population (population at the first of July
1), population at the beginning of the year or a more complex definition. Period for a rate
is usually a year.
Rate could be crude or specific
It is considered as crude when it shows the frequency of a class of events throughout the
entire population without regarding to any of the smaller groupings. Crude rates are
highly sensitive to the structure (age) of the population and are not directly used for
comparison purposes. Where as a specific rate implies the events in a particular category
of age, sex, race, particular disease, or other classification variables are used.
MEASURES OF FERTIILIITY
1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR): is the number of live births in a year per 1000 mid year
population in the same year.
Total number of livebirth a year
CBR=
x 1000
Mid year populationthe same year
(*) Live Birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother as
a product of conception irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which
after such separation show evidence of life, (like breathing, pulsation of
the heart, etc.).
2. General Fertility Rate (GFR): is the number of births in a specified period per 1000
women aged 15-49 year; i.e.
Total number of live births during a year
GFR=
x 1000
Mid year female population aged 1549 years
GFR is general because we are considering all females in the age
group 15-49 without restricting to those who have child (children).

3. Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR): is the number of live births in a specified period
per 1000 women of a given age or age group
Total number of live births registered to women

Total number of live births registerd

ASFR women of a given age group during a year


Mid year female population on the same age group during the s
ASFR is used to measure the reproductivity performance of a given age, thus showing
variation in fertility by age.
2. Ratio: A ratio quantifies the magnitude of one occurrence or condition in relation to another.
1. Sex Ratio (SR): sex ratio is defined as the total number of male population per 100
female population,
SR = M/F x 100 where M and F are total number of male and female
populations, respectively.
Sex ratios are used for purposes of comparison.
a) The balance between the two sexes
b) The variation in the sex balance at different ages
c) It is also used for detecting errors in demographic data.
2. Child-Woman-Ratio (CWR): It is defined as the ratio of the number of children
under 5 years of age to the number of women in the childbearing age group (usually 15-49).
CWR =

P04 / Pf 1549 x 1000 = Number of children under 5 years of age per 1000

women in the child bearing age.


The child woman ratio is also known as measure of effective fertility because we are considering
survivals up to the age of 4 not the dead ones.
3. Dependency Ratio (DR): The dependency ratio describes the relation between the
potentially self-supporting portion of the population and the dependent portions at the
extremes of age. It is useful in economic studies.

P
P014 + 65+
P1564
DR =

x 100 =

P65+
x 100
P 1564
P014
x 100+
P1564

Proportion: is a type of ratio which quantifies occurrences in relation to the population in which
these occurrences take place. I.e., the numerator is also included in the denominator.
Example: The proportion of malaria cases among inhabitants of a certain locality.

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