Chapter 05

5
Analytic Trigonometry
14
5.1 Using Fundamental Identities

5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities
5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations
5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas
0
150
11
5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas
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Section 5.3, Example 12

Minimum Surface Area
of a Honeycomb
349
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350
Chapter 5
5.1
Using Fundamental Identities
What you should learn
Introduction
In Chapter 4, you studied the basic definitions, properties, graphs, and applications of
the individual trigonometric functions. In this chapter, you will learn how to use the
fundamental identities to do the following.
1. Evaluate trigonometric functions.
2. Simplify trigonometric expressions.
3. Develop additional trigonometric identities.
4. Solve trigonometric equations.
Recognize and write the

fundamental trigonometric
identities.
Use the fundamental trigonometric identities to evaluate
trigonometric functions, simplify
trigonometric expressions,
and rewrite trigonometric
expressions.
Why you should learn it

Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
Reciprocal Identities
sin u
1
csc u
cos u
1
sec u
tan u
1
cot u
csc u
1
sin u
sec u
1
cos u
cot u
1
tan u
cot u
cos u
sin u
The fundamental trigonometric

identities can be used to simplify
trigonometric expressions. For
instance, in Exercise 111 on page
356, you can use trigonometric
identities to simplify an expression
for the coefficient of friction.
Quotient Identities
tan u
sin u
cos u
Pythagorean Identities
sin2 u cos 2 u 1
1 tan2 u sec 2 u
1 cot 2 u csc 2 u
Cofunction Identities
2 u cos u

tan u cot u
2

sec u csc u
2
sin
2 u sin u

cot u tan u
2

csc u sec u
2
cos
Even/Odd Identities
sinu sin u
cscu csc u
cosu cos u
secu sec u
tanu tan u
cotu cot u
Pythagorean identities are sometimes used in radical form such as

sin u 1 cos2 u
or
tan u sec2 u 1
where the sign depends on the choice of u.
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Section 5.1
351
Using the Fundamental Identities

One common use of trigonometric identities is to use given values of trigonometric
functions to evaluate other trigonometric functions.
Example 1 Using Identities to Evaluate a Function

3
Use the values sec u and tan u > 0 to find the values of all six trigonometric
2
functions.
Solution
Using a reciprocal identity, you have
cos u
1
1
2

.
sec u 32
3
Using a Pythagorean identity, you have

sin2 u 1 cos 2 u
32
1
1
Pythagorean identity
Substitute 23 for cos u.
4
9
Evaluate power.
Technology Tip
5
.
9
Simplify.
Because sec u < 0 and tan u > 0, it follows that u lies in Quadrant III. Moreover,
because sin u is negative when u is in Quadrant III, you can choose the negative root
and obtain sin u 53. Now, knowing the values of the sine and cosine, you can
find the values of all six trigonometric functions.
sin u
cos u
tan u
2
3
sin u
53 5

cos u
23
2
You can use a graphing

utility to check the
result of Example 2.
To do this, enter
y1 sin x cos2 x sin x
csc u
35
1
3

5
sin u
5
and
sec u
1
3

cos u
2
cot u
1
25
2

tan u 5
5
Select the line style for y1 and

the path style for y2. Now,
graph both equations in the
same viewing window. The two
graphs appear to coincide, so
the expressions appear to be
equivalent. Remember that in
order to be certain that two
expressions are equivalent, you
need to show their equivalence
algebraically, as in Example 2.
Now try Exercise 13.
Example 2 Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression

Simplify sin x cos 2 x sin x.
Solution
y2 sin3 x.
First factor out a common monomial factor and then use a fundamental identity.
sin x
cos 2
x sin x sin x
cos2
x 1
Factor out monomial factor.
sin x1 cos 2 x
Distributive Property
sin xsin2 x
sin3 x
Multiply.
352
Chapter 5
When factoring trigonometric expressions, it is helpful to find a polynomial form

that fits the expression, as shown in Example 3.
Example 3 Factoring Trigonometric Expressions

Factor each expression.
a. sec 2 1
b. 4 tan2 tan 3
Solution
a. Here the expression is a difference of two squares, which factors as
sec2
1 sec 1sec 1).
b. This expression has the polynomial form ax 2 bx c and it factors as

4 tan2 tan 3 4 tan 3tan 1.
On occasion, factoring or simplifying can best be done by first rewriting the
expression in terms of just one trigonometric function or in terms of sine or cosine
alone. These strategies are illustrated in Examples 4 and 5.
Example 4 Factoring a Trigonometric Expression

Factor csc 2 x cot x 3.
Solution
Use the identity
csc 2 x 1 cot 2 x
to rewrite the expression in terms of the cotangent.
csc 2 x cot x 3 1 cot 2 x cot x 3
cot 2 x cot x 2
Combine like terms.
cot x 2cot x 1
Factor.
Technology Tip
You can use the table
feature of a graphing
utility to check the
result of Example 5. To do this,
enter
y1 sin x
x
cos x
cos
sin x
and
y2
1
.
sin x
Now, create a table that shows

the values of y1 and y2 for
different values of x. The
values of y1 and y2 appear to
be identical, so the expressions
appear to be equivalent. To
show that the expressions are
equivalent, you need to show
their equivalence algebraically,
as in Example 5.
Example 5 Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression

Simplify sin t cot t cos t.
Solution
Begin by rewriting cot t in terms of sine and cosine.
sin t cot t cos t sin t
sin t cos t
cos t
Quotient identity
sin2 t cos 2 t
sin t
Add fractions.
1
sin t
csc t
Reciprocal identity

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Section 5.1
The next two examples involve techniques for rewriting expressions in forms that
are used in calculus.
Example 6 Rewriting a Trigonometric Expression

Rewrite
1
so that it is not in fractional form.
1 sin x
Solution
From the Pythagorean identity
cos 2 x 1 sin2 x 1 sin x1 sin x
you can see that multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by 1 sin x will
produce a monomial denominator.
1
1

1 sin x 1 sin x
1 sin x
1 sin x
Multiply numerator and

denominator by 1 sin x.
1 sin x
1 sin2 x
Multiply.
1 sin x
cos 2 x
1
sin x

cos 2 x cos 2 x
Write as separate fractions.
1
sin x

cos 2 x cos x
cos x
sec2 x tan x sec x

Reciprocal and quotient identities
Example 7 Trigonometric Substitution

Use the substitution x 2 tan , 0 < < 2, to write 4 x 2 as a trigonometric
function of .
Solution
Begin by letting x 2 tan . Then you can obtain
4 x 2 4 2 tan 2
Substitute 2 tan for x.
41 tan2
4 sec 2
2 sec .
sec > 0 for 0 < <

2

Figure 5.1 shows the right triangle illustration
of the substitution in Example 7. For 0 < < 2,
you have
opp x, adj 2, and hyp 4 x2.
Try using these expressions to obtain the result shown
in Example 7.
4+
= arctan
x
x
2
2
Figure 5.1
353
354
Chapter 5
5.1
See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.
For instructions on how to use a graphing utility, see Appendix A.
Exercises
Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. Match each function with an equivalent expression.
1
(a) sin u
(i)
sec u
2. Match each expression with an equivalent expression.

(a) sin2 u
(i) 1 cot2 u
(b) cos u
(ii)
1
cot u
(b) sec2 u
(ii) 1 cos2 u
(c) tan u
(iii)
1
csc u
(c) csc2 u
(iii) 1 tan2 u
In Exercises 36, fill in the blank to complete the trigonometric identity.
2 u _______

4. csc u _______
2
3. cos
5. cosu _______
6. tanu _______
Procedures and Problem Solving

Using Identities to Evaluate a Function In Exercises
720, use the given values to evaluate (if possible) all six
trigonometric functions.
1
7. sin x ,
2
cos x
8. csc 2,
tan
2
3
9. sec 2, sin
10. tan x
3
7
11. tan x ,
24
12.
13.
14.
15.
, cos x
2
3
25
sec x
24
26
cot 5, sin
26
17
8
sec , sin
15
17

3
4
cos
x , cos x
2
5
5
2
25
sinx , tan x
3
5
16. cscx 5, cos x

17.
18.
19.
20.
24
tan 2, sin < 0

sec 3, tan < 0
csc is undefined, cos < 0
tan is undefined, sin > 0
Matching Trigonometric Expressions In Exercises

2126, match the trigonometric expression with one of
the following.
(a) sec x
(b) 1
(c) cot x
(d) 1
(e) tan x
(f) sin x
21. sec x cos x

23. cot2 x csc 2 x
sinx
25.
cosx
22. tan x csc x

24. 1 cos 2 xcsc x
sin2 x
26.
cos2 x
Matching Trigonometric Expressions In Exercises

2732, match the trigonometric expression with one of
the following.
(a) csc x
(b) tan x
(c) sin2 x
(d) sin x tan x
(e) sec2 x
(f) sec2 x tan2 x
27. sin x sec x

29. sec4 x tan4 x
sec2 x 1
31.
sin2 x
28. cos2 xsec2 x 1

30. cot x sec x
cos22 x
32.
cos x
Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression In Exercises

3344, use the fundamental identities to simplify the
expression. Use the table feature of a graphing utility to
check your result numerically.
33. cot x sin x
35. sin csc sin
34. cos tan

36. sec 2 x1 sin2 x
Section 5.1
37.
csc x
cot x
39. sec
41. sin
43.
sec
csc
tan2
40.
sec2

42. cot
x cos x
2
1
44.
cot2 x 1
38.
sin
tan
2 x csc x
cos2 y
1 sin y
45. cot2 x cot2 x cos2 x

47.
49.
51.
53.
54.
46. sec2 x tan2 x sec2 x

csc2 x 1
cos2 x 4
48.
cos x 2
csc x 1
4
2
50. 1 2 sin2 x sin4 x
tan x 2 tan x 1
4
4
52. sec4 x tan4 x
sin x cos x
csc3 x csc2 x csc x 1
sec3 x sec2 x sec x 1

5558, perform the multiplication and use the
fundamental identities to simplify.
55.
56.
57.
58.
sin x cos x
tan x sec xtan x sec x
csc x 1csc x 1
5 5 sin x5 5 sin x
1
1
1
1
60.

1 cos x 1 cos x
sec x 1 sec x 1
cos x
sec2 x
1 sin x
61. tan x
62.

tan x
1 sin x
cos x
cos x
1 sec x
tan x
63. tan x
64.

1 sin x
1 sec x
tan x
59.
Rewriting a Trigonometric Expression In Exercises

6570, rewrite the expression so that it is not in fractional
form.
sin2 y
1 cos y
sin x
67.
tan x
3
69.
sec x tan x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
y1
y2
71. y1 cos
2 x,
y2 sin x
72. y1 cos x sin x tan x, y2 sec x

cos x
1 sin x
, y2
73. y1
1 sin x
cos x
4
2
74. y1 sec x sec x, y2 tan2 x tan4 x
Graphing Trigonometric Functions In Exercises 7578,
use a graphing utility to determine which of the six
trigonometric functions is equal to the expression.
75. cos x cot x sin x
76. sin xcot x tan x
cos x
77. sec x
1 sin x
1 1 sin
cos

78.
2 cos
1 sin

5964, perform the addition or subtraction and use the
fundamental identities to simplify.
65.
Graphing Trigonometric Functions In Exercises 7174,

use a graphing utility to complete the table and graph
the functions in the same viewing window. Make a
conjecture about y1 and y2.
Factoring Trigonometric Expressions In Exercises

4554, factor the expression and use the fundamental
identities to simplify. Use a graphing utility to check
your result graphically.
355
5
tan x sec x
tan y
68.
2
sin y cos2 y
tan2 x
70.
csc x 1
66.
Trigonometric Substitution In Exercises 7990, use

the trigonometric substitution to write the algebraic
expression as a trigonometric function of , where
0 < < /2.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
x 5 sin
64
x 2 cos
2
x 9, x 3 sec
x 2 100, x 10 tan
9 x2, x 3 sin
4 x2, x 2 cos
4x2 9, 2x 3 tan
9x2 4, 3x 2 tan
16x2 9, 4x 3 sec
9x2 25, 3x 5 sec
2 x2, x 2 sin
5 x2, x 5 cos
25 x 2,
16x 2,
Solving a Trigonometric Equation In Exercises 9194,

use a graphing utility to solve the equation for , where
0
< 2.
91. sin 1 cos2
93. sec 1 tan2
92. cos 1 sin2

94. tan sec2 1
356
Chapter 5
Rewriting Expressions In Exercises 95100, rewrite the

expression as a single logarithm and simplify the result.
(Hint: Begin by using the properties of logarithms.)
95.
97.
98.
99.
ln cos ln sin
96. ln csc ln tan
ln1 sin x ln sec x
ln cot t ln1 tan2 t
ln sec x ln sin x
100. ln cot x ln sin x
Conclusions
True or False? In Exercises 114 and 115, determine
whether the statement is true or false. Justify your
answer.
116. C A P S T O N E
(a) Use the definitions of sine and cosine to derive
the Pythagorean identity sin2 cos2 1.
(b) Use the Pythagorean identity sin2 cos2 1
to derive the other Pythagorean identities,
1 tan2 sec2 and 1 cot2 csc2 .
Discuss how to remember these identities and
other fundamental identities.
Using Identities In Exercises 101106, show that the

identity is not true for all values of . (There are many
correct answers.)
101. cos 1 sin2
103. sin 1 cos2
105. csc 1 cot2
102. tan sec2 1

104. sec 1 tan2
106. cot csc2 1
Using Identities In Exercises 107110, use the table

feature of a graphing utility to demonstrate the identity
for each value of .
2
7
2
2
108. tan 1 sec , (a) 346 (b) 3.1

109. cos
sin , (a) 80 (b) 0.8
2
110. sin sin , (a) 250 (b) 12
107. csc2 cot2 1, (a) 132 (b)
111.
(p. 350) The forces acting

on an object weighing W units on an
inclined plane positioned at an angle of
with the horizontal are modeled by
W cos W sin
where is the coefficient of friction (see
figure). Solve the equation for and simplify the result.
115. cos sec 1
114. sin csc 1
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions In Exercises

117120, fill in the blanks. (Note: x c indicates that x
approaches c from the right, and x c indicates that x
approaches c from the left.)

, sin x and csc x .
2
118. As x 0 , cos x and sec x .

119. As x
, tan x and cot x .
2
120. As x , sin x and csc x .
117. As x
121. Write each of the other trigonometric functions of in

terms of sin .
122. Write each of the other trigonometric functions of in
terms of cos .
Cumulative Mixed Review

Adding or Subtracting Rational Expressions In Exercises
123126, perform the addition or subtraction and simplify.
112. Rate of Change The rate of change of the function

f x csc x sin x is given by the expression
csc x cot x cos x. Show that this expression can also
be written as cos x cot 2 x.
f x sec x cos x is given by the expression
sec x tan x sin x. Show that this expression can also
be written as sin x tan2 x.
123.
125.
1
x

x5 x8
x2
124.
2x
7

4 x4
126.
6x
3

x4 4x
x2
x2
x

25 x 5
Graphing Trigonometric Functions In Exercises

127130, sketch the graph of the function. (Include two
full periods.)
127. f x
1
sin x
2
129. f x

1
cot x
2
4
130. f x
3
cosx 3
2
128. f x 2 tan
x
2
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Section 5.2
5.2
Verifying Trigonometric Identities
357

In this section, you will study techniques for verifying trigonometric identities. In the
next section, you will study techniques for solving trigonometric equations. The key to
both verifying identities and solving equations is your ability to use the fundamental
identities and the rules of algebra to rewrite trigonometric expressions.
Remember that a conditional equation is an equation that is true for only some of
the values in its domain. For example, the conditional equation
sin x 0
Conditional equation
is true only for

x n
Verify trigonometric identities.

You can use trigonometric identities
to rewrite trigonometric expressions.
For instance, Exercise 77 on page
364 shows you how trigonometric
identities can be used to simplify an
equation that models the length of a
shadow cast by a gnomon (a device
used to tell time).
where n is an integer. When you find these values, you are solving the equation.
On the other hand, an equation that is true for all real values in the domain of the
variable is an identity. For example, the familiar equation
sin2 x 1 cos 2 x
Identity
is true for all real numbers x. So, it is an identity.

Verifying that a trigonometric equation is an identity is quite different from solving
an equation. There is no well-defined set of rules to follow in verifying trigonometric
identities, and the process is best learned by practice.
Guidelines for Verifying Trigonometric Identities
1. Work with one side of the equation at a time. It is
often better to work with the more complicated
side first.
2. Look for opportunities to factor an expression,
add fractions, square a binomial, or create a
monomial denominator.
3. Look for opportunities to use the fundamental
identities. Note which functions are in the final
expression you want. Sines and cosines pair up
well, as do secants and tangents, and cosecants
and cotangents.
4. When the preceding guidelines do not help, try
converting all terms to sines and cosines.
5. Always try something. Even making an attempt
that leads to a dead end provides insight.
Verifying trigonometric identities is a useful process when you need to convert a

trigonometric expression into a form that is more useful algebraically. When you
verify an identity, you cannot assume that the two sides of the equation are equal
because you are trying to verify that they are equal. As a result, when verifying identities,
you cannot use operations such as adding the same quantity to each side of the
equation or cross multiplication.
Mark Grenier 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
358
Chapter 5
Example 1 Verifying a Trigonometric Identity
Technology Tip
Verify the identity.

sec2 1
sin2
sec2
Although a graphing
utility can be useful in
helping to verify an
identity, you must use algebraic
techniques to produce a valid
proof. For example, graph the
two functions
Solution
Because the left side is more complicated, start with it.
sec2 1 tan2 1 1

sec2
sec2
y1 sin 50x
tan2

sec2
Simplify.
tan2 cos 2
Reciprocal identity
sin2
cos2
cos2
sin2
y2 sin 2x
in a trigonometric viewing
window. On some graphing
utilities the graphs appear to
be identical. However,
sin 50x sin 2x.
Quotient identity
Simplify.

There can be more than one way to verify an identity. Here is another way to
verify the identity in Example 1.
sec2 1 sec2
1

2
2
sec
sec sec2
Rewrite as the difference of fractions.
1 cos 2
Reciprocal identity
sin2
Remember that an identity is true only for all real values in the domain of the
variable. For instance, in Example 1 the identity is not true when 2 because
sec2 is not defined when 2.
Example 2 Combining Fractions Before Using Identities

2 sec2
1
1

1 sin 1 sin
Algebraic Solution
Numerical Solution
The right side is more complicated, so start with it.
Use a graphing utility to create a table that

shows the values of y1 2cos2 x and
y2 1/1 sin x 11 sin x for different
values of x, as shown in Figure 5.2.
1
1
1 sin 1 sin

1 sin 1 sin
1 sin 1 sin
Add fractions.
2
1 sin2
Simplify.
2
cos2
2 sec2
The values appear

to be identical, so
the equation
appears to be an
identity.
Reciprocal identity
Figure 5.2
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Jason Stitt 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
Section 5.2
In Example 2, you needed to write the Pythagorean identity sin2 u cos2 u 1 in

the equivalent form
cos2 u 1 sin2 u.
When verifying identities, you may find it useful to write Pythagorean identities in one
of these equivalent forms.
Equivalent Forms
sin2 u 1 cos2 u
sin2 u cos2 u 1
cos2 u 1 sin2 u
1 sec2 u tan2 u
1 tan2 u sec2 u
tan2 u sec2 u 1
1 csc2 u cot2 u
1 cot2 u csc2 u
cot2 u csc2 u 1

Verify the identity tan2 x 1cos 2 x 1 tan2 x.
Algebraic Solution
Graphical Solution
2
By applying identities before multiplying, you obtain the following.
tan2 x 1cos 2 x 1 sec2 xsin2 x

sin2 x

cos 2 x
sin x
cos x
Pythagorean identities
y1 = (tan 2 x + 1)(cos 2 x 1)
2
2
Reciprocal identity
tan2 x
Property of exponents
Quotient identity
y2 = tan2 x
Because the graphs appear to

coincide, the given equation
appears to be an identity.
Example 4 Converting to Sines and Cosines

Verify the identity tan x cot x sec x csc x.
Solution
In this case there appear to be no fractions to add, no products to find, and no
opportunities to use the Pythagorean identities. So, try converting the left side to sines
and cosines.
sin x
cos x

cos x
sin x
Quotient identities
sin2 x cos 2 x
cos x sin x
Add fractions.
1
cos x sin x
1
cos x
Product of fractions
tan x cot x
sin x
sec x csc x
Reciprocal identities
359
360
Chapter 5
Recall from algebra that rationalizing the denominator using conjugates is, on
occasion, a powerful simplification technique. A related form of this technique works
for simplifying trigonometric expressions as well. For instance, to simplify
1
1 cos x
multiply the numerator and the denominator by 1 cos x.
1
1
1 cos x

1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x
1 cos x
1 cos2 x
1 cos x
sin2 x
csc2 x1 cos x
As shown above, csc2 x1 cos x is considered a simplified form of
1
1 cos x
because the expression does not contain any fractions.

sec x tan x
cos x
1 sin x
Graphical Solution
Algebraic Solution
Begin with the right side because you can create a monomial denominator
by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 1 sin x.
cos x
cos x
1 sin x

1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x
Multiply numerator and

denominator by 1 sin x.
cos x cos x sin x

1 sin2 x
Multiply.
cos x cos x sin x

cos 2 x
cos x
cos x sin x

2
cos x
cos2 x
1
sin x

cos x cos x
Simplify.
sec x tan x
y1 = sec x + tan x
7
2
9
2
y2 =
cos x
1 sin x
Because the graphs appear to

coincide, the given equation
appears to be an identity.
Identities

In Examples 1 through 5, you have been verifying trigonometric identities by
working with one side of the equation and converting it to the form given on the other
side. On occasion it is practical to work with each side separately to obtain one
common form equivalent to both sides. This is illustrated in Example 6.
Section 5.2
361
Example 6 Working with Each Side Separately

1 sin
cot 2

1 csc
sin
Algebraic Solution
Numerical Solution
Working with the left side, you have
Use a graphing utility to create a table that shows the

values of
cot 2
csc2 1

1 csc
1 csc
csc 1csc 1
1 csc
csc 1.
Factor.
Simplify.
Now, simplifying the right side, you have
y1
cot2 x
1 csc x
y2
1 sin x
sin x
and
for different values of x, as shown in Figure 5.3.
1 sin
1
sin

sin
sin sin
csc 1.
The values for y1

and y2 appear to
be identical, so the
equation appears to
be an identity.
Reciprocal identity
The identity is verified because both sides are equal to csc 1.

Figure 5.3
In Example 7, powers of trigonometric functions are rewritten as more complicated

sums of products of trigonometric functions. This is a common procedure used in
calculus.
Example 7 Examples from Calculus

Verify each identity.
Whats Wrong?
a. tan4 x tan2 x sec2 x tan2 x

b. sin3 x cos4 x cos4 x cos 6 xsin x
c. csc4 x cot x csc2 xcot x cot3 x
Solution
a. tan4 x tan2 xtan2 x
Write as separate factors.
tan2 xsec2 x 1
tan x sec x tan x

2
Multiply.
b. sin3 x cos4 x sin2 x cos4 x sin x
1 cos xcos x sin x
cos4 x cos6 xsin x
Multiply.
c. csc4 x cot x csc2 x csc2 x cot x
20
csc2 x1 cot2 x cot x
csc2 xcot x cot3 x
Multiply.
To determine the validity

of the statement
? 5
tan2 x sin2 x tan2 x, you use
6
a graphing utility to graph
y1 tan2 x sin2 x and
5
y2 tan2 x, as shown in the
6
figure. You use the graph to
conclude that the statement is an
identity. Whats wrong?
3
3
20
362
Chapter 5
5.2
Exercises

In Exercises 18, fill in the blank to complete the trigonometric identity.
1.
1
_______
tan u
2.
1
_______
csc u
3.
sin u
_______
cos u
4.
1
_______
sec u
2 u _______
5. sin2 u _______ 1
6. tan
7. sinu _______
8. secu _______
9. Is a graphical solution sufficient to verify a trigonometric identity?

10. Is a conditional equation true for all real values in its domain?

Verifying a Trigonometric Identity In Exercises 1120,
verify the identity.
11. sin t csc t 1
12. sec y cos y 1
csc2 x
13.
csc x sec x
cot x
sin2 t
14.
cos2 t
tan2 t
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
cos 2
sin2
1 2 sin2
cos 2
sin2
2 cos 2
1
Algebraic-Graphical-Numerical In Exercises 2128, use

a graphing utility to complete the table and graph the
functions in the same viewing window. Use both the table
and the graph as evidence that y1 y2 . Then verify the
identity algebraically.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
y1
y1
y1
y1

Error Analysis In Exercises 29 and 30, describe the

error.
tan2 6 sec2 5
2 csc 2 z 1 cot2 z
1 sin x1 sin x cos2 x
tan 2 ycsc 2 y 1 1
csc x sin x, y2 cos x cot x

sec x cos x, y2 sin x tan x
sin x cos x cot x, y2 csc x
cos x sin x tan x, y2 sec x
1
1
27. y1

, y2 tan x cot x
tan x cot x
1
1
28. y1

, y2 csc x sin x
sin x csc x
23.
24.
25.
26.
1.0
y1
y2
1
21. y1
, y2 csc x sin x
sec x tan x
csc x 1
22. y1
, y2 csc x
1 sin x
1.2
1.4
29. 1 tan x1 cotx

1 tan x1 cot x
1 cot x tan x tan x cot x
1 cot x tan x 1
2 cot x tan x
30.
1 sec
1 sec

sin tan sin tan
1 sec
sin 1
cos1
1 sec
sin 1 sec
1
csc
sin
Section 5.2
Verifying a Trigonometric Identity In Exercises 31 and
32, fill in the missing step(s).
31. sec4 x 2 sec2 x 1 sec2 x 12

tan4 x
sin x
cos x

tan x cot x
cos x
sin x
32.

tan x cot x
sin x
cos x

cos x
sin x

sin2 x cos2 x

1
sin2 x cos2 x

1 2 cos2 x
33. sin12 x cos x sin52 x cos x cos3 xsin x
34. sec6 xsec x tan x sec4 xsec x tan x sec5 x tan3 x

35. cot
x csc x sec x
2
sec2 x
36.
sec x
tan2 x
cscx
37.
cot x
secx
38. 1 sin y1 siny cos2 y

verify the identity algebraically. Use the table feature of
a graphing utility to check your result numerically.
cos x cos y
sin x sin y

0
sin x sin y
cos x cos y
tan x cot y
tan y cot x
40.
tan x cot y
cos
41.
sec tan
1 sin
39.
42. sec tan csc 1 cot

x sin2 x 1
43. sin2
2

y 1
44. sec2 y cot 2
2

x tan x
45. sin x csc
2

x 1 cot2 x
46. sec2
2
363

verify the identity algebraically. Use a graphing utility to
check your result graphically.
47. 2 sec2 x 2 sec2 x sin2 x sin2 x cos 2 x 1
sin x cos x
cot x csc2 x
48. csc xcsc x sin x
sin x
cot x tan x
csc x
49.
sin x
50.
1 csc
cot cos
sec
51. csc tan sec

52. sin csc sin2 cos2
sin2
cos
53. 1
1 cos
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
1 sec
tan

2 csc
1 sec
tan
sin
1 cos

1 cos
sin
cot
csc 1

csc 1
cot
3
tan 1
tan2 tan 1
tan 1
sin3
cos3
1 sin
cos
sin
cos
Graphing a Trigonometric Function In Exercises 5962,

use a graphing utility to graph the trigonometric
function. Use the graph to make a conjecture about a
simplification of the expression. Verify the resulting
identity algebraically.
1
1

cot x 1 tan x 1
cos x
sin x cos x
60. y

1 tan x sin x cos x
cot2 t
1
cos2 x
61. y
62. y sin t

sin x
sin x
csc t
59. y
Verifying an Identity Involving Logarithms In Exercises

63 and 64, use the properties of logarithms and
trigonometric identities to verify the identity.
63. ln cot ln cos ln sin

64. ln sec ln cos
Using Cofunction Identities In Exercises 6568, use the

cofunction identities to evaluate the expression without
using a calculator.
65. sin2 35 sin2 55
66. cos 2 14 cos 2 76
2
2
67. cos 20 cos 52 cos2 38 cos2 70
68. sin2 18 sin2 40 sin2 50 sin2 72
364
Chapter 5
Examples from Calculus In Exercises 6972, powers of

trigonometric functions are rewritten to be useful in
calculus. Verify the identity.
69.
70.
71.
72.
tan5 x tan3 x sec2 x tan3 x

sec4 x tan2 x tan2 x tan4 xsec2 x
cos 3 x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 4 xcos x
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1 2 cos 2 x 2 cos 4 x

73. tansin1 x
77.
(p. 357) The length s of a

shadow cast by a vertical gnomon (a device
used to tell time) of height h when the angle
of the sun above the horizon is (see figure)
can be modeled by the equation
(a) Verify that the equation for s is equal to h cot .

(b) Use a graphing utility to complete the table. Let
h 5 feet.
30
45
83.
sin x
1 cos x

,
1 cos x
sin x
84.
tan x
sec x

, x
tan x
sec x cos x
x0
Using Trigonometric Substitution In Exercises 8588,

use the trigonometric substitution to write the algebraic
expression as a trigonometric function of , where
0 < < /2. Assume a > 0.
u a sin
u a cos
2
2
a u , u a tan
u2 a2, u a sec
a2 u2,
a2 u2,
Think About It In Exercises 8992, explain why the

equation is not an identity and find one value of the
variable for which the equation is not true.
h ft
15
79. There can be more than one way to verify a trigonometric

identity.
80. Of the six trigonometric functions, two are even.
81. The equation sin2 cos2 1 tan2 is an identity,
because sin20 cos20 1 and 1 tan20 1.
82. sinx2 sin2x
85.
86.
87.
88.
h sin90
s
.
sin
True or False? In Exercises 7982, determine whether

the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
Verifying a Trigonometric Identity In Exercises 83

and 84, (a) verify the identity and (b) determine whether
the identity is true for the given value of x. Explain.
1 x2
74. cossin1 x 1 x2
x1
x1
75. tan sin1

4
16 x 12
4 x 12
x1
76. tan cos1

2
x1
Conclusions
60
75
90
s
(c) Use your table from part (b) to determine the angles
of the sun that result in the maximum and
minimum lengths of the shadow.
(d) Based on your results from part (c), what time of
day do you think it is when the angle of the sun
above the horizon is 90?
f x sin x csc x is given by cos x csc x cot x.
Show that the expression for the rate of change can also
be given by cos x cot2 x.
Mark Grenier 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
89. tan2 x tan x

90. sin 1 cos2
2
91. tan sec 1
92. sin2 x cos2 x sin x cos x
93. Verify that for all integers n, cos
2n 1
0.
2
94. C A P S T O N E Write a study sheet explaining the

difference between a trigonometric identity and a
conditional equation. Include suggestions on how to
verify a trigonometric identity.

Graphing an Exponential Function In Exercises 9598,
use a graphing utility to construct a table of values for
the function. Then sketch the graph of the function.
Identify any asymptotes of the graph.
95. f x 2x 3
97. f x 2x 1
96. f x 2x3
98. f x 2x1 3
Section 5.3
5.3
Solving Trigonometric Equations
Introduction
To solve a trigonometric equation, use standard algebraic techniques such as collecting
like terms and factoring. Your preliminary goal is to isolate the trigonometric function
involved in the equation.
Example 1 Solving a Trigonometric Equation
Solution
2 sin x 1 0
Write original equation.
2 sin x 1
1
Divide each side by 2.
1
To solve for x, note in Figure 5.4 that the equation sin x 2 has solutions x 6 and
x 56 in the interval 0, 2. Moreover, because sin x has a period of 2, there are
infinitely many other solutions, which can be written as
x
and
5
2n
6
Use standard algebraic

techniques to solve trigonometric
equations.
Solve trigonometric equations
of quadratic type.
involving multiple angles.
Use inverse trigonometric
functions to solve trigonometric
equations.
Add 1 to each side.
sin x 2

2n
6
Solve 2 sin x 1 0.
x
365
You can use trigonometric equations

to solve a variety of real-life problems.
For instance, in Exercise 96 on page
375, you can solve a trigonometric
equation to help answer questions
about monthly sales of skis.
General solution
where n is an integer, as shown in Figure 5.4.

y
x = 2
6
y=
1
2
x=
1
x=
+ 2
6
x = 5 2
6
x = 5
6
x = 5 + 2
6
y = sin x
Figure 5.4

1
Another way to show that the equation sin x 2 has infinitely many solutions is
indicated in Figure 5.5. Any angles that are coterminal with 6 or 56 are also
solutions of the equation.
sin 5 + 2n = 1
2
6
5
6
sin + 2n = 1
2
6
Figure 5.5
Vlad Turchenko 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
366
Chapter 5
Example 2 Collecting Like Terms

Find all solutions of
sin x 2 sin x
in the interval 0, 2.
Algebraic Solution
Numerical Solution
Rewrite the equation so that sin x is isolated on one side of

the equation.
Use a graphing utility set in radian mode to create a table that

shows the values of y1 sin x 2 and y2 sin x for
different values of x. Your table should go from x 0 to
x 2 using increments of 8, as shown in Figure 5.6.
sin x 2 sin x

Add sin x to and subtract
2 from each side.
sin x sin x 2
2 sin x 2
sin x
The values of y1 and y2

appear to be identical
when x 3.927 5 /4
and x 5.4978 7 /4.
These values are the
approximate solutions
of sin x + 2 = sin x.
Combine like terms.
The solutions in the interval 0, 2 are

x
5
4
x
and
7
.
4
Figure 5.6
Example 3 Extracting Square Roots

Solve 3 tan2 x 1 0.
Solution
Rewrite the equation so that tan x is isolated on one side of the equation.
3 tan2 x 1 0
3 tan2 x 1
tan2 x
Add 1 to each side.
1
3
tan x
tan x
Extract square roots.
3
3
Rationalize the denominator.
Because tan x has a period of , first find all solutions in the interval 0, . These are
x

6
and
x
5
.
6
y = 3 tan2 x 1
Finally, add multiples of to each of these solutions to get the general form
x

n
6
and
x
5
n
6
General solution
where n is an integer. You can confirm this answer by graphing y 3 tan2 x 1 with
a graphing utility, as shown in Figure 5.7. The graph has x-intercepts at 6, 56,
76, and so on. These x-intercepts correspond to the solutions of 3 tan2 x 1 0.
5
2

2
2
Figure 5.7
Section 5.3
367
The equations in Examples 13 involved only one trigonometric function. When

two or more functions occur in the same equation, collect all terms on one side and try
to separate the functions by factoring or by using appropriate identities. This may
produce factors that yield no solutions, as illustrated in Example 4.
Example 4 Factoring
Solve cot x cos2 x 2 cot x.
Solution
Begin by rewriting the equation so that all terms are collected on one side of the
equation.
cot x
cos 2
cot x cos 2 x 2 cot x
x 2 cot x 0
Subtract 2 cot x from each side.
cot xcos2 x 2 0
Factor.
By setting each of these factors equal to zero, you obtain the following.
cot x 0
cos2 x 2 0
and
Explore the Concept
cos2 x 2
cos x 2
In the interval 0, , the equation cot x 0 has the solution
x

.
2
No solution is obtained for
Using the equation in

Example 4, explain
what happens when
each side of the equation is
divided by cot x. Why is this
an incorrect method to use
when solving an equation?
cos x 2
because 2 are outside the range of the cosine function. Because cot x has a period
of , the general form of the solution is obtained by adding multiples of to x 2,
to get
x

n
2
General solution
where n is an integer. The graph of y cot x cos 2 x 2 cot x (in dot mode), shown in
Figure 5.8, confirms this result. From the graph you can see that the x-intercepts occur at

,
2

,
2
3
,
2
5
2
and so on. These x-intercepts correspond to the solutions of

cot x cos2 x 2 cot x.
3
y = cot x cos2 x 2 cot x
3
Figure 5.8

Maridav 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
Ariwasabi 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
Digitalreflections 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
368
Chapter 5
Equations of Quadratic Type

Many trigonometric equations are of quadratic type ax2 bx c 0, as shown
below. To solve equations of this type, factor the quadratic or, when factoring is not
possible, use the Quadratic Formula.
Quadratic in sin x
2 sin2 x sin x 1 0
Quadratic in sec x
sec2 x 3 sec x 2 0
2sin x2 sin x 1 0
sec x2 3 sec x 2 0
Example 5 Factoring an Equation of Quadratic Type

Find all solutions of 2 sin2 x sin x 1 0 in the interval 0, 2.
Algebraic Solution
Graphical Solution
Treating the equation as a quadratic in sin x and factoring

produces the following.
2 sin2 x sin x 1 0
2 sin x 1sin x 1 0

Factor.
The x-intercepts are

x 1.571, x 3.665,
and x 5.760.
Setting each factor equal to zero, you obtain the following

solutions in the interval 0, 2.
2 sin x 1 0
sin x
x
and
1
2
7 11
,
6 6
x

2
2
Figure 5.9
sin x 1 0
sin x 1
y = 2 sin 2 x sin x 1
From Figure 5.9, you can conclude that the approximate

solutions of 2 sin2 x sin x 1 0 in the interval 0, 2 are
x 1.571

7
11
, x 3.665
, and x 5.760
.
2
6
6

When working with an equation of quadratic type, be sure that the equation
involves a single trigonometric function, as shown in the next example.
Example 6 Rewriting with a Single Trigonometric Function

Solve 2 sin2 x 3 cos x 3 0.
Solution
Begin by rewriting the equation so that it has only cosine functions.
2 sin2 x 3 cos x 3 0
21
3 cos x 3 0
cos 2 x
2 cos 2 x 3 cos x 1 0
2 cos x 1cos x 1 0

Combine like terms and
multiply each side by 1.
Factor.
y = 2 sin 2 x + 3 cos x 3

3
By setting each factor equal to zero, you can find the solutions in the interval 0, 2 to
be x 0, x 3, and x 53. Because cos x has a period of 2, the general
solution is

5
x 2n, x 2n, x
2n
General solution
3
3
where n is an integer. The graph of y 2 sin2 x 3 cos x 3, shown in Figure 5.10,

confirms this result.
Figure 5.10
2
Section 5.3
369
Sometimes you must square each side of an equation to obtain a quadratic. Because
this procedure can introduce extraneous solutions, you should check any solutions in
the original equation to see whether they are valid or extraneous.
Example 7 Squaring and Converting to Quadratic Type

Find all solutions of cos x 1 sin x in the interval 0, 2.
Explore the Concept
Solution
It is not clear how to rewrite this equation in terms of a single trigonometric function.
Notice what happens when you square each side of the equation.
cos x 1 sin x
cos 2
x 2 cos x 1
sin2
Square each side.
cos 2 x 2 cos x 1 1 cos 2 x
x 2 cos x 0
Combine like terms.
cos 2
2 cos xcos x 1 0
Factor.
Setting each factor equal to zero produces the following.

2 cos x 0
and
x
Right side: y sin x
cos x 1
3
,
2 2
1. Graph both sides of the

equation and find the
x-coordinates of the points
at which the graphs intersect.
Left side: y cos x 1
cos x 1 0
cos x 0
Use a graphing utility

to confirm the solutions
found in Example 7
in two different ways. Do both
methods produce the same
x-values? Which method do
you prefer? Why?
x
Because you squared the original equation, check for extraneous solutions.
2. Graph the equation

y cos x 1 sin x and
find the x-intercepts of the
graph.
Check
cos
cos

?
1 sin
2
2
Substitute 2 for x.
011
Solution checks.
3
3
?
1 sin
2
2
Substitute 32 for x.
0 1 1
?
cos 1 sin
Solution does not check.

Substitute for x.
1 1 0
Solution checks.
Of the three possible solutions, x 32 is extraneous. So, in the interval 0, 2, the
only solutions are x 2 and x . The graph of y cos x 1 sin x, shown
in Figure 5.11, confirms this result because the graph has two x-intercepts
at x 2 and x in the interval 0, 2.
3
y = cos x + 1 sin x
2
Figure 5.11

Edyta Pawlowska 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
370
Chapter 5
Functions Involving Multiple Angles

The next two examples involve trigonometric functions of multiple angles of the forms
sin ku and cos ku. To solve equations of these forms, first solve the equation for ku, then
divide your result by k.
Example 8 Functions of Multiple Angles

Solve 2 cos 3t 1 0.
Solution
2 cos 3t 1 0
2 cos 3t 1
cos 3t
Add 1 to each side.
1
2

2
In the interval 0, 2, you know that 3t 3 and 3t 53 are the only solutions.
So in general, you have 3t 3 2n and 3t 53 2n. Dividing this result
by 3, you obtain the general solution
t
2n

9
3
t
and
5 2n

9
3
y = 2 cos 3t 1
2
General solution
4
where n is an integer. This solution is confirmed graphically in Figure 5.12.
Figure 5.12
Example 9 Functions of Multiple Angles

3 tan
x
30
2
Original equation
3 tan
x
3
2
Subtract 3 from each side.
tan
x
1
2
In the interval 0, , you know that x2 34 is the only solution. So in general, you
have x2 34 n. Multiplying this result by 2, you obtain the general solution
x
3
2n
2
General solution

y = 3 tan
20
2
x
+3
2
2
20
Figure 5.13
Section 5.3
371
Using Inverse Functions

Example 10 Using Inverse Functions
Solve sec2 x 2 tan x 4.
Solution
1
sec2 x 2 tan x 4
x 2 tan x 4 0
tan2 x 2 tan x 3 0
Combine like terms.
tan2
tan x 3tan x 1 0
Factor.
Setting each factor equal to zero, you obtain two solutions in the interval 2, 2.
[Recall that the range of the inverse tangent function is 2, 2.]
tan x 3
and
tan x 1
x arctan1
x arctan 3

4
y = sec 2 x 2 tan x 4
6
Finally, because tan x has a period of , add multiples of to obtain

x arctan 3 n
and
x

n
4
General solution

2

2
Figure 5.14
With some trigonometric equations, there is no reasonable way to find the

solutions algebraically. In such cases, you can still use a graphing utility to approximate
the solutions.
Example 11 Approximating Solutions

Approximate the solutions of
x 2 sin x
in the interval , .
Solution
Use a graphing utility to graph y x 2 sin x in the interval , . Using the zero
or root feature, you can see that the solutions are
x 1.8955, x 0, and
x 1.8955.
Figure 5.15
See Figure 5.15.

3
y x 2 sin x
372
Chapter 5
Example 12 Surface Area of a Honeycomb
The surface area of a honeycomb is given by the equation

3 3 cos
S 6hs s 2
,
2
sin
0 < 90
where h 2.4 inches, s 0.75 inch, and is the angle indicated in Figure 5.16.
h = 2.4 in.
a. What value of gives a surface area of 12 square inches?

b. What value of gives the minimum surface area?
Solution
s = 0.75 in.
a. Let h 2.4, s 0.75, and S 12.
Figure 5.16
3 3 cos
S 6hs s2
2
sin
3 cos
3
12 62.40.75 0.752
2
sin
12 10.8 0.84375
0 0.84375
3 cos
sin
3 cos
sin
1.2
Using a graphing utility set in degree mode, you can graph the function
y 0.84375
3 cos x
sin x
1.2.
Using the zero or root feature, you can determine that
49.9
59.9 .
and
See Figure 5.17.
0.05
0.05
90
0.02
90
0.02
Figure 5.17
y 0.84375
3 cos x
sin x
1.2
y = 10.8 + 0.84375
b. From part (a), let h 2.4 and s 0.75 to obtain

S 10.8 0.84375
3 cos
sin
3 cos x
sin x
14
Graph this function using a graphing utility set in degree mode. Use the minimum
feature to approximate the minimum point on the graph, which occurs at
54.7
as shown in Figure 5.18. By using calculus, it can be shown that the exact minimum
value is
arccos
150
11
Figure 5.18
13 54.7356 .
Section 5.3
5.3
373

Exercises

In Exercises 1 and 2, fill in the blank.
1. The _______ solution of the equation 2 cos x 1 0 is given by

5
x 2n and x
2n, where n is an integer.
3
3
2. The equation tan2 x 5 tan x 6 0 is an equation of _______ type.
3. Is x 0 a solution of the equation cos x 0?
4. To solve sec x sin2 x sec x, do you divide each side by sec x?

Verifying a Solution In Exercises 510, verify that each
x-value is a solution of the equation.
13. cos x
1
2
15. tan x 1
29.
31.
33.
35.
19. cot x 1
14. sin x
18. sin x
20. sin x
24. sec x 2
26. sec x 2
28. csc x 2
2 sin x 1 0
3 sec x 2 0
3 sec2 x 4 0
4 cos2 x 1 0
30.
32.
34.
36.
2 sin x 1 0
cot x 1 0
3 cot2 x 1 0
cos xcos x 1 0
37.
39.
41.
43.
45.
47.
48.
tan x 3 0
csc2 x 2 0
cos3 x cos x
sec2 x sec x 2
2 sin x csc x 0
2 sec2 x tan2 x 3
sin2 x cos x 1 0
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
sin x 1 0
tan2 x 1 0
2 sin2 x 2 cos x
sec x csc x 2 csc x
sec x tan x 1
2
2
16. tan x 3
22. cos x
Solving a Trigonometric Equation In Exercises 37 48,

find all solutions of the equation in the interval [0, 2
algebraically. Use the table feature of a graphing utility
to check your answers numerically.

find all solutions of the equation in the interval [0, 2.
17. cos x

solve the equation.

12. cos x
23. csc x 2
25. cot x 3
27. tan x 1
5. 2 cos x 1 0
5

(a) x
(b) x
3
3
6. sec x 2 0

5
(a) x
(b) x
3
3
2
7. 3 tan 2x 1 0

5
(a) x
(b) x
12
12
2
8. 4 cos 2x 2 0

7
(a) x
(b) x
8
8
2 x sin x 1 0
9. 2 sin

7
(a) x
(b) x
2
6
10. csc4 x 4 csc2 x 0

5
(a) x
(b) x
6
6
1
11. sin x
2
21. tan x
1
2
Approximating Solutions In Exercises 4956, use a

graphing utility to approximate the solutions of the
equation in the interval [0, 2 by collecting all terms on
one side, graphing the new equation, and using the zero or
root feature to approximate the x-intercepts of the graph.
49.
50.
51.
53.
2 sin2 x 3 sin x 1 0
2 sec2 x tan2 x 3 0
4 sin2 x 2 cos x 1 52. csc2 x 3 csc x 4
csc x cot x 1
54. 4 sin x cos x 2
374
Chapter 5
55.
cos x cot x
3
1 sin x
56.
1 sin x
cos x

4
cos x
1 sin x
77. sec2 x 0.5 tan x 1 78. csc2 x 0.5 cot x 5

79. 12 sin2 x 13 sin x 3 0
80. 3 tan2 x 4 tan x 4 0
Graphing a Trigonometric Function In Exercises 5760,

(a) use a graphing utility to graph each function in the
interval [0, 2, (b) write an equation whose solutions
are the points of intersection of the graphs, and (c) use
the intersect feature of the graphing utility to find the
points of intersection (to four decimal places).
57.
58.
59.
60.
83. 3 tan2 x 5 tan x 4 0,
Functions of Multiple Angles In Exercises 6168, solve

the multiple-angle equation.
x
62. sin 0
2
63. sin 4x 1
3
2
x

2
2
68. tan
x
1
3
Approximating x-Intercepts In Exercises 6972,

approximate the x-intercepts of the graph. Use a graphing
utility to check your solutions.
69. y sin
x
1
2
70. y sin x cos x

2
1
2
4
2
71. y tan2
x
6 3
72. y sec4
2
3

graphing utility to approximate the solutions of the
equation in the interval [0, 2.
73. 2 cos x sin x 0
75. x tan x 1 0
74. 2 sin x cos x 0

76. 2x sin x 2 0
Approximating Maximum and Minimum Points In

Exercises 8792, (a) use a graphing utility to graph the
function and approximate the maximum and minimum
points (to four decimal places) of the graph in the
interval [0, 2 , and (b) solve the trigonometric equation
and verify that the x-coordinates of the maximum and
minimum points of f are among its solutions (the
trigonometric equation is found using calculus).
Function
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
f x sin 2x
f x cos 2x
f x sin2 x cos x
f x cos2 x sin x
f x sin x cos x
f x 2 sin x cos 2x
Trigonometric Equation
2 cos 2x 0
2 sin 2x 0
2 sin x cos x sin x 0
2 sin x cos x cos x 0
cos x sin x 0
2 cos x 4 sin x cos x 0
Finding a Fixed Point In Exercises 93 and 94, find the

smallest positive fixed point of the function f. [A fixed
point of a function f is a real number c such that f c c.]
4
3
x
8 4
2 , 2
86. 2 sec2 x tan x 6 0,
66. sec 4x 2
2 , 2
84. cos2 x 2 cos x 1 0, 0,

85. 4 cos2 x 2 sin x 1 0, ,
2 2
64. cos 2x 1
65. sin 2x
67. cos
81. tan2 x 6 tan x 5 0

82. sec2 x tan x 3
graphing utility to approximate the solutions (to three
decimal places) of the equation in the given interval.
y sin 2x, y x2 2x
y cos x, y x x2
y sin2 x, y ex 4x
y cos2 x, y ex x 1
x
61. cos 0
4
Using Inverse Functions In Exercises 81 and 82, use

inverse functions where necessary to find all solutions of
the equation in the interval [0, 2.
93. f x tan
x
4
94. f x cos x
95. Economics The monthly unit sales U (in thousands)

of lawn mowers are approximated by
U 74.50 43.75 cos
t
6
where t is the time (in months), with t 1 corresponding

to January. Determine the months in which unit sales
exceed 100,000.
Section 5.3
96.
(p. 365) The monthly unit

sales U (in hundreds) of skis for a chain of
sports stores are approximated by
U 58.3 32.5 cos
where t is the time (in months), with t 1

corresponding to January. Determine the
months in which unit sales exceed 7500.
97. Exploration Consider the function
f x cos
375
99. Harmonic Motion A weight is oscillating on the end

of a spring (see figure). The position of the weight
relative to the point of equilibrium is given by
y
t
6
1
12 cos
8t 3 sin 8t
where y is the displacement (in meters) and t is the

time (in seconds). Find the times at which the weight
is at the point of equilibrium y 0 for 0 t 1.
1
x
Equilibrium
y
and its graph shown in the figure.

y
2
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
What is the domain of the function?

Identify any symmetry or asymptotes of the graph.
Describe the behavior of the function as x 0.
How many solutions does the equation
cos1x 0 have in the interval 1, 1? Find the
solutions.
(e) Does the equation cos1x 0 have a greatest
solution? If so, approximate the solution. If not,
explain.
f x
100. Damped Harmonic Motion The displacement from

equilibrium of a weight oscillating on the end of a
spring is given by y 1.56e0.22t cos 4.9t, where y is
the displacement (in feet) and t is the time (in seconds).
Use a graphing utility to graph the displacement
function for 0 t 10. Find the time beyond which
the displacement does not exceed 1 foot from
equilibrium.
101. Projectile Motion A batted baseball leaves the bat at
an angle of with the horizontal and an initial velocity
of v0 100 feet per second. The ball is caught by an
outfielder 300 feet from home plate (see figure). Find
where the range r of a projectile is given by
r
1 2
v sin 2.
32 0
sin x
x
and its graph shown in the figure.

y
r = 300 ft
3
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1
2
3
Not drawn to scale
What is the domain of the function?

Identify any symmetry or asymptotes of the graph.
Describe the behavior of the function as x 0.
How many solutions does the equation
sin x)x 0 have in the interval 8, 8? Find the
solutions.
Vlad Turchenko 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com

f x 3 sin0.6x 2.
(a) Find the zero of f in the interval 0, 6.
(b) A quadratic approximation of f near x 4 is
gx 0.45x 2 5.52x 13.70.
Use a graphing utility to graph f and g in the same
viewing window. Describe the result.
(c) Use the Quadratic Formula to approximate the
zeros of g. Compare the zero in the interval 0, 6
with the result of part (a).
376
Chapter 5
103. Geometry The area of a rectangle inscribed in one

arc of the graph of y cos x (see figure) is given by
A 2x cos x,

.
2
0 x
Approximating the Number of Intersections In

Exercises 105 and 106, use the graph to approximate the
number of points of intersection of the graphs of y1 and y2.
105. y1 2 sin x
y2 3x 1
y = cos x
106. y1 2 sin x
y2 12 x 1
y
4
3
2
1
y2
y1
y2
4
3
2
x
y1
3
4
(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the area function,

and approximate the area of the largest inscribed
rectangle.
(b) Determine the values of x for which A
1.
104. MODELING DATA
The unemployment rates r in the United States from
2000 through 2008 are shown in the table, where t
represents the year, with t 0 corresponding to 2000.
(Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics)
Year, t
Rate, r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4.0
4.7
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.1
4.6
4.6
5.8
(a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the

data.
(b) A model for the data is given by
r 0.90 sin1.04t 1.62 5.23.
Graph the model with the scatter plot from part (a).
Is the model a good fit for the data? Explain.
(c) What term in the model gives the average
unemployment rate? What is the rate?
(d) Economists study the lengths of business cycles,
such as unemployment rates. Based on this short
span of time, use the model to determine the length
of this cycle.
(e) Use the model to estimate the next time the
unemployment rate will be 5% or less.
Conclusions
107. All trigonometric equations have either an infinite
number of solutions or no solution.
108. The solutions of any trigonometric equation can
always be found from its solutions in the interval
0, 2.
109. If you correctly solve a trigonometric equation down
to the statement sin x 3.4, then you can finish solving
the equation by using an inverse trigonometric function.
110. The equation 2 sin 3t 1 0 has three times the
number of solutions in the interval 0, 2 as the
equation 2 sin t 1 0.
111. Writing Describe the difference between verifying
an identity and solving an equation.
112. C A P S T O N E Consider the equation 2 sin x 1.
Explain the similarities and differences among
finding all solutions in the interval 0, 2, finding
all solutions in the interval 0, 2, and finding the
general solution.

Converting from Degrees to Radians In Exercises
113116, convert the angle measure from degrees to
radians. Round your answer to three decimal places.
113. 124
115. 0.41
114. 486
116. 210.55
117. Make a Decision To work an extended application

analyzing the normal daily high temperatures in
Phoenix and in Seattle, visit this textbooks Companion
Website. (Data Source: NOAA)
Section 5.4
5.4
Sum and Difference Formulas
377
Using Sum and Difference Formulas

In this section and the following section, you will study the uses of several trigonometric
identities and formulas.
(See proofs on page 400.)
sinu v sin u cos v cos u sin v
tanu v
tan u tan v
1 tan u tan v
tanu v
tan u tan v
1 tan u tan v

cosu v cos u cos v sin u sin v
Example 1 shows how sum and difference formulas can be used to find exact
values of trigonometric functions involving sums or differences of special angles.
Use sum and difference formulas

to evaluate trigonometric
functions, verify trigonometric
identities, and solve trigonometric
equations.

You can use sum and difference
formulas to rewrite trigonometric
expressions. For instance, Exercise 89
on page 382 shows how to use sum
and difference formulas to rewrite a
trigonometric expression in a form
that helps you find the equation of a
standing wave.
Example 1 Evaluating a Trigonometric Function

Find the exact value of (a) cos 75 and (b) sin

.
12
Solution
a. Using the fact that 75 30 45 with the formula for
cosu v yields
cos 75 cos30 45
cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 sin 45

3 2
1 2
2 2 2
6 2
Try checking this result on your calculator. You will find that cos 75 0.259.
b. Using the fact that

12
3
4
with the formula for sinu v yields
sin

sin

12
3
4
sin

cos cos sin
3
4
3
4
1
2

2 2 2 2
3 2
6 2
Now try Exercise 9.

Konstantin Shevtsov 2010/ used under license from Shutterstock.com
378
Chapter 5
Example 2 Evaluating a Trigonometric Expression

Find the exact value of sinu v given
4

sin u , where 0 < u <
5
2
and
Explore the Concept

cos v
12

, where < v < .
13
2
Solution
Because sin u 45 and u is in Quadrant I, cos u 35, as shown in Figure 5.19.
Because cos v 1213 and v is in Quadrant II, sin v 513, as shown in
Figure 5.20. You can find sinu v as follows.
Use a graphing utility

to graph
y1 cosx 2 and
y2 cos x cos 2 in the same
viewing window. What can you
conclude about the graphs? Is it
true that
cosx 2 cos x cos 2?
12
48 15
33

45 13
35135 65
65
65
Use the graphing utility to graph

y1 sinx 4
and
y2 sin x sin 4
13 2
5
u
12 2
=5
13
v
12
sinx 4 sin x sin 4?
52 42 = 3
Figure 5.19
in the same viewing window.

What can you conclude about
the graphs? Is it true that
Figure 5.20
Example 3 An Application of a Sum Formula

Write cosarctan 1 arccos x as an algebraic expression.
Solution
This expression fits the formula for cosu v. Angles
u arctan 1
v arccos x
and
are shown in Figures 5.21 and 5.22, respectively.

cosu v cosarctan 1 cosarccos x sinarctan 1 sinarccos x

1
2
x
1
2
1 x2
x 1 x2
.
2
1 x2
v
1
Figure 5.21
x
Figure 5.22

Section 5.4
The next example shows how to use a difference formula to prove the cofunction
identity
cos
2 x sin x.
Example 4 Proving a Cofunction Identity

Prove the cofunction identity cos
2 x sin x.
Solution
Using the formula for cosu v, you have
cos
2 x cos 2 cos x sin 2 sin x

0cos x 1sin x
sin x.
Sum and difference formulas can be used to derive reduction formulas involving
expressions such as
sin
n
2
and cos
n
2
where n is an integer.
Example 5 Deriving Reduction Formulas

Simplify each expression.
3
2
b. tan 3
a. cos
Solution
a. Using the formula for cosu v, you have
cos
3
3
3
cos cos
sin sin
2
2
2
cos 0 sin 1

sin .
b. Using the formula for tanu v, you have
tan 3
tan tan 3
1 tan tan 3
tan 0
1 tan 0
tan .
Note that the period of tan is , so the period of tan 3 is the same as the
period of tan .
379
380
Chapter 5

sin x

sin x
1
4
4
Algebraic Solution
Graphical Solution
( 4 ( + sin (x 4 ( + 1
Using sum and difference formulas, rewrite the equation as

sin x cos
y = sin x +

cos x sin sin x cos cos x sin 1
4
4
4
4

x 3.927 and x 5.498.

2 sin x cos 1
4
2sin x
2 1
sin x
sin x
So, the only solutions in the interval 0, 2 are

x
5
4
and
x
2
Figure 5.23
1
2
2
From Figure 5.23, you can conclude that the

approximate solutions in the interval 0, 2 are
.
x 3.927
5
7
.
and x 5.498
4
4
7
.
4

The next example was taken from calculus. It is used to derive the formula for the
derivative of the cosine function.
Example 7 An Application from Calculus

Verify that
cosx h cos x
cos h 1
sin h
cos x
sin x
h
h
h
where h 0.
Solution
Using the formula for cosu v, you have
cosx h cos x cos x cos h sin x sin h cos x

h
h
cos xcos h 1 sin x sin h

h
cos xcos h 1 sin x sin h

h
h
cos x
cos h 1
sin h
sin x
.
h
h
Section 5.4
5.4
381

Exercises

In Exercises 16, fill in the blank to complete the trigonometric formula.
1. sinu v _______
4. sinu v _______
2. cosu v _______
5. cosu v _______
3. tanu v _______
6. tanu v _______
7. Rewrite sin 105 so that you can use a sum formula.

8. Rewrite cos
so that you can use a difference formula.
12

Evaluating a Trigonometric Expression In Exercises
914, find the exact value of each expression.
9. (a) cos240 0
10. (a) sin405 120

11. (a) cos
4
3
2 5

12. (a) sin
3
6
13. (a) sin135 30
7

14. (a) sin
6
3
(b) cos 240 cos 0

(b) sin 405 sin 120

(b) cos cos
4
3
2
5
sin
(b) sin
3
6
(b) sin 135 sin 30

7
sin
(b) sin
6
3
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions In Exercises 1530,

find the exact values of the sine, cosine, and tangent of
the angle.
15. 105 60 45
17. 195 225 30
11 3

19.
12
4
6

21.
12
6
4
16. 165 135 30

18. 255 300 45
17 7

20.
12
6
4
19 2 9

22.
12
3
4
23. 75
25. 285
13
27.
12
24. 15
26. 165
5
28.
12
29.
7
12
30.
13
12

3138, write the expression as the sine, cosine, or tangent
of an angle.
31. cos 60 cos 10 sin 60 sin 10
32. sin 110 cos 80 cos 110 sin 80
tan 325 tan 116
tan 154 tan 49
33.
34.
tan
1 tan 325
116
1 tan 154 tan 49
35. sin 3.5 cos 1.2 cos 3.5 sin 1.2

36. cos 0.96 cos 0.42 sin 0.96 sin 0.42

37. cos cos sin sin
9
7
9
7
4

4

cos cos
sin
38. sin
9
8
9
8
3944, find the exact value of the expression.
39. sin

cos cos
sin
12
4
12
4
40. cos

3

3
cos
sin
sin
16
16
16
16
41. sin 120 cos 60 cos 120 sin 60

42. cos 120 cos 30 sin 120 sin 30
tan 25 tan 110
tan56 tan6
43.
44.
1 tan56 tan6
1 tan 25 tan 110
Algebraic-Graphical-Numerical In Exercises 4548, use
a graphing utility to complete the table and graph the
two functions in the same viewing window. Use both the
table and the graph as evidence that y1 y2 . Then verify
the identity algebraically.
x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
y1
y2
46. y1
6 x, y 2cos x 3 sin x
2
5
cos
x, y
cos x sin x
4
2
45. y1 sin
47. y1 cosx cosx , y2 cos 2 x

48. y1 sinx sinx , y2 sin2 x
382
Chapter 5

4952, find the exact value of the trigonometric
5
expression given that sin u 13
and cos v 45. (Both u
and v are in Quadrant II.)
49. sinu v
51. tanu v
50. cosv u
52. sinu v

5356, find the exact value of the trigonometric
8
expression given that sin u 17
and cos v 35.
(Both u and v are in Quadrant III.)
53. cosu v
55. sinv u
54. tanu v
56. cosu v
57. sinarcsin x arccos x 58. cosarccos x arcsin x

59. sinarctan 2x arccos x
60. cosarcsin x arctan 2x
6168, find the value of the expression without using a
calculator.
2 sin
1
1
70. cossin
71. sintan
1
3
5
sin1
5
13
12
8
cos1
13
17
1 3 sin1 3
4
5
2 x cos x
4 cosx 4 1

3
0
86. sinx cosx
2
2

87. sinx cos x
88. cosx sin
2
2
85. cos x
4
5
72. tan sin1 cos1
5
13
74. sin3 x sin x
(p. 377) The equation of a

standing wave is obtained by adding the
displacements of two waves traveling in
opposite directions (see figure). Assume
that each of the waves has amplitude A,
period T, and wavelength
. The models for
two such waves are
y1 A cos 2
T
and y
t
Show that y1 y2 2A cos
75. tanx tan x 2 tan x

1 tan
76. tan

4
1 tan
77. sinx y sinx y 2 sin x cos y
78. cosx y cosx y 2 cos x cos y
Approximating Solutions Graphically In Exercises

8588, use a graphing utility to approximate the
solutions of the equation in the interval [0, 2.
y1
A cos 2
T
.
t
2 x
2 t
cos
.
T
y1 + y2
y2
t=0

73. sin
83. tanx 2 sinx 0

3 tan x 0
84. 2 sin x
2
64. cos cos11

66. cossin1 1 cos1 0
68. coscos1 0 cos1 1

6972, use right triangles to evaluate the expression.
69. sin cos1
3 sinx 3 1

82. cosx cosx 1
6
6
81. sin x
89.
62. sincos11
63. cos sin1 1

65. sinsin1 1 cos1 1
67. sinsin1 0 cos1 0

find the solution(s) of the equation in the interval [0, 2.
Use a graphing utility to verify your results.
An Application of a Sum or Difference Formula In

Exercises 5760, write the trigonometric expression as
an algebraic expression.
61. sin
79. cosx y cosx y cos2 x sin2 y

80. sinx y sinx y sin2 x sin2 y
y1
y1 + y2
y2
t = 18 T
y1
y1 + y2
y2
t = 28 T
Konstantin Shevtsov 2010/ used under license from Shutterstock.com
Section 5.4
90. Harmonic Motion A weight is attached to a spring
suspended vertically from a ceiling. When a driving
force is applied to the system, the weight moves
vertically from its equilibrium position, and this
motion is modeled by
y
where y is the distance from equilibrium (in feet) and

t is the time (in seconds).
(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the model.
(b) Use the identity
a sin B b cos B a2 b2 sinB C
where C arctanba, a > 0, to write the model
in the form y a2 b2 sinBt C. Use the
graphing utility to verify your result.
(c) Find the amplitude of the oscillations of the weight.
(d) Find the frequency of the oscillations of the weight.
Conclusions
whether the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
91. cosu v cos u cos v
11
92. sin x
cos x
2
Verifying Identities
identity.

97100, use the formulas given in Exercises 95 and 96
to write the expression in the following forms. Use a
graphing utility to verify your results.
(a) a2 b2 sinB C
97. sin cos
99. 12 sin 3 5 cos 3
(b) a2 b2 cosB C
98. 3 sin 2 4 cos 2
100. sin 2 cos 2
Rewriting a Trigonometric Expression In Exercises 101

and 102, use the formulas given in Exercises 95 and 96
to write the trigonometric expression in the form
a sin B b cos B.

2
sinx h sin x cos x sin h sin x1 cos h

h
h
h
f h
sin3 h sin3
h
gh cos
sin h
1 cos h
sin
3 h
3
h
(a) What are the domains of the functions f and g?

(b) Use a graphing utility to complete the table.
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
f h
gh
(c) Use the graphing utility to graph the functions f and g.
(d) Use the table and graph to make a conjecture
about the values of the functions f and g as h 0.
105. Proof Three squares of side s are placed side by side
(see figure). Make a conjecture about the relationship
between the sum u v and w. Prove your conjecture
by using the formula for tanu v.
In Exercises 9396, verify the
93. cosn 1n cos , n is an integer.

94. sinn 1n sin , n is an integer.
95. a sin B b cos B a 2 b2 sinB C, where
C arctanba and a > 0.
96. a sin B b cos B a 2 b2 cosB C,
where C arctanab and b > 0.
101. 2 sin
103. An Application from Calculus Verify the following

identity used in calculus.
104. Exploration Let x 3 in the identity in Exercise

103 and define the functions f and g as follows.
1
1
sin 2t cos 2t
3
4
383
102. 5 cos

4
s
w
u
s
106. C A P S T O N E Give an example to justify each

statement.
(a) sinu v sin u sin v
(b) cosu v cos u cos v
(c) tanu v tan u tan v
107. Write a sum formula for cosu v w.
108. Write a sum formula for tanu v w.

Finding Intercepts In Exercises 109112, find the x- and
y-intercepts of the graph of the equation. Use a graphing
utility to verify your results.
109. y 12x 10 14 110. y x2 3x 40
111. y 2x 9 5
112. y 2xx 7
384
Chapter 5
5.5
Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas
Multiple-Angle Formulas
In this section, you will study four additional categories of trigonometric identities.
1. The first category involves functions of multiple angles such as

sin ku
cos ku.
and
2. The second category involves squares of trigonometric functions such as
sin2 u.
3. The third category involves functions of half-angles such as
u
sin .
2
4. The fourth category involves products of trigonometric functions such as
Use multiple-angle formulas

to rewrite and evaluate
Use power-reducing formulas
Use half-angle formulas
Use product-to-sum and
sum-to-product formulas
sin u cos v.
You should learn the double-angle formulas below because they are used
often in trigonometry and calculus.
Double-Angle Formulas
(See the proofs on page 401.)

tan 2u
sin 2u 2 sin u cos u
2 tan u
1 tan2 u
You can use a variety of trigonometric

formulas to rewrite trigonometric
functions in more convenient forms.
For instance, Exercise 126 on page
393 shows you how to use a halfangle formula to determine the apex
angle of a sound wave cone caused
by the speed of an airplane.
cos 2u cos2 u sin2 u

2 cos2 u 1
1 2 sin2 u
Example 1 Solving a Multiple-Angle Equation

Solve 2 cos x sin 2x 0.
Solution
Begin by rewriting the equation so that it involves functions of x (rather than 2x). Then
factor and solve as usual.
2 cos x sin 2x 0
2 cos x 2 sin x cos x 0
Double-angle formula
2 cos x1 sin x 0
2 cos x 0
1 sin x 0
cos x 0
x
Factor.
sin x 1
3
,
2 2
So, the general solution is

x 2n
and
2
x
x
3
2
3
2n
2
Set factors equal to zero.

Isolate trigonometric functions.
Solutions in 0, 2
General solution
where n is an integer. Try verifying this solution graphically.

DCWcreations 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
Section 5.5
385
Example 2 Evaluating Functions Involving Double Angles

Use the following to find sin 2, cos 2, and tan 2.
cos
3
< < 2
2
5
,
13
Solution
y
In Figure 5.24, you can see that

sin
y
12

r
13
and
tan
12
.
5
Consequently, using each of the double-angle formulas, you can write the double angles
as follows.
sin 2 2 sin cos
cos 2 2 cos2 1
12
2
13

tan 2
25
2
1
169
120
169

8
10
5
13
13
12
(5, 12)
Figure 5.24
119
169
2 tan
2125
120

2
2
1 tan 1 125
119
The double-angle formulas are not restricted to the angles 2 and . Other double
combinations, such as 4 and 2 or 6 and 3, are also valid. Here are two examples.
sin 4 2 sin 2 cos 2
and
cos 6 cos2 3 sin2 3
By using double-angle formulas together with the sum formulas derived in the preceding
section, you can form other multiple-angle formulas.
Example 3 Deriving a Triple-Angle Formula

Rewrite sin 3x in terms of sin x.
Solution
sin 3x sin2x x
Rewrite as a sum.
sin 2x cos x cos 2x sin x
Sum formula
2 sin x cos x cos x 1 2 sin2 x sin x
Double-angle formula
2 sin x cos2 x sin x 2 sin3 x
Multiply.
2 sin x1 sin2 x sin x 2 sin3 x
2 sin x 2 sin3 x sin x 2 sin3 x
Multiply.
3 sin x 4 sin3 x
Simplify.
386
Chapter 5
Power-Reducing Formulas
The double-angle formulas can be used to obtain the following power-reducing
formulas.
sin2 u
1 cos 2u
2
cos2 u
1 cos 2u
2
tan2 u
1 cos 2u
1 cos 2u
(See the proofs on page 401.)
Example 4 shows a typical power reduction that is used in calculus. Note the
repeated use of power-reducing formulas.
Example 4 Reducing a Power

Rewrite sin4 x as a sum of first powers of the cosines of multiple angles.
Solution
sin4 x sin2 x2
1 cos 2x
2
Property of exponents
Power-reducing formula
1
1 2 cos 2x cos2 2x
4
Expand binomial.
1
1 cos 4x
1 2 cos 2x
4
2
1 1
1 1
cos 2x cos 4x
4 2
8 8
3 1
1
cos 2x cos 4x
8 2
8
Simplify.
1
3 4 cos 2x cos 4x
8
Power-reducing formula
Factor.
You can use a graphing utility to check this result, as shown in Figure 5.25. Notice that
the graphs coincide.
2
y1 = sin 4 x
y2 = 18 (3 4 cos 2x + cos 4x)

2
Figure 5.25
Section 5.5
387
Half-Angle Formulas
You can derive some useful alternative forms of the power-reducing formulas by replacing
u with u2. The results are called half-angle formulas.
Half-Angle Formulas
sin
u

2
1 2cos u
cos
u

2
1 2cos u
Study Tip
u 1 cos u
sin u
tan

2
sin u
1 cos u
The signs of sin
To find the exact value

of a trigonometric
function with an angle
in DM S form using a halfangle formula, first convert
the angle measure to decimal
degree form. Then multiply the
angle measure by 2.
u
u
u
and cos depend on the quadrant in which lies.
2
2
2
Example 5 Using a Half-Angle Formula

Find the exact value of sin 105.
Solution
Begin by noting that 105 is half of 210. Then, using the half-angle formula for
sinu2 and the fact that 105 lies in Quadrant II, you have
1 cos 30

2
1 32 2

2
2
1 cos 210
2
sin 105
The positive square root is chosen because sin is positive in Quadrant II.
Technology Tip
Use your calculator
to verify the result
obtained in Example 5.
That is, evaluate sin 105 and
2 3 2. You will notice
that both expressions yield the
same result.

Find all solutions of 1 cos2 x 2 cos2
x
2
Graphical Solution
Algebraic Solution
1 cos2 x 2 cos2
1 cos x 2
2
x
2
1 cos x
2
1 cos2 x 1 cos x
cos2 x cos x 0
cos xcos x 1 0
Half-angle formula
Simplify.
Simplify.

x = 0, x 1.571, and
x 4.712.
x
2
2
2
1
Figure 5.26
Factor.
By setting the factors cos x and cos x 1 equal to zero, you find that
the solutions in the interval 0, 2 are x 2, x 32, and
x 0.
y = 1 + cos 2 x 2 cos 2
From Figure 5.26, you can conclude that the approximate

x
solutions of 1 cos2 x 2 cos2 in the interval 0, 2
2
3

are x 0, x 1.571 , and x 4.712
.
2
2
388
Chapter 5
Product-to-Sum Formulas
Each of the following product-to-sum formulas is easily verified using the sum and
difference formulas discussed in the preceding section.
1
sin u sin v cosu v cosu v
2
1
cos u cos v cosu v cosu v
2
1
sin u cos v sinu v sinu v
2
Technology Tip
1
cos u sin v sinu v sinu v
2
Product-to-sum formulas are used in calculus to evaluate integrals involving the

products of sines and cosines of two different angles.
Example 7 Writing Products as Sums

Rewrite the product as a sum or difference.
You can use a graphing

utility to verify the
solution in Example 7.
Graph y1 cos 5x sin 4x and
1
1
y2 2 sin 9x 2 sin x in the
same viewing window. Notice
that the graphs coincide. So,
you can conclude that the two
expressions are equivalent.
cos 5x sin 4x
Solution
Using the appropriate product-to-sum formula, you obtain
1
cos 5x sin 4x sin5x 4x sin5x 4x
2
1
1
sin 9x sin x.
2
2

Occasionally, it is useful to reverse the procedure and write a sum of trigonometric
functions as a product. This can be accomplished with the following sum-to-product
formulas.
Sum-to-Product Formulas
sin u sin v 2 sin
sin u sin v 2 cos
uv
uv
cos
2
2
uv
uv
sin
2
2
cos u cos v 2 cos
(See proof on page 402.)
uv
uv
cos
2
2
cos u cos v 2 sin
uv
uv
sin
2
2
Section 5.5
Example 8 Using a Sum-to-Product Formula

Find the exact value of cos 195 cos 105.
Solution
Using the appropriate sum-to-product formula, you obtain
cos 195 cos 105 2 cos
195 105
195 105
cos
2
2
2 cos 150 cos 45

3
2


sin 5x sin 3x 0
Solution
2 sin
sin 5x sin 3x 0
5x 3x
5x 3x
cos
0
2
2
Sum-to-product formula
2 sin 4x cos x 0
Simplify.
By setting the factor sin 4x equal to zero, you can find that the solutions in the interval
0, 2 are
3
5 3 7
x 0, , , , , , , .
4 2 4
4 2 4
The equation cos x 0 yields no additional solutions. You can use a graphing utility to
confirm the solutions, as shown in Figure 5.27.
3
y = sin 5x + sin 3x

4
2
Figure 5.27
Notice that the general solution is

x
n
4
where n is an integer.
389
390
Chapter 5
5.5
Exercises

In Exercises 16, fill in the blank to complete the trigonometric formula.
1. cos2 u _______
u
4. sin _______
2
2. sin u sin v _______

sin u
5. _______
1 cos u
7. Match each function with its double-angle formula.

(a) sin 2u
(i) 1 2 sin2 u
(b) cos 2u
(ii) 2 sin u cos u
2 tan u
(c) tan 2u
(iii)
1 tan2 u
3. cos u cos v _______

1 cos 2u
6. _______
1 cos 2u
8. Match each expression with its product-to-sum formula.
(a) sin u cos v
(i) 12 cosu v cosu v
(b) cos u sin v
(ii) 12 sinu v sinu v
(c) cos u cos v
(iii) 12 sinu v sinu v

Finding Exact Values of Trigonometric Functions In
Exercises 9 and 10, use the figure to find the exact value
of each trigonometric function.
9.
sin
tan
cos 2
csc 2
(b)
(d)
(f)
(h)
cos
sin 2
sec 2
cot 2
12
sin
sin 2
tan 2
sec 2
(b)
(d)
(f)
(h)
tan
cos 2
cot 2
csc 2
Solving a Multiple-Angle Equation In Exercises 1120,

use a graphing utility to approximate the solutions of the
equation in the interval [0, 2. If possible, find the exact
solutions algebraically.
11. sin 2x sin x 0
13. 4 sin x cos x 1
15. cos 2x cos x 0
17. sin 4x 2 sin 2x
sin u 35, 0 < u < 2

cos u 23, 2 < u <
tan u 12, < u < 32
cot u 6, 32 < u < 2
sec u 2, 2 < u <
csc u 3, 2 < u <
Using a Double-Angle Formula In Exercises 2730, use

a double-angle formula to rewrite the expression. Use a
graphing utility to graph both expressions to verify that
both forms are the same.
10.
(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
20. tan 2x 2 cos x 0
Evaluating Functions Involving Double Angles In

Exercises 2126, find the exact values of sin 2u, cos 2u,
and tan 2u using the double-angle formulas.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
19. cos 2x sin x 0
12. sin 2x cos x 0

14. sin 2x sin x cos x
16. tan 2x cot x 0
18. sin 2x cos 2x2 1
27. 8 sin x cos x

28. 4 sin x cos x 1
2
29. 4 8 sin x
30. cos x sin xcos x sin x
Reducing a Power In Exercises 31 44, rewrite the
expression in terms of the first power of the cosine. Use
a graphing utility to graph both expressions to verify
that both forms are the same.
31.
33.
35.
37.
cos4 x
sin2 x cos2 x
sin2 x cos4 x
sin2 2x
x
39. cos2
2
32.
34.
36.
38.
sin8 x
cos 6 x
sin4 x cos2 x
cos2 2x
x
40. sin2
2
41. tan2 2x
x
43. sin4
2
42. sin2 x tan2 x

x
44. cos4
2
Section 5.5
Finding Exact Values of Trigonometric Functions In
Exercises 45 and 46, use the figure to find the exact value
of each trigonometric function.
Using a Half-Angle Formula In Exercises 6164, use the

half-angle formulas to simplify the expression.
6x
1 cos
2
1 cos 8x
63.
1 cos 8x
4x
1 cos
2
1 cosx 1
64.
2
61.
45.
8
391
62.
15

(a) cos
2

(c) tan
2

(e) csc
2
(g) 2 sin

find the solutions of the equation in the interval [0, 2.
Use a graphing utility to verify your answers.

(b) sin
2

(d) sec
2

(f) cot
2

cos
2
2
(h) 2 cos
x
cos x 0
2
x
67. cos sin x 0
2
x
cos x 1 0
2
x
68. tan sin x 0
2
65. sin

tan
2
2
66. sin
Writing Products as Sums In Exercises 6976, use the

product-to-sum formulas to write the product as a sum
or difference.
46.

cos
3
3
71. sin 5 cos 3
73. 10 cos 75 cos 15
75. sinx y sinx y
69. 6 sin
24

2

(c) tan
2

(e) sec
2

2

(d) cot
2

(f) csc
2
(a) sin
(g) 2 sin
(b) cos

cos
2
2
(h) 2 cos
Writing Sums as Products In Exercises 7784, use the

sum-to-product formulas to write the sum or difference
as a product.

tan
2
2
Using a Half-Angle Formula In Exercises 4754, use the

half-angle formulas to determine the exact values of the
sine, cosine, and tangent of the angle.
47. 75
49. 67 30

51.
8
3
53.
8
48. 165
50. 157 30

52.
12
7
54.
12
Using a Half-Angle Formula In Exercises 5560, find

the exact values of sin u/2, cos u/ 2, and tan u/ 2 using
the half-angle formulas.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
sin u 13, 2 < u <

3
cos u 5, 0 < u < 2
8
tan u 5, 32 < u < 2
cot u 3, < u < 32
csc u 53, < u < 32
sec u 72, 2 < u <

5
sin
3
6
72. 3 sin 2 sin 3
74. 6 sin 45 cos 15
76. sinx y cosx y
70. 4 cos
78. sin 3 sin

sin 5 sin
80. sin x sin 5x
cos 6x cos 2x
sin sin
cos
2 cos

83. cos
cos
2
2

84. sin x
sin x
2
2
77.
79.
81.
82.
Using a Sum-to-Product Formula In Exercises 8588,

use the sum-to-product formulas to find the exact value
of the expression.
85. sin 195 sin 105
5

87. cos
cos
12
12
86. cos 120 cos 30

3
5
88. sin
sin
4
4

Use a graphing utility to verify your answers.
89. sin 6x sin 2x 0
cos 2x
91.
10
sin 3x sin x
90. cos 2x cos 6x 0

92. sin2 3x sin2 x 0
392
Chapter 5
Using Trigonometric Identities In Exercises 9396, use

the figure and trigonometric identities to find the exact
value of the trigonometric function in two ways.
3
12
93. sin2
95. sin cos
94. cos2
96. cos sin
Verifying Trigonometric Identities In Exercises 97110,

verify the identity algebraically. Use a graphing utility to
check your result graphically.
csc
97. csc 2
2 cos
An Application from Calculus In Exercises 121 and 122,

the graph of a function f is shown over the interval
[0, 2]. (a) Find the x-intercepts of the graph of f
algebraically. Verify your solutions by using the zero or
root feature of a graphing utility. (b) The x-coordinates
of the extrema of f are solutions of the trigonometric
equation (calculus is required to find the trigonometric
equation). Find the solutions of the equation algebraically.
Verify these solutions using the maximum and minimum
features of the graphing utility.
121. Function: f x sin 2x sin x
Trigonometric equation: 2 cos 2x cos x 0
3
sec2
98. sec 2
2 sec2
99. cos2 2 sin2 2 cos 4

100. cos4 x sin4 x cos 2x
101. sin x cos x2 1 sin 2x

1
2
102. sin cos sin
3
3
2
3
103. 1 cos 10y 2
5y
cos 3
104.
1 4 sin2
cos
u
2 tan u
105. sec
2
tan u sin u
u
106. tan csc u cot u
2
107. cos 3 cos3 3 sin2 cos
108. sin 4 4 sin cos 1 2 sin2
sin x sin y
xy
109.
tan
cos x cos y
2
sin x sin y
xy
110.
cot
cos x cos y
2
2
122. Function: f x cos 2x sin x

Trigonometric equation: 2 sin 2x cos x 0
3
cos2
Using a Power-Reducing Formula In Exercises 111114,

rewrite the function using the power-reducing formulas.
Then use a graphing utility to graph the function.
111. f x sin2 x
113. f x cos 4 x
112. f x cos2 x
114. f x sin 3 x
2
123. Projectile Motion The range of a projectile fired at

an angle with the horizontal and with an initial
velocity of v0 feet per second is given by
r
1 2
v sin 2
32 0
where r is measured in feet. An athlete throws a javelin

at 75 feet per second. At what angle must the athlete
throw the javelin so that the javelin travels 130 feet?
124. Geometry The length of each of the two equal sides
of an isosceles triangle is 10 meters (see figure). The
angle between the two sides is .
10 m
10 m

115120, write the trigonometric expression as an
algebraic expression.
115. sin2 arcsin x
117. cos2 arcsin x
119. cos2 arctan x
116. cos2 arccos x

118. sin2 arccos x
120. sin2 arctan x
(a) Write the area of the triangle as a function of 2.

(b) Write the area of the triangle as a function of and
determine the value of such that the area is a
maximum.
Section 5.5
125. Mechanical Engineering When two railroad tracks
merge, the overlapping portions of the tracks are in the
shape of a circular arc (see figure). The radius of each
arc r (in feet) and the angle are related by
x

2r sin2 .
2
2
Write a formula for x in terms of cos .
393
129. Think About It Consider the function
f x 2 sin x 2 cos 2
x
1 .
2
(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the function.

(b) Make a conjecture about a function that is an
identity with f.
(c) Verify your conjecture algebraically.
130. C A P S T O N E Consider the function
f x sin4 x cos4 x.
126.
(p. 384) The mach

number M of an airplane is the ratio of its
speed to the speed of sound. When an
airplane travels faster than the speed of
sound, the sound waves form a cone behind
the airplane (see figure). The mach number
is related to the apex angle of the cone by
sin

1
.
2 M
(a) Use the power-reducing formulas to write the

function in terms of cosine to the first power.
(b) Determine another way of rewriting the function.
Use a graphing utility to rule out incorrectly
rewritten functions.
(c) Add a trigonometric term to the function so that
it becomes a perfect square trinomial. Rewrite
the function as a perfect square trinomial minus
the term that you added. Use the graphing utility
to rule out incorrectly rewritten functions.
(d) Rewrite the result of part (c) in terms of the sine
of a double angle. Use the graphing utility to rule
out incorrectly rewritten functions.
(e) When you rewrite a trigonometric expression, the
result may not be the same as a friends. Does
this mean that one of you is wrong? Explain.

(a) Find the angle that corresponds to a mach
number of 1.
(b) Find the angle that corresponds to a mach
number of 4.5.
(c) The speed of sound is about 760 miles per hour.
Determine the speed of an object having the mach
numbers in parts (a) and (b).
(d) Rewrite the equation as a trigonometric function of .
Conclusions
whether the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
127. sin
1 2cos x,
x

2
x 2
128. The graph of y 4 8 sin2 x has a maximum at

, 4.
DCWcreations 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com
Finding the Midpoint of a Line Segment In Exercises

131134, (a) plot the points, (b) find the distance between
the points, and (c) find the midpoint of the line segment
connecting the points.
131. 5, 2, 1, 4
133. 0, 12 , 43, 52
132. 4, 3, 6, 10

134. 13, 23 , 1, 32
Finding the Complement and Supplement of Angles In

Exercises 135138, find (if possible) the complement and
supplement of each angle.
135. (a) 55
136. (a) 109

137. (a)
18
(b) 162
(b) 78
9
(b)
20
138. (a) 0.95
(b) 2.76
139. Find the radian measure of the central angle of a circle

with a radius of 15 inches that intercepts an arc of
length 7 inches.
140. Find the length of the arc on a circle of radius
21 centimeters intercepted by a central angle of 35.
394
Chapter 5
Chapter Summary
What did you learn?
Recognize and write the
fundamental trigonometric
identities (p. 350).
Explanation and Examples
Review
Exercises
Reciprocal Identities
sin u 1csc u
cos u 1sec u
tan u 1cot u
csc u 1sin u
sec u 1cos u
cot u 1tan u
Quotient Identities tan u
sin u
cos u
cot u
cos u
sin u
sin2 u cos2 u 1
1 cot2 u csc2 u
1 tan2 u sec2 u
110
Cofunction Identities
5.1
sin2 u cos u
cos2 u sin u
tan2 u cot u
cot2 u tan u
sec2 u csc u
csc2 u sec u
Even/Odd Identities
sinu sin u cosu cos u tanu tan u
cscu csc u secu sec u
cotu cot u
Use the fundamental trigonometric

identities to evaluate trigonometric
functions, and simplify and rewrite
trigonometric expressions (p. 351).
On occasion, factoring or simplifying trigonometric

expressions can best be done by first rewriting the
expression in terms of just one trigonometric function
or in terms of sine or cosine alone.
Verify trigonometric identities

(p. 357).
Guidelines for Verifying Trigonometric Identities
1126
1. Work with one side of the equation at a time.

2. Look to factor an expression, add fractions, square a
binomial, or create a monomial denominator.
3. Look to use the fundamental identities. Note which
functions are in the final expression you want. Sines
and cosines pair up well, as do secants and tangents,
and cosecants and cotangents.
5.2
2738
4. When the preceding guidelines do not help, try converting

all terms to sines and cosines.
5. Always try something.
5.3
Use standard algebraic techniques

to solve trigonometric equations
(p. 365).
Use standard algebraic techniques such as collecting like

terms, extracting square roots, and factoring to solve
trigonometric equations.
3950
Solve trigonometric equations of

quadratic type (p. 368).
To solve trigonometric equations of quadratic type

ax2 bx c 0, factor the quadratic or, when this
is not possible, use the Quadratic Formula.
5154

involving multiple angles (p. 370).
To solve equations that contain forms such as sin ku or

cos ku, first solve the equation for ku, then divide your result
by k.
5562
Use inverse trigonometric functions

to solve trigonometric equations
(p. 371).
After factoring an equation and setting the factors equal to

0, you may get an equation such as tan x 3 0. In this
case, use inverse trigonometric functions to solve. (See
Example 10.)
6366
Chapter Summary
What did you learn?

Use sum and difference formulas to
evaluate trigonometric functions,
verify trigonometric identities,
and solve trigonometric equations
( p. 377).
5.4
Explanation and Examples
Review
Exercises

6788

tan u tan v
1 tan u tan v
tan u tan v
tanu v
1 tan u tan v
tanu v
Use multiple-angle formulas to

rewrite and evaluate trigonometric
functions ( p. 384).
tan 2u
Use power-reducing formulas to
functions (p. 386).
cos 2u cos2 u sin2 u

2 cos2 u 1
1 2 sin2 u

2 tan u
1 tan2 u
1 cos 2u
2
99104
1 cos 2u
2
1

cos
2u
tan2 u
1 cos 2u
cos2 u
Use half-angle formulas to

Half-Angle Formulas
sin
u

2
1 2cos u
cos
u

2
1 2cos u
u 1 cos u
sin u

2
sin u
1 cos u
u
u
The signs of sin and cos depend on the quadrant
2
2
u
in which lies.
2
tan
5.5
Use product-to-sum formulas

and sum-to-product formulas to
8998
sin2 u
105118
sin u sin v 12 cosu v cosu v
cos u cos v 12 cosu v cosu v
sin u cos v 12 sinu v sinu v
cos u sin v 12 sinu v sinu v
sin u sin v 2 sin
u 2 v cosu 2 v
sin u sin v 2 cos
119130
u 2 v sinu 2 v
cos u cos v 2 cos
u 2 v cosu 2 v
cos u cos v 2 sin
395
u 2 v sinu 2 v
396
Chapter 5
Review Exercises
5.1
5.2
Recognizing Fundamental Trigonometric Identities In

Exercises 110, name the trigonometric function that is
equivalent to the expression.

1.
1
cos x
2.
1
sin x
3.
1
sec x
4.
1
tan x
5. 1 cos2 x

x
7. csc
2
6. 1 tan2 x

x
8. cot
2
9. secx
10. tanx
Using Identities to Evaluate a Function In Exercises

1114, use the given values to evaluate (if possible) the
remaining trigonometric functions of the angle.
4
11. sin x ,
5
cos x
2
12. tan ,
3
sec
3
5
1
x1
16.
sec2 x 1
sec x 1
sin2 cos2
sin
18.
sec2
csc2
19. tan2 csc2 1

21. tan
23.
2 x sec x
sin2 cos 2
sin2 sin cos
1 cos x
cscx
cot x
35.
secx
sinx cot x

x
sin
2
sin3 cos3
24.
sin cos
5.3
20. csc 2 x1 cos2 x

22.
1 secx
csc x
sinx tanx
37. csc2

1524, use the fundamental identities to simplify the
expression. Use the table feature of a graphing utility to
check your result numerically.
17.
34. 1 cos x

sin x
2 x 1 tan x

38. tan x sec x csc x
2
13
2 x 12, sin x 12

22
14. csc 3, sin
2
3
tan2
36.
13. sin
15.
cos xtan2 x 1 sec x

sec2 x cot x cot x tan x
sin3 sin cos 2 sin
cot2 x cos2 x cot2 x cos2 x
sin5 x cos2 x cos2 x 2 cos 4 x cos6 x sin x
cos3 x sin2 x sin2 x sin4 x cos x
1 sin 1 sin

33.
1 sin
cos
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

f x 2sin x is given by sin12 x cos x. Show that
the rate of change can also be written as cot xsin x.
f x csc x cot x is given by csc2 x csc x cot x.
Show that the rate of change can also be written as
1 cos xsin2 x.

solve the equation.
39.
41.
43.
45.
47.
49.
2 sin x 1 0
sin x 3 sin x
33 tan x 3
3 csc2 x 4
4 cos2 x 3 0
sin x tan x 0
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
tan x 1 0
4 cos x 1 2 cos x
1
2 sec x 1 0
4 tan2 x 1 tan2 x
sin xsin x 1 0
csc x 2 cot x 0

Use a graphing utility to check your answers.
51. 2 cos2 x cos x 1
53. cos2 x sin x 1
52. 2 sin2 x 3 sin x 1

54. sin2 x 2 cos x 2
Functions of Multiple Angles In Exercises 5558, find all

solutions of the multiple-angle equation in the interval
[0, 2.
55. 2 sin 2x 2
56. 3 tan 3x 0
57. cos 4xcos x 1 0
58. 3 csc2 5x 4
Review Exercises
Functions of Multiple Angles In Exercises 5962, solve
the multiple-angle equation.
60. 2 cos 4x 3 0
62. 4 cos2 2x 3 0
59. 2 sin 2x 1 0
61. 2 sin2 3x 1 0
Using Inverse Functions In Exercises 6366, use inverse

functions where necessary to find all solutions of the
equation in the interval [0, 2.
63. sin2 x 2 sin x 0
64. 3 cos2 x 5 cos x 0
65. tan2 x tan x 12 0
66. sec2 x 6 tan x 4 0
5.4
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions In Exercises 6770,

find the exact values of the sine, cosine, and tangent of
the angle.
67. 285 315 30
31 11 3

69.
12
6
4
68. 345 300 45

23 7 3

70.
12
6
4

7174, write the expression as the sine, cosine, or tangent
of an angle.
71. sin 130 cos 50 cos 130 sin 50
72. cos 45 cos 120 sin 45 sin 120
tan 25 tan 50
tan 63 tan 112
73.
74.
1 tan 25 tan 50
1 tan 63 tan 112
75 80, find the exact value of the trigonometric function
4
7
given that sin u 5 and cos v 25. (Both u and v are in
Quadrant II.)
75. sinu v
77. tanu v
79. cosu v
76. tanu v
78. sinu v
80. cosu v

2 sin x

83. cot x tan x
2
81. cos x
82. sin x
3
cos x
2
84. sin x sin x
85. cos 3x 4 cos3 x 3 cos x

sin
tan tan
86.
cos cos
Solving a Trigonometric Equation In Exercises 87 and 88,
87. sin x
88. cos x

cos x
1
4
4
5.5
Evaluating Functions Involving Double Angles In

Exercises 8992, find the exact values of sin 2u, cos 2u,
and tan 2u using the double-angle formulas.

2
5
89. sin u ,
7
0 < u <
4
90. cos u ,
5
3
< u < 2
2
2
91. tan u ,
9
92. cos u

< u <
2
2
,
5

< u <
2
Verifying Trigonometric Identities In Exercises 9396,

use double-angle formulas to verify the identity
algebraically. Use a graphing utility to check your result
graphically.
93.
94.
95.
96.
6 sin x cos x 3sin 2x

4 sin x cos x 2 2 sin 2x 2
1 4 sin2 x cos2 x cos2 2x
sin 4x 8 cos3 x sin x 4 cos x sin x
97. Projectile Motion A baseball leaves the hand of the

first baseman at an angle of with the horizontal and
with an initial velocity of v0 80 feet per second. The
ball is caught by the second baseman 100 feet away.
Find where the range r of a projectile is given by
1 2
r 32
v0 sin 2.
98. Projectile Motion Use the equation in Exercise 97 to
find when a golf ball is hit with an initial velocity of
v0 50 feet per second and lands 77 feet away.
Reducing a Power In Exercises 99104, use the powerreducing formulas to rewrite the expression in terms of
the first power of the cosine.
99. sin6 x
101. cos4 2x
103. tan2 4x
100. cos4 x sin4 x

102. sin4 2x
104. sin2 2x tan2 2x
Using a Half-Angle Formula In Exercises 105108, use

the half-angle formulas to determine the exact values of
the sine, cosine, and tangent of the angle.
105. 15
7
107.
8
106. 112 30
11
108.
12

sin x
2
2
2
397
398
Chapter 5
Using a Half-Angle Formula In Exercises 109112, find

the exact values of sinu/ 2, cosu/ 2, and tan u/ 2 using
the half-angle formulas.
3
109. sin u ,
5
0 < u <

2
4
110. tan u ,
3
< u <
3
2
126. cos x

cos x
6
6
Harmonic Motion In Exercises 127130, a weight is

attached to a spring suspended vertically from a ceiling.
When a driving force is applied to the system, the weight
moves vertically from its equilibrium position. This motion
is described by the model
2
111. cos u ,
7

< u <
2
y 1.5 sin 8t 0.5 cos 8t
112. sec u 6,

< u <
2
where y is the distance from equilibrium in feet and t is

the time in seconds.
127. Write the model in the form
Using a Half-Angle Formula In Exercises 113116, use

the half-angle formulas to simplify the expression.
113.
115.
8x
1 cos
2
sin 10x
1 cos 10x
114.
6x
1 cos
2
116.
1 cos 12x
sin 12x
Agriculture In Exercises 117 and 118, a trough for

feeding cattle is 4 meters long and its cross sections are
1
isosceles triangles with two equal sides of 2 meter (see
figure). The angle between the equal sides is .
4m
1
2
1
2
117. Write the troughs volume as a function of 2.

118. Write the volume of the trough as a function of
and determine the value of such that the volume is
maximum.
Writing Products as Sums In Exercises 119122, use the
product-to-sum formulas to write the product as a sum
or difference.

119. 6 sin cos
4
4
120. 4 sin 15 sin 45
121. sin 5 sin 4
122. cos 6 sin 8
y a 2 b2 sinBt C.
128. Use a graphing utility to graph the model.
129. Find the amplitude of the oscillations of the weight.
130. Find the frequency of the oscillations of the weight.
Conclusions
131. If

< < , then cos < 0.
2
2
132. sinx y sin x sin y

133. 4 sinx cosx 2 sin 2x
134. 4 sin 45 cos 15 1 3
135. Think About It List the reciprocal identities, quotient
identities, and Pythagorean identities from memory.
136. Think About It Is cos 1 sin2 an identity?
Explain.
137. Think About It Is any trigonometric equation with an
infinite number of solutions an identity? Explain.
138. Think About It Does the equation a sin x b 0
have a solution when a < b ? Explain.
Think About It In Exercises 139 and 140, use the graphs

of y1 and y2 to determine how to change y2 to a new
function y3 such that y1 y3 .
139. y1 sec2
2 x
140. y1
y2 2 sin x2
y2 cot2 x
Writing Sums as Products In Exercises 123126, use the

sum-to-product formulas to write the sum or difference
as a product.
123. cos 5 cos 4
124. sin 3 sin 2

sin x
125. sin x
4
4
cos 3x
cos x
y2
y1

1
y2
y1
4
399
Chapter Test
Chapter Test

Take this test as you would take a test in class. After you are finished, check your
work against the answers in the back of the book.
3
1. Given tan 2 and cos < 0, use the fundamental identities to evaluate the other
five trigonometric functions of .
2. Use the fundamental identities to simplify csc2 1 cos2 .
sec4 x tan4 x
.
3. Factor and simplify
sec2 x tan2 x
sin
cos

.
4. Add and simplify
sin
cos
5. Determine the values of , 0 < 2, for which tan sec2 1 is true.
6. Use a graphing utility to graph the functions y1 sin x cos x cot x and
y2 csc x. Make a conjecture about y1 and y2. Verify your result algebraically.
In Exercises 712, verify the identity.
7. sin sec tan
8. sec2 x tan2 x sec2 x sec4 x
csc sec
cot tan
9.
sin cos

sin x
10. cos x
2
11. sinn 1n sin , n is an integer.

12. sin x cos x2 1 sin 2x
13. Find the exact value of tan 255 .
14. Rewrite sin4 x tan2 x in terms of the first power of the cosine.
sin 4
.
15. Use a half-angle formula to simplify the expression
1 cos 4
16. Write 4 cos 2 sin 4 as a sum or difference.
17. Write sin 3 sin 4 as a product.
In Exercises 1821, find all solutions of the equation in the interval [0, 2.
18.
19.
20.
21.
tan2 x tan x 0
sin 2 cos 0
4 cos2 x 3 0
csc2 x csc x 2 0
22. Use a graphing utility to approximate the solutions of the equation 3 cos x x 0
accurate to three decimal places.
23. Use the figure to find the exact values of sin 2u, cos 2u, and tan 2u.
24. The index of refraction n of a transparent material is the ratio of the speed of light
in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material. For the triangular glass prism in
the figure, n 1.5 and 60 . Find the angle for the glass prism given that
sin
n
2 2
sin

2
(1, 2)
Figure for 23
Air
ht
Lig
Prism
Figure for 24
400
Chapter 5
Proofs in Mathematics
(p. 377)

tanu v
tan u tan v
1 tan u tan v
tanu v
tan u tan v
1 tan u tan v
Proof
You can use the figures at the right for the proofs of the formulas for cosu v. In the
top figure, let A be the point 1, 0 and then use u and v to locate the points Bx1, y1,
Cx2, y2, and Dx3, y3 on the unit circle. So, x i2 y i2 1 for i 1, 2, and 3. For
convenience, assume that 0 < v < u < 2. In the bottom figure, note that arcs AC and
BD have the same length. So, line segments AC and BD are also equal in length, which
implies that
B(x 1, y1)
C(x 2, y2)
x22 2x2 1 y22 x32 2x1x3 x12 y32 2y1 y3 y12
x22
A(1, 0)
x2 1 y2 0 x3 x1 y3 y1
2
uv
D(x 3, y3)
1 2x2 2x1x3 2y1y3

1 1 2x2 1 1 2x1 x3 2y1 y3
y22
x32
y32
x12
y12
x2 x3 x1 y3 y1.
Finally, by substituting the values x2 cosu v, x3 cos u, x1 cos v, y3 sin u,
and y1 sin v, you obtain cosu v cos u cos v sin u sin v. The formula for
cosu v can be established by considering u v u v and using the formula
just derived to obtain
B(x 1, y1)
C(x 2, y2)
cosu v cosu v cos u cosv sin u sin v
A(1, 0)
cos u cos v sin u sin v.

You can use the sum and difference formulas for sine and cosine to prove the formulas
for tanu v.
tanu v
sinu v
cosu v
Quotient identity
sin u cos v cos u sin v

cos u cos v sin u sin v
Sum and difference formulas
sin u cos v cos u sin v

cos u cos v

cos u cos v sin u sin v
cos u cos v
D(x 3, y3)
Divide numerator and denominator

by cos u cos v.
Proofs in Mathematics
sin u cos v
cos u sin v
cos u cos v cos u cos v

cos u cos v
sin u sin v

cos u cos v cos u cos v
sin u
sin v
cos u cos v

sin u sin v
1

cos u cos v
tan u tan v

1 tan u tan v
tan 2u
Product of fractions
Quotient identity
(p. 384)
cos 2u
cos2
2
2 tan u
1 tan2 u
u
cos2
12
sin2
Trigonometry
and Astronomy
u1
sin2
Proof
To prove all three formulas, let v u in the corresponding sum formulas.
sin 2u sinu u sin u cos u cos u sin u 2 sin u cos u
cos 2u cosu u cos u cos u sin u sin u cos2 u sin2 u
tan 2u tanu u
sin2 u
1 cos 2u
2
Trigonometry was used by

early astronomers to calculate
measurements in the universe.
Trigonometry was used to
calculate the circumference
of Earth and the distance from
Earth to the moon. Another
major accomplishment in
astronomy using trigonometry
was computing distances to stars.
tan u tan u
2 tan u

1 tan u tan u 1 tan2 u
(p. 386)
cos2 u
1 cos 2u
2
tan2 u
1 cos 2u
1 cos 2u
Proof
To prove the first formula, solve for sin2 u in the double-angle formula
cos 2u 1 2 sin2 u, as follows.
cos 2u 1 2 sin2 u
2 sin2 u 1 cos 2u
sin2 u
1 cos 2u
2
401
Write double-angle formula.

Subtract cos 2u from and
add 2 sin2 x to each side.
402
Chapter 5
In a similar way, you can prove the second formula by solving for cos2 u in the doubleangle formula
cos 2u 2 cos2 u 1.
To prove the third formula, use a quotient identity, as follows.
tan2 u
sin2 u
cos2 u
1 cos 2u
2

1 cos 2u
2
1 cos 2u
1 cos 2u
sin u sin v 2 sin
(p. 388)
u 2 v cosu 2 v
sin u sin v 2 cos
u 2 v sinu 2 v
cos u cos v 2 cos
u 2 v cosu 2 v
cos u cos v 2 sin
u 2 v sinu 2 v
Proof
To prove the first formula, let x u v and y u v. Then substitute
u x y2 and v x y2 in the product-to-sum formula.
1
sin u cos v sinu v sinu v
2
sin
2 sin
x 2 y cosx 2 y 21 sin x sin y

x 2 y cosx 2 y sin x sin y
The other sum-to-product formulas can be proved in a similar manner.

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5

5.1 Using Fundamental Identities

5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas

Andresr 2010/used under license from Shutterstock.com

Section 5.3, Example 12

Using Fundamental Identities

What you should learn

Recognize and write the

Why you should learn it

The fundamental trigonometric

Pythagorean identities are sometimes used in radical form such as

Using Fundamental Identities

Using the Fundamental Identities

Example 1 Using Identities to Evaluate a Function

Using a Pythagorean identity, you have

Substitute 23 for cos u.

You can use a graphing

Select the line style for y1 and

Now try Exercise 13.

Example 2 Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression

Factor out monomial factor.

Now try Exercise 35.

When factoring trigonometric expressions, it is helpful to find a polynomial form

Example 3 Factoring Trigonometric Expressions

1 sec  1sec   1).

b. This expression has the polynomial form ax 2  bx  c and it factors as

Example 4 Factoring a Trigonometric Expression

Combine like terms.

Now, create a table that shows

Now try Exercise 51.

Example 5 Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression

Now try Exercise 61.

Using Fundamental Identities

Example 6 Rewriting a Trigonometric Expression

Multiply numerator and

Write as separate fractions.

sec2 x tan x sec x

Write as separate fractions.

Now try Exercise 65.

Example 7 Trigonometric Substitution

Substitute 2 tan  for x.

sec  > 0 for 0 <  <

Now try Exercise 79.

Vocabulary and Concept Check

2. Match each expression with an equivalent expression.

In Exercises 36, fill in the blank to complete the trigonometric identity.

Procedures and Problem Solving

16. cscx 5, cos x

tan  2, sin  < 0

Matching Trigonometric Expressions In Exercises

21. sec x cos x

22. tan x csc x

Matching Trigonometric Expressions In Exercises

(d) sin x tan x

(f) sec2 x tan2 x

27. sin x sec x

28. cos2 xsec2 x 1

Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression In Exercises

34. cos tan

45. cot2 x cot2 x cos2 x

1 sec 1sec 1).

b. This expression has the polynomial form ax 2 bx c and it factors as

Substitute 2 tan for x.

sec > 0 for 0 < <

tan 2, sin < 0

46. sec2 x tan2 x sec2 x

72. y1 cos x sin x tan x, y2 sec x

92. cos 1 sin2

102. tan sec2 1

115. cos sec 1

114. sin csc 1

121. Write each of the other trigonometric functions of in

In Example 2, you needed to write the Pythagorean identity sin2 u cos2 u 1 in

tan2 x 1cos 2 x 1 sec2 xsin2 x

cos x cos x sin x

cos x cos x sin x

The identity is verified because both sides are equal to csc 1.