Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 421 views

    Tannins

    Uploaded by

    notapernota101
    Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants that are astringent and can bind to and precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolyzable or condensed tannins. Hydrolyzable tannins break down into phenolic acids like gallic or ellagic acid when treated with acids or enzymes. Condensed tannins are more resistant to hydrolysis and break down into red compounds. Tannins are used for tanning leather, as astringents, for detecting and treating alkaloid toxicity, and in manufacturing inks. They are found in many plants including oak, coffee, licorice, cascara, and verbena.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Tannins

    Uploaded by

    notapernota101
    421 views20 pages
    Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants that are astringent and can bind to and precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolyzable or condensed tannins. Hydrolyzable tannins break down into phenolic acids like gallic or ellagic acid when treated with acids or enzymes. Condensed tannins are more resistant to hydrolysis and break down into red compounds. Tannins are used for tanning leather, as astringents, for detecting and treating alkaloid toxicity, and in manufacturing inks. They are found in many plants including oak, coffee, licorice, cascara, and verbena.

    Original Description:

    tgyuyf

    Original Title

    6. TANNINS

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants that are astringent and can bind to and precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolyzable or condensed tannins. Hydrolyzable tannins break down into phenolic acids like gallic or ellagic acid when treated with acids or enzymes. Condensed tannins are more resistant to hydrolysis and break down into red compounds. Tannins are used for tanning leather, as astringents, for detecting and treating alkaloid toxicity, and in manufacturing inks. They are found in many plants including oak, coffee, licorice, cascara, and verbena.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    421 views20 pages

    Tannins

    Uploaded by

    notapernota101
    Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants that are astringent and can bind to and precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolyzable or condensed tannins. Hydrolyzable tannins break down into phenolic acids like gallic or ellagic acid when treated with acids or enzymes. Condensed tannins are more resistant to hydrolysis and break down into red compounds. Tannins are used for tanning leather, as astringents, for detecting and treating alkaloid toxicity, and in manufacturing inks. They are found in many plants including oak, coffee, licorice, cascara, and verbena.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 20

    TANNINS

    Definition of Tannins
    (Cantoria, 1990)
    Tannins are amorphous, polyhydroxy phenolic
    compounds with molecular weights in the
    range of from about 1,000 to 5,000 which
    possess an astringent taste and the ability to
    combine with hide to form leather.

    TANNIN CELL
    IN

    Characteristics of Tannins
    Widely distributed in plants and many are
    glycosides ex. Glucogallin
    Occur in solution in cell sap
    Usually found in great quantities
    in dead or dying cells
    Exert inhibitory effect on enzymes by protein
    precipitation, thus becoming a protectant for
    barks and heartwoods.

    GALLOTANNIN or Tannic Acid usually occurs in


    the bark and fruit of a large number of plants,
    such as:

    1. dried beans of Coffea arabica L.


    (Rubiaceae)-Arabica Coffee,
    Arabian Coffee, Abyssinian Coffee

    2. fresh forage (fodder) of


    Equisetium arrense L. (Equisetaceae)
    3. Roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae)
    -Common Licorice, Licorice Root,
    Spanish Licorice Root
    4. juice of the plant of Rhamnus
    purshianus DC. (Rhamnaceae)Cascara Sagrada, Cascara
    buckthorn
    5. flowers and plants of Verbena officinalis L.
    (Verbenaceae)-Vervain, Verbena.

    GALLOTANNIN or Tannic Acid


    Identification Tests
    1. Tannic acid, when heated to 210-215C, gets
    decomposed to yield pyrogallol and CO2. The
    evolution of CO2 may be confirmed when it turns
    freshly prepared lime-water milky.
    Tannic Acid heated at 210215C Pyrogallol + CO2

    2. It instantly gives rise to insoluble precipitates with


    albumin, starch, gelatin and a host of alkaloidal and
    metallic salts.
    3. It readily forms a bluish-black color or precipitate
    with ferric salts e.g., FeCl3.

    GALLOTANNIN or Tannic Acid


    Uses
    1. Tannic acid with ferric salts are invariably used in the
    manufacture of inks.
    2. It is used for tanning i.e., making leather from hides of
    cow, goat, sheep and buffalo skin.
    3. It is employed as a pharmaceutical aid due to its
    astringent and antiseptic actions.
    4. It is used as a mordant in dyeing.
    5. It is invariably employed to clarify beer and wine.
    6. It is employed as a coagulant in the manufacture of
    rubber.
    7. It is used in the large scale production of gallic acid and
    pyrogallol.
    8. It is employed as a reagent in analytical chemistry.

    ELLAGITANNINS
    They may be derived by the oxidative
    coupling of two molecules of gallic acid
    which are esterified to glucose or
    probably by the condensation of
    hydroaromatic precursors.

    COMPLEX TANNINS
    This has been applied by Okuda to a
    newly-discovered group of tannins
    which are biosynthesized from both a
    hydrolyzable tannin (mostly C-glucoside
    ellagitannin) and a condensed tannin.
    The union through a C-C bond
    between the C1 of the glucose unit of
    the ellagitannin and the C8 or C6 of the
    flavan-3-ol derivative.

    Main Classes of Tannins

    Main Classes of Tannins


    HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS (also referred to as
    pyrogallotannins)
    1. When treated with acids or enzymes, they yield
    phenolic acids, such as gallic and ellagic acids, and
    carbohydrates usually glucose.
    2. Their solution turn bluish black with FeCl3 TS
    3. On dry distillation, gallic acid and similar
    components are converted into pyrogallol.

    Main Classes of Tannins


    CONDENSED TANNINS (PHLOBATANNINS,
    FLAVOLANS OR CATECHOL TANNINS)
    1. They are more resistant when treated with acids
    or enzymes as compared to hydrolyzable tannins.
    They are decomposed to red insoluble compounds
    known as phlobaphenes or tanners red.
    2. Their solution turn greenish black with FeCl3 TS
    3. On dry distillation, gallic acid and similar
    components are converted into catechol.

    Main Classes of Tannins


    PSEUDOTANNINS are compounds of lower molecular
    weights than true tannins and they do not respond
    to the goldbeaters skin test.
    Examples:
    Depsides formed by ether linkages between two or
    more molecules of phenolic acids (ex. m-gallic acid
    in galls , chlorogenic acid in coffee)
    Derivatives of flavan or phenyl-2-benzodihydropyran
    (ex. Catechins or catechols in gambir and kremeria)

    Tannin Formation

    Tannin Formation
    Polygalloylgiucose is the parent compound of many, if
    not all, of the hydrolyzable tannins.
    Catechins and flava-3,4-diols appear to be the
    intermediate In the biosynthesis of condensed tannins

    Useful Tests for Tannins


    1. Goldbeaters skin test. a brown or black color on the skin
    denotes the presence of tannins
    Golbeaters skin is a membrane prepared from the intestine of
    the ox and behaves similarly to an untanned hide.

    2. Gelatin test. Gallic acid and other pseudotannins


    precipitate gelatin if the solutions are sufficiently
    concentrated.
    3. Phenazone test. All tannins are precipitated, the precipitate
    being bulky and often colored.
    4. Test for Catechin. The phlorogloucinol produced turns the
    wood pink or red.
    5.Test for chlorogenic acid. Development of a green color.

    TANNIN APPLICATIONS
    Has the property of precipitating proteins,thus
    act therapeutically as astringent, both on the
    GIT and skin abrasions
    Tanning leather
    Precipitates alkaloids, thus used for their
    detection and antidotal treatment of toxic
    overdoses of these substances
    Forms deep colored compounds with iron
    salts, thus used in the manufacture of inks

    PART USED
    LEAF

    LOCAL NAME

    BOTANICALORIGIN

    Hamamelis

    Hamamelis virginiana
    Fam. Hamamelidaceae

    Bayabas

    Psidium guajava L.
    Fam. Myrtaceae

    Dried aqueous extract

    Gambir

    Uncaria gambir (Fam. Rubiaceae)

    Excrecence

    Nutgall

    Formed on young twigs of Qurcus


    infectoria (Fam. Fagaceae) by the gall
    wasp, Adleria gallaetinctoriae

    Bark

    Duhat

    Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels


    Fam. Myrtaceae

    Kamachile

    Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.


    Fam. Fabaceae

    You might also like