DAB System

Digital Audio Broadcasting
(DAB) systems
Shahab adin Rahmanian
Nov,2005
3/2/2007
Digital Audio Broadcasting systems
Outline
Introduction
DAB species
History of DAB
DAB specification
IBOC DAB
OFDM
CDMA
Future work
References
3/2/2007
Introduction
Replace the existing AM and FM audio

broadcast services
Very well suited for mobile reception
High robustness against Multipath
reception
High quality digital audio services (near
CD quality)
3/2/2007
Introduction
Ancillary data transmission (e.g. travel

and traffic information, still and moving
pictures, etc.)
Larger coverage area than current FM
and AM systems
Efficient frequency spectrum use
Low transmitting power
3/2/2007
DAB species
DAB (Eureka 147 project)
In Band On Channel (IBOC) DAB

(High definition radio project)
ETSI standard
NRSC standard
ISDB
3/2/2007
Japanese standard
Digital TV & audio
History of DAB
In 1980s the first digital sound broadcasting

systems providing CD like audio quality for
satellite delivery.
Frequency band 10 to 12GHz

Little sound data compression
Not aimed at mobile reception
In 1987 the Eureka-147 project was born

First DAB standard was achieved in 1993
In 1995 the ETSI adopted DAB as the only
European standard for digital radio
3/2/2007
DAB specification
1.5 MHz bandwidth

Frequency band between 30MHz to
3GHz
1.5 Mbit/s signal rate
8-384 kbit/s audio rate
Up to 63 mono audio channel or 12
stereo audio channel
3/2/2007
Block diagram
[6]
3/2/2007
Important block
24 or 48 Khz
PCM audio signal
To RF Unit
Mpeg II
Encoder
3/2/2007
Energy
dispersal
scrambler
Covoloutio
nal
Encoder
Time
Interleaving
QPSK
symbol
Mapper
OFDM
symbol
Gernerator
DAB World Coverage Map
[6]
3/2/2007
10
IBOC DAB
Permit a smooth evolution from current

analog radio broadcasting to fully digital radio
broadcasting.
Allow broadcaster to keep current analog
transmission
No new spectrum required for AM or FM
transmission
Near CD Quality for FM
FM stereo quality sound for AM station
No new tower or transmitter site
New data capabilities for AM and FM stations
3/2/2007
11
IBOC DAB History
2001
2002
IBOC technology approved by the FCC
2003
iBiquity was born
First AM and FM stations begin

broadcasting with HD Radio
April, 2005
3/2/2007
IBOC DAB Standard (NRSC-5) approved

12
IBOC DAB
RF/transmission subsystem
Transport and service multiplex
Takes the audio and data information

Generate stream of packets
Audio source coding
Coding and interleaving

Mapping
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) modulation
Up-conversion to the AM or FM band
Audio and data input subsystems
3/2/2007
13
Block diagram
[1]
3/2/2007
14
Transmission subsystem
Interface Layer
Logical Channels
Transfer PDU frames

specify grade of service
Channel Coding
3/2/2007
Scrambling (Energy dispersal)

Channel Encoding
Interleaving
15
Transmission subsystem
Subcarrier Mapping and Modulation
QPSK, 16QAM,64QAM
2048 OFDM modulation
Pulse shaping
Up conversion
3/2/2007
16
IBOC DAB
Hybrid waveform
Extended hybrid
waveform
[1]
3/2/2007
17
IBOC DAB
All digital waveform
[1]
3/2/2007
18
Mobile radio channels
Attenuation
Multipath Effects
Doppler Shift
[2]
3/2/2007
19
Radio Propagation Effects
[3]
3/2/2007
20
Attenuation source
Any objects which obstruct the line of

sight signal
Diffract off the boundaries of obstructions
Low frequencies diffracting more than high

frequency signals
High frequency signals, require line of

sight for adequate signal strength
3/2/2007
21
Multipath effects
3/2/2007
22
Fast fading
Relative phase of multiple reflected signals can cause

constructive or destructive interference at the receiver
[3]
3/2/2007
23
Rayleigh Fading
Rayleigh distribution describes the

probability of the signal level being
received due to fading.
3/2/2007
24
Frequency Selective Fading
Channel spectral response is not flat

Deep nulls in the received signal power
For narrow bandwidth entire signal can
be lost
This can overcome in two ways:
Transmitting a spread spectrum as CDMA

Split the transmission into many small
bandwidth carriers (OFDM)
3/2/2007
25
Delay Spread
Time spread between the arrival of

the first and last multipath signal
Lead to inter-symbol interference
ISI can be minimized by CDMA or
OFDM
[3]
3/2/2007
26
Doppler Shift
When a wave source and a receiver are

moving relative to one another the
frequency of the received signal changed
Significant problems
If transmission technique is sensitive to

carrier frequency offsets (COFDM)
Relative speed is very high
3/2/2007
27
OFDM
Similar to FDM but OFDM uses the spectrum

much more efficiently
Multicarrier technique
Divides the spectrum
into many carriers
Sub carrier are orthogonal to each other
bandwidth of each channel is typically 10kHz30kHz (for voice communications)
Multipath tolerance (by guard interval)
3/2/2007
28
OFDM generation
[3]
3/2/2007
29
OFDM
Noise performance was depend on the

modulation technique used for modulating
each carrier
Minimum SNR required for BPSK was ~7dB,
~12dB for QPSK and ~25dB for 16PSK
Total immunity to multipath delay spread
when reflection time is less then the guard
period
Delay Spreads of up to 100sec could be
tolerated, corresponding to multipath
reflections of 30km
3/2/2007
30
OFDM
It is very sensitive to frequency, and

phase errors between the transmitter
and receiver
phase noise of the transmitter

Frequency offset errors between the
transmitter and receiver
This problem can be overcome by

synchronizing the clocks or by reducing
the number of carriers used.
3/2/2007
31
OFDM
Clipping of the OFDM signal have little

effect on the performance
Allowing the peak power of the signal
to be clipped up to 6 - 9dB
Tolerance to clipping reduces the
dynamic range overhead
3/2/2007
32
Adding Guard interval to OFDM
Robustness against multipath delay

spread
The level of robustness, can be
increased more by the addition of a
guard period
Cyclic extension effectively extends the
length of the symbol without loss of
orthogonality
3/2/2007
33
OFDM system implementation
Using general purpose DSPs

most of the processing is required in
performing the fast fourier transform
(FFT)
The complexity of performing an FFT is
dependent on the size of the FFT.
3/2/2007
34
Complexity of FFT
3/2/2007
35
Required Processing Power
Example
3/2/2007
36
CDMA
What is CDMA (Code Division Multiple

Access)
Spread spectrum technique
Narrow band message is multiplied by a
pseudo random noise code (PN code)
All channels use the same frequency
band and transmit simultaneously
Signal is recovered by correlating the
received signal with the PN code used
3/2/2007
37
CDMA DAB
[3]
Signal hiding and non-interference with

existing systems.
Accurate Ranging
Multiple User Access
Multipath tolerance
3/2/2007
38
CDMA generation
[3]
3/2/2007
39
CDMA
Data to be
transmitted is
spread by
modulating the
data using a PN
code.
Received signal is
recovered by
multiplying the
signal by the
original spreading
code
[3]
3/2/2007
40
Comparison
OFDM was found to perform very well

compared with CDMA
OFDM allow up to 2-10 times more
channel than CDMA
3/2/2007
41
Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NRSC-5 standard: In-Band on Channel Digital Radio

Broadcasting Standard NRSC-5, April, 2005.
H. U. Bilbao, DAB Transmission System Simulation,M.Sc
Thesis, August 2004.
E. Lawrey, The suitability of OFDM as a modulation

technique for wireless telecommunications, with a CDMA
comparison M.SC Thesis
S.Y. Yeo, M.S. Beak, M.J. Kim, Y.H. You, "High capacity and
reliability techniques for digital audio broadcasting system,"
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 50, no. 2,
MAY 2004.
H. C. Papadopoulos, C. W. Sundberg, Postcanceling
techniques for simultaneous broadcasting of analog FM and
digital data," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 51,
no. 1, January 2003[3]
3/2/2007
42
References
6.
ETSI EN 300 401 Radio Broadcasting Systems

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile,
portable and fixed receivers
3/2/2007
43
Questions?
3/2/2007
44

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Digital Audio Broadcasting

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Replace the existing AM and FM audio

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Ancillary data transmission (e.g. travel

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

DAB (Eureka 147 project)

In Band On Channel (IBOC) DAB

In 1980s the first digital sound broadcasting

Frequency band 10 to 12GHz

In 1987 the Eureka-147 project was born

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

1.5 MHz bandwidth

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

DAB World Coverage Map

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Permit a smooth evolution from current

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

IBOC DAB History

IBOC technology approved by the FCC

iBiquity was born

First AM and FM stations begin

IBOC DAB Standard (NRSC-5) approved

Transport and service multiplex

Takes the audio and data information

Audio source coding

Coding and interleaving

Audio and data input subsystems

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Transfer PDU frames

Scrambling (Energy dispersal)

Subcarrier Mapping and Modulation

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

All digital waveform

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Mobile radio channels

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Radio Propagation Effects

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Any objects which obstruct the line of

Low frequencies diffracting more than high

High frequency signals, require line of

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Relative phase of multiple reflected signals can cause

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Rayleigh distribution describes the

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Frequency Selective Fading

Channel spectral response is not flat

Transmitting a spread spectrum as CDMA

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems

Time spread between the arrival of

Digital Audio Broadcasting systems