This document provides information about plant physiology and photosynthesis. It discusses how plants produce food through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen. Starch is produced from sugars and provides food storage in plants. The rate of photosynthesis and growth of potato crops depends on the amount of available sunlight. Photosynthesis produces compounds like starch, cellulose, proteins, DNA, chlorophyll, and sucrose that serve different functions in plant cells. Respiration provides energy for plant cells. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through structures like the palisade layer, spongy layer, and stomata. The rate of a plant's photosynthesis can be measured by the rate of bubble production through a stem
This document provides information about plant physiology and photosynthesis. It discusses how plants produce food through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen. Starch is produced from sugars and provides food storage in plants. The rate of photosynthesis and growth of potato crops depends on the amount of available sunlight. Photosynthesis produces compounds like starch, cellulose, proteins, DNA, chlorophyll, and sucrose that serve different functions in plant cells. Respiration provides energy for plant cells. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through structures like the palisade layer, spongy layer, and stomata. The rate of a plant's photosynthesis can be measured by the rate of bubble production through a stem
This document provides information about plant physiology and photosynthesis. It discusses how plants produce food through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen. Starch is produced from sugars and provides food storage in plants. The rate of photosynthesis and growth of potato crops depends on the amount of available sunlight. Photosynthesis produces compounds like starch, cellulose, proteins, DNA, chlorophyll, and sucrose that serve different functions in plant cells. Respiration provides energy for plant cells. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through structures like the palisade layer, spongy layer, and stomata. The rate of a plant's photosynthesis can be measured by the rate of bubble production through a stem
This document provides information about plant physiology and photosynthesis. It discusses how plants produce food through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen. Starch is produced from sugars and provides food storage in plants. The rate of photosynthesis and growth of potato crops depends on the amount of available sunlight. Photosynthesis produces compounds like starch, cellulose, proteins, DNA, chlorophyll, and sucrose that serve different functions in plant cells. Respiration provides energy for plant cells. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through structures like the palisade layer, spongy layer, and stomata. The rate of a plant's photosynthesis can be measured by the rate of bubble production through a stem
Water from the root moves up to the leaf through the stem. Sunlight provides energy. Sugars are made in the leaf and provide the plant with food. Oxygen is produced and released into the air. b) Carbon dioxide + water + energy from the Sun sugar + oxygen 3
a)
Starch
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers Section C
Carbon dioxide gas is absorbed from the air.
b) The mass of the potato crop depended on the amount of sunlight in the growing season, being larger with more sunlight and smaller with less. Most of the mass of a potato is made of starch, and starch is made as a direct result of photosynthesis. The amount of photosynthesis that can take place depends on the amount of sunlight available to supply the energy, so the amount of sunlight is directly linked to the size of the potato crop. 5
a)
Any five from
Product made
How it is used in the plant cells
starch
storage compound
cellulose
cell walls
protein
cytoplasm, enzymes
DNA
genetic material, contains instructions for making new cells, etc.
chlorophyll
captures light energy for photosynthesis
sucrose
for transport around the body
amino acids
to build up into proteins
b) Respiration to supply energy for the cells
1
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers Section C
a)
b) The palisade layer is closely packed with lots of chloroplasts and close to the surface of the leaf so that it can capture as much light as possible for photosynthesis. The spongy layer consists of loosely packed cells with lots of air spaces, giving a large available surface area for gaseous exchange between the cells and the air, while the chloroplasts allow some photosynthesis to take place. The upper epidermis protects the cells in the leaf from damage. It is transparent so that light passes through to the palisade cells beneath. The chloroplast is the cell organelle that contains chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis. A stoma (plural stomata) is a pore that allows gases to diffuse into and out of the leaf. A guard cell controls the opening and closing of the stomata. 7
a)
Bubbles of gas escape from the end of the stem.
b) i) ii) c)
More bubbles / It would bubble faster.
Fewer bubbles/ It would bubble more slowly.
Because plants need light for photosynthesis. If they have more light, they can photosynthesise faster, but with less light they will photosynthesise more slowly.
d) The temperature might be changing because the light gets hot.
8
a)
Correctly plotted graph with labelled axes, etc.
b) Seedlings in 85% sunlight receive much more light energy than those in 30% sunlight. This means they can carry out more photosynthesis and use the sugars they make to build up more new tree. Thus the seedlings grown in higher light levels grow taller than those grown in lower light levels. 9
a)
2530C
b) It causes a steady increase in the rate of photosynthesis up to around 30C, after which the rate of photosynthesis starts to fall. c) 2
50C
d) Because in respiration the plant uses the food it makes in photosynthesis, so when the difference between the two is greatest, the largest amount of sugar will be available to turn into tomato, resulting in the biggest crops. e)
25C
Plant B is lacking in nitrogen and needs a nitrogen-rich fertiliser.
Plant C is lacking in phosphate and needs a phosphate-rich fertiliser.
Chapter 11: Transport in plants
1
a)
There is a lower concentration of water molecules inside the membrane bag than outside it. There is a lower concentration of sugar molecules outside the membrane bag than inside it. Water molecules move into the bag by diffusion along a concentration gradient through the partially permeable membrane. Sugar molecules are too large to pass through the membrane by diffusion, so the imbalance of molecules and the diffusion gradient for the water molecules are maintained. Water continues to move into the bag by osmosis, so the water level in the tube rises.
b) Because the root hair cell is similar to the partially permeable membrane bag. Water moves into the cell from the soil along a concentration gradient, but sugars, etc., cannot leave the cell. c)
Sugars such as glucose are osmotically active, so a build-up of these sugars in cells would lead to the movement of water into those cells by osmosis. This water movement might not be useful to the plant.
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers Section C
10 Plant A is lacking in potassium and needs a potassium-rich fertiliser.
Starch is not osmotically active, so carbohydrates can be stored in plant cells in the form of starch without causing water to move into the cells as well. Plants can move water internally by converting glucose to starch or vice versa. d) Active transport it uses energy.
e)
The constant evaporation of water from the leaves causes water molecules to be pulled up through the plant transport system as the water molecules stick together. Thus water is constantly being removed from the roots, raising the concentration of the cytoplasm in the root hair cells and thus causing water to move into those cells by osmosis from the soil water around the roots.
f)
Because the roots have a large surface area, many root cells are in close contact with soil and soil water, so a lot of water can move by osmosis from the soil into the roots.
a)
The cell contents contain a much higher concentration of solutes than the distilled water. The solution is much more concentrated, so has a much lower concentration of water. This means that water moves into the cells making up the cylinders by osmosis down a concentration gradient. The cells become very turgid and expand, so the potato cylinder expands. The weak sugar solution has a similar concentration to the cell contents, so there is little or no net movement of water by osmosis and the cylinders stay the same.
The strong sugar solution is more concentrated than the cell contents. Water moves out of the potato cells by osmosis. They become flaccid or plasmolysed, so the cylinder shrinks.
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers Section C
b)
support
stomata
transpiration
waxy
Water loss by evaporation in a plant is known as transpiration.
Plants keep relatively cool in hot sun because transpiration cools them down. Transpiration also creates a risk that the plant will lose too much water and wilt. Transpiration is more rapid in hot, dry and windy conditions.
a)
In the leaves (and in the green parts of the stem, from high-ability pupils)
b) Through the roots in the soil
c)
Xylem
d) Phloem
e)
Xylem
f)
Phloem cells are living, xylem cells are dead.
a)
A process by which a plant loses water from the leaves by evaporation through the stomata
b) The waxy cuticle.
Very little effect, as the waxy cuticle is on the top surface and most stomata are on the bottom of the leaf.
d) Most stomata are on the lower surface of leaves. Vaseline on the lower surface would cover the stomata, preventing the loss of water by evaporation and so slowing the rate at which water is taken up. e)
The air bubble would move rapidly towards the plant, because the fan would increase the rate of water lost by evaporation from the surface of the leaves and so the uptake of water would increase.
f)
Uptake of water, not water lost by transpiration. A small amount of the water taken up will be used for photosynthesis, etc.
Chapter 12: Chemical coordination in plants
1
stimuli
a)
light
gravity
growing
hormones
towards
b) away from c) 3
towards
a)
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers Section C
c)
b) A: The tip makes a hormone in response to one-sided light and this passes down to the growing region. The shoot grows more on the dark side and so bends towards the light. B: As A. The hormone is water soluble and passes through the agar jelly. C: The hormone cannot pass through glass, so the shoot remains growing upright. D: Light does not reach the tip of the shoot through the foil cap, so the shoot continues to grow upright. c)
a)
Plants respond to gravity and light (and some to moisture).
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers Section C
b) They are relatively slow, and they are brought about by growth and by chemical messages. 5
Because the roots must grow down into the ground as the seed germinates, to absorb water and minerals and to anchor the developing plant so it is not blown away. The roots must keep growing down into the soil throughout the life of the plant. The shoots must grow towards the light to get the maximum amount of light energy onto the leaves, so they can photosynthesise and make as much food as possible.
Use young bean seedlings, which normally grow straight up and down. Attach some seedlings horizontally to a clinostat that is slowly rotating vertically to make sure the effect of gravity is felt equally all around the plant. Expect growth of both shoots and roots to continue horizontally. Attach other seedlings horizontally to a clinostat that is not rotating so that the seedlings are affected by gravity on one side only. Expect the shoots to grow upwards and the roots downwards, although the seedling is kept horizontal.
Chapter 13: Reproduction in plants
1
asexually/sexually coloured scent
a)
sexually/asexually
flowers
pollinated
wind
brightly
Sexual: sex cells produced, fertilisation involved, variation in offspring, good in a changing environment Asexual: no sex cells produced, no fertilisation involved, no variation in offspring, good in a stable environment
b) i) ii)
Asexual Runner
iii) Special stems emerge from the parent plant. A new small plant forms on the end, which is identical to the parent plant. Roots grow down into the soil and the runner drops away. This is a form of asexual reproduction. 3
a)
Runners come from the stems, and a new identical plant forms where a runner touches the ground.
b) A piece of stem with few leaves is cut from a healthy plant, put in damp compost or water until roots grow and then planted on to become a full-sized plant (extra mark for mention of hormone rooting powder). This is asexual reproduction because no sex cells are produced, the new plant is identical to the parent plant, etc. 4
propagator
humid
light
cuttings
transpiration
a)
b) The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma, either within the same flower (selfpollination) or between different flowers (cross-pollination) c) 6
By insects, because it has large, brightly coloured petals and the sex organs are inside the petals
a)
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers Section C
b)
a)
The joining of the male nucleus from the pollen with the female nucleus in the ovule
b) B 1, D 2, E 3, C 4, A 5 7
a)
To avoid competition for nutrients, water, light, etc., between the parent plant and the offspring, and between the seedlings.
b) Plums, which have a fleshy, sweet fruit, are eaten by animals. The seeds pass through the animals body or are thrown away.
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers Section C
Cockleburs have hooks that attach themselves to an animals coat. The animal carries them along until it grooms itself and removes the burs, or they fall off. Maple seeds are dispersed by the wind. The wings allow them to catch the wind and be blown quite a long way from the parent tree. 9
a)
A food store for the young plant as it germinates
b) The embryo root
c)
The embryo shoot
d) The wall of the ovule which forms a tough, protective seed coat 10 a)
The seeds may drift down like parachutes, be shaped like wings to catch the wind, or be very small and light.
b)
11 a)
Warmth for efficient enzyme action, water for chemical reactions to take place in solution and for hydrolysis reactions, and oxygen for respiration
b) Any appropriate demonstration which shows awareness of the need to control other variables, provide a control, etc. 12 We use rooting hormones in cuttings to make roots develop reliably and quickly. We also use hormones to encourage the growth of cells and then tiny plants in plant tissue cloning.
