Name Matric Number Class

SITI ROSMANIRAH BINTI CHE RASHID 22DAG22F1099 DAG1A

QUESTIONS

ANSWERS
6. Epigeal germination is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes
place above the ground. This implies that the cotyledons are pushed above ground. It is also
the type of germination in which cotyledons rise out of soil due to the elongation of hypocotyl.
7. Process of hypogeal germination.
The hypogeal germination process is a type of germination where the plant embryo
remains in the soil and a new shoot and root system grow from the embryo. The process of
hypogeal germination is used by plants that have a deep root system such as carrots and
beets. The new shoot and root system grow very slowly and can take several weeks or months
to reach the surface.
Besides, this process is also where the seedling grows down into the soil. This type of
germination is common in plants that have deep root systems. It begins when the root cap of
the seedling detaches from the tip of the root. The root cap is a small, fleshy structure that
covers the tip of the root and helps protect the root from damage. After the root cap
detaches, the root begins to grow down into the soil. The stem of the seedling remains above
the surface of the soil, and the leaves and flowers grow from the stem.
 After the epicotyl's length grows and develops ultimately, it assumes a curved
curvature causing the plumule to rise above the soil surface and pushing the cotyledons to
stay below the surface. In these types of germination, the plumule rapidly grows in length and
then eventually ruptures the coleoptiles while undergoing further growths.
Ruptured plumule then grows into radical and root system then replaces it. In this
germination, the terminal part of epicotyls is curved for reducing damage to plumule by
friction due to the soil particles.
Cotyledons of seeds remain below soil surface during hypogeal germination. This is
owing to the epicotyl's fast development and elongation. Epicotyl grows, then elongates
before curling up and forming a curved shape. As a result, plumule erupts above the earth’s
surface early in its development. The cotyledons remain below the soil surface. In the case of
hypogeal germination, the plumule elongates quickly, ruptures the coleoptiles and continues
to expand. Root system replaces broken plumule as it extends to the radicle.
8. 3 types of osmosis in plant cell.
a. Isotonic
= Has the same concentration of solutes both inside and outside the cell.
b. Hypertonic
= Has a higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside.
c. Hypotonic
= Has a higher solute concentration inside the cell than outside.
9. 4 factors that affect diffusion.
a) The extent of concentration gradient.
b) Mass of molecules diffusing.
c) Temperature
d) Solubility
10. 3 differences between light cycle and dark cycle.
Light Cycle Dark Cycle
It is a photochemical phase. It is a biochemical phase.
It can take place in the presence or absence
It takes place only in the presence of light.
of sunlight.
It takes place in the grana of chloroplast. It takes place in the stroma of chloroplast.
Glucose is the end product. ATP and NADPH
The end products are ATP and NADPH.
help in the formation of glucose.
The water molecules split into hydrogen and Glucose is produced. Co2 is utilized in the
oxygen. dark reaction.
The hydrogen of NADPH combines with
NADP utilizes H+ ions to form NADPH.
CO2.
Photolysis occurs in PS-II. Photolysis does not occur.
11. 3 main parts in calvin cycle.
a. Carbon fixation
= A CO2 molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule and ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate (RuBP). This step makes a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules
of a three-carbon compound and 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed
by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase or rubisco.
b. Reduction
= In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into
molecules of a three-carbon sugar and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This stage gets its
name because NADPH donates electrons to or reduces and a three-carbon intermediate to
make G3P.
c. Regeneration
= Some G3P molecules go to make glucose while others must be recycled to regenerate the
RuBP acceptor. It requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions which college bio
professor liked to call the "carbohydrate scramble."
12. The condition in diagram A (solution 1), diagram B (solution 2) and diagram C (solution 3).
a. Diagram A (solution 1) : Hypertonic condition
= A hypertonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration outside the cell than
inside. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there will be a net flow of water out of the
cell and it will lose volume. A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if its solute concentration is
higher than that inside the cell and solutes cannot cross membrane.
b. Diagram B (solution 2) : Isotonic condition
= An isotonic solution is one that has same concentration of solutes both inside and outside
the cell. If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net flow of water into or out
of cell and the cell’s volume will remain stable. If solute concentration outside cell is the same
as inside cell and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is isotonic to the
cell.
c. Diagram C (solution 3) : Hypotonic condition
= A hypotonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration inside the cell than
outside. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into cell
and it will gain volume. If solute concentration outside cell is lower than inside it and solutes
cannot cross membrane, then that solution is hypotonic to the cell.
13. 3 name and functions of plant growth regulators.
a. Ethylene
= It promotes abscission of leaves and fruits, inhibits shoot elongation and lateral bud
development. In apples and cherries, it is involved in the transition of fruit from being
physiologically mature to ripe. Ethephon (Ethrel®) is a synthetic compound that releases
ethylene upon application. Retain interferes with ethylene biosynthesis, allows fruit to hang
on trees longer and lengthens storage life.
b. Auxins
= These are growth promoting substances that contribute to the elongation of shoots but at
high concentrations, they can inhibit growth of lateral buds. In addition to being used as plant
growth regulators, auxins can also be herbicides (2, 4-D etc.). In apple production,
napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) is a synthetic auxin that can be used to thin fruit and prevent
fruit drop shortly before harvest. For more information, on the use of products for thinning
see Ontario.ca/apples and find Thinning of Tree Fruit.
c. Absicisic Acid
= It controls the dormancy of buds and seeds, inhibits shoot growth and is involved in
regulating water loss from plants.
14. Hypothesis of translocation in phloem.
= Assertion :Translocation of sugar from source (leaf) to sink is defined as pressure flow
hypothesis. Reason: Translocation of the solute is facilitated through living phloem sieve tube
cells. The causes translocation in phloem are as the concentration of sucrose in phloem tissue
increases, water potential in these cells decreases. This reduced water potential causes water
to flow into companion cells and sieve tube members via osmosis.
15. Process of plant reproductive cycle.