HVAC Thumprule Handbook

HVAC
DESIGN
THUMB RULES
VINOTH KANNAN. R
Thumb rules for HVAC design
HEAT LOAD DETAILS

1.
DBT, WBT, RH and daily range from ISHRAE handbook P. No 1.1 to 1.3
Outside Conditions
Summer
Bangalore
Monsoon
Winter
Summer
Chennai
Monsoon
Winter
Summer
Mumbai
Monsoon
Winter
Summer
Hyderabad
Monsoon
Winter
Summer
New Delhi
Monsoon
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Kolkatta
Winter
2.
Month
April
September
January
May
November
January
April
July
January
May
September
December
May
Aug
January
May
July
December
DBT
96
82
58
103
83
65
95
85
65
106
85
55
110
95
45
100
90
56
WBT
78
78
54
82
80
57
83
82
58
78
81
48
75
83
41
83
83
48
RH
45
82
78
41
88
60
60
88
65
28
82
60
20
60
70
49
85
55
GR/LB
116
140
56
132
152
58
151
162
60
100
154
39
75.81
154.37
31.93
144
161
37
Eq. temp diff for wall (T F) = 4 PM eq. temp value (ISHRAE handbook table 9 in P. No 1.14) +
correction to eq. temp (Table 11P. No 1.15)
3.
Q wall(BTU/Hr) = U x A x T 1
4.
Solar heat gain through glass (BTU/Hr Sft) = 4 PM value (ISHRAE handbook table 7 in P. No 1.8
5.
QGlass(BTU/Hr) = (U x A x T) + (SHG x A x SF) where (T = OA Temp IA Temp)
6.
Fresh air CFM can be derived with the sample sheet attached (ASHRAE Ventilation Standard
7.
Fresh Air CFM = (Volume x ACPH) / 60
8.
Sensible Fresh air infiltration load = Fresh Air CFM x T x 1.08 x Coil BF (ISHRAE handbook
to 1.10)
62_1_2004 Table 6.1)
table 14 in P. No 1.16)
9.
Latent Fresh air infiltration load = Fresh Air CFM x G x 0.68 x Coil BF (ISHRAE handbook table
14 in P. No 1.16)
10. Typical bypass factors - Three Row coil BF=0.176 (17.6 %), Four Row coil BF=0.12 (12 %), Six
Row coil BF=0.06 (6%)
11. Optimum velocity of air through coil is 450 fpm
12. HRW = (OSA Temp Temp after HRW) / (OSA Temp Return Air Temp)
13. Sensible lighting load = W/sft x Area
36 | P a g e
1|P a g e
2|P a g e
Roof
NW
SW
SE
NE
West
East
South
North
and wrap it with PVC grip tape.

Thermal insulation with Thermocol or puf Clean the duct, primer to be applied, Bitumen to be
48
applied, paste it with thermocol or puf and wrap it with chicken wire mesh.
Thermal insulation with nitrile rubber Apply adhesive over duct overlap to be done
Rubber pad to be provided below AHU
28
6.
7.
8.
Drain line has to be insulated
-1
-25
13
7
-17
21
11
-13
25
3
-21
17
5
-19
19
11
-13
25
9
-15
23
-3
-27
11
Thermal insulation with fiber glass Clean the duct, primer to be applied, solicote(Tar) to be
applied, paste it with glass wool (25mm for supply and 50mm for return) with aluminium foil
5.
9.
Ducting aspect ratio should be less than 4:1
46
36
22
2
30
10
34
14
26
6
28
8
34
14
32
12
20
10. Chilled water pipe line to be supported for every 8 to 10 feet. Thermocole quality has to be
checked. ND Non fire rated and TF Fire rated thermocoles
11. Duct acoustic insulation Rigid board 12m m thick 48 kg.m3 density as recommended, covered
17
-16
-8
-4
-12
-10
-4
-6
-18
by RP Tissue and aluminium perforated sheet

12. Fire damper should be provided as a part of wall
51
17
25
29
21
23
29
27
15
13. For every branch VCD has to be provided

14. For supply air grills collar damper has to be provided
31
15
19
11
13
19
17
15. Flexible duct should not be laid for more than 1.5m
16. Flexible connection, Duct collar, Plenum box collar has to be provided with universal clamp
13
-13
-5
-1
-9
-7
-1
-3
-15
17. Universal clamp has to be provided inside the flexible duct and not above insulation
18. In every AHU, CSU, FCU, Drain U trap has to be provided
53
32
2
27
6
-24
35
14
-16
39
18
-12
31
10
-20
33
12
-18
39
18
-12
37
16
-14
26
25
19. R407C refrigerant should not be top up in case of any loss

20. R134A, R410A will have facility to be top uped.
21. Balancing valve should not be provided near bends
22. Shoe taping has to be provided for MS pipe connection greater than 150mm dia. T tapping is not
allowed
23.5
35.5
37.5
31.5
29.5
37.5
33.5
25.5
54.5
8.5
20.5
22.5
16.5
14.5
22.5
18.5
10.5
39.5
-41.5
-29.5
-27.5
-33.5
-35.5
-27.5
-31.5
-39.5
-10.5
25. Refrigerant piping has to be provided with U-Trap for every 20 feet when moving vertically
16
28
30
24
22
30
26
18
47
26. Efficiency = Approach / Range. Approach = Sump WBT Ambient WBT. Range = Inlet
18
20
14
12
20
16
37
23. MS pipe insulation Clean the pipe, apply primer, apply bitumen over thermocole and stick it to
pipeline. Then cover it with plastic sheet, chicken mesh and 2 layer of 6mm thick cement
plastering
24. Make sure the supplied product is our recommended make
-26
-18
-14
-22
-20
-14
-16
upwards.
-28
Equivalent Temperature Difference for Exposed Wall (4 PM)
Mon Summ
Monso
Monso
Summe
Monsoo Summ
Monso
Winter
Summer Winter
Summer Winter Monsoon
Winter
Winter
Summer
soon er
on
on
r
n
er
on
Winter
Kolkatta
New Delhi
HYDRABAD
MUMBAI
CHENNAI
BANGALORE
Particulars
4.
sump temp
27. Evaporator Approach = chilled water outlet. - sat. suct. refrigerant temp
28. Condenser approach = Sat disch. ref temp condenser outlet temp
35 | P a g e
2.
Duct supports for every 8 to 10 feet
3.
Duct to duct flange gap should be arrested properly
34 | P a g e
3|P a g e
NW
130
103
37
130
103
37
118
87
26
118
87
26
123
138
16
138
18
100
SW
94
127
153
94
127
153
113
136
144
113
136
144
127
127
85
85
139
100
SE
11
11
9
11
11
9
11
11
8
11
11
8
11
6
12
12
7
12
NE
11
11
9
11
11
9
11
11
8
11
11
8
11
6
12
12
7
12
WEST
163
164
143
163
164
143
165
163
128
165
163
128
164
109
165
EAST
11
11
9
11
11
9
11
11
8
11
11
8
12
11
13
65
11
13
65
11
22
69
11
22
39
11
9
39
11
9
163
Duct size as per dwg
163
SITE ACTIVITIES
1.
Kolkatta
This also provides facility for third party integration such as electrical, plumbing, DG, energy meter, ups, VFD etc .
118
232 cable.
11
This is then transferred to Router using RS 485 cable, which is then connected to PC using RS
3.
12
them into binary language which a system can understand.
New Delhi
and output. Analog input is for sensors and digital input is for switches.
12
DDC can be 16 or 32 bits. Various inputs are connected to it. It acts as a interface and converts
2.
69
Field devices are connected to DDC (Digital Direct Controller), which has digital or analog input
12
1.
13
Building Management System
HYDRABAD
is used
68
and for report generation using access control software.
12
Controllers to PC cat 5 cables are used. Controller to reader / push button 4c x 0.75 sq mm cable
12
3.
retina or finger print reader
74
From card reader signal is sent to controller, which can be connected to software for monitoring
11
2.
11
Smart card reader, Proximity card reader or Biometric card reader can be used. Biometric can be
1.
MUMBAI
Access Control System
11
Three type of speaker namely ceiling mounted, wall mounted, horn speaker can be used.
11
4.
System can be integrated with FACP and CCTV
14
3.
11
Also a security system runs all the floors and parkings and used for announcements etc.
Systems consist of various models of speakers, amplifiers and micro phones.
CHENNAI
1.
2.
Public addressable system
BANGALORE
condition.
NORTH
Particulars
Fixed dome, Varifocal, PTZ(Pan Tilt Zoom) Camera.
23
CCTV also can be linked with FPCP in modern system to know exactly how the fire or smoke
23
7.
Various types of camera were used for monitoring as per the requirement for 24 x 365. Namely
Solar Heat Gain Through Glass(BTU/Hr Sft)
6.
SOUTH
Wint Monso Summ

Monso Summ Winte Monso Summe
Monso Summe
Monso Summe
Monso Summe
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
er
er
on
on
er
r
on
r
on
r
on
r
on
r
2.
AS of now in many project addressable is used because the panel will give u the correct location
of the fire or smoke generated, where as the conventional system it will not give the correct
Cfm/
person
Cfm/
ft2
Occupant
density /
1000 ft2
cfm/
person
7.5
0.06
50
Class Room
10
0.18
30
15
Lecture hall
7.5
0.06
65
Science lab
10
0.18
25
17
Computer lab
10
0.18
20
19
Dining
7.5
0.18
70
10
Conference
0.06
50
5.
In addressable FACP single loop 120 detectors & 120 devices (MCP, Hooters, Strobes, and
Corridors
0.06
Storage rooms
0.12
6.
Detectors can be placed in every alternate 9 meters, but in this also we will design from 6.5
7.
In exit and entry doors mcp can be fixed, hooters can be fixed as per the db selection and the area
8.
Two types of wiring to be done for FADS. Class A & Class B wiring as per NFPA rule
The panel will be energized by Ups supply.
Particulars
Booking/waiting
location.
3.
As In India generally NBC and NFPA codes were practiced in the time of design engineering or
in execution
4.
There are various types detectors(Above Detectors, Below Detectors, Heat Detectors, Multi
Sensor, View Detectors), MCP(Manual Call Point), Hooters, Strobes, Control Module, Monitor
Module were been used in the system.
Modules) can be used, but as per design we will give 10 % cushion.
0.06
10
11
7.5
0.06
30
10
Office
0.06
17
Office Lobby
0.06
10
11
Reception
0.06
30
Data entry
0.06
60
Libraries
0.12
10
17
9.
Relegious workshop
0.06
120
10. Above ceiling detectors will be practiced in many areas, for that necessary RI to be given in the
Bed room
Hotel Lobby
0.06
150
Museums
7.5
0.12
40
11
Mall
7.5
0.06
40
Beauty parlour
20
10
25
25
Auditorium
meters and it is connected using 2C x 1.5 Sq.mm armor shielded cable as per NFPA 72.
of the hall.
ceiling for our vision

11. If the FACP is placed in remote area, repeater panel can be fixed in reception or in security
cabins.
12. Repeater panel will have the same lcd display like the FACP display it will show what is
14. Sensible and Latent Heat gain from people is 245 and 205 BTU / Person
15. For Appliances Load, HP x 2545= Btu/hr, kW x 3400= Btu/hr, kVA x pf x 3400=Btu/hr (UPS take
displaying in the FACP

13.
10 % of the above value)
Normally FA&DS is a complete cycle for addressable system, incase of conventional system its
not a loop we can end the loop by putting a end resistor
16. Sensible Load = Lighting + Appliances + Infiltrated sensible Fresh Air + Wall Load + Roof Load +
Glass Load + Sensible Occupant Load
CCTV
17. Latent Load = Infiltrated latent Fresh Air + Latent Occupant Load
1.
Closed circuit television monitoring is a security system
18. SHF = Sensible Heat / Total Heat
2.
Now in market 2 type of system available ( IP Based & Non IP based)
19. Room Load = [{Fresh Air CFM x T x 1.08 x (1- Coil BF)} + {Fresh Air CFM x G x 0.68 x
3.
Non IP based is on Co-axial cable that runs from each camera until the DVR
(1 - Coil BF)}] where (T = OA Temp IA Temp)
4.
21. Deh. CFM = RSH/[(IA Temp- ADP) x (1-BF) x 1.08]
DVR is basically a recorded system in hard disk and can be written in Dvd then the hard disk will
be formatted, the size of the hard disk can go from Gb to Tb. DVR can be 8, 16 or 32 channels
20. Total Load = Sensible + Latent + Room Load

5.
Hard disk space required in GB = NC * ](Sf x Rf x A) * (60 x 60 x 24) D] / 10242 x 100, Where
22. Coil ADP can be obtained by drawing a line parallel to the point meeting SHF and alignment circle.
NC = No. of cameras, Sf = Average size (10KB / 12KB), Rf = Frames per sec, A = Activity, D =
23. Thermal resistance of building material is from ISHRAE table 8 P. No 1.18
Days
24. U = 1 / R and R = L / K
4|P a g e
33 | P a g e
2.
Maximum demand Calculated power / PF. Apply 85% load factor. For 1000 Kw of calculated
3.
As a rule of thumb, UPS ( Total Area (sft) / 70 ) x 160 VA
4.
HT cables for 11 KV transformer 185 Sq.mm AL cables are used and for 33 KV transformer
1.
Ordinary plain glass U Value 5.7 W / m2 K (div by 5.678 gives BTU / Sft F), SF 0.82
240 sq.mm Al cables are used.
2.
Wall 0.36 BTU / Sft F
This load is connected to our local transformer via RMG (Ring main guard) which is nothing but
3.
Roof 0.4 BTU / Sft F Floor 0.48 BTU / Sft F
a VCB (Vacuum circuit breaker)
4.
Partition Glass 1.136 BTU / Sft F Wall 0.4 BTU / Sft F
load max demand = 1000 / 0.9 / 0.85 = 1300 KVA
5.
6.
General U Value Considered:
Power factor can be increased using APFCR ( Automatic power factor control and rectifying
ASHRAE U Value Considered:
panel)
KVAR = Total load (Tan1 Tan2) where 1 = Cos-1 Average power factor and 2 cos-1
1.
Glass 1.2 BTU / Sft F SF 0.25
required power factor
2.
Wall 0.124 BTU / Sft F
8.
Upto 2500 KVA we use 11 KV transformer and above 2500 KVA we use 33 KV transformers
3.
Roof 0.063 BTU / Sft F
9.
Earth Pit to pit distance should be 5 feet. Pit to wall distance should be 10 feet. Pit to be digged
7.
for 2.5m below ground. A copper plate(600 x 600 x 3 mm) is used for earthing purpose
10. Neutral earthing for Transformers and DG, Body earthing for LT Panel, Transformer, DG, UPS,
Lift, HT Panel
11. If 800A current is carried in a wire, Air circuit breaker (ACB) should be used and the same is
Design Consideration :
IT Park :
Occupancy :
60 sq.ft/person for Work Station
used after transformer. If the distance between transformer and control is more than 15m one
15 sq.ft/person for Cafeteria
more ACB has to be added.
As per interior layout for cabins
12. Bus duct is used to carry current above 750 KVA. It is carried up to main LT panel.
13. From Main LT panel it can be carried out to different floors by means of raising main gear. It
Lighting :
1.5 Watts/sq.ft for Shops, Hypermarket
gets taped up from bus bar.

14. For different floors load can be obtained from raising main gear. From electrical room, this load
Equipment load :
gets distributed for lighting and power.
150 Watts/person/computer for Work Station
15. From lighting panel it is distributed to lights via Distribution board and MCCB (Molded Case
200 Watts for printer if any
Circuit Breaker)
16. There are two types of distribution board. Vertical DB for three phase current and segmented
DB for single phase current.
Fresh Air CFM :

15 cfm/person for Hypermarket & Theatres
17. Cable tray is used to carry current via air or using trench via underground.
1 ACPH for others
18. Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) has to be provided in lighting circuit.
1200 cfm/projector for Projector room

Mall :
IBMS
Fire Detection and alarm system

1.
FACP is of two types ( conventional & addressable system)
32 | P a g e
Occupancy :
25 sq.ft/person for Corridors & Atriums in Ground floor, Caf
30 sq.ft/person for Shops
5|P a g e
40 sq.ft/person for Corridors in other floors & Hypermarket
Lighting :
5 Watts/sq.ft for Shops, Hypermarket
3 Watts/sq.ft for Common areas, Foodcourt,Caf, Restaurant
1 Watts/sq.ft for Theatres & Projector rooms.
Equipment load :
1 Watts/sq.ft for Shops
1.2 Watts/sq.ft for Caf, Restaurant, Foodcourt
2 Watts/sq.ft for Anchor Shops & Departmental store
3.7 Watts/sq.ft for Hypermarket
10 kW/projector
Fresh Air CFM :

15 cfm/person for Hypermarket & Theatres
11. Human comfort chart
1 ACPH for others

1200 cfm/projector for Projector room
Hotels :
Occupancy :
- 2 person/room
- 25 sq.ft/person - for Dining rooms, Training Rooms, GYM, SPA & Business Center
- 12 sq.ft/person - for Banquet Hall & Pre function & Bar.
- 100 sq.ft/person - for Corridor.
Lighting :
1.5 Watts/sq.ft
Equipment :
- 1.2 Watts/sq.ft for Coffee shop&Gym
- 5 kW for Banquet hall
ELECTRICAL
- 3 kW for Pre function

- 150 Watts/Computer for Offices
Fresh Air CFM :
25 cfm/person - for Rooms,GYM
6|P a g e
1.
For electrical load calculation Lighting 1.5 W/sft, Power load 0.75 W/sft, Socket power (5 A)
-100 W and for 15A 500 W
31 | P a g e
THERMAL COMFORT
1.
5 cfm/person + 0.06 cfm/sq.ft - Training Rooms & Business Center.
Factors affecting thermal comfort are 1. Metabolic rates (Type of work) 2. Clothing insulation 3.
1 ACH - Banquet Hall, Pre function, Corridor & Bar.
Air temperature 4. Radiant temperature (Heat radiant from walls) 5. Air speed and 6. Humidity
2.
3.
Heat balance equation S = M W E Q Where, S Rate of heat storage in the body, M
Hospitals :
Metabolic rate, W Mechanical work, E Evaporative loss, Q Rate of heat loss from skin
Occupancy :
met and 1 met = 58.2 W/m2
Lighting :
1.5 Watts/sq.ft
4.
clo is the clothing thermal resistance value and it is equal to 0.155 m K / W
5.
Tmin, Icl = [(Icl 0.5 clo) Tmin, 1.0 clo+ (1.0 clo Icl) Tmin, 0.5clo] / 0.5 clo, Where Tmin,
Icl=lower operative temperature limit for clothing insulation Icl,
6.
- As per interior Layouts.
Metabolic rate depends upon muscular activities, environmental condition and body size. Unit is
Tmax, Icl = [(Icl 0.5 clo) Tmax, 1.0 clo+ (1.0 clo Icl) Tmax, 0.5clo] / 0.5 clo Where Tmax,
Icl=upper operative temperature limit for clothing insulation Icl,
Equipment :
- As per the medical equpment details.
Fresh Air CFM :
100% fresh air for OT
Minimum 2 ACH - for Other Areas.
7.
Maintain discomfort ratio (PPD) < 5%
8.
For radiant temperature, (Tr Ta) < 5 C for warm ceiling, <14 C for cool ceiling, <10 C for cool
9.
Air speed required to drop temperature can be obtained from the below chart. However air speed
wall, <23 for warm wall
S.
NO
Type of job
CFM/
Sqft
Area/
TR
CFM/
TR
Plant
Capa
city
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Chennai IT Park (20 CFM without HRW)

Chennai IT Park (20 CFM with HRW)
Chennai IT Park (15 CFM without HRW)
Chennai IT Park (15 CFM with HRW)
Bangalore IT Park (20 CFM without HRW)
Bangalore IT Park (20 CFM with HRW)
Kolkatta IT Park (20 CFM without HRW)
Kolkatta IT Park (20 CFM with HRW)
Mumbai IT Park (20 CFM without HRW)
Mumbai IT Park (20 CFM with HRW)
Server
Ups
Hub room
Shopping malls
Theater
Residence
Restaurant/Hotel
2.2
1.9
2.3
2.35
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.6
2.3
2.2
12.6
22.4
6.88
3
2.76
3.4
2.87
186
248
183
197
227
258
203
266
188
226
57
40
116
150
133
154
164
396
455
401
461
404
479
472
412
424
493
636
701
616
429
339
498
425
154
184
156
168
193
188
173
226
159
192
48
34
99
128
133
131
140
CHILLER SELECTION
is limited to 160fpm for light office work

10. Tr Ta and air speed can be used to shift the comfort temperature from 75 to the value in chart.
30 | P a g e
1.
Perform hourly load analysis and obtain the actual TR.
2.
Select the number of chillers as per ASHRAE 90.1.2004 Table G3.1.3.7
7|P a g e
8.
Sin = cosL x cos x cosH + sinL x sin Where, Solar Altitude Angle, L Local Latitude,
9.
Cos = (sin sinL- sin) / (cos cosL) Where, Solar Altitude Angle, L Local Latitude,
Solar Declination Angle, H Hour Angle

3.
4.
5.
Minimum COP required for the chiller is listed in Table 6.8.1C Water Chilling Packages
10. For Solar Declination Angle ref Table in page 4 SEPR
IPLV / NPLV in IKW/TR = 1 / {(0.01/A) + (0.42/B)+(0.45/C)+(0.12/D)} Where A, B, C, D is
11. Or use ecotect to find solar position
the IKW/ TR @ 100, 75, 50, 25% load.
12. Incident solar angle cos = cos cossin + sincos Where, = tilt angle of surface from
IPLV / NPLV in COP or EER = 0.01A + 0.42B + 0.45C + 0.12D Where A, B, C, D is the
horizontal, Solar Altitude Angle,
surface solar azimuth
13. Et = EDN cos + Ed + Er Where, Et = Total Short-Wavelength Irradiance, Ed = Diffuse Sky
COP @ 100, 75, 50, 25% load.

6.
Solar Declination Angle
Minimum Efficiency Requirements.
For Eurovent condition 35C is the ambient temperature, 7 is Evaporator leaving temperature and
Radiation, EDN = Direct Solar Radiation, Er = Ground-reflected irradiance

14. EDN = A / exp (B/sin ) Where, A = apparent solar irradiation at air mass m = 0 (Table 7), B =
12 is Evaporator entering temperature
atmospheric extinction coefficient (Table 7)

15. Ed = CYEDN Where, Y = 0.55 + 0.437 cos + 0.313 cos2, C = Clearance Number (Table 7)
ARI CONDITION 550-590

Description
Ambient Temperature F
Condenser Entering Water Temp F
Air Cooled
Water
Cooled
95
85
Condenser Leaving Water Temp F
95
Condenser Flow Rate GPM / TR
Condenser Fouling Factor hr F2 F / BTU
16. Er = (EDN (C + sin ) g) / 2 Where, g = Ground Reflectivity, 0.2

E0,
W/m2
Eq of
Time,
min
Declination
Degrees
Jan
1416
-11.2
-20
1230
0.142
0.058
Feb
1401
-13.9
-10.8
1215
0.144
0.06
Mar
1381
-7.5
1186
0.156
0.071
0.097
0.00025
Evaporator Leaving Water Temp F
44
44
Apr
1356
1.1
11.6
1136
0.18
May
1336
3.3
20
1104
0.196
0.121
Evaporator Entering Water Temp F
55
54
Jun
1336
-1.4
23.45
1088
0.205
0.134
Evaporator Flow Rate GPM / TR

Evaporator Fouling Factor hr F2 F / BTU
8|P a g e
2.4
2.4
Jul
1336
-6.2
20.6
1085
0.207
0.136
0.0001
0.0001
Aug
1338
-2.4
12.3
1107
0.201
0.122
Sep
1359
7.5
1151
0.177
0.092
Oct
1380
15.4
-10.5
1192
0.16
0.073
Nov
1405
13.8
-19.8
1221
0.149
0.063
Dec
1417
1.6
-23.45
1233
0.142
0.057
29 | P a g e

21
25
29
20
20
21
2
49
30
Declination
Date
July
Date
Sep
Date
Nov
3
3
2
24
16
51
Deg
23
22
22
21
21
20
19
18
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
Declination
Deg
Min
8
35
7
7
5
37
4
6
2
34
1
1
0
32
2
6
Equation
of time
Min
Sec
0
15
1
2
2
22
3
45
5
10
6
35
8
0
9
22
Declination
Equation
of time
Deg
-14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Min
11
27
38
45
48
45
36
21
21
25
29
Equation
of time
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
Min
10
52
28
57
21
38
50
57
Min
-3
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
Min
16
16
16
15
15
14
13
11
Sec
31
16
56
30
57
15
24
23
Sec
21
23
12
47
10
18
15
59
23
23
23
27
25
17
Declination
Date
Aug
Date
Oct
Date
Dec
Equation
of time
Deg
18
17
16
14
13
12
11
9
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
Declination
Deg
Min
-2
53
4
26
5
58
7
29
8
58
10
25
11
50
13
12
Equation
of time
Min
Sec
10
1
11
17
12
27
13
30
14
25
15
10
15
46
16
10
Declination
Equation
of time
Deg
-21
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
Min
41
46
45
6
20
26
25
17
Min
-6
5
5
4
4
3
2
1
Min
11
9
8
6
4
2
0
-1
5.
The position of the sun is generally given as azimuth and altitude angle
6.
Azimuth represents horizontal angle of the sun relative to the north.
7.
Altitude represents the vertical angle the sun makes with the horizontal ground plane.
28 | P a g e
25
17
7
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
Min
14
12
6
55
41
23
2
39
1
2
3
Sec
17
59
33
57
12
19
18
10
Sec
16
43
1
12
47
19
20
39
9|P a g e
CHILLER INSTALLATION:
STANDARD PIPE DIAMETER AVAILABLE
1.
If the length of chiller is X, same X length to be given in any one direction (either Left or
19, 25, 32, 40, 50, 65, 80, 100, 125,150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400
Right)
2.
In the other side 1.5m space to be given.
3.
In case of multiple chillers, 2.4m to be given in between chillers.
4.
If the pump length is X, and width is Y then the supply header should be placed at a distance
SOLAR CALCULATION
1.
As earths orbital velocity varies throughout the year, Solar time varies somewhat from mean
2.
Solar Time can be calculated using the below expression, if we are aware of sites latitude and
time. This variation, called the equation of time, is given in Table in page 4 SEPR
3 times of Y.
5.
For Air Cooled Chiller, take the air quantity of 640cfm/TR for condenser. So find the total cfm
longitude. Solar time is expressed as hour angle H
needed.
6.
7.
Now find the area required for airflow through condenser by considering the velocity as 500fpm.
Now make sure that the available space between the chillers (through which the air will enter into
the condenser) is enough for the airflow.
8.
If it is not enough, raise the level of the chiller (ie., in the pedestal) so that air can enter through
3.
AST = LST + ET/60 + (LSM LON)/15
4.
H = 15 (AST - 12) where AST=apparent solar time, decimal hours, LST=local solar time,
decimal hour, ET=equation of time, decimal minutes, LSM=local standard time meridian,
decimal of arc, LON =local longitude, decimal of arc
the space below the chiller.

9.
Evaporator TR = 500 x GPM/TR x T in F
10. Condenser TR = (GPM/TR x T) / 30
Date
Jan
11. Compressor selection Saturated Suction Temperature should be 3-4 C less than room ADP
12. Saturated condensing temperature for air cooled chiller should be 25 C more than ambient DBT
13. Saturated condensing temperature for water cooled chiller should be 20 C more than ambient
WBT
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
Declination
Deg
Min
-23
4
22
42
22
13
21
37
20
54
20
5
19
9
18
9
Equation
of time
Min
Sec
-3
14
5
6
6
50
8
27
9
54
11
10
12
14
12
5
Declination
Equation
of time
14. Sub cooling can be 10C if provided
VALVES
1.
Formula to calculate pressure drop in valves
2.
Where G is the specific gravity of water (1), Cv Value is listed below
3.
Chilled water condenser water supply Pr gauge, Thermometer and isolation valve
4.
Chilled water chilled water return Pr gauge, Thermometer and isolation valve
5.
Chilled water chilled water supply Pr gauge, Thermometer and isolation valve
6.
Chilled water condenser water return Pr gauge, Thermometer and isolation valve
7.
Either one isolation valve has to be motorized.
8.
Pump outlet Pr gauge, NRV and isolation valve
10 | P a g e
Date
Mar
Date
May
27 | P a g e
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
Deg
-7
6
5
3
1
0
1
3
Min
53
21
48
14
39
5
30
4
1
5
9
13
17
Declination
Deg
Min
14
50
16
2
17
9
18
11
19
9
Min
-12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
Sec
38
48
51
49
42
32
20
7
Equation
of time
Min
Sec
2
50
34
17
3
35
3
44
3
44
Date
Feb
Date
Apr
Date
June
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
Declination
Deg
Min
-17
19
16
10
14
55
13
37
12
15
10
50
9
23
Equation
of time
Min
Sec
-13
34
14
2
14
17
14
20
14
10
13
50
13
19
Declination
Equation
of time
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
Deg
4
5
7
8
10
11
12
14
Min
14
46
17
46
12
35
56
13
1
5
9
13
17
Declination
Deg
Min
21
57
22
28
22
52
23
10
23
22
Min
-4
3
1
0
0
1
1
2
Sec
12
1
52
47
13
6
53
33
Equation
of time
Min
Sec
2
27
1
49
1
6
0
18
0
33
9.
7.
Pump inlet Pr gauge, Y Strainer and isolation valve
10. AHU inlet Isolation valve, drain valve, Pr guage and Thermometer (Y strainer if necessary)
Bend loss details
11. AHU outlet Pr independent two way cum balancing valve, isolation valve, Air purge valve
Bend Loss Details
For 45 deg bend
For 90 deg bend
Equivalent
Equivalent
Diameter
Length
Diameter
Length
25
1.3
25
2.6
32
1.7
32
3.3
40
2.1
40
4
50
2.6
50
5
65
2.2
65
6
80
4
80
7.5
100
4.7
100
9
125
5.2
125
10
150
6.5
150
13
200
7.9
200
16
250
10
250
20
300
13
300
25
350
16
350
30
400
18
400
34
450
20
450
38
500
23
500
42
550
26
550
50
600
30
600
60
12. Chiller return header Air separator, Compression tank

CV FOR BUTTERFLY VALVES AT FULLY OPEN CONDITIONS
Valve Size
(MM)
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Gallon per Minutes per Unit of

Pressure Drop in Ponds per Sq. Inch
for Water
160
250
360
640
1000
1440
2560
4000
5760
7840
10240
12960
16000
19360
23000
COOLING TOWER
DG ROOM VENTILATION
1.
As a rule of thumb use 45 CFM / KVA for water cooled DG or 60 CFM / KVA
2.
Air Flow (Kg/sec) = KW / (density x delta T) + Combustion Air
3.
Diameter (mm) = (3600000 x Eq. Length(m) x Ex gas density2 kg/m3 x Ex gas flow
1.
GPM / 100 TR
2.
Back Pressure = (0.22 x L x Q2) / (D5(460 + T))
Evaporation loss actual formula 0.00085 x flow rate in LPM x T x 60 x Working Hrs
Where T is Condenser water outlet temp Condenser water inlet temperature (GPM x 3.8
rate(m3/min)) / Back Pressure

4.
Evaporation loss is the loss due to evaporation and it is 1 to 2% of supply water = 2.3 to 3
= LPM)
3.
Drift loss is the loss as water droplets 20% of evaporation loss
4.
Blow-down loss because of evaporation loss, only pure water gets evaporates leaving
more dissolved solids in it. So a portion of water has to be blow-down to compensate the
STAIRCASE PRESSURIZATION
dissolved solids. = Evaporation Loss / (CR -1), by default CR is assumed to be 2

1.
Q1 = Kf A P Where, Q1- Air Leakage in CFM, A - Area of Leakage in Sq. Ft., P -
2.
Area of Leakage
3.
Side Gap 0.00984, Top Gap 0.00984, Bottom Gap 0.0328
4.
Leakage of air through 3 open door Area x velocity (200 fpm)
5.
Total CFM = Area of Leakage + Leakage of air through 3 open door
5.
Pressure difference in inches (0.2), Kf - Co-efficient 2610
26 | P a g e
= 2H (Side gap) +1w (Top gap) +1w (Bottom gap)
Concentration ratio (CR) is the ratio between dissolved solid in makeup water and
dissolved solids in blow-down water.
6.
If this CR is high, the CT is said to be water efficient.
7.
As a rule of thumb use 8 Liter / TR / Hr @ 80% diversity
11 | P a g e
SHAFT SIZING
1.
Pipe sizing can be done both using Chart and formula.
2.
Pipe dia (mm) = Sqrt (Gpm x 0.000011) x 2000 for 6 fps velocity
3.
Pipe dia can be calculated using P = (4 x f x L x V2) / 2 x g x D, Where f is the friction

factor, L is the Equivalent Length, g is the acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m/s2 and V is the
velocity in m/s
4.
Pipes going outside the building, Underground and diameter greater than 350mm should be
provided the insulation thickness of 3. Others should be insulated by 2.
5.
For example, if the pipe dia is 14, shaft size required will be 14+6(insulation on pipe
dia)=20 (supply) + 20 (return) + 18(Space in between). So shaft length will
be(6+20+6+20+6)=58. (20+6+6 )= 32 will be the width of the shaft
AHU SIZING
1.
Select AHU Size for the given CFM & TR
2.
Provide 1.5m space in piping side and 1m space in filter side. Minimum of 150mm in all
3.
CFM = Velocity x Area
4.
Coil face velocity is limited to 500 FPM
other sides.
VENTILATION AIR CHANGES

1.
Toilet, Electrical 15ACPH
2.
Basement 6 ACPH (normal) 30 (Fire mode)
3.
Kitchen 45 to 60 for big 15 for small 15 ACPH is sufficient
4.
Fresh air has to be supplied at 80% of exhaust air in order to maintain negative pressure
5.
For kitchen hood exhaust, CFM = Hood Area x 120 fpm. 80% of exhaust will be ducted as
a fresh air into the kitchen
12 | P a g e
25 | P a g e
2.
Primary pump head = Pipe eq. length till secondary pump + primary pump outlet valves +
3.
Secondary pump head = pipe length till farthest AHU + AHU coil pressure drop + AHU
chiller evaporator valves + secondary pump inlet valves + evaporator pressure drop
valves + Secondary pump outlet valves + Pipe length till Primary pump + Primary pump
inlet valves
4.
Condenser pump head = Pipe length till cooling tower + Nozzle pressure loss + clearance
height + chiller condenser + condenser pump valves + Chiller condenser side valves
5.
Valve Losses
Isolation Valve
Equivalent
Length
29
38
43
55
69
84
100
120
140
170
220
280
320
360
410
460
520
610
Diameter
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
6.
Balancing/ 2way valve

Diameter
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Equivalent
Length
15
20
24
30
35
43
50
58
71
88
115
145
165
185
210
240
275
320
NRV
Diameter
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Equivalent
Length
10
14
16
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
80
100
120
135
150
165
200
240
Y Strainer
Diameter
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Equivalent
Length
10
14
16
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
80
100
120
135
150
165
200
240
Closed circuit friction loss
24 | P a g e
13 | P a g e
LIGHTING LOAD TO BE CONSIDERED AS PER ECBC
PUMP HEAD CALCULATION

1.
Pipe friction can be calculated from the chart below
ELECTRICAL LOAD
1.
Air cooled chiller 1.3KW/TR
2.
Water cooled centrifugal chiller 0.65KW/TR, Water cooled screw chiller 0.75 Kw/TR
3.
Primary Pump = TR x GPM x Head x 0.745

3960 x Efficiency
4.
AHU = CFM x Static x 0.745

6356 x Fan Efficiency
5.
Cooling tower = TR x 300 x 1x 0.745
14 | P a g e
23 | P a g e
6356 x 0.6
=TR x 0.117
6.
Split AC, Ductable split, Package unit = 1.2KW/TR
7.
Ventilation (inlet fan) = Vent.Cfm x 1.2 x 0.745

6356 x 0.6
8.
Kitchen (supply) = Vent.Cfm x 1.5 x 0.745
9.
Kitchen (exhaust) = Vent.Cfm x 4 x 0.745
6356 x 0.6
6356 x 0.6
GENERAL APPLIANCES LOAD
11. Where hv = (V / 4005) ^ 2
22 | P a g e
15 | P a g e
DUCT STATIC PRESSURE CALCULATION

1.
Filter pressure drop can be calculated from the table below
2.
Coil side pressure drop can be calculated from the table
3.
Volume Control Damper 7.5 mm
4.
Grill 2.5 mm
5.
Silencer Max allowable pre drop is 7.5 mm
6.
Diffuser 2.5 mm
7.
Nozzle From catalogue
16 | P a g e
21 | P a g e
8.
VAV 2 mm
9.
Duct pressure from the chart below or using duct sizer
10. Equivalent bend length and taper length can be calculated from the chart below
20 | P a g e
17 | P a g e
18 | P a g e
19 | P a g e

HVAC Thumprule Handbook

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What are the different methods discussed for duct insulation?

What are the different methods discussed for duct insulation?

What factors need to be considered for pump head calculation?

What factors need to be considered for pump head calculation?

HVAC

Thumb rules for HVAC design

Thumb rules for HVAC design

HEAT LOAD DETAILS

QGlass(BTU/Hr) = (U x A x T) + (SHG x A x SF) where (T = OA Temp IA Temp)

Fresh Air CFM = (Volume x ACPH) / 60

62_1_2004 Table 6.1)

Thumb rules for HVAC design

Thumb rules for HVAC design

and wrap it with PVC grip tape.

Drain line has to be insulated

Ducting aspect ratio should be less than 4:1

by RP Tissue and aluminium perforated sheet

13. For every branch VCD has to be provided

19. R407C refrigerant should not be top up in case of any loss

Equivalent Temperature Difference for Exposed Wall (4 PM)

Duct supports for every 8 to 10 feet

Duct to duct flange gap should be arrested properly

Duct size as per dwg

them into binary language which a system can understand.

Building Management System

and for report generation using access control software.

retina or finger print reader

Access Control System

System can be integrated with FACP and CCTV

Public addressable system

Fixed dome, Varifocal, PTZ(Pan Tilt Zoom) Camera.

Solar Heat Gain Through Glass(BTU/Hr Sft)

Thumb rules for HVAC design

Wint Monso Summ

Thumb rules for HVAC design

Thumb rules for HVAC design

Thumb rules for HVAC design

ceiling for our vision

displaying in the FACP

10 % of the above value)

Closed circuit television monitoring is a security system

18. SHF = Sensible Heat / Total Heat

Now in market 2 type of system available ( IP Based & Non IP based)

(1 - Coil BF)}] where (T = OA Temp IA Temp)

21. Deh. CFM = RSH/[(IA Temp- ADP) x (1-BF) x 1.08]

20. Total Load = Sensible + Latent + Room Load

23. Thermal resistance of building material is from ISHRAE table 8 P. No 1.18

Thumb rules for HVAC design

Thumb rules for HVAC design

As a rule of thumb, UPS ( Total Area (sft) / 70 ) x 160 VA

240 sq.mm Al cables are used.

Wall 0.36 BTU / Sft F

Roof 0.4 BTU / Sft F Floor 0.48 BTU / Sft F

a VCB (Vacuum circuit breaker)

Partition Glass 1.136 BTU / Sft F Wall 0.4 BTU / Sft F

load max demand = 1000 / 0.9 / 0.85 = 1300 KVA

General U Value Considered:

Glass 1.2 BTU / Sft F SF 0.25

required power factor