o

DOCUMENT RIME
PL 009 121

BD 148 150
AUTHOR
TITLE
INSTITUTION
PUB DATE
NOTE'

Beinstein, Judith; And Others

Conversational Tamil.
Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.
[61]
466p.; Parts.oedocument may be marginally legible
e
due to quality of print
--:
,

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DESCRIPTORS

BE-80.83 Plus Postage. MC Not Avajlable from EDRS.

Agriculture; Conversational Language Courses;
Grammar; *Instructional Materials; *Language
Instruction; Language Patterns; *Languages for
Special Purposes; Language Usage; Morphology,
(Languages); Pattern Drills-(Language)A.Post
Secondary Education; Prdnuaciation; *Second_ Language
Learning; Sentence Structure; Speech Skills; *Tagil;
Teaching ffethods; *textbooks; ,,,Uncommonly Taught

Languages; Verbs

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this text is to develop conversational

skills in Tamil. It is to be usod'as. a review of what has been
learned in classand not as a teaching device. The language materials
consist of four types of langgage learning activities. The unit
microwave cycle divides the learning process into two basic phases.
The first phase involves kiiicry, memorization, and' manipulation, and
the second -phase involves conversational application of what has beet
learned. Drill exercises, the second type of activity, include
stbstitution, repetition, transformation, conversation, and
question-and-answer drills. Analysis of the language is the third
type, of activity. Realistic language usage is the fourth type. The
text is divided into six sections, each consisting of cycles, drills,
and grammar notes, which concentrate upon a limited number of
sentence patterns and structural items. Suggested supplements follow
each section. A verb chart, listing verb stems and their inflected
forms, is included in the text, as is a pronunciation guide.. The
materials were designed for Peace Corps training programs
specializing in\agriculture. (Author/CLE)

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EDI 48i 5
BEST COPY AVAILABLE

CONVERATIONAL

TAMfL "c

Prepared for Development and Resources Corporation

by

Judith Beinstei)
T.N. Balasubramanian
Ronald-Amend
Kausalya. Raghavan

Lalitha Solomon
'1

U S DEPARTMENT Of NEAL TM.

E DUCATION &WELFARE
N ATIONAL INSTITUTE Of
EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO.

DUCED EXACTLY AS RECFIVED FROM
THE PERSON OR ORGXNIZATiON ORIGIN.
ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSAR IY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS

MATERIAL WAS BL-EN GRANTEp BY

leatp.Gor s
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
INFORMATION CENTER IERICI AND
USERS OF THE ERIC SYSTEM "

Table of Contents
Page

pion A

Cycles and Drills

rammar Notes
nouns.
pronouno
possession

1 -14
15-19

1-8

15
15
16
17

the .verb 'to be'

18

questions
Cycles and Drills 9-15
Grammar Notes
post-positions
adjectives
*
/- palam/ and /-kai/
Supplements
geography

20-29
30
30

30
31-34
31

Section B
Cycles and Drills 1-6
Grammar Notes
verb stems
present tense
time
Cycles and'llTills
Grammar Notes.

35-46

47-8
.

7 -9

future tense
past participle + vittu
poet-position 'patti'
Cycles and Drills 10-12
grammar Notes
verbal noun + mundi
impersonal constructions
'want to...'
Ishollld...'

'have to...'

47
47
48
49-57.
''

58-59

58
58
59

60-67
68-69
68

68
69
69
69

Page

Section
,

SUpple..mente---

70-82
70

whatRama and SiPta dp all 'day

preparing rice

, v

on the day. of a fair ,,

slides
bazaar

79-80

..

75
77

e2:,bringing things from_the%ba-taar.

79
81

._

'Section C-

Cycles and Drills 1-5

arammar Notes
past tense
-past.pgrticiple + piragu
post-positions
/-kudu/
..-/-1,2.

/-eAor /-ai/

83-92
93-94
'93,

93
93

94
.,

_.

Supplements
preparing a field for planting
the cooperative and agriculture depot
slides
agriculture
farmer and extension worker - role play
-

.109-110
109
109

_109

'to 'be'
.

95-108

past tense of vPrt.)

'used to...'

plural nouns'
CycleS and Drills 6-12
Gtammar Notes
,
'that' clause
.
post-position /-kit;te/
.

.
....'

110
111-115
111
112
113-114
113
115
-

.-

..

Section D

_ 3raffilhar

116-18

1-5-

Cycles and Drills

=--'

Page

Notes

...-,

129

1;29

= impersonal'constrdctions
- ...
compound sentences
Cycles and.Dr;Ils. 6-8
Jrammar Notes
progressive' forms of the verb
'
verbal noun
emphatic participle /=-ttan/
Cycles and Drills 9-16

129.
13O-141
142-143
142
143
143
144-160
161
161
161

1101(mmar Notes

imperatives
post-position /-kkaga/
compound verbs
Supplements
puja

,161
162-167
162
164

vow and pilgrim(.

slides
religion

5-16 o
165
167
11,

mar iamMan= koil

.

Section E
.

and Drills

168-195
196-198

1 -12.

,;rammar Notes

196

present
conditional
conditional - past
subjunctive
'past tense
Supplements
-..

waqing.clothes
washerman
laundr:/ instructions
tailor

hiring a servant

"196

197

197.

199-21

..

199
201
203
204

205

..

Page

Section E
Supplements
firing a servant

207
209
210
211
212

doctor' and nurse

sickness - people
sickness - animal
accident

Section F
)Cycles and Drills

199-212

liVe

213-242
243-245
243

1-12

.grammar Notes
'to...'-s(infinitive)

244
244
244
244

comparison
'tecause of having...en(ed`'

'by having...en(ed)"by...ing'
'without...ing'
present participle
past participle
Supplements
sample survey fotm
land tenure
land and yield
harnessing bullocks
surveying land c
ma wring, weeding', top-dressing
plant protection, narvesting
irrigation

AT27 paddy part 1

part 2
CO7 ragi demonstration
hybrid bajra demonstration
hfbrid cholam demonstration.

244
245

246-263
246
,

_4.:

-'k

247
258
250
251
'.52

;.-

253
254
255
257
258
260
262

Pronun,:iaf,ion ,;uide

26)1-266

Verb '"hart

267-278

SeCtion A
.Page

Cycles and.Drills

1-8

Grammar Notes
nouns
pronouns
possession
the verb 'to be'
questions

15
15
16
17
18

_Cycles and Drills

9-15

Grammar- Notes

post-positions
adjectives
/-palam/ and /-kai/Supplements
geography

20-29
30

3o
30
3o

31-34
31

A
se,

Introduction

-a

The mrposeof this text is tii>. develop elementary conversational 'skills in Tamil.
Though the text is to be -used by language instructors -a,s a major set of lesson plans,
it should be supplemented by other varied materials and teaching techniques for a
richer language learning experience. Sample supplementary materials have been included
at the end of each section.khey are suggested as poSsible exercises in an intensive
program to expand the student's vocabulary, to reinforce grammar patterns; and to
confront the student with occasional unfamiliar grammar items. The text is to be used
by students as a review to what has been learned in class and not as a teaching device.,

Effective teaching of the text materials presupposes the use of language props
for teaching vocabulary. Every object should be taught by association with a visual
representation of that object and every verb should be taught by association with
the action described by that verb. It is important that both instructor and student
make consistent use of language props and reeve' resort to English..

the organization of each unit lesson allows for rapid mastery of question and
The units, therefore, should be used as a oasis for Obnversation
answer patterns.
between the student and instructor and between th'e students themselves. Once the
unit has been mastered, the students should have ample opportunity to carry out the
role of instructor.
1.

The language materials consist of four different types of language learning

agtivities, The first, and mosl predominant, is the unit microwave cycle. These'
cycles are adapted from cycles designed by 1)r. Earl Stevick of the Foreign Service
They divide the learning process into two basic phases. 'fhe first of
these phases involves mimicry, memorization, and manipulation and so is designated
The 'M'1 component of the phase consists of statements related in content and
1M'.
structure; the 'M'2 component of the phase consists of one or more questions related
in content and structure to the statements of 'M'i. The second phase involves the
conversational application of 'M'l and IMI2 and so is designated 'C'. The question
of 'M'2 is asked and is answered by one o the statements of IM'i. Each question'and
answer unit is one component of the 'C' phase. If there are five posgible answers
Before a new unit cyCle is
to 1M' 2 then there would be five components of 'C'.
taken up in class the previous cycle should always be reviewed. Class time should
be devTted entirely to using the language. Instructors should never attempt to
explain grammar.

-:-

. .

-.
,

4 '

The second type of learping activity conS'iats of/varioljb :kindsAof drill exercises.
-Substitution d.rills require thOotetunt to substitute similr hrluctural items in
one sentence pattern. Repetition dri4s enable the student to repeat similarly
Transformation drills,,involve%ghanging.
patterned sentences after tne inatruator.
the structure of similaX sentences. .-Conversation and' citjestion And.answerdrills
utilize previodsly learned sentence patte.rns to build up. conversation. All tnese 1
drills are used to supplement material ifl,the unit-microwaves.
.

c----

....

The third type of learning actilfitSris analysis of the language: Sithplified

explanations are included in-sectipns of grammar notes to explain structural items of
These grammar notes are intended for the student L'
previous les'sons.
0The Illore difficult structures should oe explained 1!)-7 the language coordinator of
linguist ix a warate class; hour:

The fpurth type of learning activity involves confrontation of a more complex

The task-oriented situation, model village ar.d slide e)tercises,
and role plays of the supplements force the student to gradually accustom himself to
combinations of sounds and phrases, all of which may not'be familiar to.him. They are
intended as a bridge between the tightly controlled class-room learning experience and
the complete free communication 4qthe field.
linguistic, reality.

The ext itself i divided into'six sections, A, B, C, D, E, and F, each consisting

number of sentence
of cycles; drills, and grammar notes which concentrate upon'a limit
patterns and structural items. Suggested supplements follow eaAh section. A verb chart,
listing verb .stelfirg'and their inflected forms, is inclaudeil at the back of the text for
reference. 'A pronunciation guide is also' appended for s udents' Use.

These materials have been designed for Peace Corps training prograrZ
Satisfactory completion of the text should bring the trainee to at least
in agriculture.
a 2 FSI level.

N./

-.

1.4 tw ,

prIm

w-4E
s

ft

1
.

h.

idu viTa4alam

grsnju
milsgg
.urularkilangu
VengAyam

onion

idu yenna?

M2

idu yenna
idu'ialaipalams

'L.

idu yenna?
/3 'idu Milagi

What is thisy
What ih; this?
This is a banana.

C. What

idu yenna?
'idu granju
_:

This is a banana._
orange
chili
potato

is this?,<_

Tnis is-4a c)rg'.-='-'

,

substitute remaining nouns as above)

'What is
This

Cycle 2
O

h,:2

ad1.1 vilaipalam

ille

Iranju
milaga
urulatkalangu
vengayam

M2

adu vg.laipalam5?

irang
milagRyi
'utulaikilangi
Vengtyami

''1

adu-vitlaipal-ami?
\\

ille, adu valalpalam ille

That is not a banana.

oradge
chili
potato
onion
Is that a7banana?
orange
chili
potato
onion
Is that a banana?
No, that is not a banana.

or
adu valaipaIamg.?.
I.

adu valaipalam

14
2

Drill for Cycles 1 & 2

Substitution Drills

adu vilaip4amN?

N,

Is that a banana? e
orange
chili

Aranja,

milaggy6

potato,

urulaikalana

onion

vengkanA

This.is a banana, isn't it?

orange
chili
potato
onion

idu valaipalam
Aranju
milagA
,urUlaikilangu
vengftyAma

Conversation Drills

idu
ille
idu
idu

vAlaipalama?
idu v!!laipftlam ille
yennit?

Aranju

adu valaipalam, illeyl?

ille
4111,
adu, yenna?
adu Aranju

15

Is this a banana?
No, this isn't a banana.
What is this?
This is an orange.

That is a Tanana, isn't it?

No.

What is that?
That is an orange.
.

Cycle 3
/I

/
.

M1

ivar oru manusan

paiyan
avar

Ml

He (this
He (that

vivasiiyi

ma4avan
vgdiyEr
Indiyan
Amerikkan
P.C. sevakan

c.

M2

yaru?

ivar yaru?
avar

C2

is a boy.
farmer,
student
teacher
Indian

American

P.C. v,plunteer

Who is he (this)?
(that)?

.
._

is a man.

ivar ygru?
ivar manusan

C2

avar yaru?
- avar miinuan

Who is he (this)?
He (this) is avian.
Who is he' ,(that)?
He (that) As a man.

.,?

I'
24

to

ivai oru pombalg

aval

She

-vRdiy5rammi

mApavi
pis kor s'gvaki

American
M2

ival yaru?
ival oru pombale-

Who is she (this)?

(that),

is a woman.
girl
teacher
student
'peace corps' volunteer

Indian

Indiyan
Amerikkan
ival yNru?
aval

this
(chat

Who is she (this)?

She (this) is a woman.

,Drill for Cycles 3 & 4

Substitution Drills

1.

2.

Ivan
avan
ivan
avan
Ivan
ivar
avar

manuiang?
paiyang
sevakang
mAuavang
vgdiygrg
Rgmang

ival

pombaleyg?

aval.

powg

Is he
Is he

ivan manuian illeyg?

avan paiyan
ivar Raman
avar

this
that
this
that
this
hon)
lion)

GO-pg.1a

2.

G5pg1

a
a
a
a
a

man?
boy
volunteer
student
teacher
Raman
Gopal

Is she (thil a woman?

(that) a E..U.

SitIvA
Kamalgvg

ry

3.

1.-

Kamala
3.

this 3 not a man?

a boy
that)
Raman
he hon)
()Opal
he 'hon)

Is 1-11:

(substitute other nouns)

4.

ival
anal

pombale illeyg?
pannu
sits
Kainalg

Is she (this)-not a woman?

she (that) not a girl.
Sitt.

Kamala

(substitute other nouns)

idu

kulande illeyg?

Is this not a baby?

Cycle 5

Ml

Ml

an oru vivalayi

teacher
American
N
Indian
student
man
woman
,,Peace Corps volupteer

vgdiygr/vSdiygrammS
Amerikkbn
Indiyan
mailavan/mSpavr

manu4n
pombale
pis kor sfvakan/sevaki
N m2

C1

(a) ninga (hon) yTku?

(L.L.) ninga yiru?

I am as farmer.

M2

Who are you?-

Cl

Who are you?

I am'a farmer.

ran oru vivasayi

Cycle 5a
M1

We are farmers.
teachers
Americans
Indians
students
men
women
Peace Corps volunteers

ninga vivaiiYigal
vidiyirgal/Vidiyiiammakai
AkerikIsprgal

Indiyalial
millavargaliminavTgai
mapueargal
pombalegal
prs kor sffirakargal/sgvalagal
142

ninga yiru?
ninga (excl.)

M2

Who are you?

we (excl.)
we (incl.)

flat (incl.)

C1

ninga ylitOL
ninga vivasayigai

Cl

Who are you?

We are farmers.

C2

ninga yiku?

C2

Who are we?

We are farmers.

ninga vivasaWgal

23

24

Drills for Cycle

Substitution Drill

ranga
nal

You are a farmer.

teacher
American
Indian
P.C. volunteer

oru vivadiyi
vgiiyEr/vidiyArammE
AMbrikkan
indiyan

P.C. avakan/avakI

-student

matiavan/MInavI

man
woman

manu5an
pombale

ninga
nam
ivanga
avanga
nInga

We

vivagayigal
vAdiyargal/vgdiyirammEgal
Amerikkargal
Indiyargal
pis kor avakargal/s6vakigal

We.

They
They
You

excl
incl
this
that
hon)

Who at
is' she

nan.y4ru?
ival
aval
ivar
avar

she
he
he

are

farmers.
teachers
Americans:
Indiana

Peace Cotps volunteers.

this
that
this
that

are you

ninga (riI)

Conversation Drill
Are
No.
Who
I'm

ninga oru vgdiy5r5/vgdiyarammgv5?

ille. nan oru vgdiygr/vadiygramma ille
ninga yaru?
nan oru P.C. s'evakan/sgvaki

you a teacher?,,
I'm not a teacher
are you?
a P.C. Ingainee.

(substitute other nouns)'

26
O

Cycle 6
4

Or,

en

(hon) un per,.
1-

my name
.your name

unga"tin per

My name is
Your name is

unga'un per yenna?

en,per yenna?

What is your name?

What is my name?

en per

MP

enga_un per yenna?

en per

What Isiyour name?

My name is

What is my flame?

en pgr yenna?
unga un per

Your name is
Rr

te

Drill for Cycle 6

Substitution

1.

ivaruaaya Or Raman
avaruaaya

2.

3.

.2&

Drill

1.

His (this) name is Raman.

Gopal
His (thaty

2.

Her (this) name is Site..

Kamala
Her (that)

3.

name?
What is my
your
this
his
his that
her this
that
he'.
their (this)
their (that)

G45.1

iva;uaaya Or sits
avaludaya

tt

Kamala

Or yenna?
en
unga un
ivaruaaya
avaruaaya
ivaluaaya
avaluaaya
ivhngaluaaya
avangaludaya

23

Cycle 7

PI

MI- idu RaManudaya kuclumbam

viclu

magan,appE (tagappanar)
.amm5.(tayEr)
magal

M2 yarudaya

kudumbam

idu3

viclu

m-yevarulaya
2-yevaluclaya'

n-yedunudaya

magan
appE
ammE,

magal
ponjEdi

yarulaya kulumbam idu?

idu RImanudaya kudumbam.

30
it

This is Raman's,family.
house
son
father
mother
daughter
is thislWhose family
house
son
father
mother
daughter
wife

Whose family is this?

This is Raman's family.

Drills for Cycle 7

Conversation Drill
Whose son is this?
This is Raman's ton.
What's his (this) name?
His name is'Gdpal.

idu yarudayamagan?
idu REmanudaya magan
ivanuOaya Or yenna?

ivanudaya Or 00.1
Completion Drill

1.

2.

212EL
Rgmanulaya magan
Kaman
magal
TOERI
amma
eVglan,,
appg_
ponjadi Sit!
Sitavudaya magan
magal
aroma

appg.

purusan

G461_
Kamala,

Kupayt
Kupan
Raman

1.

Raman'eson is,

2.'

Kamala

TETI
Velan
Sita

mother is'

Gopal.
Kamala
Kupayi

father ishusband is

Ku an
aman
-,,------

Sita's son is
daughter.js

A .

Copal.

daughter is
mother is
father is
wife is

Cycle 8
M1

These are your pencils.

my
his this
his that

idu yellam unnuaaya pensilgal

ennudaya'

ivarulaya
avarulaya

These are hers this).

hers that).),
ours ex
ours in
theirs (this)
theirs (that)

inda pensilgal ivaluslayadu

avaltnayadu
engaluaayadu
nammudayadu
ivangaluaayadu
avangaludayadu
M

Whose pencils are these?

M2

idu yellgm ygrudaya pensilgal?

Cl

idu yellam yaruaaya pensilgal?

idu yellgm unnudaya pensilgal

Whose pencils are,these?

These are your pencils.

C2

idul yellgm ygruaaya pensilgal?

ida pensilgal yellam, ivaluaayadu

Whose pencils are these?

These pencils are hers (this).

341

Drills for Cycle 8

Substitution Drill

ingg,oru
rine

renlu

irukku
pensil
pensilgal

mailu

nalu
anju
aru
Elu
ettu
ombadu
pattu
ingE

oruttan
ang7renOu

einu
nalu
naju
aru
Elu
ett.0

ombadu
pattuL

irukkan
pgr irukkanga

one
two
thide
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten

pencil.
pencils.

Here_ -is one

There are two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten

person.
persons.

Here

is

Th6reare

Grammar Notes

A.

Nouns
Only human beings are.referred to
Nouns are either-masculine, feminine or neuter.
as masculine or feminine.
eg.

man
woman

manuan (m)
pombale (f)

neuter.
All other nouns, both animate and inanimate, are
eg.

valaipalam (n) _banana

name
per (n).
cow
paLiAmEqu (n)
B.

Pronouns
Personal pronouns 'he'
ivar
ivan
idu

'she' 'it' -!they' nave two forms:

refer to persons and objects close.to the speaker,

eg. this he (ivar; this she (ival)

ivanE;aQ

ivaI
whereas'

avar
avan
aval
adu
avanga
The personal pronoun

the speaker,
refer to persons and objects at a distance from
that she (aval)
that he (aver)
eg.,
'we' has-two forms:

411 persons spoken to.

'ngio;a1 is exclusive i.e. it doesn't .include
spoken to. Colloquially,
it
includes
all
persons
'n7-' is inclusive i.e.
may sometimes replace nInF:a

'naM1

'3:4
15

Grammar Notes (cont

The personal pronoun :'you' has two forms:A.

used when talking to servants, children and very close friends.

InIngat is used'in addressing all other people. It is used in adaress'mg
several people but is alsO used in addressing one person to show respect.
'ninga' should be used even with fr '.ends. In the same way,
tiVan a/avanga' are often substituted for 'ivar /avar' to .1-1cw respect.
'ivar _vart show greater respect than 'Ivan/avant.
Inii

C.

Possession
Possession is expressed by adding /udaya/ to the nouh,l,g which s
eg.

IRamanua kuciumbamt
ISitgyuciaya kudumbamt

Raman's family
Sita's

hind belongs.,

Possession is expres.zd by adding /-udaya/ to the objective

for'm of the

pronoun.

nn.

nan
nT

eni,uday a

unnaya

nIns.a

un7aludaya

nanga
Ivan
ival

an6aluslaya

adu

aci.unu4aa
T.yan,;a1u44ya

ivaAuOya
iveluaaya

avansa

I i

you fail,
you (resp)
we (exd)
he
she
it.
they

of me
of you
*40,of you

of
of
of
of
of

us
him
her
it
them

:your)

ry)
lour)
(our)
(his)

its
their)

13L-1 'it' anu 'they' are t

'Tote - the zubjetive and obj-,;tive rc)/ms cf 'he' 'you'
and 1,11 al", different.
ot.jc,,:tive
forms
of
IT'
The subjetiva_ and
p

same.

g'

Grammar Notes (cont'd)

When the noun or obljective form of the pronoun ends in a vowel;
is added before adding /-udaya/

'1"vf or

frif

eg.

engalutaya
SitNVulaya
aiunalaya

we can say 'em per' - my name

eg

/-ulaya/ is often droppe,3'in ,olloquial Tamil.

instead of 'ennulaya Or!

In the sentences of the type:
This pencil is mine.
These pencils are mine.

inda pisil ennudayadu

inda pensilgal ennudayadu
.

,
The verb 'to be:
In the present tense, forms. of the ver') 'to be' are not used in positive sentences
of identification.
idu
vIlaipalam
This is a bgnana eg.

However, some forli. of the verb 'to '.1e.' musc. he u5ed in sentences ,.,f location an.d
/
,existence.
inge pens 1 irukku
Here Li a pencil
eg.
.

ana pencil irukku

There is a pencil
ve"yil5 irukku,
It is not
'irukku' is the neuter singlilar frm 7T77 present tense of the verb:to he'
In the follcwing sentences
inge oruttan irukkIn
Here is on person
inge rendu rer irukanza.
Here are two people
'irukk5n' is GNQ masculine singular fon; of the present tense of the verb 'to be'
Urukkangaf is the masculine plural f)rm of the present tense of the verb 'to be'
firukkiralf is the feminine singular form.
firukkInga' is the feminine plural form.
or 'irukku' is the neuter plural form.

The verb ending must always agree with the ;ender (i.e. m,f,n) and the number
(i.e. clnIt., T1.) tf the subjent or tKe sentence.

Grammar Notes (cont'd)'

The negative form of the verb 'to be' i.e. ille...is used in sentences of
identification as well as sentences of location and existence.
eg
idu valaipalam ille
This is not a banana
idu manuan ille
This is not a man
ingr pensil ille
The pencil isn't here
Note - in Tamil the verb is generally the last word in the sentence.
E.

questions
Questions are formed in two ways:
1.

use of a question word

:What is this?
idu yenna?
eg.
Who is this?
idu ylra?
The question word usulally comes at the end of the sentence but before the verb.
The question word 'whose' may take several forms;
yevaruilaya pensil - whose pencil
(when addressing a tan)
yevaludaya pensil - whose pencil
(when addressing a woman)
yedunulaya pensil - the pencil belonging to what
(when refering to an object)
yarudaya pencil - whose.pencil
)when addressing both man and woman)
/ -du/ may be added to the question word to form sentences of the type:

This pencil is waose?

41

18

inda pensil yarudayadu?

.

A11:3

Grammar Notes (cont'd)

,2.

Without a question word.

eg.

This is a banana, isn't it?

Is this a banana?

idu v1laipalam
isu

/-R/ maybe added to the word stressed..

Note - intonation and stress also differentiate questions from statements.
Besure to carefully mimic the stress and intonation of your instructor's voice.

4t)
19

4/

Cycle 9

M1

pgr
onnudaya
ammivulaya
Or
en
apimyulaya
akkalulaya
tangaiyulaya
annanugaya
tambiyulaya

M2

pgr yenna?
un unga
amnavuOaya pgr yenna?
unappayulaya

is
1 My name
name is
My mother's
father's
elder sister's
younger sister's
elder brother's
younger brother's

What is your name?

name?
What is your mother's
father's
elder sister's
younger sister's
elder brother's
younger brother's

akkaluclaya

tangaiyu4aya
annanuclaya

tambiyulaya
C

un unga per yenna?-

ennudaya Or

.1

What is yOur name?

My name is

4J
4,3

...

Ga-,C le

10
. .,

Alu ingg
angg

irukkAn

M1

+
Man is here.
there
in the house
inside the house
...,
outside the house

Where is the man?

viWIlg
vitukkuller
vit-Wkku veliye
,...

alu yengg irukkAn

_.
C

alu yengg irukkAn?

alp. ingg irukkAn

Where is the man?

Man is here.

.
..

,er,

51

;).0
21

Cycle 11

M1

pombale vitaukku me1.*

irukkal

vittukku

Ml

vittukku pipnale
--

_pombale yeng irukkal?

2
I

Cl

under the liouoe

in front of the house

behind the house

vIttukkli munnAlZ

Woman is on the top of-the house.

Where is the woman?

4, b4J.e ynee irukkal?

mbale vittukku mgle irukkal

C1

Where is the woman?

Woman is on the top of the house

Drills for Cycles 10 & 11

IN

Substitution Drills'

1.

pahumIdu ing7
ange

1.
.

vitulg
.V1

v7qukkulle%
vitukku veliye
vitukk1 mEle
le

analZ
vititukku pinnate,
2.

The cow is here.

there
in the house
inside the house
outside the house
on the top of the house
under the house
in front of the house
behind the house

The man ishere.

4irukkEn
alu Inge
ange
vittule

there
in tne house

Substitute ,ther post positions as above

alunga inge

3.

irukkanga

The n-1 are tisgre.

there
in the house

angE
vittule

Substitute other post positions as above

4.

ponibale inge
ange

4.

irukkal

vittulg

The woman is here.

there
in the house

Substitute other post positions

pombal7hga inge

irukkafts'a

.)

J 't

23

The women are here.

there
in Lie house

Drills for Cycles 10 & 11

Substitution Drills
6.

=Vale

ing ille

(cont'd)

6.

The man is not here.

woman
cow

7.

The man is not inside the house.

woman
outside the house
cow
in the house

pomba1:8
paiums74411

7.

ambarel

viukkulle ilre

pombale
pgsumadu

viltukku
vittule

veliy'e

Substitute

her post positions'

5t)

24

",

inda takkgli
veriggyam

milag
vglaipalam

C1

Cycle 12

'egappu niram.
velle
pachchai
manjal

yenna niram?
inda takkgli
veuggyam
milagg
valaipalam

niram?

inda takkgli yenna

inda takkgli

This tomato
onion
chili
banana

M1.

niram

is

red (color)
white
green
yellow

What color is this tomato?

onion
chili
banana
What color is this tomato?
This tomato is red. (color)

Also use black, brown, blue, orange

with other objects Li room and ask,
"what color is this?"

25

53

Cycle 13
irukku

rsl

It's hot today.

cold
rainy
cloudy

M2

How, is it today?

How '0.S\ it .today?

uliri

malaig
mappu-mandEramg
yeppaiii iriakku?

.y0pp44t

likko

f.t

26

It's hOt ,today.

Cycle 14

.1

vgyi15.

indiYavilg kEdaikElattilE
kulirkglattile

indiyavin-

paruvama )1ai kglattilg

kulira
malaiyg

vasanta-kliattile

suflama

yeppadi irukku?

lacleikglattilg

kulirkglattire
paruvamaj.ai alattilg
vasanta kllattire

C1

irukku

indig/ire ka4aikglattiA yeppag irukku?

indiyavile koclaikalattiit veppamg irukku

61
27

Cycle 14

It's

hot
cold
rainy
pleasant

How is it in India

in the
in tne
during
in the

summer
winter
the monsoons
spring

in the
in tie
during
in the

summer?
winter
the monsoons
spring

How is it in India in the summer?

It's hot in the summer in India.

6 is

28

in India.

Cfcle 15

M2

inda 'elumictichamkai
milaga
mittayi
pavakkai
tanni

pulippa irukku'
karama
tittippa
kasappl

upp7a,

inda elumichchamkai yeppadi irukku?

milaga

This lime
chili
candy
itter gourd
water
How is this 'lime?

kaikari
tanni

'chili

candy
vegetable
water

miqayi

C,

inda elumichchamkai yeppadi irukku?

inda elumichchamkai pulippi irukku

How is this lime?

This lime is sour.

Another form is also common:

This lime is sour.

inda elumichchamkai pulikkaradu

etc

etc.

ci

is sour.
hot
sweet
bitter
salty

29

Grammar Notes
Ils,

A.

Post-positions
In English, prepositions are used to desdribe possession, location, and time, but
in Tamil, postpositions are used. i.e. words like 'into' on"to' follow the
(pro)noan rather than precede it.
)
When we added /-ulaya/ to (pro)nouns we were using one kind of postpostition.
eg.
'RImanulaya kudUmbam' (Raman's family), when translated as 'the family of
Raman', illus.Eates they difference in Tamil postpositions and English prepositions. ./745aya/ follows Raman, but 'of' comes before Raman.
There are two kings of postpositions in Tamil:
1) simple postpositions are directly added to a noun or objective form of the pronoun.
of the elder sister
akkaludaya
eg.
in the house
vittuie
2) Complex postpositions are added to the stem of the noun or objective form of the
pronoun and followed by a postposition.
outside the house
viukku veliyU
eg.
in front of the house
vittukku munnIle
under the house
vittukku ki'
e

B.

Adjectives
Adjectives are used Leith or without the verb 'to be' in sentences
'inda elumichchamkai pulippI irukku'
eg.
TEIFlime is sbur.

f description.

-I

'inda takkali to a
This tomato is re

u niram'
.

Note - 'inda' is the adjectival form of the pronoun 'idu'

C.

/-palam/ and /-kai/

In Madras fruits are eaten when they are ripe and cooked as vegetables when they
aren't ripe. Unripened fruits ares/-kai/ and ripened fruits are /-palam/
- ripe banana
eg.
valaip4am
T unripe banana
vaiaikai

30

Geography

dgsam

idu dega palam

idu ozu dasam (or na4u)

idan Or, indiya

indiygvukk. vac akkg limaya malai' irukku
indiygvukku terkki 'indu mah3 samudram' irukku
Ivanggla kudg kadul' irukku
indiygvukku
arabi kaaal' irukku
indft.yavukku ziMrkk'd

indiygvin talai nagaram, pudu dells

Bramaputrg,
indiyavin mukyamgna nadigal, Gangai, Yamunai,
G5davari, Kgveri

rajyam

idu on r6jyam

Tamilggam, Tamil radu

idan pgr, 16ennai rajyam'; madras rajyam,

s.

-e*
ennai rgjyattukku vas,lakke 'andrapradas, irukki

terkkg 'indu mahl samudram .irukku

kilaka 'vanggla kudr kadul' irukku
mgrkka tolarchi malai' irukku
rOrkkg
'

sennai rgjyattin talai nagaram, 'sennai nagaram

ennai ehjyattin mukyamgna nadigal, kaveril vaigai, pllgru

31

jilra
idu oru jillg (oi avatam)
'.dan par, tanjai inn&

tanjai jilllvin talai nagaram, tanjavur

tanjai jillavin mukyaana nadi, kaveri

tr

32

Geography
Country
This is a map (of a country).
This is a country.
Its name is India.

To
To
To
To

the
the
the
the

north cf India al'e the Himalaya mountains.

south of India is the Indian ocean.
east of India is the Bay of Bengal.
west of India is the Arabian sea.

NcT1 Delhi is thc capitol of India.

f

India's principal rive/

are the Ganges, Jamuna, Bramaputra, Krishna,

Godaveri, and Kaveri.

State

This is a state.
Its name is Madras.

To
To
To
To

tht
the
the
the

north of Madras in Andhra Pradesh.

south of Madras in the Indian ocean.
east of Madras is the Bay of Bengal.
west of Madras are the western ghats.

Madras is the capitol of Madras.

Madras' principal rivers are the Kaveri, Vaigai, and Polaru.
...,

33

9.,

District

This is a district.
Its name in Tanjur.

Tanjur's main city is Tanjur.

Tanjur's principal river is the,Kaveri.

72

34

Section B
Page
A

Cycles and Drills

.35-46

1-6

47-48
Grammar Notes
verb stems
present tense
time

Cycles and Drills

47
47
48

49.57

7-9

58-59
58
38
59

Grammar Notes
future tense
past participle + vittu
post-position 'patti'
Cycles and Drills

60 -67

10-12

Grammar r-tes
vc..-,,,2 noun + mundi
tnree:..)'.al constructions

/...

OOOOOOO

'want to'
'should...,
'have to...'

Supplements
what Rama and Sita do all day
,preparing rice
on the day of a fair
slides
bazaar
bringing things from the bazaar

7.3

.
.

68-69
68
68
69
69
4
69
70 82
70
75
77

79-80
79
81

Cycle 1

kFlayflg Raman
avar

M1

elunlirukkirir
qappi'kulikkirar

Raman
he

kuliklcirar
,sappiclarAr

vglai seiyarir

In the morning

gets up.
drinks coffee
takes a bath
eats breakfast
works

kalayilg Raman yenna seiyar3r?

M2

What does Raman do in the morning?

kilayilF Raman yenna seiyarir?

kglajile Raman elundirikkirgr

What does Raman do in.the morning?

In the morning Raman gets up;

C
1

7,1
35

Cycle 2

madiyanatilZ
apparam

appidarar
Raman sappgdu
edukkirar
avar oivu
e.iyarar
velai
bapp4arar
sappadu
sayamkalatile
snegidangalode pg....arar
apparam
p3rar
tunga

madiyanatilg Raman yenna seiyarar?

sayamkalatile Raman yenna seiyarar?

seiyargr
madiyanatile Raman yenna
madiyanatile Raman sappau sappiadarar

apparam
apparam

avar
avar

yenna
oivu

seiyarar
edukkirgr

In the afternoon Raman eats'dinner.

takes rest
,he
Then
works again
eats dinner
In the evenIrc
walks with friends
Then
goes
to sleep
Then

What does Raman do in the afternoon?

2

W h qt does Raman do in the evening':.

C1

What does Raman do. in the aft-ernoo:..

In the afternoon Ram eats dinner.

Than what does he...do?

Thr-n he takes rest.

(finish responses as above)

seiyarar?
Raman yenna
sappirjarar
madiyanatilg Raman sappaqu
Osarar
avar
snegidangande
apparam

IC,

Wnat does'Raman do in the evenin

In the evening Raman eats dinner.
Then he, talks with friends.

.',

I,

%1

Drills for Cycles 1 & 2

Substitution Drill
b.

\.\

-'--.

in the morning
He doesn't get up
afternoon
drink tea
She
evening
You don't take a bath
..night
eat breakfast
I
work
We (ex)
study
They

eiundirikkiradi117'
madiyanatilg 'tea' kucjikkiradill7
kulikkiradilre
.7/aga
sayamkalatire
tiffan
sappidaradillZ
rattiriyile
an
seiyaradillE
vlai
--nlinga
palikkaradill
aicanga

aver
avai

kalayile.

Expansion Drill
I

muda ie
pica u
pira u
kadai iya

nan
nan
nan
nan

I
First
I
Then
I
Then
Finally I

elundirikkirZn
kulikkirep

sEpp4argn
tiffan
vaguppukku pi5ren

get up
take a bath
eat breakfast
go to class

(after the students have mastered the four

respr.r.sns they may substiLute other

activit es in answering the following

questio )
What do you do

all day?
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening

12,

37

akt.

Cycle 3

mar.f

24enlarai

onngk 1
al
onngm
rendEkal
rendgmukkal

munu

MiVkal

c.pliu

mans

3.J.:larai

renlu
....
.

It's
1

2:30

mutlemukkal

3:30

nalu
nAlarai
an!u

nArekll

14

sn.-'arai

angmukkal

5:30

Arekal
aremukkAl
elekAl
elemukkal
ettakel
ettgmukkal
ombadgkal
ombadgmukkFl
pattlkal
patt6mukkE1
padinonnek31
padinov;EMukkal

Irarai
el_,
'ft1Prai

::-

.-iarai

4:30

nAlemukk,51

anjekal
6:30
7

7:30
8:30

8:417,

paniren0k11

12

i.ar.fr.marai

ranirendemukkal

12:30

1, :4:7,

p?..tt'.1

T..s-l:arai

oadinopt.0
aaincrAlarai

9:30

10

10:30
11

What .time is it?

maNi
2

mar:1i

1:15
1:45
2:15
2:45
3:15
3:45
4:15
4:45
5:15
5:45
6:15
6:45
7:15
7:45
8:15

,,:r.irenclu

.,,-ari3rai

CI

It's

9:15
9:45
10:15
10:45
11:15
11:A5
12.15

:.-Jmcadu

1:30

mur;arai

?..ru

o'clock.

,yer.r.a

Ci

What time is it?

T4-1,
o'clock.

Cycle 4

Ml

kalayile

aru

manikki Sit

elu
etta
ombadu

M -)

pi"

'''..

pattiram kaluvaral
tiffan seiyarAl
vidu suddam seiyarli
tuni tuvaikkiral
kulikkirEi
pujai seiyaral
samaikkirli
-sappAdu
V7laye."arambikki01

madiyanatile'

pattu
padinonnu
oru
rendu
munu

manikki Sita

sayamkalatile

an4n:,

manikki Sita

velaye muclikkirffi

rgttiriyilE

aru
pattu

manikki Sita

totatukku tanni uttaral

sita tilnga Oral

Sita yepp3 pattiram kaluvarai?

Sita yeppe3 pattiram ka2.uvargl?

kalayilZ ar- manikki Sit3 pgttiram kaluw3ral

39

Cycle 4

r!lea.ns vessels

o'clock Sita

In the morning at

makes breakfast
cleans the house
washes clothes
takes bath

9
10
11
1
Irk, the afternoon at

c' clock Sita

In the evenil

does pu,-.,a

*,-;rci:,-A Cita

2.t
)

In the rant at

1J

:'clock Oita

cooks
eats lunch
starts work
finishes'work
waters the garden
goes to sle

In tnt :r,,Lrnil%:51-,

'1.,2k vita cleans ve::::ielz.

-/-

Drill fog Cycles 3 & 4

*Mttiram

avar
aval
ninga
ran

'tiffan'

vldu
tuns

ntinga

avanga
pujai
sEppAqu
velaye
-vglaye
t%t.atukku
tnnga

seiyaradilfe
suddam seiyaradille
tuvaikkiradille
kuiikkiradille
samaikkiradille
iseiyaradille
sappidaradille
arambikkaradille

We
They .

finish
water

muclikkiradille

tauui uttaradille
Ooradille

to

tuna

tuvaikkiren
kulikkiren
samaikkirgn

pujai

seiyar-en
sappicjaran

.eat

`,Eappadu

ka;uvaren
seiyaran

vglaye
vglaye

Irambikkirgn

tot tatukku

tuupi uttaren
p5rZn

tnnga

clean
make
clean
wash
take
dook
do'
eat
start

suddam 'seiyaren

8.)

don't

clean
make
clean
wash
'take
cook

dar pat tiram

tiffan

doesn't

He
She
You

kal.uvaradilfe-,

do

start
finish
water
go

mucjikkirgn

41

vessels
breakfast
the house
clothes
bath
puja
lunch
work
work
the'garden
to sleep

vessels
breakfast
the house
clothes
bath

puja
lunch
work
work
the garden
to sleep

for Cycles 3 & 4

Substitution Drill
pgttiram
tiffan
vidu
tuni

pujai

kaluvarlrga
seiyaringa
suddam seiyakinga
tuvaikkiringa
kuilkkirInga
samaLkkirInga
seiyaringa
sappidaringa
5rambikkirInga

You

clean
make

vessels
breakfast

clear.

the hou'se

wash

Clothes
bath

take
cook
do

vZlaye
'-o*Mtukku

muclikkiringa

taui uttaringe

eat
start
finish
water

tT7Irga

pi5r,nga

go

v'elaye

al

$r?

puja
lunch
work
work
the 'garde

to sleep

Cycle 5

kalayile Raman vayalukku Oran

sila saMayam Go-pal vayalukku,pBrAn
Ramanum G3211um-eEndu vayalukku pbednga
kalayile,Sitt*.kalaitteruvukku poral
eila samayam Kamala kaclaittenuvukku poral.
Sltavum KamalEvum 's'endu k%laittenuvukku pbrenga
madiyInatin Riman vayalilirundu varen
madiAnatire avan kala G5P11 vayalilirundu varan
Remanum arpAlum 's'endu vayalilirundu varanga
madiyanatile slea ka4aittenuvilinundu Imrel
varal
madiyanatile aval ka0a, Kaman kaaaitteruvilirundu
atavum KamaIRvum,gendu kaaaitteruvitirundu varanga,
M2

kalayile
madiyanatile

Raman

'kelayile

Sita
Kamale

madiyanatile

C1

kalayile
ka],ayile

Raman
Raman

yenge Oran?

npal

yenge
vayalukku

poral

Oran?
poran

.1

'1

8 3) 3

Cycle 5

In tne morning Raman goes to the field.

Spmetimes, ;opal ices to :he field.
to the field.
Ioc'ether Raman and )opal
In the morning Sita Boas to the bazaar.
Sometimes Kamala goes to tn6 baza
together Sita and Kamala go to the baz r.
the afternoon Raman comes from the I Id.
afternoon ;opal comes from the fi d trri
T
tLer Raman and =,'opal come from the fi

him.

a.

te afternoon Sita comes_frcm the bazaa

In the afternoon Kamala comes from the bazaar with her.
To,zet:-er Site and Kamala come from tne bazaar.

:oes

in zne
f

;o -s

rno on

tne

Cycle o

N2

kalayile nan vaguppukku poren

vaguppukku piragu pan vayalukku foran
madiyanatire roan vayalilirundu vittukku var-dn
gbr7n
piragu, sappittu mudichchadumi, nan marubadiyum vagepukku

nin6-a yepp8

vaiwppukku Oringa?
vayalukku pOrin.za

vayalilinundu vittukku
marubadiyum vaguppukku Oringa
d

ninga yepp3 va-4uppukku poringa?

lalaytie na'n v?;uppukku pr6r7n

111,

(.:omplete answere to 'yeppo' as above')\

it

Cycle 6

In the horning I go to class.

After class I go to the field. In the afternoon I come home from the field.
Later, having finished., lunch, I go to .class again

When do you go to class?

field
come home from the field
c, to class again
II

When do you go to class?

1

In t /ie morning 1 go to class

(complete an.:wers to

'1%4Ze-h-1--Asa)ove)

OP.

14(,

Grami-.ar Notes
.,

Verb 'terns

A.

To form the various verb tenses of-Tamil a tense ending is added tothe stem of
tire, verb and fo,llowed by a personal ending.
There are three 'primary verb stems used:
'do'
sei
eg.
the imperLtive stem
seiya
.
the infinitive item
seidu
the participial stem
.

The verb chart lists verb stems for most of the verbs we will be using.
Note - verb stems are sometimes slightly modified in sound when suffii.es are
added to them; however, verb stems usually do not change and can be
easily recognized.
.

eg.

go)

vN

come)
give).

to
'B.

are irrigular verbs

The Present Tense

Formation:
1.

Positive

infinitive stem

/-r/

.-

infinitive stem

93

Z--(7n/

-An/
/411/
/-om/
/Tng/
/-Anga/

personal ending

tense ending

verb stem

/-r/

I-

/-ad/

.1
he-

she
we
you
they

,.

/-:iliF/

447

Gi'ammar-Notes (cont'd)

2.

Agreement:
personal endings
The positive present tense'requires agreement of the
with the suhiect of the sentence.
I get up
nIn elundirukkiren
eg.
He
gets up
ivar elundirukkirar
She
sets up
ival elundirukkiral

But the negative present tense uses only-one form,I don't get up
n5n elundirukkiradillZ
eg.
He doesn't get up
ivar elundirukki7gUrrIr
She doesn't, get up
TA5T elundirukkiradillr
of ivar elundirukkirar
lbte - ivan elundirukkiren (he getsup) is the familiar fofm
3.

C.

Use:

The present tense is used to express action presently going on and habitual
action.

Time
(what time is it?) we an say,
In answer to the question, 'maui yenna'?
If, however, we want to
(the hour- -is two)
for example, 'rani rendu'
(at what time),
answer the question, 'yeppo' (when) or 'yettanaimapikki'
must
answer,
for example,
we must use a postpo$ition to express 'at' and so
(at the hour two).
.'rendu manikki'

MM.

9
95

Cycle 7
,

M1

rillakki

avarkada
vayalukku vandu vittu
-A

v'elaye. mudichchu vittu

vittukku vandu vittu

appaluasappittu Attu
Olva eduttu'vittu
kalaitteruvukku poi vittu
sila sIm5nsal vanji vittu

Raman

yeppO

R.5man

vayalui,:ku"

Copal
Raman

vayalukku
1/41eye

Opal.
avanga
avar
avanga
avar
avansa
avar
avanga
avar
avanga
avar
avanga
avar
avanga

pZvar
povar
trambipp-ar

arambippIngs
Vittukku

Ovar

sapplp

povanpa
sappiluvir
sIppiquvanga

oivu

eclupplr
e;lupp3nga

ka4aitteruvukku

pl5vr

sila saMangal
sn7:idan_4alOrg,

Ovanga
'vanguvar
vgnguv5rwa

pquvrr
psuv3riga

vayalukku P-ovgP.

velaye Irambipplr

vittukku.Ovar
-s5ppl4u sappiquv5r

oivu elupOr
kacjaitteruvukku OvEr
Gila samangal vgrguval
snZgidangal5d; pesuvals
vayalukku p5Vir?
nalakki Raman vayalukku Ovgr

Cillf- Raman yepp5

...

0,

Kaman yeppt velaye 5rambippar?

vayalukku vardu vittu, Rama& velaye IramblpiZr

(r.'ontinue for 'cppo')

ea

9/
)49

Cycle 7

Tomorrow Raman will-go to .,the field.

Gopal will go with him to the field.
Having arrived at the field' Raman will'start. work.
Gopal
they
w'.11 go home.
he
Having finished work
they
he

Having arrived\kome

wiliat dinner.

they
he

.Having eaten dinner

will take rest.

UT:iv

he

Having rested

will go to the bazaar.

they

Having gone to the bazaar

he

will talk with friends.'

they
I

When will Raman go to tne field?

start work
jo more
eat, dinner

take rest
go to 'Aae bazaar

buy dome things

talk with friends

When will Raman go to the field?

Tomorrow Raman will go to the field.
When wild he start work?
Having arrived at the field hP.will start work.

(continue fur 'when')

50

94

Drill:for Cycle 7

marubaalm ggp,suddam

.
a-

nglakki avalkilla Kaman. vidu.suddam seival

41.da suddam seidu vittu,'a.1 tuni tuvaippll
tuvaippgnga
aVanga
tukku
tit-1rd atuv31
aval
tot
to
tuni tuvaichchu vittu
uttuv'nga
avanga,
.
samarpal
,aval
tottatukku tenni 71tte vittu 3
avan ga samaipPlnga
,

(after .tents i-iave mastered above-responses,.

they may substitute other as::4vities in answering the followinb question:)
nalakki Sit

:henna

ti

160

err

Drill for,Cycle 7
if

Sfta will-clean the'house again.

Kamala will clean the house. with her.
avi.ng cleaned the house, she will wash.cldthes-.
they
she will pater the, garden.
washed
clothes,
tying
they
Watered
the
garden,she
will cook.
axing
they

Morrow,

after/the 'sudeklts have mastered above responses,

bey,day substitute otLgr activities, in answering
llo/following questioni)

Mat will Sits .do tomorrow?

.1 01 -

52

&

.1

cwcae 8

grataS.marjikki nIn.eundiruppgn

delakki

1%

'.

wittu, n'an k..01 0-4n

ran yidu.'sudd.stm sTiv'En
s'appiluv'en
rian
-* vidu ".sudtiam seidU

kulichchu

virtu,

vag-uppukku'.167ovgn

tiffan, sappiWA
vag4ppukku

reguv.k*

vaguppe.muclichcOu tfit-;u, ngn,v ayanle

velaye mulicnchu vittu, ngh,f"4)1kiu

velai sein

rte:

r
s

nElakki ninga
.

yepp;"6 eWndiruppEnge
nga
N kulippinga

'

vidu suddam seivinga

tiffan sappiclu vInga

.
..#
_J.-

vaguppukku gvinga
.
.

rigiakki n7nga ye p0 elndirappinga?

t. lakki kglayirg 15rarai ma,Akki n5n elndiruppgn

`-.

'nIlakki,nIna yeppo kulippin.;a:

2

"elundu
vittu
as n-in kuiipr7n
.

-.-e,
,

&

.z

Tamil p7suvinga
vayalule velai seivinga

Cl

;...

%1

(continue answer

i;

sof

Cycle 8

---;.

-.

''.

I' wilt get up :tomorrow morning at o :30.

Having gotten up; I .will take a bath.
Having bathed, I will L'lean house:

Having cleaned house, I will Bat breakfast.

HavIng'eateh breakfast, I willgo to class.
Havitig gone to clasf4, I will.'speak Tamil.
Havihg finished class, I will work in the field.
.

..-

Having finisbed work, I 1411 have lunch.

M
2

When will yOu get up tomorrow

take a bath

clean hour,fe

A.

eat breakfast
go to cla4s
speak' Tamil
work in Lhe- field

.
.

v.

i
.

have lunch

.
.

When will ,,.2-1 get up tomorrow': I will ,get yip .tomorrow morning at 6:30.

.
C

When will you tak,,. a bath tomorrow? '.;

2: Havin5T gotten up, 'I will take a bath.

(continue 'answers to 'wh'en')

4
.

V'

.,

0,4t.

,,.

.
4.

....*

.4
c Li

4f

Cycle 9
,

Vag4pirE1
ninga ellirum indiya
\
s

kalicharatte patti palippOm9

r'

ViValgYatte,
-: k3livalar e
,.%#
zarittirat e

.'

ar4lyale
kuOumbe vilkaiye

wliye

..
Vuguppil! ninga ejllfrum;yedai patti palippinga?

C1 -vaguppin. ninga "ellirUm *eclat pattt paclippinga?

elThrum indiya kalgcharatte patti padippom
vaguppin
.

'(continue reE:ponsc for 'yedai pattl')

4.

N.

104
55

Cycle

Inclass we all will learn about Indian culture.

= agticulture
poultry
history
politipt
homelife
lmaguare

..6.

.11,

What will you all learn about in class?

a

40\
will,you all learn about in class?.
In class We all will-learn about Indian cultL,re.
a
#

continue response

for 'about what')

1C

0
Drill for Cycles 7, 8, 9
O

ninga
ava7;

ava]
avanga
nAkaga

vaguppukku
vItAukku
vayalilirundu
vaguppilirundu

vitukku
vayalukku

rign

ntnga
aver
aval
-avapga

nanga

'tea'

tiffan
vilu
Vglai
turd

Oga

mitten
mattinga

I '

vara
vara

m3tt.gr

He
She
They

vanduSgsra
vandusIre:

kulikka
kulikka

mitten
m5t*inJa

sieppiqa

matar

suddam
seiya
tuNmikka

mgtInga

will not

go to class.
go home
come from the field
come from the class
arrive home
arrive at the field

will not

take a bath
drink tea
eat breakfast
clean the ncuse
do work

You

matAgl
mattanga
matt5m

We

You
He
She

seiya mItp41

They
We

matt5m

washclothes

,,

10t)
57

Grammar Notes

A.

The Future Tense

Formation:
1.
Positive
verb Item
+
imperative stem

tense ending
+

-1---77v/
d

personal ending
/-en/
/-ar/
/-al/
etc.
..

Negative
+
infinitive stem

/-matt/

/-en/
/-ar/
/-al/
etc.

t.

2.

Agreement:
Both positive and negative forms of the future tense must agree in
gender and number with their subjects.

3.

Use:
To xpress future' action.

Past Participle
1.
2.

Ilb

3.

vittu

Forma1bn:
partilpial stem

+_ yittu

Agree115,nt:

only one form

.6

,,

Use:.

To express an action completed before the main action of the sentence.

vandu vittu avar sgpp3clu eipPiluvar
eg.
Having arrivedl ne will at dinner.
._,

Grammar Notes (cont'd)

C.

Postposition-'patti'
ot

noun +

/object marker/

pa.ti

'about...'

eg.

/-tte/
/-PPe/
/-le/
/-ye/
kalAcharatte patti

OlivalaTTF-patti
Irahyale patti
molize patti

abbut
about
about
about

culture
poultry
politics
language

the wprd it,is used with.

Note - the Object marker used depends on

br
is

110
59

'1

Cycle 10

tanga Orattukku mundi,.nan satittiram palikkanum

vt(rasEyam

Tina, padikkavattukku mundi, nan sappirdu sappicja4um

'table tennis' vilayaganum
'ti' kulikkauum
sne-gidangalUa pgsanum

eUnga Orattukku mundi, ninga_yenna pacjikkarpm

palikkarattukku mundi, ninga yenna seiyarpm

tunaa- porettukku mundi ninga yenna padikkanuM?

tringa Orattukku mundi nan sarittiram pa4ilikanum

Ini, palikkarattukku mundi, ninga yenna' ieiyapum

Ina, padikkarattukku mundi, nan s'gppadu sappilanum
.

-__

L12

Before going to sleep, I want to study history.

agriculture
language
.

But before studying, I want to eat dinner.

splay table tennis
drink tea
talk with,friends
What,do'you want to study before going to sleep?
2 But before studying, what do yew want to do?

q.eep?
WIlat do 'you want t6 study before going to

'Before going to sleep, I'want to study history.

d6?
But befOre studying, what dO.you want to
But before studying, I want to eat dinner.

113

Cycle 11

taunukku Orattakku mundi Raman tiffan sgppidanumgarar

avar

aval
avanga

taUnilirundu tirumbarattukku mundi,J1gmans5PPa vanganumgarar

kaikari
palam
pal

godumaimavu
,arisi

rattukku mundi , ygru 'tiffan' s'appidaoumgarar?

aunukku
M, -.taunukku
taunukku Orattakku mundi, innum_ ygru tiffan igppidahumgarar
taunilirundu-tirumbarattukku mundi, Raman yenna vanganumgarar

C
1

.aunukku Orattukku mundi, ylru 'tiffan' sappidanumgarar?

taunukku ptrattukku mundi, Raman tiffan sbppidanumgarar
innum ygra 'tiffan' sappidariumgarar?
taunukku Orattukku
taunukku Orattukku mundi, Sits-,' tiffan' sappidapumgarql

taunilirundu tirumbarattukku'mundi, Raman yenna yangavumgaraf?

taunilirupdu tirumbarattukku mundi, Raman 85Ppa vanganumgarar
,

115
O

114
'OA

CyCleII.

going to town, Daman wants to eat breakfast.

he
Site

she ------they want

Before returning from town, Raman wants to buy soap.

,vegetables
fruit
wheat fidur

f' 14;

rice
Y

Who wants to eat breakfast before going to town?

Who else wants to eat breakfast before going to 'town?
What does Raman want to buy before returning from town?

Who wants to eat breakfast before goilag tO'toWn?,

Before going to town; Raman wants to eat breakfast.

Who else-wante-to eat breakfast before going to town?

Before going to town, Sita wants to eat breakfast.

C3

What does Raman want to buy'before returning from town?

Before returning from town, Raman wanta to buy soap.

00

llti

117

Drill for Cycles 10 8c 11

1--'n441____aarittivaliivillas/yam

palichchu

vZrium

I should study

vkum

eat
play
drink
talk

history.
agriculture
language

---

moli
sappalU
'table tennis'
'tea'

.sragidangalbd-E

nin

sarittiram
vivaSayam
moli

aPP411
'table tennis'
'tea'

snegidangal5dF

s/ppittu
vilaiyadi
kulichcnu
pZsi

v/rjum

vZnum

pOic..chu Iganum

sappiu

Igarpm

vilaiyadi
kudichchu
pgsi

agarlum

/gaum
aganum

,dinner'
,

table tennis
tea
with friends
,

I have to study- history.

agriculture
language,
dinner
eat
table tennis
play
drihk tea
with friends
talk

41.8

Drill for Cycles 10 & 11

TransformAtion Drill

non
nanga
avar
anal
avanga
nanga

I. want to study history.

You
He wants
She
They want
We

sarittiram padikkanum

I don't want to study history.

You

nAn serittiram padikkavarumbalai

nanga
avar
Altai

He doesn-'t
She

avanga
nanga

They don't
We

n5n sarittiram palichchu iganum

nanga
avar

I have to study history.

You
He
She
They
We

aval.

avanga
nanga
nan

I don't have to study histLry.

You
He has not

sarittiram padikka lienclam

range,

avar
aval
avanga
nanga

She
They have riot
.

Wd

,s9

Cycle '1.2

slmangai ki4aikkum'
Rimanukkil kacilaitteruvilE'rlla

tl kalailg avanukku tiyum tiskeVium

klikarikalair4 avanukku klikarigal.
pEttira kadailavtinukku Ottirangal Odumam4ru arisi
kl4turavu,sOrle-aVanukku takkiirki,
slmlngalum
general :stFrle" avanukku sZ5ppum, datta

RiManukku

yenna kidaikkum?,

ti kadail6
kiikari kad41Z
vpgttira kadaire
eatturavu stOrle

general W5r17

RImanlikku kadaitteruvile yenna kidaiklsum?

kilaikkum
R3manukku kalaitteruvile pala ImAngal

RImemukku tf ka;ailg yenna kilaikkum?

kidaikkum
ti kadaile avanuau tiyum biskettum

(continue for other places in the bazaar)

122

66

1.

M,

the bazaar.
Raian can get many things
get
tea
and biscuits.
At the tea stall, he can
he
can
get
vegetables.
At the vegetable stand,
he
can
get
utensils.
At' the utensil shop,
wheat flour and rice.
At the cooperative etore,'he can get sugar,,
other
things.
At the general store, he can get soap and

tea stall?
vegetable stand
utensil shop
cooperative store
general store

What can Raman get at the

M
2

Cl

What can Raman get 4 n the bazaar?

Raman can get many things in the bazaar.

What can Raman get at the tea stall?

At the tea stall, he can get tea and biscuits.
e

(continue for other places

123

the-bazaar

124

Grammar Notes

,A.

Verbal Noun

mundi

infinitive stem + /-rattu/

verbal noun

post position

mundi

./-kku/

eg.
2:

va, ta, po.-,

Agreement:
one form

3.

Use:

To express an action to be completed after tile

eg.

tUnaa p6ratfukku mundi rian palikkargn

Before goingLto sleep, I study.

fain _.action of the Sentence..

--rig

B. Impersonal Constructions

Impersonal constructions are formed by interchanging the subject and object

of the English sentence so that the object of the English sentence-becoMes the
subject of the Tamil sentence and the subject of the English sentence becomes
the agent of the Tamil sentence.
In Tamil
In English
eg.
yenakku zappu kidaikkum
I can get soap
sOppu = subject
I = subject
yenakku
= agent
soap = object
Note - the following agent forms of the pronoun:

an
avarl

aval

anga

125

ram
nTnga
avanga

yenakku or enakku
ava9ukku
avalukku
engalTikku or engalukku
namukku
ungalukku
avangarigku
.

6P

126

-Grammar Notes (cont'd)

C. .'want
Formation:
1.

infinitive stem- + j-num/

infinitive stem + Varambalai

positive
negative

2. _Agreement:
one form
3.

rt

lite:

want to go
I want to go

nan pnganum
nan poga

(-garar/-garal) is added
Note - when talking about what somebody else wants
to /-num/
4

D.

'shojIld....t,
Formation:
1.

infinitive stem
infinitive stem

positive
negative
2.

Agreemen4;:
one 'form'

3.

us.4-:

avar Oga venum

aver papa kudadu
E.

vgnum
/-ku4adu/

He should go
He shouldn't go

'have to...'
Formation:

1.

postive
negative
2.

+
+

participial Item
infinitive stem

+ 'gganum
vendam
+'

Agreement:
one form
ninga p61. Iganum
n!nga po ga vgndam

You have to go
You don't have to go

121
69

128

L9.

al.

22.
23.

25.

What 11,41 and Sita Do

101.

Day

attkalayili realy ma0.1.4kielundirukkial

vIaalilT taw' telichchu k5labp5slarI1
priravum

telichchu malugartil

kalayird aru mapikki elundirukkiean

attankaraikku,psi, pal vilakkarIn

STU, Ramanukku palaya airu Odaral

Raman AppidarIn
ata, Rimanukku palaya 65ru kattittaelt1
Rlman palaya sSru ecluttukk.tqu vayalukku Oran
angE vElai seiyarin

SItI Ponakki talai vIri pihnaril

kulandeye kulippattaral
kulandekki Al ko0ukkaral
,

kki palaya V5ru Odaral

'Po
:Ponni. allikkUlam pe5rIl
SIta
piragu, Siti pIttiram tZkkarli
kultandeye ttInga vaikkarli

kulattankaraikkU Oral
-tuoigkle
ktilatturi kulikkiral

kulatture tappi konOuvarli

liTukku tirumbi varal

kolandeye eakkitiV5u, ka0aikki Oral
arisi, lealkari Vangi varAl
o*

/2/

kiikariye alambi narukkard

gamayal seiyaiEl
Y

ragu, vittu vEle seiyatii

du' kattaril

taikkaril
varatti tattarAl
Ponni'paiiikkildattulEndu tirtimbi varal
anEgidigarNe pimp. vilaya4ara1.

Raw, mllayile iqukku tiruMbi vaian

kulattule kulikkarign

nmanum, ku;endegalUde,ibvilukku p3ranga

kovi.0 e simi kumbAxlarAnga
\
u vaiangd
v

ata

:39.

41.

Ponni pidam paclikkirAi

nman slippiclaran
piragu, gitIvum Ponniyum Sappidarange

4R. ...a.taikulandekki Pal koclukkaral

;43. ratiJri pattu manikki elrirum ttingarEnia

.
I

,
\

40;

What Raman ands Sita Do Air Day

.

Sita gets up, at 4-oltleick in the morning.

SprinklEs water in front of the-house and draws IkOlsW.

Cleansthe houeeJsprinklipg cow-dung rt.ixed With water.

Raman gets up at 6 o'clock in the morning.
Goes to the tank and brushes his teeth.
.

3..

R.
D.
.

2.

14.

5.

Sita dishes out 'cold' rice to

Raman eats.'

Sita, packs Pcoldl"rice for Raman (packs and gives).

Taking the 'cold' rice, Raman goes tothe field.
There he .works.

Sita courts and dresses Ponni's hair.

Gimes bath to the baby.
Gives milk to the baby.
Dishes out .'cold'\ rice to Ponni;
POnni goes to the. school.
.

6.
7.

Sita eats.
Then, Sita washes:the dishes.
N.

8.

9:
40.
!1.

Puts the baby to sleep.

Goes to the tank.

Washes the clothes.

Bathes ih the tank.

1-.---Takes water-in-a-pot (carries water).

!3.

!Li.

Come, back home.

Carryirig the child, she goes to the bazaar.
gs'home rice and vegetables.
13,

1.31
72

4-

Washes the vegetables, and cuts them.

Does conking.
A

Then does house-hold Chores.

wr

Sweeps the,. house:

Stitches torn clothes.

Makes .cow-dung cakes.
Ponni re Irns frog the school.
Plays 'P di' with her friends (girl friends).

Raman returns home in the evening.

Bathes at the tank.
Sita and' Rams4, go to the temple with the children.
They offer prayers at the temple (they worship).
They come home.
394
40.
'41.
42.
43.

Ponni reads her lessons.

Raman eats.
Then, Sita and Ponni eat.
Sita gives milk to the, baby.

All of them go to sleep at 10 d'elocK in the night.

1:3
.73 4

6.0

Raman kllaiyile
appuram

How does

eluddirikkirar
pal teikkirar
kippi kudikkirar

In the morni
Then

tippan sappiOurar
vayaluku pOrar
vFlai seirgr

madiyinalattille
apruram

man spend the day?

eppadi kaTikkirar?

kai kal kaluvurar

,s6ru-siippidurar

washes his hands and feet.

eats rice
eats tetel-nut
takes rest
works again

In the evening
Then

returns home.
eats the.night meal
smokes beedi
smokes cigar
chats with friends
reads the newspaper

Finally

goes to sleep.

vethalai purr

kadaiSiya

vIdu tirumburiir

ippirurar

rithiri sappac
tigi pidikkirIz
.surutu k4ikkira.
sriggidangalIflpesurar
patrigai pagikkirar

taiga Orir

gets up.
brushes his teeth
drinks coffee
takes a bath
eats breakfast
goes to the fields
works

In the afternoon
Then

6ivu eluthukkirar,
marubadiyum vIlai seirar

slyamgalattille
appuram

an

This exercise should be drilled with 'avari and its corresponding personal endings.
Once the entire day can be narrated for Raman, the exercise should be transformed to
'nan' and 'ninga'.
Finally the vocabulary and day process should be modified and used by each trainee
so. that he can describe what he usually dqes in the course of a day.

13:1

134

Preparing Rice

attiratturi pB0u, tawi

arisiye nalla kalayarEn
`s3ttu pinain pidi

attarEri

atti, aguppin vekkaren

taws kodichchadum, pinaile., arisiye sarichchu plid&ren`

a0i pigikkame,.agikkagi,kalarrZn
arisi vendudl nu pIkkarfn

nalli vendadum, sattu anaiye irakkafen

s6rujrinadum, kanji vaclikkattarIn
avvalavu' tin, s3ru tayAr

le, pittirattun p3 ;u, tanni attunga

arisiye nalli kalayunga
2.
satu petinailE pffldi tanni atti, aluppire vaiyunga
3.
4.
5.
6.

tanni kodichdhadum, Omani arisiye sarichchu Odunga

agi pigikkithe, agikkacji kalarunga
drisi vendudi nusparunga

7.

nallI vendadum, siittu plinaiye irakkunga

B.

Oru:Arinadum, kanji vagikkattunga

9.

avvalavu tin, siiru taylir

75

Making Rice

1.
2.
3.

I put the rice in a dish and pour water.

I clean the rice with water.
Place on the stove the rice-cooking pot with half-full of water.

When water boils, sift the rice and put It in the pot.
Keep stirring the rice avoiding rice sticking to the bottom.
6.. See if the rice is cooked right.
4.
5.

7., After the rice is cooked well, take the pot off the stove.
After-the rice gets cool, drain the starch.
.

9.

That is all, cooked rice i... ready.

136

76

On the Day of a Fair

innikki pakkattu giatattule sandal na4akkudu
REmanum SitIvum kElaxin, sikkiram elundirukkirInga
ellErut sIkkirati kulikkiranga
4. nalla tuoi uOuttarInga
palaya' stru appi4arInga
5.
6.. SIVE, kattu Oru kattarIl
vItte prqtarAl
7.
REman, ativayum, Ponniyayum sendu poranga
8.
akkam pakkattulerundu, angeniraya jananga varEnga
9.
alayal kade, bommai kaqei pEttira kale
sandayin, titpli ka4e, turd
10.
fatf1Di kale, pal kade, Ode kade, mungil;kade, pal kade, kasEppu kade ellEt irukku
sanflayire, mIdu; Edu, krgi, vittu, mutte, nellu, kaikari, mEtisam, minu,
11.
4aruvIdu, - ellam vikkirInga.
Ramanum SitEvtun sandaye sutti pakkaranga
12.
vIngaranga
mutte, tuxi, valayal, pittiram,
konjam,
13.
ellEram marattagyilS, kattu sarifsappidarEnga
14.
Raman, Ponnikki mittai ko4ukkaran
15.
mllayi111 Raman kuilumbatttal vittukku tirumbi var1n
16.
1.
2.
3.

136

On the Day of a Fair

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
.7.

8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13..

14.
15.
16.

J.

Today a fair takes place in the neighboring village.

Raman and Sita get up early in the morning.'
They all take their bath early.
Put-on good clothes.
Eat 'cold' rice.
Sita packs 'ready-mixed rice'.
Locks the house.
Raman, Sita 'and Ponni go together.
Many people,from neighboring areas come there.
Candy shop, cloth shop, bangle shop, toy shop, utensil shop, nut shop,
mat shop, basket shop, 'bamboo shop, flower shop, meat shop - all
are there at the fair.'
Cattle, goat,chieken, duck, egg,, paddy, vegetables, meat, fish, -dried
fish - all are sold a-c the fair.
Raman and Sita go round the fair.
'They buy some chicken eggs, cloth, bangle 1 utensil, flowers, candy.
They all eat 'ready - mixed rice' under the tree.
Raman gives candy to Ponni.
Raman returns home with the family in the evening.

Slides'

Slide #1:

rnaligaikadai

idu oru
inda kaglaile arisi paruppu dInyam milaga yellam irukku
ivartan ka4aikarar

"ivartIn amIn koduppavir

inda ponnu-kagaile semen vanga vandirukku
inda paiyan kadaiya vedikkai p.rtukitturukAn
This is a grocery store.
In this store there is rice, dhal grain and chilies.
This is the owner.
This is the employee.
This girl has come to buy things from the shop.
This boy is looking at the shop for fun.
Slide #2:

Pala kadai

idu oru pa3a kalai

inda ka4aile yella palamum irukku
yennana palangal irukkunnu solunga
mulampalam irukku sappota palam irukku'aranju palam irukku Madulat palam
irukku tirgtchai palam irukku annasi palam irukku
pettiyele-Laranju adukkivachirukku
valai palam katte tonkuthd
ivartan palakalaikarar
This is a fruit store.
All kinds of fruits are in .this store.
names of the fruits.
\\ Tell me tirT.ere is canteloupe, spiced-pear, oranges, grapes and pineapples.
drunges are arranged in the box..
Bananas are hanging.
This is the owner of the fruit Shop.

1.42

1
Slide #3:

teru kadai

Idu:oru siyina teru kadai

adha amma munriale murukkum miligu vadayum irukku
'murukkuovadait:yinnu solli vikkarAnga
murukku moru moru vennd irukkum
murgkkum vadaiyum nalla rusiya irukkum

This is a small street shop.

In front of that woman there are murukku and vadai.
She is calling murukku and vadai" while selling.
Murukku is crunchy.
Murukku and vadai are tasty.

Slide #4:

man pani,kadai

inda 'amma kusathi

avanga siappu alaiyum nela sartuyum fOttirukkanga

avanga pala vitamana man kuja seituvachirukkanga
man kuja romba malivu
le oru kudam irukku
avangalukku pi
nirkaran. avar vellai sartu POttirukkarar
oru
ange pabunga an
This woman is a potter's wife.
She is wearing a red sari and a blue blouse.
She has got all types of pots.
They are not cdstly.
c
Behind that woman- is a basket.
Look over there, there stands a man. He is wearing a white shirt.

113'

Instructions - Bringing Things From Bazaar

'Perumil, kadaikki pUi vittu vg

sarrnga
r.

vangikkittu vgppg
sollunga
yenna yenna gamin vetium?

vittule sIman ila.

Snif

maiigai vadaikki po
Izattunge

kQnjam-arisi, tuvaram paruppu, sakkarai, kappi tal, vangi vg

vZnuma?

konjam kattirikkai, vellarikkai, takkali J vangu

kirai venungaia?
yenakku klrai pidikAadu.
v?rt yenna vbrpm?

adunard vngEdg

teru kSdiyile irukkira kalaiyird, Mamftlam viddirInge, teriyumi?

teriyunga
konjam attuka:ril karuvEdu v-enum.

anda kadaile vangu

panam teringaia?

yevalavu papam

anju 1'71111 pOduma?

Odunga

blkki silreye Malayilg vIngikkarll

sarInga

-.

za-ulgne purappattu O.

riiram ayidichchu

146
83.

Instructions - BriLoir- ..,om the Bazaar

1.

2.

Perumal, go to the bazaar.

Yes- (sir or madam).
There are no things at home;
Tell me.

(Please) get them.

'What do you need!?

3.

First, go to th4 grocery store.

Okay (with respect).

4.

Buy and get' ome rice, 1toordhall, sugar, coffee powder.

Do you need ve etables also?

5.

Yes. Buy som eggplant, okra, tomato.

Do you need 1, pinachl?

6.

I,donit like 'spinach'. So don't buy.

No.
What else do you need?

7.

They sell m at at the shop in the corner of the street. Do you knOw?
I know.
,

8.

I .need some lamb (meat), dried fish. Buy them in that shop.
(Will you give money?)
Do you give money?

9.

How much Money,do you -need?

Are five rupees enough?

-EncAgh.

10.

11.

I take the 'balance change' in the e'

All right. _
Get\ going right away.

Time is up.

ning.

148

Section C
Page

Cycles and ]Bills

83-92

1-5

93-94
93
93
93

Grammar Notes
past tense
past participle + piragu
post- positions

/-kudu/
/-1e/
/-e/ or /-ai/
plural nouns

94

95-108

Cycles and___prills----15=I2

109-110
109

Grammar Notes
'that' clause
post-position /-kitte/
past tense of verb 'to be'
'used to...'
Supplements
preparing a field for planting
the cooperative and agriculture depot
slides
agriculture
farmer and extension worker - role play

14j

-109
109
110

111-115
111
112

113-114
113
.

115

Cycle 1

'Peace Corps' le-sFrrattukku mundilfan mg4awina

irundEn

vEdiyirra

vivasIyiyI
mekkg
vyabarlyN
tachchana
ambattana
4
'Peace Corps' le arrattukku mundi, ninga yenna Aeidinge?

_C1

'Peace Corps' le serrattukku mundi, ninga yenna_seldinge?

trunan
'Peace Corps' le ierrattukku mundi, nan Manavana

83

-.Cycle 1

o ning the P.C., I was a

student (m).
teacher
farmer
mechanic
merchant
carpenter
barbel.

What did you do before joining the P.C.?

What did you do before joining the p.c.?--rsfare Joining the -P.C.-,-1---was a student.

151
84

Cycle 2

Attu

nan L'd,aiudaya snIgidangoie sandichchEn

snegidigale

=net nattu
.14VmLlaram
pana Bias=

Ona varuiam

ennWaya sdegidangaie anga ycloljB sandichchinga?

ennuclaya sn'Egidangaie anga yeppB sandichchinga?

attu nan ungaiulaya sAgidangale sandichcligh

85

Cycle 2

Yesterday

I met your friends

friends

The day before ye. terday

Last week
Last month
Last- year

When did,you meet my friends (m)?

When did you meet my friends (m)?

Yesterday I ket.your_friend.

153

M.
f

Cycle 3

attu nin\avangakiila

ka0aitteruvukku p6hEn
vayalukku
kByilukku
750alukku
.,pappaikki

malaikki
Erikki

nettn,nrnga ennudaya sagidangakIda yengZ pdpinga?

"nEttu ninga ennulava sriEgidangaktida yenga OnInga?

a clai-tt erlulTukkup-Znan_

15
87

Cycle8
I lent with them to

the_bazaer yesterday.
the field
the temple
the restaurant
the farm
the mountain
the lake

Where did you go with my friends yesterday?

ou go with my friends yesterday?

'went with them to the bazaar. yesterday.
.

153
.1

88

Cycle 4
M1

Mi an nEttu pUriNum velai seidEn

15ivu ecluttukkiVtEn

vilaiyEdinEn
tanginEn
pAslinEn

RdinEn

nEttu prirEvum ninga yenna'seidInga?

worked

all day yesterday.

read.

vlsichchEn
palichchEn

studied
rested
played
slept
sang
danced

What did you do all day yesterday?

2

What did you do all day yesterday?

I worked all day yesterday.

rattu pliriNui:anga yenna seidinga?

1 an nEttu pUrivum velai seidEn

15'/

156
89

Drill for Cycles 2, 3,.4

Build-up Drill

sikkiram elundirundEn
nattu
piragu Can kuiichchgh, tuni usluttikkitten
tiffan'alppitten*
piragu
tiffin_AappiMa piragu, ngh vglai seiya
grambichchgn
,

(after all 4 sentences are mastered

ask following question :)
na'ttu kilayilg`ninga yenna seidinga?

Yesterday I got up early.

Then I took.a bath and got dressed.
Then I ate breakfast.
After eating breakfg.st, I started to work.

1
What ,did you do .yesterday 'morning?

15

DrYlls for Cycles 2, 3, 4

.avar ells

aval

nahage eill

avarica ellg

pugtagattaiyum liagichchgr
,letteraiyum'

e.7.aldinar

kaikariyayum
vayalaiyum
nellayum
tuniyaiyum
vUlaiyum

samaichchar
ulueir

pugtagattaiyum
'letteraiyum'
kaikariyayum
vayalaiyum
aellayum
tuniyaiyum

vaijkchaf

v'elaiyum

seidal

payirip.t-ar

tuvachch.r

seiar
eludpnai
samai;hchal
uludgl

all the

c' eked

ploughed
grew
washed
did

tuvactichai

vasichchanga
eludin:nga
Aaichchanga
uludanga
payiriVpAnga
tuvachchanga
seidanga

all the
read
wrote
Looked
ploughed
grew
washed
did

She (that) read

wrote

payirital

pultagattaiyum vggichcham
'letteraiyum' eludin5m
samatchchOm
Kaikariyayum
ulu
.tom
vayalaiyum
payiriWOm=
nellayum
tuvachch5m
tuniyaiyum
seid6M
vElaiyum
pugtagettaiyum
'letteraiyumt
kaikariyayum
vayalaiyum
nellayum
tuoiyaitum
vPlaiyum

He (that)

We (ex)

\all
read
wrote
cooked
ploughed
grew
washed

t)'e

dir

all the
They(that) read
wrote
cooked
ploughed
grew
washed
did

books.
letters
vegiitables

field
paddy
clothes
work
books.
letters
vegetables
field
paddy
clothes
work
booLs.
letters
vegc!tables

field
paddy
clothes
work
books.
letters
vegetables
field
paddy
clothes

work

Cycle 5

innikki an vikku tirumbina piragu (padu)

innikki raga viLtukku tirumbina piragu Cpadu ) yenna seidinga?

M
2

innikki ninga vitukku tirumbina piragu (ptidu ) yenna seidinga?

innikki nan vittukku tirumbina piragu (pZ5du)

When (at the time) I returned home today I

1

What did you do when you returned today?

M
2

Cl

162
I

What did you do when you returned home today?

When I returned home today I

J63

Grammar Notes

A .

Past Tense
Formation:

Positive
personal ending

participial stem +

2.

3.

Negative
infinitive stem + /-1e/
Agreement:
Personal endings of the positive past tense must agree in gender and
number with the subject of the sentence. There-is only one negative
form.
Use:

To express action completed in the past.

I worked yesterday
ran nFttu velai seidEn
.eg.
I didn't work yesterday
nan nZttu velai seiyale
Note - use the past participle without the final /-a/ as the participial stem.
/seid-/
seida
eg.
B.

Past Patticiple, +

araau

The past partir'iple" with

then....'

piragu) may be used .o express the idea,

inikki nIn vittukku tirumbina ( iraau tuniyaiyum tuvachen

washed the' clothes. ,
WEJE1 returned home today) then

eg.

When /-podu/ is used the meaning 'just at the time I came

tirumbina podu oru punaiye parten
eg.
Just as I arrived I saw a cat.
C.

'when....

Postpositions
noun. + /--kada/
1.
or
object pronoun
eg

ridinef

is connoted.

/-1e/ and /-e/ or /-ai/

,witn...'

miangakillu
snZigidangakii)a

with them

ZEE friends

16,

163
93 -*

Grammar Notes (cont'd)

2.

3.

by...'
'in...'
noun or + /-le/
object pronoun
Before joining (in) the P.C.
'Peace Corps' le me s'e'rrattukku rundi They were going by car
eg.
avangq eatarle poikkittirundinga
noun or + /-e/ or /-ai/ object markers
object pronoun
I met friends
nan srMgidapgale sandichche'n
eg.
(snegidangale - friends - is the object of the sentence)

avan ella pugtagattaiyum Vagichchan

He read all the books

/ -tte /, /-ppe/ ... are also used to denote

Note - other object markers ...eg
marker used depends on the
the objects of.the sentences. The object
noun used.
D.

Plural Form of Nouns

not used frequently. When 'ella' (all)
In colloquial Tamil plural forms are plural suffix must be added to the noun.
is used howeVer4 then /-(y)um/, the
avan ella tupiyaiyum tuvachchan
eg.
He read all the books.

16(
166

Cycle 6

nnu,

Ml

I just told him that

avankitte so.ingn

M2 yenna nnu, ninga avankitte sonanga?

What did you just tell him?

Cl yenna nnu, ninga avankitte sonnTnga?

nnu, nan avankitte sonngn

Cl

What did you just tell him?

I just told him that

16,E

166

95

Cyci.e

an inda vayale

paruvitture uludgn
kurlirkttlattulE' attu nattgh
keidaikalattun. 'survey, seidgn'
malaikAlattulg vedeatchgn

p6na

vayalile
vayale
vayalukku

M2

yeppo

ninga.irlda vayale

ulUdiriia?'

atttu nattinga
'survey' seidinga
vedechchInga

vayale
vayalukku
\

ango inda vhyale"yeppZ ulUdInga?

an inda vayale Ona paruvattul7g uludgn

441

1-

170

Cycle .7

loughed

this field last

lanted.

s rveyed
s wed

'When \did you

2

season.

winter
summer
rainy season

plough
plant
survey
sow

this field?

When di you plough this field?

I plough d this field last season.

171
97

Cycle.

rr.

enakicu

paiiya

I was feeling

irundudu

agama

.
-1,

kalappa
bayang

sandZiglami

hungry.
thirsty/
tired /
frightened
fine

irundinga?

.M

attu.On 'ennam3 niadirit iru4dinga?

enakkUpaiy5: irundudu-

natu yEn 'ennam6

What was wrong wiih you yesterday?

wrong with you ypsterday?

I wasItsplinc, hungry.

What was

"

the

1' 3

172

98

Cycle 9

pehkkitti
pgdikkittti

ninaichch

undffn

un0n
ittirunan

ittinindZn
vVichch
itgrundEn'
kiirichchik

ninga nadakkumb6du yenna seidukkittirundinga?

nalakkumbOdu yenna seidukkittirunanga?

_nan, nadakkumbnu, OilkkitgrundFn

Cl anga

---

7
.

174
I

99

1.

k,

Cyclq 9

While walking, I vas

1
\

1
i

talking.
singing
thinking
reading

munching

What were you doing\while walking?

2
,

C1 Wht were you dping While walking?

Wile walking, I was talking.

-L

ve

Cycle 10

an

'survey'

seidukkitpirundgn

Ondikkiturundgn

M
2

tanni
Utam ,

pichchikkittirundEn

Ochchi

marundu tUvikkittirund6n,

karuvi
kinaru

vettikkitturundgn

rOttukkit.turundgn

seidukkiOurundEn

attu Anga vayalu1V-yenna seidukkittirundI

nettu ninga vayalulg yenna seidukkittirund'Inga?

ran 'survey' seidukkitturundgn-

1. 7t)

Cycle 10
4

I was .surveying.
digging
irrigating
applying fertilizer
spraying pesticides
making tools
digging a well

What were you doing in the field yesterday?

M
2
,

C1

What were you doing in the field yesterday?

I was surveying.

1 "1 " )
t I

s.,

Cycle 11

M
M1

ngn
.

pakkittirunan
tirumbikkitp.maan

vayalukku
taunilirundu
tiStatte sutti
post gpIsukku daikille
vaguppe vittu

naclandllai'qirunan
poikkitO.runden
kifambikkittirunaft

riettu ngn partap6du, ninga yenge poikki4pirundInga?

2

C
1

natu ran pgrtalcidu, ninga yenge poikkitiArundinge

ngn vayalukku poikkittirunan

7.

rd
103

I was

going to the field.

returning from town
walking around the garden
riding by cycle to the post office
leaving the class

M 'Where-were you going.whdn I saw you yesterday?

2

Cl

Where were you going when I saw you yesterday?

was going to the field.

6,

Cycle 12

kk
rah valaang,
.

'b

use
'l

Oikkittirunden

maarle
'cycle'le
rayille
,ir6plenle

I used to go by

..

bus.
Car
cycle
train
plane

,..

t
.

d pakkittirundinga?
valaam
kk ayeppadi

nInge va;akkama yeppali pOikkittirundLga?

min valakkaa :bus' le-pbikkittirunden

range
2

How did you use to go?

How did yo-u use to go?

I used to go by bus.

l'.

/
t
r

AL

,
105

nii.

-J

Drill for Cycles 10, 11, 12

Substitution Drill

aUfornia'
1.1Nennsylvania'

vurd

lisconsin' le

nexas' le

aval
aval
aval
aval

irundu kit:tirundai

vFlai Seidukkittirungl
palichchukkittirundal
prayallan seidukkittirundal

'survey' seidukkittirundar

avar nalpuravum

kottikkitOrundar

nilatte
vglai

seidukkittirundffr

-TiEgikkitturindar
uram
kalappai
puchchi marundu

avanga "bus' le

'town'

Ottukkitptrindar
seidukkitVirundar
alvikkittirundar

ukktf Vikkittirundanga

'cycle' le
m3tarle
rayille

.nanga

vayale
vayalile

uludukkittirundom
tanni

attu
- puchchi marundu

vayale
saman

Achchikkittirundom
nattukkiurindeim
trivikkicO.rund5m

alandukkittirundam
paduttikkitturund3M

Drill for Cycles ID, 11, 12

Subitituiion Drill

She used

to

live

California.
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin"
Texas

in

work
study
travel
surveying
digging the soil
working
sleeping
applying fertilizer
building a plough
spraying pesticides

all day.

They were going to town by

Taus.'

cycje
car
train

We were

ploughing
/irrigating
planting seedlings
spraying pesticides
measuring
leveling
,

183
107,

the, field.

Drill for Cycles 10, 11, 12

TranSfosmation Drill

Orla mgsam ingg aver vglai seidar

11.6ttu iage aval vFlai seidukkittirundgr

He worked here last month.

He .,ras working here yest4rday.

paa misam ingE aval kulichchaI

a7ttu ingg aval kulichchukkitturundgl

She bathed here last month.

She was bathing here yesterday.

p3na
ng

e avanga vandghga
u inge avanga vandukkittirundEnga

One mgsam ingg ngnge palichchOm

ngttu inge ngnga paciichchukkittirund6m

We studied here last month.

We were studying here yesterday.

pUna misam Inge nan sgppittgh

nettu ingg nan slppittikkittirundgn

I ate here last month.

I was ea -ng here yesterday.

One mgsam ingg ningh tanginIngo'

ngttu inge nInga tangikkittirundinga

You stayed here last month.

You were staying here yesterday.

184

They came here last month.

They were coming here yesterda/.

I
Grammar Notes
,\
..

A.

..,

'that' Clause
In the sentences of the type;
.

..

an p5i Iganum nnuhln avarkitte sonnEn

I just told bim7THat I have to.go.
The idea ihtroduded by''that' comes first in Tamil and is followed by
statement,
'Anti' (that) whidh is in turn followeeLby'the introduotory
m,
in this case ,in$n avarkitte sonnEni
Similar sentences would be;
nnu teriyum
I know that
I
nnu yenukku puriyudu
I understand that
.

4111

B.s

PostpositiOn--/-kitte/

/=kittei, is added. to nouns and the 'Object4re form- of pronouns when they
indirect,objects...i.e. when they .are used with verbs like to or kodu
(give) and sollu (tell) where 'to' or ofdr1 ntigh be plaed before the
noun to convey the meaning of tKe uptence1.
I,gave the book to her.
I gave her the book.
eg.
nIn ava.4.kitVe pustigatai kOdutZn
I told the story to him.
I .told him the story.
....

..:

''

an avarkitte kadaiyai son*

/ C.

the Verb 'to be'

Past Tehie of
4,1.-- FOrmat

IA

n:

Positive1

ram

irunan

avg.

ava

irundar
irundal

adu,i

irundudu

nanga
nam
ninga
avanga

iruheim
irund6m
irundinga
irundInga

.10

Regative

irukkale
...,

21

Agreemult:
onl

186

Pos tive formsagree with their subjects in gender and numbt,r; there is
one negative' form.

-..

109

Grammar Notes (cont: d)

Use:

To express identification, location, possession, existence and

description in the past tense.
nan mEnavanga irunden
identiflgation:
eg.
I' was a student.
inda takkili egappu nirumgga irukkgle
,,description:
This tomato,was not red.
iiundar.
manaAan
Iodation:
The man was inside the1751Tn7
Sitakitte niraya panam irundudu;
possession:
Sita had's, lot of money (there was
possessed by Sita)
ngttu malai irUndudu
existence:
Yesterday there was rain.

.1.

money
;"

Note - the addition of /-"aga/ to niram and manavan show that the sentence is
a verb 'to be' construction (colloquially /-gga/ need not bd7added)
The past, tense of the verb 'tobel is used even where it is not used
in the present tense...eg. in sentences' of identification.
I am a student.
nin manavan
eg.
but
I was a student
nh
g mApayanga irunden
The past tense of 'the verb 'to be' is also used as an aueiliary verb...1.e.
with otter verbs to form variations in tense.
I went.
nEh ponnl
eg.
I was going
ngn paikkittirunden
.

D.

To express the idea 'used to...' the past progressive form of the verb 'to be'
is used. vule aval irundu kittirunai
eg.
used to'live (be) in-California.
the past tense of the verb 'to be' is used.
To,express the IffoiTUsed to
aa
rat vIttiyargga irunden
F)
I used to be a teacher.

110

Preparing -the iield for Planting of-lace Seedlings

r;

tadavai ulavu seiyarZn

-mudale
6,
ula1kku-irumbu"kalappa4. ubaiNikirEn
mudal illavai merkt kilakkEge ulavEnclum
iranavadu terku vadakkEga ula vEnclum
piragu-nilattai Mhraffiadittu'samgmakkukirEq.
pinnEdi talai alladu kupti kondu VarEn
midituadu makkinapin tirumbavum uludu mattapaduttukinrgh

a.

First I plough tne field four times.

rase,an iron plow.
The first plowing should be plowed east -west.
Vie-next should be plowed north - south;..
Then -I, level the field with a leveller.
I inodrporate green manure._
and level it.
After the.green manure has rotted I plow the-field again

190

191
111

The Cooperative and Agri6ulture Depot

.
.

,
.

I.

2.,

3.
5.

$
.

Ramanum Sitavaumr irukkira .gfammattile renclu iambs: mukyaiana kadaial irukku

ongu.vivasIYi kritluravu kadail ihnonnu vivatlya depft ---'--.

l'ArtitadlYi kuquravu kaaaiyile 1 via'aiyum uranium vikkaranga,
kutturavii, sangam eppa4i arambikkaradu?

-:

tevaipa0avanga konjam. per =nil kudi-kuqUravu stngam. Arambikkaranaa

6. -- 11.iaho ovvoruvarum kdrijani:panak pangu togaiya OdurEnge; ara4ngam midhclia

, .. a
toga. koclukkiradu. id ai .kondu kutturavw sangam nadattiranga
,.
.-7.- ,vtvasiya deOte vidaiyum, puchi marunailm' vikkaanga
.

...

-.\

-V

'>

1.
2.
'3.

In the';vAilatt where Raman and Sita live there, are two very important stores.
One is the ifatiner 'Ls cooperative; the other is he agriculture depot.
In the. farmeelt cooperative-they sell seeds and fertilizer?.
How' it thi farmer .cobTeratiVe started?
ThOsb. in need join together and s' t up the coop.
Each of. 'these people put in a,portioin of the money: and the rest i : put in by .
,
the Government.
Using this the coop is run.
%In 'the agriculture depot they seal Seeds and insecticides.
_

-- 4.

5.

7,
8.

4.

,193

492
4

112

Slides

Slide #14

vivasayi

ivan onu vivasayi

avan %alaiyile kalapaya vachchikiqirukkan

avan kaiyile mlOd piclichchirukkgn

anda Isayaru-teriyudu parunga

avan cattakuchi vachchirUkan:

avan matte pidichchikkiu talaiyile kalapaya vitchchikkittu nadandu Oran
He-is a farmer.
He hasa plough on his head.
He is holding the bullocks in his hand.
Look at the rope there'.

ae.

He-has a 'whip,

He is walking with the plough on his head and the bullock.1

Slide #2:

matte kuliPataran

inda/pidattile oruttan,lttekulipUtarIn
nugatile map,pogirukku
kuliplLtargn
adai oru kolattile kondU vkaluvargn
parunga
avan attu-kombe tpchcn
ttu
mEttu
kombe techchu kaluvarAn.
kaiyile vaik6le vachchi

In this field a man is washing bullocks.

The bullocks are attached to a plough.
He brought them to the pool ant is washing
Wok at how he is washing the hokn.
He is washing the horn of.the bullodk with th- hay

his hand.

1 95

.
..

lugiradu

31ide #3:

-.4.
0

-.

A-

idu o

veyandu

..

._
.

II

indiYayakattile rendu viv4iyinie yerd liludikkiptirukkanga.

ntlatta upithga
orlitter vayalukku veliye ninu arttukkitpirukKaru.
.

1;

5.

avenge eppas4. ulurangannu pIrt)tukkiVtirlikeitru

avarditn vayalukku s'Ondakkaraayiruk4pum

ie a field.
this, field two farmers ale-plowing.
ey:are plowing the land.
A -mark stands outside the field and is looking at it.
Re, is 1g/etching how they are plowing.

11,

He must be the-landowner.
4

Aiwks#'

Slide #4:

kinattilirundu kamalai adikkaran

inge oruttan-kinpattilirundu kamalaki. alikkaran '

-kipparu inge irlakku
tenni pachchafan
elide kippattilirundu tots
maratille
sindukittii-ukkan
._-ange_oru pay
radalreclikai parttukkittirukkan
ivan kamalai ad
A..

&N ell.'

Here a man is drawing water from

The well is here.
The water from the well is poured.into the field.
over there.. /
A- boy is leaning on the trees
dtawn from the
i5ein
He is watching the rater

1 90
4
4

114
-----

.Role,Play
Farmer and.Extension Worker
.

vaiakkam iya''
vanakkanga
vidaikkar&M. deplile vilLi vingallinnu,yandin. enna'vldal iruickunga?
oviriya,oW*1065Ia.vidai
irikkudu
PaPlYftlar:
lariya itytVu.d5lamnA ennange. adai pattikonjam sollutga_
paniyalar: 1) inda.s6lam vrre. namma nittu slam vEre
inda.sUlam adiga magudal kodukkudu: maguall adigam adithals uranium
2

vivasayi:
panlyalar:
vivaSayi:

'adigam pUglanum

sattu irukkidu
.na solattai artiruppadahal-ddil
idil-innoru Main enanna aruva4s1-mudinjadum anda adipayirum nalla
renclu

,43

magusifl kodukkudu

Farmer:
E.W.

Farmerk
E.W.
Farellerf

E.W.

vanakkam
vanakkanga
I have.to'sow cholam. 1 came to get seed from the depot. What seed
do you have?
I have hybrid cholam seed.
What is that hybrid cholam seed?'
0
This ctloiat is different from tip other.
This gived'more yield; therefore,iit takes more manure.
2
3). -s'thiswas evolved combining two, different, strains it has hybrid
.

vigor'.,

This has the added advantage of yieldingcwell in the ratoon crop

19I-

115

to0'.

JQ

Section D
Page
A

arid'pri+1

1-5'

12

.1'.nmmmiar Notes

-129

impersonal constructions
compound sentences .-. v .

6-8

gamma Notes

&

i
.

_.progressive forms of the verb

.
I
Derbal noun
emphatic participle /-ttan/
-.

130-141

4,

ycles and Drills

-i

129

',;

4.
.)

116-128

'

..

ti

.,--

144-160'

,,

1ramMar N9tes
-imperatives
poqt=pogitiot /- kkaga/
and verbs
cox,

143

Zycles and:Igills, 9-16

142-143
142
143

161

.
,

161.

161

A.,,

J
..

'161,

- .

162-167

SUpplements
Puia
vow and pilgrimage
slides
religion
mariamman koil

162
164
165-1g6

i
,

19

;i

'-

167

ye
.

-v

T.

Cycle 1
-.4
O

adanalil,yenakku dggamg irukku

..

pagiya -irukku

am thirsty because..
hungry

(or) pagikkiradu
sandbsame irukku
varuttami irukku

happy**

`4,*'.

ungaukku yen digama irukku?

c--

rukku

Why are you thirsty?

hungry
.

,4ikkiradu

Ob.

happy
sad

sana6oatha irukku
varuttamA irukku.
46'

'ungalukku yen dam irukku?

Why -are you. thirsty?

I am thirsty because

'adangle,i,yenakku dAgada4rtukku

.<

201

116

Drill for Cycle 1

Repetition

ngn
hinga
nEnganffm

t-

tr.

bglg
Iparvati

kulanig

Drill

pa;iyiirukku
nal pura sgpplplg, adangle yenakku
upga_ukku
yengalUkku
namakku
avarukku
avalukku
adukku
....

Note - ipasikkiradu' can also0:le 'pasiya irukku'

.4,
Substitution Drill
yenakkU,
ynga lukku

digamg ille
-

PEthiyg

(or) paglkkalZ
varuttam5 illg.

sandosamdille
udambu sariy' ille

GP.

2'0.42

203
117-

Drill for Cyclel

Repetition

I'm
You are
We (ex)
We (in)
Bala is
Parvati-is
Baby is

I-Jungry because

Drill

haven't .eaten all dayl

you
we
we
he

hasn't

she
it

Substitution Drill
I'm
YOu

not
are

thirsty
'hungry
hungry
sad

happy
well

20J
204
a

-..varatsiye
payirgale
AcOligale

M -I'm worried about the

patti'yenakku kavalayg irukku

kollen60
pt.lhchigale

presneye

drought.
crops
chickens
epldemic
insects
problem
.

I/.

yedai patti; ungalukku kaalayg irukku?`(or) yedai pattii ninga kavalaipadaringa?

M2

What ark you worrledabout?

Whare yOu worried about?

.t

yedai patti,, ungalukku kavalayg irukku?

varatsj.ye patti yenakku kavalayg irukku

I'm wOr4ed about the drought.

i211.43

Ph,

119

Drill for Cycle 2

Repetition
avlialavu kavala
yenaklp
ye alukku
1.1amatku

ungalukku

I'm

ille

not too worried now.

are
We (in)
You
is
He (that)
She (that)
They (that)
We (ex )

avarukkt

avaIukku
avangalukku

Drill

299

.208
I
r

120

vayasu Agunu

M1

yenakktt

ungalukku yettanai 1:rayasu Igudu?

years Old.

-Mi

How old are

ungilukku yettani vayasu Tigud0 /

vayasu Agudu
yenakku

Hcw old are you

years cad'.
I'm

Note - in the case of vayasu (age)/we may .ask either 'yettanai' (how - mew ) or
'yenna' (what)
/

'agudu' (happens) is optio al

.
i

'`r

-I
I

211

Q.
A.

unga tlyFrukku yettanai vayasu?

vayasui,igudu
en taygrUkku

Q.

ung

How old is your mother?

mother is
6

77

tuappanarukku, yettahaf vayasu?

en tagallrukku

m vayasu Tigudu

A.
Q.
A.
A.

How ()Id are your sisters?

sister id,'
old.
My 0-4.7de
Old.
sisterP1F
,rily,young r

Q-";,''unga-akki-tagaikkilyettani vayasu?
en akkiilukku
mOyasu
A.

vayasu

en tangaikk

-A.

appgn'-tambikki yettana
iPayasu
,-en awanUkku
vayasu
len tatbikki

A.
...
filo

iq

Hov old is your fa"th

lol
My rather is

Q.

.Y
How old a

ayasu?.

A.
A.

your brother.,2

ther is
My younger brother is
my older b.

7.-

old.,
014.

Riimanukku yettanai vayas

e, vayasd
u
1RgMan

Q.
A.

;How old is Ramah?

A.- Raman is
old.
Q.

1.

Stivukku. yettahai vayabu?

Q.

A.03 Sitikyukku:_

vayasu

,A.

How old is Sita?

Site is
old.

can he Used for 'your!

Noter-%eAther 'unga' or 'ungaludaya

.6

10,

S.

213

.21'2
'4.

0'
3.`"2

t.

Ml

yenal&u

takkgli vinum'

palutta
palukkada
,
pudu
va4ippo-na

'4

4eriya

0.

ctrinna
nails.,

kequpona

yenda talckgai ungalukku vgyum?

:612

.yenda.takkili-ungalukku v'etium?

yenakku palutta takkali vgpum

L23

pajmttadg
PEdUhg. .
pdYisi
nalladg

paluttadi

pal.ukkidadg
vacliPpdhadi

chinnadg,
...keVtuppahadg-

palukkgdadE

Cycle 4
e!,

I want the

ripe

tomato.

untipe--

fresh
stale
.large

good
bad

.0

ripe
.fresh
large
good

or

unripe
stale
small
bad

Which tomatoes do yoliwant?

the

Which tomatoes do you want?

the ripe or unripe ones?'

IJ,Want the

2 If)

".

tomato.

ones?

,MOMPIII1117.71r
do

'

Drill for Cycle 4

Transformation.

to p6.4utta mgmbalam

Dr.

ll

---DoyouhtiVe ripe mangoest.

Are your mangoes ripe?

OftgatAE,pudu pattittli iruka?

Flgalugaya patpapi pudusI?

Do you have fre'Sh peas?

Are yoUr peas fresh?

ttE nalla kattirikkil irukki?u4iya kattfrikkai nallada?

Do you have good eggplants?

Are your, eggplants-gopd?

WggaltiqE periya koyybpalam irukki?

pgaluclaya koyyippaiam periK?

Doiyou have large,. guava's?

Are your guavas large?,

ttT kir4mEna mama irukkA?

qaya. milaglkitimanadi?

Do You,have hot chilis?

Are yolfr chilis ,hot?

213
125

Cycle 74,p.1-''

)?1

kilo

rendu
naiarai

yevalavu.
yettanai

i-.

bakki-iLkko.

uram

_atPa

tprichchi marundu

anarai

ttvanain

oianda vidai
nilakkadalai

lifikki i ukku?

tivanam

kilo urea
puchchimarundu
,

osanda vidai
nilakkadalai

,yevalavu tivanam bikki irukku?

rendu kolo tivanam bakki irukku

Cycle 5

kilos

of .feed

are left.

0.

,of fertilizer
of insecticide
of hybrid_ seed

of peanuts

HoW much
How many

kilos

feed
fertilizer
insecticide
hybrid-seed
peanuts,

is left?

.4

How much teed is 1?ft?

kilos of feed are left.

.11

127

Probil Drill for cycle 5

fi

t'

\-4

If I have 5 peanuts and

I-eat 2 peanuts
how many will be left?

enkitte anju nilakkapalai irundu,

mnOunilakkm4alkiye nin appiqg,

lakki ye.ttinai kirukkum?

Substitute other nunbers

If I have,25. pounds of fertilizer and
I use 15 pounds of fertilizer
Ahow many will be- left?

enkitVe ruvattanju kilo- uram irundu,

padinanju kilo uratte ran ubay5ginchchi,
brikki yettanai irukkrm?

Substitute other numbers'

enkitpe muppadu mutte tivanam irundu,
ettarai mutte tivanatte non koduttuttE,

If I have 30 sacks of reed and

I give out.8i sacks of feed;

akkiYettanai irukkum?

how m.aiiy will be left?

SulistitUte other numbers

ti

222

221-

-a

i28

G:'ammar Notes

-__A.. 'Impersonal Constructions

lie hil7,67irfeady iated-impersonal constructions of the tYpe,74,

I can gem soap

--------yenakku-s-oppu_kidaikt4M
In this sentence the subject is the noun soppu:-fthe-r-Impp,rsonal ''onstruct'ons
similar to'this sentence are:
.
to me,
There is thirst
yenakku dggamglga) irukku
1)
hunger
paftyg(ga)
happiness
sand6sama(ga)7
sadness
varuttamff(ga)
worry
kavalayI(ga)
_

2)

yenakku irupata vayasu ggundu

yenakku takkEli yayasu vgipm

I am 20 years old.
A tomato is wanted .by me.
/

Even though we may translate sentences in '(1) as'eg. I am thirsty, the literal
translation (i.e. 'there is thirst to me')'- demonstrates that the noun !thirst'
is the subject of the sentence and-I or meis the agent. (In Tamil the object)
In sentences of (2) again, years (vayasu)- 4nd tomato (takkgli) are respectively
the subjects ofthe verbs 'happent and 'want'. Again the objective formTof the
pronoun or noun is used. However, in the sentence, "do I have mangoes?'
'enkiqe mgmbalam irukkg?', the postposition /-kitg/ is used (instead of / -kku /)
to express the idea of:possession.

.to

B.

Compound Sentences
In English we-say-,_

I am happy because it is nice today.-But in Tamil we say,

innikki nalla irukku adnglE'sandasamg irukkU
It is nice'today therefore I am happy.
The condition for the statement in the second clause of the Tamil'sentence is
_written first and followed by adanale (therefore) .
.4

22,1

223

129

'B !O' gpisukku

pOikkittirlikken

,NTi

tapil Apisukku

--kukku

.Jpost oaice

bank "Police station

train station

-p5lis st!
'railway sNgianukku

Where .are yeti going now?

ninga ipp5yengE p5ikkft-ttrukkinga-?,

I -am going to the* block devlopmem office

ninga ipp5 yene p5ikkitirukkinga?

'BDO' 4pisUkkd p5ikiOirukken

Where are. you going now?

I am -going- to the" block development of ace

11.

226

130

bril.for Cycle 6
Repetition
:

41)6

rain

arula
nim,

ahga
avansa
evav
aval

Raman'

Sita

a
i,

Drill

Oikkittirukken
pOikkitirukk6m
-p5ikkittirukkIng
pOildti4irukkinga
"p6ikkittdrukkgr;
pOikkiqirukk7a1
-p5ikkittirukkiir
ikkiittiruk kai

We ( ex)
We (in)
You
They (that)
He (that)
She (that)
Raman
Sita

'

am
are

going now.

%
#

is
.

a
Substitute other verbs:
eat

work
come
study
cook

Repeat in negative

Yr/

223

V.

oo
44./
131

Drills for -Cycle 6

Transformation Drill

eita samaikkaradg ran pakkaren / Siti samaikkarli

/sRaan ularEr

rimah ularadel
OpEI tUnclarade
avanga ilarade
-Tanga Wekkarade

/ G5pal tondarIr

/ avanga gclariinga

/ ninga kekkarTnga

ati.samaichchulciWrukkirade na pakkargn
Rntan uludukiW.iukkirade

Sita cooks
Raman plows
Gopal digs
They dance
You listen

see /
/
/
/

Sita cooks.
Raman plows
Gopal digs
they dance

/ you- listen

Sita is cooking.
Raman is plowing
Gopal is digging
They are dancing
You are listening

Tdpil't5ndikkittirUkkirade
'-

avanga klikiqirukkirade
ninga attukfttirukkirade

I see

SRI samaichchukittirUkkil
Raman uluduki;tirukkgr

Gopal tUlikkWirukkIr
avanga Adikkittirukkanga
ninga attukittirukkinga

/ Sita is cooking./ Raman is'plowing

/ Gopal is digging
/ they are dancing
/ you are listening

-Problem Drill

1.. riZn-yenna zeiyarade ninga pakkarInga?

1.

use: stand, sit, walk, jump, run,

write, read, smoke, drink

use: nil, ikkgrul nada, kudi, Fidu,

eluau, padi, pidi, kidi
2.

'What do you see me doing?

:13.tg.yenna seiyarade ninga pgkkarInga?

2.

22.6

What do.you see Sita doing?

2:o)

rr

132,

Cycle?
nttu inda nFram, nan padichchukkittirunan
velaiseidukki4irundFn
samaichchukkiqirund6n

u14dukkiirundEn
kulichchukkitgrundEn

kottikktqlrundn

nittu inda ne'raillninga yenna seidukkittirundInga?

attu inda deram, nInga yenna seidUkkiWrundinga?

attu inda ne-ram4 nan padichchukkittirunden
ti

231
133

Cycle 7

This time yesterday I was

1

studying.
working
cooking
ploughing
bathing'

digging

What were you doing this time yesterday?.

2

What were you doing this time yesterday?

This time yesterday I was studying.

00

232

Drills for Cy.le 7

Substitution Drill
manikki, ninga yenna seidukkittirundinga?

pattu
`madiyaham onnarai
milayile nalu
sayamkalatile

Attu priravum,

Repetition Drill

nin
ayaT
aval
Raman
Sita
ninga
hamninga
avanga

seidukki4irundin

vaiai

rittu pnravum, an vFiai

seidukkiVtirundar

seidUkkiWrundal
seidtaki4irunar
seidukkiitirundal

seidukkiqirund8m
seidlikkqt...rund5m

seidukk40.rundinga
seichakittirundanga

seidAkittirukkal5

233
:135

Drills for Cycle 7

Substitution= Drill

What were you doing

yesterday

10:00 A.M.?
1:30 P.M.
4:00 P.M.

at

Repetition Drill

was

working all diy yesterday.

_He (that)

She (that)
Raman -"
Sita
We (ex)
We in
You
They (that),

were

er

I was not working all day

.....1

.
136
4_

Cycle 8

`alakki ayamkalatilU

na'n

-cave ecluttukkit:tiruppgn

vgsichchukkittiruppen

padichchukki4ituppEn
vilay54ikkiqinuppgn
14ikkittiruppal

OlikkitirupOn

alakki sgyamkalatilZ, ninga yenna seidukkiptiruprInga?

sgyamkalatifel raga yenna seidukkittirippinga?

nilakki ayamkalatilE, nan OivU eduttukkittii-upOn

235
1,7

Cycle .8`
a

Tomorrow evening.I'll be -resting..

reading
studying
playing
dancing
singing

What will you be doing tomorrow evening?

M1

What will you'be doing tomorrow evening?

Tomorrow evening I'll be, resting.

236

(trills for Cycle: 8

Repetition

Drill

yuppen

to masamum4 -nin,'survyt seidukki4tutten

ava.r,velei seidukkiittgn
a.val'paO.c4chukkituttgn.
:.,_

,,-..

-.- ay:41-'4a fsurv:yi

iruppar
-12uppal

IrupL:J.-1ga

sei,...Lkkltuttar

.i-r1p,Ange
irui )om

ningav6lai.seidUkkituttan
nInga pOictichukkrnutt4n

.pdsStion and Answer Drill:

.

.eta varusam,

ninga yertge .iruppInge

'.

velaiseidukklirupp nga

paqlohchukkittiruppinga
praykam seidukkittittippinga
f

indiyivul6
amerlkkgVule

iruppingala?
_
vFiai seidUkkittiruppingalg?
.,
.

epllattun
i angayile

i
'

,,,

f
,

,Drills for Cycla8

Repetition

xt month;

I.

Drill_

will still be. s tveyingi

w rking
studying
surveying
working
studying

he (that)
she (that)
they (that
you
' we (ex)

Question and Answertrill

..pext year?

(living)

Where will you be

working
studying
traveling
S.

Will ybu be'

in

(living)
(working)

India?

Anverica

Nepal
Ceylon

236146

Drill for Cycle

Tran::formation'Drill

innikki
gni, nAiakki
innikki
nliakki

REman uludukkitV.rukkirEr
avar uluga mittar
REman kottikkip,tirukkirgr
avar kotta mEttar

Raman',, lOughing today

wbn't p
gr?-tomorrow.
Raman is dum ng today
But, he won't dump
morrow.
o
-Raman is planting today
'But,.he won't plant tomorrow.
.

innikki RIman nattukkiirukkirgr

ana, nalakki avar nida martyr

innikki Raman aruvadai s3Idlikkitpirukkil'ar
avar aruvadai seiya mEtar
ini,
innikki REman sami kubittu kitirukkirEr
nalakki avar semi kumbida MattAr

Rar.:Jn. is harvesting today

but; he won't harvest todor.ff.)w.

innikki RimarOVu elt4tukkitp.rukkirEr

naiakki avar oivu edukka mff.ttgr

, Raman /s worshipping today

-But, he wont worship tomorrow.Raman is resting today
Sut, he won't rest tomorrow.
.

,10:

'gap

;Sita was washing clothes yesterday.

But she isn't washing clothes today.
ta was cleanin rice yesterday
she isn't cleaniik rice today.,
Slia was sel]ing eggs yesterday
he isn't selling eggs today.
Sita was makt.n :dosais'
she:in't making 'dosais' today.
gipa was cooking Yesterday
sheAsn't cooking today.

nEtta SitE tuni ,tuvachchukkittirund-6.1

int i aval tuna: tuvakkale
nit
SItg arisi-kalanjukkittirundil

aVal arisi kalaykal

Ina, i
nett Siti mutte vitukkttirunA
gni, innikki aval mutte v kale
nittu Sit d(54i SuL ukkittirundal
dn'ai'sudale
ing,

n;ta sita

sama:chchukkittirundil,

ini,-innikki aval samaiktwle

'

M
,

A 4 ,c;

ti

1\.1,

23j

'2 4 O'

00

141:t

Grammar Notes-

Progressive Forms for the Verb

1. Formation:
Positive
participial stem + /-kkitt/

.-

tense suffixes:

pres:
fut:
past:

positive tense suffix- and personal ending

/-irukk-/
7-1/144-/

Negative
participial stem + /-kkitt(u)/
.

_tense suffixes:

2.

3.

pres:
fut:
past:

..,..

+ \negative tense suffix

i115

/irukka/

+'

Rat +

personal ending

irrukkaa

the
in. conversation, negative progressive forms are seldom used; instead,
habitual negative form is used.
Agreement:.
Where the ve.a foracireqL4Les a personal ending that ending must a ive in
genderand number-93th the subject of the sentence.
all positive progressive forms
i.e.
future negati-re pr.gressive forms
-other progressive forMs have only one form
negative present progressive
i.e.
negative past progressive
Use:

To express action continuing over a period

or past.
nin paikkittirukkEn
eg.
ran pOikkittirupOn
positive

time, whether present, future

nan pakkittirundni
negative,

nin.p5ikki4u iln
nary p6ikkiytiru:

mate :n

nEth pOikkittu irunxn1F or/ illE

I
I
I
I
I
I

am going
will be going
was going
am-not going
will not,be going
was not going

4.

4;

Grammar Notes (cont'd)

B.

".....---------,
The Verbal Noun
We have already used the verbal noun with a positposition in the construction,
'tunga Ordttukku mundi, nan padikY.arEn'._
Before going to sleep, I study
The verbal noun may also be used to describe action of the object cf the
s ntenoe.
Raman uludukiqirukkiratte ran pakkarFn
e
I see Raman plbwing
(plowing describes what Raman - the object of the 7entence - is doing)
1.
Foramtion:
Present Tense
infinitive stem +-7---ra.dej
-

pa,rticipia
2.

Agreement:
one form

3.

Use:
eg.

Present Progressive Tense

stem +

Stva samaikkarade nan pakkargn

I see Sita cook (Sita cooks, I see)
Sita samaichchukittirukkiradg nan pakkarFn
I see Seta cooking (Sita cooking, I see)

Note - that the English work order is reversed in Tamil

We have used verbal nouns in the present and present progressive tense.
C.

24.1

Emphatic Particle /-ttRn/

/-ttan/ may be added to both (pro)nouns and verbs to emphasize immediacy,
duration and exclusiveness.
Do it (right) now
ippattan seiynum
immediacy:
adutte masamum avr,n vela, seidukkittutnn iruppar
dUration:
Next month he will still be working
exclusiveness: kanaka.tan padikkanum
You must study (only) mathematics

244

3400"e.g.'\

Cycle 9

anda kodatte

yen kite

kodunga

M1

Give that pot to

her
her
him
him

aval kitte
ival kitte
avar kitte
ivar kitte
avanga kitte
ivanga kitte
Rlman kitte
slta kitte

that
this
that
this

them (that
them (this
Raman
Sita

whom should I give that pot?

anda kodatte, nal yEr kitte kodukkanum?

M2

To

anda kodatte, nan y5r kitte kodukkanum?

anda kodatte yen kitte ko4unga

To whom sho ld I give that pot?

to me.
Give that p

'1

*7)7S.

Me

l:1 5
A

4 i0

1/44

.Drill for Cycle 9

Completion
Milakki grgthattukku veiiy& oru sand naclakkum
Opalkacja p5gavepum
tta virram, kalaitteruvile oru nadagam naciukkum
p6gavZpum
tl,,RAman
alutta mEsam, nagaratilA oru tiruvil6 naclakkum
AitIvum Ramanum, KA.mala - G5pAl kala p6gavADum
4gutta: var0,am, Ramgswarattile oru mukyam6ha nigalchi nacjakkum
Sitivtqaya sxamattile irundu sila pgx p5gavgvum
amen

Tomorrow there will be a fair outside the village.

-Raman__ should go with Goapl.

Next week there will be a play in .the bazaar.

:Site should go with Raman.
lext month there will be a religious festival in the city.
'Site and Raman should go with Kamala and Gopal.
Next year there kill be an important functiop at Rameswarsm.
Some people from Ram and Sites village should go.

24
145

s;

Cycle 1:0

inda

"2

inda

uram
tivanam
puchchi marundu

vayalukkaga
kolikk5ga
payirukkaga

tanni
'tractor'

toqattukk4ga

uram-17
*Iven4A
puchchi marUndu
tanni

yedukkaga?

Ml

pannaikkaga

This fertilizer
feed
pesticide
water

is for

fields.
chickens
crops
garden

1,-actor

What is this
2

'tractor'

fertilizer
feed
pesticide
water
tractor

for?

am.

inaa uram yedukkaga?

uram vayalukkAga

What is this fertilizer for?

iris fertilizer is for fields.

243

146

Cycle 11

mg masattulF
One. varuiam
rendu varusattukku mundi

M2

nin padichchu mudichcnn

Tanga yepp5 padichchu mudichchinga?

nInga yepp5 padichchu mu;dichchinga%me masEttule nan padichdhu mudichch6n

M'
1

I finished studying

in May.
last year
2 years ago

When did you finii.,-.11-1tudying?---

When did you finish studying?

I finished studying in May.

21147

4=4

t-

'Cycle 12

M-1

innikki madlygnam oru manikki,

nalakki
kglayird ettu manikki
innikki kllayire pattu manikki

nin velai seiya IrambippFn

ninga yepp75 vElai seiya-a-ambippinga?

start working at

M
1

ninga yepP75 vglai seiya arampippinga?

innikki madiygnam oru manikki, nIn vglai deiya Irambippen

1 o'clock
8 o'clock
10 o'clock

this afternoon.
tomorrow morning
this morning

When will you start working?

2

When will you start working?

I'll start yorSing at 1 o'clock this afternoon.

'

Drill for .Cycle 12

L
S

._

ran sIkkiram

paclikka

''

ine,ippen

\Ill

....

1;4

sappiqa
1.

.\

.10

vglai aelyst
samaika

tanni
Ochcha
,*

soon.

',working

cooking.
planting
gating
fir

cnada
...

weeding

Vesting

.
,

-,,

,
ti

nAn sikkiram -paclichchu

mudipp'en

I'll finish

sppitt
vglai seidu
samachchu
natpu
tanni
pachchi
I I
.

r.

reading
eating
working
cocking
planting
irrigating

soon.

I
A

253

254

Cycle Lj

.4M1

yenrale

gva

pda
nalikka
ninga
vgiai se
samaikke

ungalale ada

I'm able to -dance.

sing

mucliyum'

ungal Rle

eel
wir

work
e cook

-..
RP

mudiyuma?

la

um yennale Ida

mudiyuma?

muCliyum

Are you able to dance?

2

1
,

Are you able to dance?

I Pm able to dance.
Yes.

255

256

150

Drill for Cycle 13

Drill

Repetition

ninga varumb3du

ninga varumb5du

avar
aval
avanga
ninga
ninga

vFlai seiya

avav
aval
avanga

v'elai seidu

arambipOm
arambippinga

ava'
aval
avanga
ninga
ninga

yenna bVaigal -avangadale

ungalale

muclippar

.mudippal
mutippanga

nanga
ninga
ninga verumb3du

arambipp5r
arambippal
arambippanga

mudippEim

mudippinga
v7lai seiyarade niruttuvar
.

nirtittuval

niruttuvanga
nfruttuv3m
niruttuvinga
p'e'sa mudiyum?

avarale
avallle

25151
('

Drill for Cycle 13

Repetition

Drill

When you.come

he (that)
she (that)
they (that)
we (ex)
we in
you

will start working.

When you come

he (that)

will finis:a working.

she (,.hat)

they (that)
we (ex)
we.(in)'
you

then you come

Which languages

he (that)
the (that)
they (that)
we (ex?
we (in)
you
are
is

will stop '0K;rking.

they (that)
you
he (that)
she (that)

J 0
2r"

192

able to speak?

Cycle 14

plow and scraper too.

I know how to use a

seed Ar_il_1__and_st- leveller- too-

fertilizer and pesticides too

hammer and saw. too

surveying equipment

Do you know how to use a

plow?
seed drill
fertilizer
hammer
surveying equipment

Do you know how to use a plow?

I know how to use a plow and a scraper too.

M1

-erayum

'seed drill' ayam

u ttayum
suttiyayum

ungalukku
2

'scraper' ayum
'leveller' ayam
pUchchi marundayum__
rambathaiyum
'survey' seiyara sadanangaie

3rai
'seed drill'
urattai
suttiyai
'survey' seiyara sadanangalai

kiada

yepnaku ubay7gikka teriyum

kilda

kuda
kuda
kuda

ubayggikka teriyuma?

ubay6gikka teriyuma?

ubay.6gikka teriyuma?
ungalukku
7rayum, 'scraper' ayum kala, yenakku ubayi5sikka teriyum

261
2 t; 1)

153.

Cycle 15

ennale

inda

rendu
pattu
anju

rirvattcin kodukka mudiyum

pustag4tukku

ellim ungalgle yevalavu kodukka mudiyum?

kUlingalukku
vidaikki

sataikki
kaikarikki

mudiyum?
inda pustagattukku-ellgm ungalEle yevalavu kodukka
ennffle rendu rilvattan kodukka mudiyum

is

Cycle 15

I can Give only

10
5

Rs.
Rs.
Rs.

How much can you give for these

C
1

books?
chickens
seeds
shirts
vegetables

How much can you give for these boqs?

I can give only 2 Rs.

Cycle 16
Mi

enhgle innikki

vglai seidu.mudikka mudiyum

vgsichchu
paqichchu

I can finish

uludu
tanni pgchchi

ungalgle innikki

vglai seidu mudikka mudiyuma?

-vgsichchu
padichchu
uludu
tahhi pgchchi

ungalgle innikki vglai seidu mu4kka mudiyuma?

enngleinnikki vglai seidu mudikka muliyum

Can y#u finish

working
today.
reading
studying
ploughing
irrigating

-today?
working
reading
studying
ploughing
irrigating

Can you fir4sh working today?

I can finish workina9 today.0

sel

26

157

26,i

Drill for Cycles 15 & 16

Substitution Drill

ava e

renlu
oru mapi ngrattilg

mudiyum
tutli tuvaikka mudiyum
vidu suddam seiya mudiyum

tiffan tayar seiya mudiyum

axisi kaiaya mudiyum

avargle

rayile

pi3ga

'cycle'

vara
kilamba
vandusgra

Zr6plEnle
mdtgrle
avangala e

engalgle

mugiyum

mudiyum

ngiakki vara
adutta vgram vandusgra
adutta mgsam pdga
adutta varusani kilamba
romba kglam tanga
\ ngiakki

mudiyum

var

adutta vgram
adutta mgsam

van 11,4

adutta varuam

kila ba
tanga

\romba

kglam

Oga

26,

Drill'for Cycles 15 & 16

Substitution Drill

She

He

They

can

cook dinner
wash the clothes
clean the house
prepare tiffen
cleah the rice

can go
come
leave
arrive

can come
arrive
go
leave
stay

We

can come
.arrive
go

leave
stay

in 2 hours.
in 1,hoUr

train.

bey

cycle,

plane
car
tomorrow.
next week
next month
..
next year
for a long time.
tomorrow.
next week
next month
next year
for a long time

4,U I

159

Drills for Cycles 15 & 1'3

' inAikki enre171,e

ungalgle
avapIle

can't

imudiyadu

nInja

vElai geiyal
samaikka

swim
work
cook
pray

You

He
She

siMi kumbida
avangalale '6.31Spila
aval14,,

They

eat

today.

to

ungalukku 'muluga
inja
Ida

Do yoU kr,e1 how to

teriyuma?

pale.

varaiya

dive?
swim
dance
sing
draw

Conversdtion Drill

ungalukku muluga tetiyumg?

u muluga teriyadu; anK ninja teriyum

Do you knew pow to dive?

I don't know how to Ave but I kriow Now to swim.

ungalukku ac a teriyuma ?.
ennukku Ida teriyidu; ang pAda teriyum

Do' you knoW A-W to dance?

ungalukku varaiya teriyuma?

ennUkku-va.,:.iya teriyidu; ana eluda teriyum

Do you know how to draw?,

I don't know how to draw but I know how to write,

I dont know how to dance but I know how to sing,

Jt
1

7.1;0

Grammar Notes
Imperatilie'Form of the Verb
The imperative form of tlie verb is used to give commands. The familiar fJrm
of the command is used for children, servants, animals and very close 'riends.
The respeCt form'of the command is used for all other people.
The familiar imperative verb-forms ate listed ih the verb chart:
The respect imperative verb forms add /-ngaito the familiar form.
go!
panga resp)
po (fam)
eg.
eat!
sappigunga (resp).
sappida (fam)

A.

B.' Postposition /-kkaga/

Formation:.

1.

41.

noun or object pronoun + /-kkaga/

inda uram yenga vayalukkaga
eg.
C.

the purpose of)...'

This fertilizer'is for c c fields.

'for

Compound Verbs
1. :Formation:
nan r:adikka arambilnEn I will start reading
eg.
Infinitive stem + verb
a.
or in impersonal constructions:
I ,:an read (I am able to read)
yennale padikka mudiyum
nAn padikkaradZ niruttuiriI will stop reading
eg.
verb
+
Verbal
noun
.b.
,.
T% Participial stem + verb
I will finish r."8.81rIg
an paciichchu mucjippZn
eg.
Agreement2.
9
The second verb is formed as any other simple 2amil'verb...i.e., it has a tense
marker ano personal ending which agrees in gr-nder and number with the subject
(In impersonal constructions the second verb behave:: as
of the sentence.
simple verbs in impersonal construction)
.e.

Note - sentences with Imucliyum' are impersonal'constructions. fil e agent of the

verb (Engish subject) is formed by adding /-lefto thri noun or object
pronoun.
He an ,ro by tram
avarale 'n:yille p7-La. mucAyum
cc..g.
f

....__.

Puja

1.
2.
3.

mudallez pUiai araye suddam seiyargn

arisi ma ule kolam 00aren

seiyunga
tudaiyunga
podunga

4.
5.

kulikkargn
mall turd kattikkargn

kuliyunga
kattikkunga

6.
7.

tiruniru pUsikkargn (male only)

kunkuma pottu vachchukkiign

8.
9.

pusai palagale likkararen

kutti vilakku gttargn
tidu batti gttargn

uttarunga
ettunga
ettunga

11.
12.

pusai mandram solrgn

sollunga
adiyunga

13.
14.

tgnga uclakkirgn

samikki pandam padaikkrgn

udaiyunga
padayunga

15.

dipam kattargh'

kattunga

16.

apparam,prasadam kodukkargn

kodunga

10.

towi po'ttu tuclaikitargn

idadu kaiyffle mans adikkir-gn

ft/

162

pusikkunga
vachchukkunga

Puja

First I clean the puja room.

Mop it clean with water.
I draw 'kblaml wish rice flbur.
Take tt be. h.

Wear

4
puried
fi
clothes.
1

Apply ashes to by forehead.

Put a mark on my-forehead with Ikumkuml.
Sit on the puja seat.
Light the 'lamp'.
'JO.

Light up the, Incense stick:).

L11.
12.

Chint Puja chantings.

Ring the bell wIththe left hand.

13.

13N:.eak coconut,

k14.

,r

Offer 'food and preparationst_to.God.

15.

Wave the lights.

16.

ThengiVe Iprasadam' (offerings).

2' 1
I

163

'Vow and Pilgrimage

1.
2.

Ramanum SItavum tiruppadikki Atrai p8ga tayar seiyaranga

peti papkkai k4paranga.

mattu vandiyile, rayiladikki pZrEnga
tikke'qu Viingaeinga

rayille Frikkieanga
rayil liana tiruppadile nikkidu
REhanum SItAvum irangaranga
tiruppedi malai man naciandu pZranga
9.0 mail nacjakkaranga
malai uchchiyile tiruppadi koil irukku
piragu, rendu perum, kBvil kuiattuIE kuiikkaranga
kadayile, tEnggi, palam, pakku, vettale, 15-avu vIngaranga
samikki puga fbOafInga
14.' undiyile seluttarEna
kbirile sutti valam varAnga
15.
vi;undu kumbidarangd
16.
piragu, Ramanum Sitavum, nadandu, malaiadivaratt,ukku vaianga
17.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

"

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

Raman and Sita get ready to go pilgrimage to Tiruppati.

Pack their 'box and bedding".
Go to the railroad station-by bullock cart.
Buy tickets.
Board the train. _The train stops-at Tiruppati.
Daman and S,ita get down. (disembark)
Hike up the Tiruppati bill.
They_ walk seven miles.
TirUppati Temple is on the top of the hill.

Then, both of them bathe in the temple tank.

At the shop, they buy coconut, fruits, avecanut, betel leaves, flowers.
They offer puja to th'e God.
They drop money in the.
They go round the temp2.:, 'clockwise'.
Prostrate and pray.

Then, Raman and Sita come walking to the foot of the hill.

276
164

Slides

Slide #1:

kolam

idu oru ponnu. idu Sita.

vEsalile tanni tellichu kolam porlaral
irukku ."
aval kaiyile oru telagg
tEngA mudiyile kolam irukku
'pancligai nalile pombalin0 Vasalile kBlam pocLuvanga
.andI kb-lam alagI (nalla)-irukku illeya?

This is a girl. It is,Sita.

She sprinkles water at,the entrance of the house and draws kolam.
There is a coconut in that girl's hand.
There is kolam in the coconut shell.
During festive days women draw kolam in front of the house.
That kolam is nice, isn't it?

Slide #2:

periya

idU'oru periya ter

terle Samiya vacchu Tirgolam ecluWakittu p-Oranga
mukiyaMa panligai nalile tire jodikkaranga
Samiya urgolam eciluukittu p5iltukku mandi-romba jarAnga tere ssutti kilduranga
aragial teruvukkum kondu pi5ranga
taunle irrukira ells janangalur sammikki ravum palamum palaikiringa
This is a big car.
deity is placed in the car and taken in procession.
A
Especially during festivals they decorate the car.
Before taking the deity in precession; many people-gather agund the car.
The car is taken through all the streets.
All ,ne peo0- in the town offer fruits and fief: 1-s to the deity.

a77

l'. 5

Slirie #3:

samiyarunga

idu oru kadait-gru madiri irukku

ange nikkara alungale partta_samiyarunga madiri irukku
avanga svami padalu (pIttu) plidarEnga '
avanga kaauttile malai potukki-0.rukanga
avangl nettiNile
puslkittuirrukkangs:
"avanga bakti pEdal r .daranga
teruville niraya (rumba) peru avangala vedikke parttukkittu irUkkanga
,

This resembles a bazaar.

The two men standing look like bhakti singers.
They sing songs of God.
They wear a ma141.-on their neck.
They put sacred ash on their forehead.
They sing songs of bhakti,
Many people on that street areJ,iiitching them.

260

Mariamman Koil
1.

yeng

Oikictirukkina%

Mariamman kOilukku p75=1.kkittirukk-en

2.

innikki ang7, yenna

M7riamman
3.

n')clakkudu

tiruvilavule yenna seivanga?

ammanukku alangaram seivansa; koil pi7ravum jodippanga tOranam kattuvihga;
ammane iarvalam kondu varuvanga
inda
illinga.

yepp7dum nadakkuma?
vanZiattukku ora dadavai tan nauakkum

Where are you 'sing`.

I am on my way to the Mariammal Temple.

2.

What is special today?

Mariammal festival takes place.

3.

What will they do at the festival?

'hey will dress up ditty Mariamm; they will dec. rate tne whole temple.
They will tie up 'uecorative %;untinF_;s1; they will take the diety in procession.
Will this festival take place always?
No, only once a year.

167

Section E
PE1,-e,

Cycles and Drills

1-12

1.,3-19r3

Grammar Notes
conditional - present
conditional
past
subjunctive
past tense

196-198

Supplements
washing clothes
washerman
laundry instructions
tailor
hiring a servant
firing a servant
doctor and nurse
sickness (people)
sickness (animal)
accident

199-212
199
201

190
19(1)

197
197

203
204
205
207
209
?DJ
211
212

M
1

Zpalum, Kamalavum, innaikku velaiye mulikkalna

avanga nalaikku muclippanga

Zpglum, Kamalavum, innaikku palangal van alma

avanga nalaikku van,;uvg."

Kamalavum, innaikku k4id-111 e1,lal7na

avange nalaikku eluduvan.a
Zpglum, Kamalgvum, innaikku kinattu tapni koduvarale:.a
avanga nalaikku konduvaruvanga
:Opalum, Kamcnvum, innaikku 'rocmfe suttam :ei-Lle7na
avanga nalaikku suttam seivanga
M
2

63palum, Kamalgvum, innaikku velai A muc,likkal7na

avanga nalaikku muclippangala?

Zpalum, Kamlavum innaikku palangal ,iangale-na

avanga nalaikku vanguvangala?
3opalum, Kamalavum innaikku kaqidam eludalZna
avanga nalaikku eluduvangaia:
;opalum, Kamallvum innaikku kiy;attLI Lawi kcuduvaralena
avanga nalaikku konduvaruvgngalg?
-Zpalum, KamalMvum innaikku rrcom'e suttam sei:argna
avanga nalaikku suttam seivangalg?

'i5pElum, Kamal7vum, innaikku velaiye mudikkarena

avanga nalaikku muclippFngal7
TOpglum, Kamalavum innaikku velaiye mulikkalgha

avanga nalaikku mudippghg

4,

Cycle 1

M1

If 1opal and Kamala don't finish the work toda- .

they will finish it tomorrow.
If Gopal and Kamala don't buy the fruits today,
they will buy them tomorrow.
If ',opal and Kamala don't write the letters toda
they will write them tomorrow.
If Gopal and Kamala don't bring well water today,
they will bring it tomorrow.
If copal and Kamala don't clean their rooms oday,
they will clean them tomorrow.

If
2

If
If
If

If

;opal and Kamala don't finish the work 'oday,

will they finish it tomorrow?
opal and Kamala don't buy the fruits today,
will they buy them tomorrow?
opal and Kamala don't write letters today,
will they write them tomorrow?
;opal and Kamala don't Orin; well water today,
will they bring it tomorrow?
_lopal and Kamala don't clean their rooms tody,
will they clean them tomorrow?

;opal and
will they
If ',opal and
they will
If
T

Kamala don't finish the work today,

finish it tomorrow?
Kamala don't finish the work today,
finish it tomorrow.

Cycle 2

M
1

ninga nEra mTinu maiyilu poningana,

Muruganudaya_ulaya pannaire sIruvinga
milnu maiyilukku appuram valadu pakkam tirumbunin,;ar7
mnnu maiyilukku appuram idadu pakkam irunLuni'.gar-A

Irai tanduninganE
'cycle' poninganI
adutta tavunakku pOrattukku munnIle

nitir

t7in.:,i7p,na.

Muruganudaya udaiya pannaikku

rjcin eppadi p6L;an,Am?
II
I

Muruganudaya udaiya pannaikku cian eppadi Oganum?

7
iiinga nZra thianu maiyilu poningana, Muruganuflva uyaiya pannaikku veruvinga

If you

go straight 3 miles
turn right after 3 miles
turn left after 3 miles
cross the river
go by cycle
stop before the next town

::cu will react: ur11._1.anudaya's farm.

How do I get to Muruganudaya's farm?

How do I get to Muruganudaya's farm?
If (>11
straight 3 miles you will come to Muru,,,anudaya's nArm.

4)c,
4.. s.", I

4- :0
.170

Drills for 'ycles 1

7ransformation

1.

frill

riTriga tavunukku poriingana ennakku mamralam konduv7riga

tavunilirundu vandins.anna
)
(

ninga tavunukku poningana, enn'kku mallam konuvfl,-,:v:ngal7

tavunilirundu vandinganna
(
)

2.

kadaiyile ungalukku 10 kiddachcha konjam van:;un,;a

(
vilai kalunga
)

::-,daiyile ungalukkii ani kidachcha konjam vanguvingalg?

vilai kFppingal7

Repetition Drill
l.

ran kalaiyile sikkiram elundirikalana, eppadi kadai;ai tirakka mucliyum

nan panam eduttukiu Orena eppadi ennattaiyalum vanga mudiyum

nan 'buslle poga lena eppadi Itime'kku pi7i sera mu;liyum
nan 'taxi'le p-Oga Pena eppadi vittai kandu pidika mudiyum
ninp-,a kapiyai kar4upidikka mudiyalFria yarEnna udavi kelunga
kalappaiye trikkurIgI

'demonstration' seijuna
vandiyai il,unga

vayalai alanga
nalattai ulunga

Drills for t'ycles 1

ransforme ion
1.

Drill

If you go to (come From) town tomorrow, l_rin,: me some mar7oes.

If

2.

'..

1:-o

to Lome froml tows

tomorrow. will

me -,scre m-,n,;oes':

If you 23n find nails in the shop, Luy 3or.E (ask the pfie).
If you ca!, find nails in the shop, will joL bit: some (ask -he price'.

Repetition

Drill

1.

If I don't :',et up early, how can I open the shop:

If I don'-, take money, how can I buy anything?
If I don't go by bus, how can I get, there on time?
If I don't take e taxi, how can I find your house?

2.

If you can't find the shop alone,

lift the plow

ask srmeone for help.

do t.ie demonstration_

pull the cart

measure the field
irrigate the land

4,.1,11

I)

172

cycle 3

Kamala ve'laiya

'opal mudale

Kaman.

fl5pal

mudichchal Madras ukku pE7gar5m

sntgidigalodE vilaiyXdalgm
mittai sappilalam
'cycle' udalam
snegidigalei sandikkallm

matukku tins vachchal 'tee'

'football' vilaiyadalTm
ttinbRndam sappidalam
'tractor' intalam

Madras ukku pOgarama?

snegidigaloda vilaiygdalgma
mil.lai sappidalgma
'cycle' udalama
snagidigalai sandikkalama

'tee' kalaikku Ogalama?

'football' vilaiyadarama
ttinbandam-sappidalama
'tractor' ottalama

Kaman. Mffdras ukku 1:MgaIama?

Kamalg valaiya mudichchgl Madras ukku pogalam

90
4, ...7 l-

173

kadaikku pc778-alIA

Cycle 3

Kamala can

go to Madras
play with her friends
eat sweets
ride her cycle
meet her friends

Copal can

go to the tea shop

play football
eat snacks
ride the tractor

M2

Can Kamala

if she finishes her work.

if he feeds the bullock first.

go tk-, Madras?

play with her fric

eat sweets
ride her, cycle

meet her friends

b

Can Copal

C1

go to the tea shop?

play football
eat snacks
ride the tractor

Can Kamala go to Madras?

Kamala can go tc Madras if she finishes her work.

29,1
114

Cycle 4
M,

(nichchayam)

nikkalam(pum)
utkaralam(num)
valadu pakkam tirumbalam(pum)
iladu pakkam tirumbalam(num)

(kaayam)

kadave tirakkalam(wm)
kadave millalam(pum)
udavi seiyalam(rium)
suttiyai ubayogikkalam(r}um)
tilkkalam(num)
ippU pogalam(num)

M
2

nan

nikka ven(iam

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

utkasa vendam
valadu pakkam tirumba vendam
idadu pakkam tirumba vendam
kadave tirakka vendam
kadave muda vendam
udavi seiya vendam
suttiyai ubay 7j.kka vendam
muttai-mudichiyai tukka vendam
ippo poga vendam

nikkama?
utkkasalama(numa)
valadu pakkam tirumbalRma(numa)
i4adu pakkam tirumbalama(numa)
kadave tirakkalamA(numa)
kadave dadalarria(numA)
udavi seiyara.ml(numa)

suttiyai ubayogikkalama(numa)
tmutai-muclichi'yai takkallmX(numE)
ippo pogalama(numA)

Cl

nan nikkaramd(numa)?
nichchayama, nan nikkalaM(Ipm)
illE, nan nikka vendam

2P4

115.

4.r./11,)

Cycle 4

M1

(of course)

May (can)

(don't)

stand up?
sit down
turn left
turn right
open the door
close the door
help
use the hammer
carry the baggage
leave now

May I stand up?

Of course, stand up
No, dont stand up.

C
1

stand up.
sit down
turn right
turn left
open the'door
close the door
help me
use the hammer
carry the baggage
leave now

or/

-1,

Drill for Cycles

1.

innsfkku rattri namba inge trIngallmR?

innsf.Kk.1 rattri namba inge tanaa mudiyuma?

1.

nama griyife nrnjalamg?

2.

vukku pOgalamg?
vukku pl5ga mudiyumg?

nam.a
nam-s

4.

namr.s pasumatte pal karakkalamg?

pasumatpe 071 karakka mudiyumg?

5.

nar's, ippZ sgppada sappidalamg?

3.

May we swim in the lak,_?

nam-s velaiye virutLulamg?

name velaiye nirutta mudiyuma?

177

May we go to the cinema?

Will (are) we able to go to the cinema?
May we milk the cow?
Will (are) we. able to milk the cow?

5.

May we eat dinner now?

Will (are) we able to eat dinner now?

6.

May we stop work?

Will (are) we able to stop work?

name ippo sappada sappida mudiyuma?

6.

May we sleep here tonig t?

Will (are) we able 1,0 sleep here tcnig

Will (are) we able to swim in ..,he lake?

7-riyire ninja mudiyumg?

3.

Cycle 5
M

Raman sammadicha, sita,

Sitavukku nFram irundff,
Ramanukku ngram irundg,
Sitdirukku param irunda,
Ramanukka panam irunda,

avaiudaya anna kalyanattukku pudu pudavai VIngalam

ava], kalyanattukku mitt-a seiyalam
avan, kalyanattukku pa.qu (kachcheri) olungu seiyaram
aval, kalyanattukku oru parisuvangalaru
avan, kalyanattukku oru puclu vishti vangaiam

giman samadicha, Cita, avalylaya anng kalyanattukku pudu pudavai vanguvglff?

Sitavukku nUram irunda, aval, kalyanattukku mittai seivall?
Ramanukku nFram irunda, avan, kalyanattukku paqu (kachcheri) olungu seivana?
Sitavukku panam irunda, aval, kalyanattukku oru parisul.vanguvatI?
Ramanukku panam irunda, avan, kalyanattukku oru pudu veshti vanguvana?

Raman amadicha, sItA, avaiulaya anng kalyanattukku pudu pudavai vanguvalA?

Raman amadlcha, Slta, avaludaya anna kalyanattukku pudu pudavai vangalam

2!).)

4.,

178

Cycle 5

M
2

'1

If
If
If
If
If

Raman agrees, Sita might buy a new sari for her older brother's wedding.
Sita has time, she might make sweets for the wedding.
Raman has time, he might arrange music for the wedding.
Sita has money, she might buy a gift for the wedding.
Raman has money, he might buy a new dhoti for the weddinz.

If
If
If
If
If

Raman agrees, will Sita buy a new sari for her older brother's wedding?
Sita has time, will she make sweets for the wedding?
Raman has time, will he arrange music for the wedding?
Sita has money will she buy a gift for the wedding?
Raman has money, will he buy a new dhoti for the wedding?

If Raman agrees, will Sita buy a new sari fdr her older brother's wedding?
If Raman agrees, Sita might buy a new sari-for her older brother's wedding.

179

(4

Cycle 6

M
2

C
1

Raman
Raman
Raman
Raman
Raman
Raman

Raman

velaiyai mulichirunda, tavunukku poirupp-an

tavunukku poirundA, avan snegidangale sandichiruppin
snegidangale sandichisurda, avan vambu pesiviruppan
vambu pesikittirunda, neram kalichu tungapoiyiruppan
neram kalichu tungapoigirunda, avan achqta real kalaiyile kalappa irundiruplan
adutta nll kalaiyile kalappa irundirunda, avan velaryai sariya seingirukkanaCtan
,

velaiya mudichirunda
enna nadentirukkum?
tavunukku poirunda
snegidangale sandichirunda
snegidangalode vanbu peslyirundE
adutta rial balaiyile kalappa irundl

Raman velaiya mudichirundr, cuna nadantirukkum?

Raman velaiya muhchirundE, tavunukku poiruppah

303
304
180

Cycle 6

Ci

If
If
If
If
If
If

Raman
Raman
Raman
Raman
Raman
Raman

had
had
had
had
had
had

finished his work, he would have gont t

Lown.
gone to town, he would have met his Friend:;.
met his friends, he would have gossiped.
gossiped with his friends, he would have slept late.
slept late,,he would have been fired thc 11,,xt mo
been tired the next morninL;, he wouldn't have wyrkeu well.

What wculd have happened had Raman

finished his work?

gone to town
met his friends
gossiped with his friends
slept late
been tired the next morning

What would have happened had Raman finished hic work?

Had Raman finished his work, he would have gone to town.

'3C

18).

Cycle 7

M1

nan as k3rai sgrndirukkavitgl,

ningo pis kOrai sernulrukkavittal, enna ceiJiruppInu a?

ningo Americavileyg tangivittirundn enna 3eicliruppinga?

C,

ningo pis k6rai serndirukAvittal,

nan pis k3rai serndirukkavittl,

'

nan Americavilayg tangivittirunda,

enna seidirupiinga?

If I hadn't joined the Peace Corps

If I had stayed in America I

M,

If you hadn't joined the Peace Corps, what would you have done?
If you had stayed in America, what would you have done?

If you hadn't joined the Peace Corps, what would you have done?
If I hadn't joined the Peace Corps I

30 1.
182

Cycle 8
M1

riAn n'ettu Inge vandiruppZn

snegidangale kutti vandJri

7na 'train':: t3varitt-en

'Hyderabad' ukku poittFn

yEttirai purappatt!n

karuvigale koptt7n
kalyNhattukku poiffen
e(u)nga kramattukku poittEn
vettaikku poittZn
M,

rE.nga rigttu ing7,

vandiruppingalff?

'Hyderabad' ukku poiyiruppingala

yattirai purappattingalA
karuvigale KocluttingalA
kalyanattukku poiyiruEpingala
kramattukku poiyirugpingala
vEttaikku
poiyiruppingalA
ff

(7

ninaa nZttu ingF vandiruppingala?

- nan nettu Inge vandiruppUn, Mna 'train'u tavaritten

183

Cycle 8

I would have

Would you have

come here yesterday

but I missed the train.
brought my friends
gone to Hyderabad
started my pilgrimage
delivered the tools
attended the wedding
been (arrived) at your village
gone on a hunt (skikas)

come here yesterday?

gone to Hyderabad
started your pilgrimage
delivered the tools
attended the wedding
been(arrived) at my village
gone on a hunt (shikas)

Would you have come here yesterday?

I would have come here yesterday but I missed the train.

3I
184

Cycle 9

Perumal 'ettkanav7 v7laiyai mudichirukkan

rettkanav7 vittai sudam seidirukkan
avan
vittai sudam seidirukkan, a.qtai pal karandirukkan
vittai sudan seidirukkan, X-Vtai pg1 karandirukkgr tottattukku tanfli utirukkgn
tai pV_ knrIndirukk7n tottattukku 1.rLi_ ritirukkn
vittai sudam seidirukka ,
.

..._

kaikarib_l searichi,1k7n
vittai sudam zeidirukkan,

tai pal karandirukkan ,ottattukku tappi utiru1 ',an

kalkasi,;a1 .;egarichirukkan, viragu searichirukkan

Perumal jttkanane (munnaleye) enna senjirukkan?

Perumal ettkarana (munnaleye) vera enna senjirukkgn?

Perumgl gttkanave anne senjirukkgn enna senjirukkgn?

Perumal Tittkanave velaiye mudichirukkan

Cycle 9

M
1

Perumal has already finished his work.

He has already cleaned the house
cleaned the house and milked the goat
cleaned the house) milked the goat, and watered the garden
cleaned the house, milked the goat, watered the garden, and gathered vegetables
cleaned the house, milked the goat, watered the harden, gathered vegetables
and collected wood.

M,

What has Perumal already done?

What else has Perumal already done?

What has Perumal already done?

Perumal has already finished his work.

314
1'36

Drill for Cycles 7, 8, 9

nan sappattai sappittiruppan, ana adile romba karam irundudu

sappattile romba karam irundudu, adinale nan sEpfidale
GO-pal nEttu sandaikku poiruppgn,
al,an padikka vendirundudu
G6pa1 padikka vendi irundudu, adinale avan ,JandafkLu p3gale

GEpalum, Ponniyum 'cinema' vukku poiruppangu, Zna avangalukku kEsu pattale

G6palukkum, Ponnikkum kasu pattale, adinale, avange 'cinema' vukku p6gale
nanga Madrasukku riOirupyTOn, ana nange 'train'u tavaritnm
nange 'train'u tavaritta, adinale, nanga Madrasukku pogale

avai innaikku javaludayaj snegidagale sandichchirufpa, an-a- avalukku nTram irukkale

evalukku neram irukkale, adinale, aval innaikku snegidagale sandikkale

avan

ippattan

grammattukku vandirukkan

aval.

riF1 vittirukkal

avanga
nanga
nanga
ram

pudu karuvigal vanginanga

konjam panam sambadich6M
sappittu mudich-en

Drill for Cycles 7, 8, 9

I would have eaten the food, but there was too much chili in it.
There was too much chili in the food so I didn't eat it.

Gopal would have gone to the fair yesterday but he had to study.
Gopal had to study so he didn't go to the fair.
Gopal and Ponni,would have gone to the cinema but they didn't have enough money.
Gopal and Ponni didn't have enough money so they didn't go to the cinema.

We would have gone to Madrasukku but we ,dissed the train.

We missed the train so we didn't go to Madrasukku.
She would have met her friends today, but she didn't have time to meet them.
She didn't have time so she didn't, meet her friends today.

He
She

They
We
You
I

has just

come to the village.

sold paddy
bought new tools
found some.money
received a letter from America
finished dinner

31/
31(3
188

Cycle 10
adutta vgram'inda rigrattukkulle,
adutta mgsan inda
nalaikku
nalannikku
rendu varattukkele

ngn ularadai mulichittiruppgn

ngn nilattai panpaduti-iruppgn
ngn cholam payiritiruppen

nEn neLnattiruppgn
ngn ottu payirittiruppen
n.7.n ulavukgi ngtiruppgn

epp3, ninga ularadai mudichirlwIngo

adutta mgsam,
inda ngrettukkulle
I
,adutta ngsan
ntlaikku
nAlanikku
rendu vrrattukkule

nAn ularadai nudichiruppgn

epp3, ninga ularadai mudichiruppfnga?

adutta vgram, inda nTrattukkulle, ngn ularadai mudichiruppgn
adutta varam, inda ngrattukkulle, ninga enna seyiruppInga?
adutta vgram, inda nerettukkulle, ngn elaradai mudichiruppgn

34_.o

189

Cycle 10
M
1

M
2

By this time next week

I will have finished plowing

preparing the land
tomorro:
planting cholam
the day after tomorrow
transplanting paddy
in 2 weeks
making furrows
next :rionth

When will you have finished plowing?

By this time next week what will you have done?
next month
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
in 2 weeks

Cl

When will you have finished plowing?

I v,ill have finished plowing by this time next week.

C,

By this time next week what will you have done?

By this time next week I will have finished plowing.

t.) 41.

J
191)

Cycle 11

M
1

ngn indiygvukku varattukku munngle (mundi)

indiya appgdu sgppittirukkgn
indiya uclai tiduttirukkgn

indiya
indiya
indiya
indiya
indiya

M
2

palakka valakkangale pagchchirukk-en

mittgigal rusipEttirukkgh
pgitugal padiyirukkgn
vivLsgyam padichchieukkgn
vilaiygttugal vilaiyadi-irukk"en

indiygvukku varattukku mundi ninga indiya unavu sappittirukkrngalg?

indiya udai ulutti-irukkIngalg
indiya/palakka valakkangal.: palichchirukkIngali
indiya mitgigal(ai) rusipgttirukkingalg
indiya plqtugal(ai) pgdiyirukkingalZ
indiya vivasgyam padichchirukkingall
indiya cinema pattirukkrngalR
indiya vilaiygttugal viladi-irukkIngalg

indiyvukku varattukku mundi ranga indiya unavu sappittirukkingalg?

Alan indiygvukku varattukku mundi, indiya unavu sappiqlrukkgn

'3"
191

Cycle 11

M
1

M
2

Cl

before I come to India.

I had eaten Indian food
worn the Indian clothes
learned about Indian customs
tested Indian sweets
sung Indian songs
studied Indian agriculture
seen Indian movies
played Indian games

before coming to India?

Had you eaten Indian food
worn Indian clothes
learned about Indian customs
tasted Indian sweets
sung Indian songs
studied Indian agriculture
seen Indian movies
played Indian games

Had you eaten Indian food before coming to India?

I had eaten Indian food before coming to India

,)0
a / 4.,
.392

Cycle 12
M1

ninga rendu acre illg mau 'acre'u payir4tingannu ri3n nfnachgn

ngllu illg anju 'acre'u aruvadai senjingannu
pgdi illg ellg payirum vittiuganriu ngn ninachgn
konjam vayalukku Me ellg vayelukkum pgsunum senjingannu ngn ninachgh
sadgranu cholam illg vlliya ott, cholam varglhingannu n7n ninach7n
,

Cl

ninga enna ninachinga?

ninga enna ninachInga?
ninga rendu acre illg miiru

I thought that you had

M
1

C
1

'acre'u payiruttingannu nan ninachen

cultivated : a cres not 2.

harvested 5 ac res not 4
sold all the c rop not half.
irrigated the enLire field, not part of it.
bought hybrid seed not regular

What had you thought?

What had you thought?
I thought that you had cultivated 3 acres not 2.

:3 (4

193

Drill for Cycles 10, 11, 12

ngnga appattgn vand5m

vittBm

malai pgnjudu

velayailrambichZm
velayai muclichi5m

s-Appgttai sgppit5m (sapp-5ttai mudichUm)

tunigale tuvaich5m
ngnga varattukkulle avanga kadaiyai tiranditapgnga nudittgnga
villakugale vittut;tffnga

mara samangale vangittgnga

'tabal' koduttittgnga
grgbagam vachchirundgn
!Ivan marandu poyian
tirmgnam seiyalg (tirmlnikkale)
nsnga yosanai solalg
Trga vistarikkalE
svanga vgkku vgdam sciyalg

ngn Tmandu pongn

Ivan santtosama irukkale
seal payappadale
nsnga nambi rukkale
ninga adairiyapadale
s7snga utsggapaduttapadale

Drill for Cyles 10, 11, 12

We had just

They had

arrived
when it began to rain.
left
started work
finished work
eaten the meat
washed our clothes

opened the shop

closed the shop
sold the shop
bought the furniture
delivered the mail
ordered the tools

I had remembered.
He ,had not forgotten.

She had not decided.

We had not made a suggestion.
You had not explained.
They had not argued.
I

He
She
We

You
They

had
been
had not

disappointed.
happy
frightened
hopeful
discouraged
encouraged

by the time we arrived.

Grammar Notes
A.

Conditional (present)
1.
Formation:
Postitive
past tense + personal endings

/-ng/

or

past tense

infinitive

/ittIl/

or /-al/

Negative
/-1-6ha/

2.

Agreement:
Where personal endings are required they must agree in gender and
number
with the subject of the sentence.

3.

Use:

To express the condition under which an action will (not) occur in the
future.
eg.
ninga n'era mrinu maiyilu pOnIngarS, Muruganudaya pannaire
sgruvinga

If you go straight 3 miles, you will reach Murugana's farm.

Kamala velaiy7 muclichchittgl Mgdrlsukku OgalEm
If Kamala finishes her work she can go to Madras.
GpNlum KamalEvuili innaikku NFlaite mudikkare-na avanga nalaikku mudipp-inga
If Goal and Kamala d n't finisri their work today, they will finish
it tomorrow.
B.

Conditional (past)
1.
Formation:
Positive
participial stem + jirundT(1)/
Negative
participial stem +
2.

3.31

Agreement:
one form

3.3

Grammar Notes (contld)

3.

Use:

To express a condition under which an action would have (not) occured

in the past.
eg.

Raman v'elaiyai mudichchirundA, tavunukku pi-DiruppEn

If Raman had finished his work, he would have gone tc t,own.
nrn pig korai serndilukkavittgl paclichchu kondu iruppSh

If I hadn't joined the Peace Corps_ I would have continued studying

C.

Subjunctive
1.
Formation:

2
3.

infinitive

Positive
+ /-1Km/

infinitive

Negative
+ vgndgm

or

/-pum/

Agreoment:
one form
Use:

To express permission or probability.

eg.

Kamala Mgdrasukku pligalma?

May Kamala ao to Madras?
Kamala MFdrIsukku p-dga v".6ndgm

KaIala may not go to Madras

Sits mittni seiyalSm
Sita might make sweets
D.

Pasi, Tense

In aeiition to the simple past tense...eg. vanden (I come) mucichchen (I finished)

past action may be expressed by three other forms of the past tense, the pat
present ten,,E, the past past tense, and the past tuture ense.

'97

Grammar Notes (cont'd)

I

Past Tense (cont'd)

1.
Formation:
All three of these tenses are formgd by adding either the present, past,
or future forms of the verb 'to be' to the participial stem.

past present
participial stem + /-irukk-/ + personal endings
past past
participial stem

/-irund-/ +

personal endings

past future
participial stem

/-irupp-/

personal endings

2.

Agreement:
Personal endings must agree in gender and number with the subject of the
sentence.

3.

Use:

To express ,ction (to be) completed before the main actin of the sentence
or action completed over a period cf time.
eg.

Perumgl .4tkanave vglaiyai mudichchirukiln

Perumal has already finished the work
R6Man ve=yai muclichchirunda, tavunukku pCiruppgn
If Raman had finished his work, he wculd have gone to town

3 :3 0

Washing Clothes

.
.

tuniye kolattankaraikku eduttukkittu p3rgn

tappile pou nall5 nanachchu, tuvaikkara kallule podaren

apparam, tunikki s5ppu Odargn

konja neram tuniye 7ravaikkaren

piragu, tuvaikkara kallule calla aichchu, tuvaikkiren

aclikkadi, tupile tar Ni telichchu kaakkargn
alukku Conadum, tuniye tappile al:Li piliyaren
oiragu, tuniye pirichchu udafi, 7-,iyile hlattr,r-gn

2.

5.
.

7.

tuniye kolattanka
taprifle p3t,tu na-

*_1-ku ecluttukkitt;u fiaga

nanachchu, tuvaikkara kallule Odunga

apparam, tupikki s'cippu p3dunga

konja neram tuniye 'Lira vaiyunga

piragu, tuvaikkara kallulg nalla adichcnu, tuvaiyunga

adikkadi, tupile tanni telichchu kasakkanga
aukku pOnadum, tuniye tappile ala!si piliyun,ga
piragh, tuniye pirici..'shu udari, velA.11,0 ulcttunga

Washing Clothes

I am taking the clothes to the bank of the Tank.

Soak it good in water and place it on the washing stone.
Then I add soap to the cloth.
1 let the cloth lay for a while (for the soap to seep in).

Then I wash the clothes by beating them hard on the washing stone.
:Tten, I sprinkle water and rinse the clothes.
.

After the dirt goes away, rinse the cloth in water anti squeeze thr, water out.
Then I spread them, pat them, dry tnem in the sun.

Washerman

1.

2.
3.
a,
1"..

.6.
,-,
.

;,

-.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1L-

15.
16.
17.
1t.

-:annan ii-alayire, vglikkakgranga vittukku pOren

alukku tur}igale eppargn
tui;ligale vittukku konluvafgn
:upiyil-6 vapp7nkuri p-oargn
tupiye MUI;tai kat;taran

m7:4aye kalude 41e vachchu, kulattenkaf:Jitki kondu p5r6E

tupiye tannile nanachchu, soppu po'clargn
konja ngram, ura vaikkargn
piragu, ta9ni telichchu kasakkargn
tupiye, tuvakkara kallule adichchu tuvakkarFn
pilinju, veyilin kaya pEigargn

app3ram,tunigalg ma,tai kataran

k4ude mele vachchu, vitpukku kondu varTn
istri poWle neruppu p54arEn
,

piragu, tupikki istri palar3n

tupiye maciikkaign

Oukki vaikkargn
v7likkakaranga vittukku,kondu poi kodukkarEn

Washerman

1.
2.
3.

Washermar goes to customers' houses in the morning.

Counts the soiled clothes.

4.
5.
6.

Puts 'dhoby marks' on the clothes.

Ties them up into bundle.
Loading the bundle on the donkey, takes it to the bank of the tank.
Wets the clothes in water and applies soap.
Keeps the clothes soaked for sometime.
Then sprinkles water and rinses.
Beats and rinses the clothes on the lwazhing stone'.
Squeezes the water out, and lets them dry in the sun.
Then, he bundles the clothes.
Loading it on the donkey, brings it home.
Makes fire inside his 'ironing box'.
Then, irons the clothes.
Folds the clothes.
Piles them up.
Takes them (back) to customers' houses.

7.
8.
9.

10.
13.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Bring.., home the clothes.

Laundry Instructions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Perumgl, inge v3

6.

kalar 'Satt7 anju, velle Aatt'e munu, kil s'attF

mottam iruvadu tuni
kaikue renOu

7.

yepp7 tupi tirumbi kidaikkum nu

marakkEdF, nalIT veluikapum nu sollu
romba kanji p54a v-engm nu sollu

8.

9.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.
8.
9.

yen alukku tunigale kondu v57.

inda turgligale vann7n kite Odanum

innikki vappgh varuvan
tunigale nallF velukka sollu
tundu aru,

Perumal, come here.

Bring my soiled clothes.
These clothes should go to 'Dhoby'.
Dhoby will come today.
Tell him to wash them good.
Color shirts five; white shirts three; pants four; towel six; handkerchief
two -- total twenty clothes.
Ask him when we will get the clothes back.
wash them good.
Don't forget, tell him
Tellhim not to use too much starch.

'? 4

Tailor

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.

\Attu tinpayile, taiyakklran, kacjai vachchirukkgn

taiyakkaran, kalayile ombadu mapikki kadaye tirukkirgn
vadikka kgranga, tuniye, kadakki kondu varEnga; sila samayam, taiyakkaran,

vadikka kiiranga viukku P6i, tuniye vgngikkitu varEn

taiyakkgran alavu equkkargn
tuniye katirikZZAle vqparin
taiyal mi6anle kuquttu, tekkarJn
apparam, kaiYale, taiyal podargn
vFlikka kranga tuniye v7ngikittu poranga
par?am kodukkaranga

sila samayam, taiyakkaran, tuniye kondu p3i ko)ukkarih

panam vangikkirFn

The tailor has his shop on the 'stone platform' of his house.
Tailor opens his shop at 9 o'clock in the morning.
The customers bring their clothes to the shop; sometimes, the tailor goes
to the customers' houses and brings the clothes.
He takes measurements.
He cuts the cloth with scissors.
Puts them to sewing machine and stitches (sewing).
Then sews by hand.
Customers come and take their clothes.
Pay money.
Sometimes, the tailor takes the clothes (to their houses).
Takes money.

Hiring a Servant
1.

un per yenna?
yen tier Mgrimuttu

2.

unakku yenna vayasu?

iruvatanju vayasunga

3.

unakku kolundghga undg?

yenakku innum kalya,lam IgalInga

4.

idukku munnlle ni yen

irgle seng, Mari
pakkattu Urle, rttalle samayallarang vgle pattenunga
unakku 'military' slppalu samaikka teriyuma?
seivgnunga
sari, unakku yenna sambalam v'enum?
ningarg pattu kudunga

mudalle mgsam muppadu iava targn; ni nalla vgle pattg,

apparam Ottu kodukkargn, sammadamn

ngh yepOlgndu v7lekku varattum?

Igattunga.
8.

rialakki kalayilg 61u manikki va, Mari

nalladunga

205

Hiring a Servant
1.

What is year name?

My name is Marimuthu.

2.

What's your age?

25 years old.

3.

Do you have children?

I am riot married yet.

4.

Where did you work before, Mari?

I workeC as a cook in a hotel it

'le neighboring town.

5.

Do you know how to cook imilita;.,

I will do.

6.

Okay.

7.

I give (will give) 30 rupees a month, first.

will add and give. Agreeable?
Okay.
From when should I come to work?

8.

food? (meaning 'nonvegetarian')

What pay do you want?

I leave it to you, Sir. (Give whatEver you think best)
If yLn work well, then I

Come tomorrow morning at seven, Mari.

Yes.

(Sir)

1)4
'1

:34,1
_lb

Firing a Servant

1.

Marimuttu, un kitte oru viayam PZsaraum

yennanga?

2.

rallayilirunau ni v7laikki vara vendam, Mari

yEnga? yen Inn yenna tappunga?

3.

mun p'517 ni akkaraYa vgle seiyarg; ni ngrattule velekki varadille;

ittanai rm.l poruttu kittgn; inimg mudiyadu
suddama vUle pakkara
inda oru tadavai mannichchudung,?

4.

i11g, Mgri, mudiygdu.

vargh.
saringa, unga i6tem

5.

unakku nan yevalavu Vakki tarunum?

padinanju ravanga

6.

inda, padinanju ruva, poi va, MEri!

3:,!)

innoru 3.1u vachchitten; avan nalayilirundu v-elekki

301

Firing a Servant

1.

Come here. I have to talk to you about a matter.

Marimuthu.
Please, say it.
What is it?

2.

You don't have to come to work from tomorrow, Mari.

What mistake have I done?
Why:

3.

You won't work with interest, as you did before, You don't come to Nark.
I tolerated so long. I can't anymore.
on time. You don't work clean.
Please pardon methis time.

4.

I have engaged another person.

No, Mari.
I can't.
tomorrow.
All right. As you wish.

5.

How much balance do I owe you?

Filteen rupees.

6.

Here it is, fifteen rupees.

He tames to work from

You may go, Mari.

35'

Doctor and Nurse - Vaccination

_.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

dakVarum narsum gramattukku varInga

gramattu jananga oru iclattule ki4arEnEa
kulandfnga, periyavanga -- elrarqm irukkn8*a
daktarum narsum asi-marundu kondu varEnga
jananga varisaya nikkieinga
narsu, risiye k "dikkara tannile p3ttu, suddam seiyaral
ellgrukkum, dEktar, ilsi kuttarIru
ov vottarg vandu, Usi kuttikkir3hga
,

The doctor and nurse come to the village

The people of the village assemble at one place.
Children, grown-ups -- all are there.
The doctor and nurse bring with them !vaccination medicine'.
The people stand in a row.
The nurse cleans the needle by dropping it in boiling water.
The doctor vaccinates all the people.
One by one, they come and get vaccinated

35,1

209

Sickness - People

1.

adU ygrunga?
adu yen tagappangr

2.

avarukku yenna odambu?

nglu nAla romba kachchal

3.

aspatirikki alachchukkittu p3nIngaia?

Mmanga, rittu alachchukitu p75n6nunga

4.

daktar yenna conngru?

kulir kachchal nu sonharu

5.

ygdavadu marundu koduttara?

amanga, koduttaru

6.

sikkiram, ellam sariya pi5yiqum, kavala pada dinga

kaclavul tan kappEttapunga

1.

Who is ;hat?
That is my father

2.

Is he not well?
He has been having nigh fever for the last four days.

3.

Did you take him to the hospital?

Yes. Yesterday I took him to the hospital.

4.

What did the doctor say?

He said it was 'cold fever'.

5.

Did hc! give any medicine?

He dia.
Yes.

6.

Everything will be alright soon, Don't worry.

God help us.
Oh!

co

3 6;5"

Sickness - Animal
1.

unga paou mgttukku yenna. vygdi?

'komari /an' nu solrgnga

2.

kalnaclelspatirikki kondu pOninaig?

illInga. gspatiri romba dram irukkudinga

3.

nan unga matte Pakkalamg?

ungalukku malugale patti teriyumd?

4.

konjam konjam teriyum. kalnade vaidiyam patti paqicnchirukkan

yeppadiyavadu udavi seiyunga

5.

yenngre muclinjadu seiyargn

ninga nalTA iruppinga, inda Madu settupOna, yengalukku polappu pUyidunga

6.

-kavala paladinga, Mattukku usi

potta
sariyayidunga

1.

What is your cow suffering from?

They say it is 'kow marl'.
(a cattle disease)

2.

Did you take it to the veterinary hospital?

No, the hospital is very far away.

3.

Shall I take a look at tae cow?

Do you know about cows?

4.

I know a little.
Somehow help us.

D.

I (will) (c) whatever J. can.

God bless you.

C.

I have .studied about veterinary science.

Don't worry.

If this: cow dies, we 1iL-1 Jose our -I -lihood.

It will be alriL,ht if Vle cuw L .12!c

fated.

91.....

I./

4.)

t)

,) r.

%) t) i

211

Accident
1.

terukk3diyilF oru vibattunga

yenna Ichchu?

2.

oru chinna ko;_andeye madu muiqichchunga

kolandekki yenna Ichchu? sikkiram sollu

3.

madu idle talli, manclayile nalla kIyam!

aspatirikki kondu p-OnNngaia?

4.

gmgnga.
ad6 maqe vanaiyile prItti, kulandeye aspatirikki kondu pOnlnga
sari, ippo kc4endaikki yeppadi irukku?

5.

paravg illinga.

1.

An accident at the street corner.

What happened?

2.

A bullock ran over a little child.

What happened to the child? Say quick.

3.

The bullock pushed the child down; severe injury on head.

Did they take (it) to the hospital?

4.

Yes. They took (it) to the hospital by the cart drawn by the same bullock.
That is alright, how is the child now?

5.

Not so bad! Doctor says the child will be on soon.

35

Ina uyir tappichudunga

sikkiram guriam ayidum nu qaktar solrgru

212

But life saved.

3'oj

Section F
Page

Cycles and Drills

1-12

Grammar Notes
'to...' (infinitive)
comparison
'because of having..,en (ed)

'by having...en(ed)"by ...ing'

Iwithout...ing'
present participle
past participle

Supplements
sample survey form
land tenure
land and yield
harnessing bullocks
surveying land
manuring, weeding, top-dressing
plant protection, harvesting
irrigation
ADT 27 paddy part 1
part 2
C07 ragi demonstration
hybrid ba(!ra demonstration
hybrid cholam demonstration

213-242
243-245
243
22424

244,
244
22424
22424

245

246-263
2246

247
248
250
251
252
253
254
255
257
258
260
262

Cycle 1

nan tesanukku
'tikat' vanga Oren
nan
n

p3ga tlkat 1/5nga pOrgh

nan vidumuraiyai kalikka sellm Oren

nan Oivvu edukka vidumurai edukkir'en

adutta vIram nalla velai seiya avvu edukka ve;um

M
2

ninga
ninga
ninga
ningE

edukku
edukku
edukku
edukku

tesanukku OrInga?
V.kat vMngining,
sel4tukku porinza
vidumurai edukkEringN

ninga edukku O-JA,vu edukkanum

ninga edukku tesanukku p3rfnga?

nan
tikat -gnga tesanukku p3rgn

Cycle 1

I am going to
I am going to
I am going to
am going to
I want to get

M
2

Why
Why
Why
Why
Why

the railroad station to buy a ticket.

buy a ticket to go to Salem.
go to Salem to take a vacation.
take a vacation to get some rest.
some rest to work harder next ;Meek.

are you going to the railroad station?

are you going to buy a ticket?
are you going to go to Salem?
are you going to take a vacation?
do you want to get some rest?

Why are you going to the railroad station?

I am going to the railroad station to buy a ticket.

214

Cycle 2
M1

'Rocky' malaigal Nilagiriyai via uyaram

Amerikkavaivila Indiyavil kodaikale veppam adigam
Indiavaivida Amerikkavil kulirkala kulir adigam
Amerika madugal Indiya madugalai
koluttadu
Indiya kCilikunjugal Amerikka kl5likunjualai vida sirriyavai

'Rocky' malaigal Nilagiri madiri iruka?

Amerikkavil Indiyavai p6la veppam irukka?
Indiyavil Amerikka p5la kulir irukka?
Amerikka madugal Indiya madugal madiri irukkZ?
Amerikka koli kunjugal Indiya kOli kunjugal madiri irukkg?

C.

'

'Rocky' _alaigai Nilagiri madiri irukka?

'Rocky' malaigal Nilagiriyai vida uyaram

.00

215

Cycle 2
M

M
2

The Rocky mountains are higher than the Nilgiris.

American cows are fatter than Indian cows.
Indian chickens are smaller than American chickens.
Summer is hotter in India than in America.
Winter is colder in America than in Indi?.

Are the Rocky mountains like the Nilgiris?

Are American cows like Indian cows?
Are American chickens like Indian chickens?
Is it as hot in America as in India?
Is it as cold in India as in America?

Are the Rocky mountains like the Nilgiris?

The Rocky mountains are higher than the Nilgiris.

364
216

Drill for Cycle 2

Repetition
ran unnai vida
nln unnai vida
.n unnai vida
nIn unnai vida

Drill

uyara,; ni ennai vida kullam

periyavai; ni ennai vida siriyay.3r
parAkarar; ni ennai vicia elai
j_kkirattai; ni ennai vida ramba ajakkiradai

Raman Rameai vida nalla mlpavan

Rames Ramanai mNdiri malla mg;lavan ille

Rgmanukku Rameg mgdiri adirtam ille

Rame6 RImanuvai vida adiretas7li
Rgman Rameai pola kalaippa illE
Rgmesukku Ramanuvai vida kala:ppu adi;am
Rgman Rames pola kurumbukkgran ille
Ramer Rgmanuvai vida kurumtakkgran
R7imanukku Rameai pOla urch7gam ille
Ramesukl.0 Rgmanuvai viva urch6gam adigam

217

Drill for Cycle 2

Repetition

I
I
I
I

am
an
am
am

Drill

taller than you; you are shorter than me.

older than you; you are younger than me.
wealthier than you; you are poorer than me.
more careful than you; you ore more careless than me.

Raman is a better student than Ramesh.

Ramesh is not as _-food a student as Raman.

Raman isn't as fortunate as Ramesh.

Ramesh is more fortunate than Raman.
Ralaan isn't as tired as Ramesh.
Ramesh is more tired tY,,,n Raman.

Raman isn't as mischievous as Ramesh.

Ramesn is more michievous than Raman.
Raman isn't as cheerful as Ramesh.
Ramesh is more cheerful than Raman.

Cycle 3

grammakile Ramanudaya godumai ushandadu

avan adiga vilaikku vipgn
Pullayavudaya godumai nhanudayadu p-Ola nalladu ille
avan virka, mayaichikka nattgn
grgmmatile Sitgvundaya muttai perisu
aval adai adiga vilaikku virpal
Venkammavuclayadu SItgvudaya pola perigu ille
aval adai muyarchikka mattgl
grgmatile Pollammayuclaya kadLgai urudiygnadu
aval adai adiga vilaikki virpal
Mangammvudaya kalaigal Sitgvudayadai p5la arudi ille
aval adai virka muyarchikka 10tt61

en Raman g-Odumalyai adiga vilaikki virpgn:

en Pullayya avanuclaya go-dumaiyai virka muyarchikka mg.tu7n:
Sits en avaludaya muttaigalai adj4:a vilaikki virp-31?
en Venkammaavaluclayg, muttaigalai virka muyaichikka mgt.tal?
en Pollamma avaludaya kadaigalai adiga vilaikku virpgl?
en Mangamma avaludaya kudaigalai virka muyarchikka mgtt51?

:36
219

Cycle 3

M1

Raman's wheat is the best in the villas-e.

He will sell it for a high pri,,c,.
Pullayya's wheat isn't as good a: Raman's.
He will not try to sell it.
Sita's eggs are the largest in the illage.
She will sell them for a hio-L price.
Venkamma's eggs aren't as larc: as Sita's.
She will riot try to sell tnem.
Polamma's baskets are the strongest in the village.
She will sell them for a high price.
Mangamma's baskets aren't as strong as Polamma's
She will not try to sell them.

Why will Raman sell his wheat for a high price?

Why will Pullayya not try to sell his wheat?
Why will Sita sell her eggs for a high price?
Why will Venkamma not :ry to sell her eggs?
Why will Polamma sell her baskets for a high price?
Why will Mangamma not try to sell her baskets?

Cycle 4

M1

niraya milaga :,7ppittadale enakku sikku vgndadu

romba vblai seidadgie enakku sikkuvgndadu
veilile romba nadandad'Le enakku :sikku vgndada
niraya kallu kudittadgle enakku udambukk vgn&Idu
niraya 'cigarette' pidittad7le enakku udambukku vgrdab'
laruk-gi sappittadgle enakku sikku vghdadu

en ungalukku sikku vgndadu?

2

en ungalukku sikku vandadu?

niraya milaga sgppittadgie enakku sikku vghdadu

I got sick from

eating too many chilies.

working too much
walking too much in the sun
drinking too much toddy
smoking t-o many cigarettes
taking too much pickle

Whv did you get sic*?

M
2

Why did you get sick?

I got sick from eating too many -hilies.

221

Cycle 5
Ml

Scipg1 padukkayil paduttirundadll udambu sari gchchu

Opg1 marunda kudittadal udambu sari gchchu

Topgl pattiyama irundadgl udambu sari Nchchu
Gi5pg1 dinam udar payirchi seidad71 ,iambuz sari 7ch-2hG3p51 yogNsanam seidadgl udambu sari 7ch2hu
M2

vaidyar illgmal npalukku udambu eppadi sari achchu?

Cl

vaidyar illamal G3pglukku udambu eppadi sari achchu?

padukkayil paduttirundadgl Opalukku udambu sari 7chcnu

MI

Gopal became well by resting in bed.

taking medicine
following, a diet

exercising every day

doing yoga
M2

Without a doctor how did Gopal become well?

Without a doctor how did Gopal become well?

Gopal became well by resting in bed.

2 J2

Cycle b

lain romba pEsamll (pesamg1) anda prasnayai teika mudiyum

1

nan romba psi (0s7mAl) anda prasnayai teka mudiyum

nan romba vgkkuvb-dam seidu (vakkuvadam seiygM671) anda prasnayai -,Frka mucliyum
nan niraya kettu (ketkgm51) anda prasnayai t7rka mIlli,,Turi.

nan
nan
nan
nAn
nan
M

niraya nvvu eduttu (oivu edukkgm71) anda prasnayai terke mudiy=

romba damadittu (damadikkamE1) anda prasnayai tErka m4iyum
niraya padittu padikkNm11) anda prasnayai terke mu iyum
romba lateakki lateakk5m5.1) anda prasnayai terke mudiyum
niraya parttu (parkgmaa) anda prasnayai terke mudiyum

anda prasnayai romba

2

p7sEth51. ungalal tQrkamudiyuma?

vEkku vadam seiyamIl ungalal t7rkamudiyumg

k7tkNmAl ungalll terkamudiyun
oivu edukkamal ungalll terkamudiyumN
late akkamal
padikkgmal
parka:A.1

anda prasnayai eppadi tZrpInga?

anda prasnayai romba p7samg1 t7-,kamudiyumg?
ennal anda prasnayai romba Pes7na1 tgrkamiidiyum

C_

anda prasnayai eppadi terpinga?

ennal anda prasnayai romba ffsi tg'rkamud5.yam

223

Cycle 6

can solve that problem by (without)

too much talking.

too much arguing
to
much asking
resting.
deli ying

reading
looking

Can you solve that problem without

2

.too much talking?

too much arguing
too much asking
resting
delaying
reading
looking

How can you solve that problem?

Cl

Can you solve that problem without too much talking?

I can solve that problem without too much talking.

How can you solve that problem?

I can solve that problem by too much talking.

Cycle

M,

Indiyavile punul poqukittirukkum amabangalai adikadi nam paikir6m

indiyavile pottu veichukitirukkum pombalangalai adikkadi nam Orkkir6m
indiyavile m7du (4pikkitirukkum vivas7yL-,alai adikkadi !)7m parkkinm
nam parkkir
Indiyavile karumbu kadichikit/,irukkum kula.ndangalai
Indiyavile bidi pidichukitc,irukkum gmbalangalai adikkadi nam parkkic3m
indiyavile Truk'gi pottuk4tirukkum pombalangalai adikkadi nam pTrkkiri5m
Indiyavile kabadi vilayadikittirukkum kulandangalai adikkadi nam parkkir7Dm
Inliyavile adikkadi enna parkkirEim

-1

Indiyavile adikkadi enna pFrkkirOm?

Indiyavile paul pottukittirukkum

India
India
India
India
India
:r India
:n India
In
:n
:n
:n

often see,
we often see,
we often see,
we often see,
we often s'e,
we often
we often see,

1Ne

men wearing the sacred thread.

women wearing a buttu.
farmers driving bullocks.
children chewing sugar cane.
men smoidn beedis.
women makin pickles.
children playing Kabdi.

do we of ten see in India?

()tie

in 1/1,11.a

In inrlia, one oft,-,n .yes men wearing

225

4,

'France'le,

Dril: for Cycle 7

'enna prarkkircire

1Mexieolvile
'Alaska vile
'Russia'vile
'Japan'ile
'Africa'vile
Saudi Aradia'vile

sigappu selai katti kondu irukkum pombaial Sifgvulaya akka-tangai

teruvila 6dikkondirukkum paiyan_SitavuOaya magan
valayal vahgikkondirukkumpen Sitavudaya magal
a;udulmndirukkum kulandai slfavudayA kulandai
koilukku poikkondirukkum llu SitgVudaya kapavam

marattadiyil utkitrndukkondirukkum alidam kadidattai kadu

376
'226

Dr

What do wesee in

The

1 for Cycle 7

rS

Franca?
Mexico
Alaska
Hawaii
Russia
Japan
Africa
Saudi Arabia

woman wee4ing the red sari.

.boy running down the street
girl buying bangles
baby crying
man going to temple

is Siti's

sister.

on
daugOter
baby
husband
I

.-,

.Cive the letter to the man sitting under the tree.

227

yd]:
#

____

.,,

RaMei kadan kodutta,kalappaiy; nettu REman uboyogichchIn

avan kadan vghgira erkffill ugttal-kattingn
-mudEftetta ui.udavayalukku_an4n_MAttet Ettiki.Ou Oran
avan kadan vgngina,kalappaiyai kondu vgyaaai u).udu mtVicW1An
piragu avan-vgngina*paTambAl nilattai mattapaduttinIn

avan Sita kodutta appEttal appkttIn

sgpOttikku piragu.mttadiyiai irandl kattilil paduttgri
Uivukku piragu, kall"yll arimbi;tta,vFlayai seiya arambichchAn

apparam Sita seida ratri egotttai sOppi'qtn

.

...
es/

M2

gimah nettu endalValappaYai 11:)ay5gIchchAn?

Raman mgttai enda erkllil tattinIn?

Enda vayalukku Rgman mattai Zttiki*1 pOKIW
enda kalappalyal RIman itatthi uluau mugchchgn?
ROmarvenda parambEl nilattai mattapaduttingn?
Vgman paduttgn?,
enda
enda velaiai Raman Blvukku piragu seiya'arambichchAn?.Raman enda sIpplidu agppittgn?
.

Raman nettu enda kalappayai ubayBgittari?

1

nettuRgman Rameg kadan kodutta kalappayai.payogiehchan

37d
p

228

.4

Cy'cle 8

Yesterday Raman used 'the. plow___Ramesh_lent him.

He tied,the_bullocks to the araka-he borrowed.,

'He drove.the bullocks to the field he plowed the day before yesterday.
He finished plowingthe field with-the plow he borrowed. It
Then he leveled the land with the leVeller he brought.

He ate thequnchtita gave him.After lunch he lay down on the charpoihe put under A tree.
After resting he continued the -work he started in the morning.
Then Raman ate the dinner Sita had prepared.
M2

What p'ow an Raman

use yesterday?
tie to the bullock?
araka
,
'To what field did Raman drive the bullocks?
With-what plow did Raman finish' plowing the. land?
With what leveller did Raman level the land
On .what Charpoi dila Raman lay' down?

On what work did Raman aontinueafcer rest?

What -dinner did Raman eat?

Ci

What plow aid Raman use yesterday?

Yesterday_aman used the plow Ramesh lent him.

3 c}

229

44

Cy c le

Sit

aval enehidi seida paruppu raattai rusi parkka vZpumam

aval. kinattrildrundu enda tawiyal kaikalai alambukirll
aval-paltIppu rasam vachirunda pattirattin 610iyai edukkiral
aval mejaimel"vacha PaAirittil paruppai IttarEl
avaluttina paruppu resattai nisi parkiral

ah.. romba Man

aval kinattirelerundit,kondu vanda tanniai niraya kudittal

M
2

endq paruppti, rasattai Sitavukku rcsi aria v7;numam?

enda tanniyal aval kai kaluvikiial?
enda pattirattilerundu aval mudiai ediAkiral?
paruppu rasattai enda Plitgrattil aval uttaral?

enda parupparazattai aval rusi parkkiral?

enda paruppu rasa0 ai SitavUkku rusi PErkka V.801.ftim?

Sita, aval snehidi seida paruppu rasattai rusi parkka v'epumam

381
230.

Cycle-9
Sita wants to taste the pappu caru her friend' made.
She washes her hands with the water she brought from the well.
She removes the cover from the dish,the pappu caru:was put in.
She pours the pappu into the dish she-put on the table.
She tastes'the paApu oaru she poured.
Ah!

too much chili':

She drinks a lot of the water she brought from the well.

-What pappu card does Sita wantto taste?

Withwhat water does she wash her hands?
From what dish does she remove the cover?
Into what dish does she pour.the pappu caru?
What pappu caru does she taste?

What pappu caru does Site:want to taste?

Sita wants to taste the pappu caru her friend made.

231

GkEle 10
.

Gopalum Kamal3vum indru seiyEda velaiaf nalaikki seidu mudippAnga

avanga padichchu mudikkada pelangala1 padichu mudippanga
avanga vlingAda palangalai vEnginanga.
avanga eludFda iletterikaiai eludinghga
avanga kondu varEda kinattru tat-Alai kondu varInga

avanga svAam se1yEdwaraikalai kddam seivanga

avangaTerambikkada veiaiya1 ltrambipprmka_

alum Kamalavum enda vElaiai nalaikki seivInga?

avanga enda padangala1 padipange

avanga enda pa;angala1 vanguvEhga?

avanga enda 11erikalai 4uduVAnga?

avanga enda kinattru tapniai kondu varuvanga?
avanga enda arayai suddai seivinga?
avAnva enda vFlaiya1 IrambippInga?

Topilum Kamal/vum enda vnaiai nalaikki seivInga?

niobium Kamaiavum enda seiyFda velaiai nalaikki seidu mudippRrga

s
383
232

Cycle lb
I

M
1

Tomorrow Gopal and Kamala wi2/1-finish the work they idn't do today.
They will study the lessons they couldn't finish.
They will buy the fruits they didn't jDuy.
They will write the letters they.didnt write.
'11-ley will bring the well water they didn't bring.

They wi21 clean the rooms they didn't clean.

They will start the work they didn't start.,
Po

What

M
2
7

work
lessons
fruits
letters
well water

will

Gopal.a.nd Kamala
,

V'

-.

buy
write

rooms

work

do tomorrow?
study

4"

bring
clean
start
C

What work will Gopal and Kamala do tomorrow?

Tomorrow ;opal and Kamala will finish the work they didn't do-today.
.

38q

'383
233,

,
k:

hettia ninga kattru kvdutta-Tamil ptttai ran kattrukondn (ennum Ka:ttrokollirville)

-fiettu ningt pehinadai ngn kettgn ( ennum ketkaville)
.

nettu
nettu
nettu
nettu

tangs. sollikodutta padatai ran marandittEn_lennum marakkaile)

ninga tanda yosaraikalai an ninarvil vaicherundgn (vaicberukall0
ninga peifna vivasayikaludan nIn peinEn.--(ennum pesaiville)
?ffnga-eduita'aiavukalai
mgtti vittgn (ennum mattaille)

"c

I.

.rign netskattu kodutta. Tamil pgttai kattukopdgyli

2 an nettu'peinadai nl. kettaSrE?
.

nannettu sollikoduttapgdattai ni marandutl?. /

nln nettl,tanda.yosanalkalai ni ninarvu vaicherukayg?
an nettu pegina vivAsayikaludan-,ni pesinayff?
I
ran nettu 4d1.itta alavukalai ni mttitteyE?

'

nin nettu kaukodutta Tamq pgttai ni kattukond'ayg?

amgm
rirkgr kcattukodutta Tamil.patai kattuk ndgn
ille in anga'iattukodutta Tamil attai ennum attukollavi,lle

4t

'
A

386
2=4

38;

Cycle 11

*I have (not) learned

heard
forgotten
remembered

the

lecture
lessons

tailked to

changed

M
2

Cl

Tamiasongs
suggestion's

"Imir

farmers
measurements

you

t-ught me.
gave
taught
gave
talked to
took

Have you learned yet the Tamil songs I taught you yesterday?
Have you heard yet the lecture I gave yesterdiy?:Have you forgotten yet the lesson I taught you yesterday?
Have you remembered yet the directions I gave you yesterday?
Have you talked to. yet the farmer I tAked to yesterday?
Have,you changed yet he measurements I\ \made yesterday?

Have You learned the Tamil s'Ings I taught you yesterday?

Yes, I have learned Ehe Tandy sags you taught me yesterday.
Ithaven't yet learned the Tamil-songs.yot. .aught me yesterday.
No,

3S0

3r
225

Drill for Cycles 8, 9, 103,11

Question and Answer Drill

A.
Q.

A.
Q.

A.

ninga padicha pustagam edu?

nan padicha pustagam idu
ninga eludina 'letter'-gal'enge irukku?
nan eludina -11ellertgal ange irukku
ninga vlingina,madu evvalavv perisu?
.nan vingina madu ivvalavu perisu

Q.
ninga 'Dana kadaiteru evvalavu dram
Ao nan pona kadaiteru oru ImileldUram

A.

ninga kadan vingina karuvikaIyaruclayavai?

nan kadan vingina karuvikal ungalulayavai

A.

ninga pesikkiqurenda vivasayi Yar?

nan pesikierunda vivasayi Raman

Q.

Q.

A.

ninga rusipEitta paruppu rasam eppadi irundadu?

nan rusipartta paruppu rasam karamai irundadu

ninga sonna palamoli enria?

A., nan sonna palamolisidu dan 'ninga edgvadu soligdairundEl sollunga'

.Q.

(aval eirukkaga vandal en yettirattai marakkanum)

390
236

Drill for Cycles 8, 9, 10, 11'

,uestion and Answer Drill

Q.

Which is the book you read?

A.

That is- the book I read.

Q. -Where are t
letters you wrote?
There are ttie letters I wrote.

A.

How larg)e(-1-the bullock-you-bought?

A:: The-bullock_I bought is this large.
Q.

A.
Q.

A.
Q.

A.
Q.

A.
Q.

A.

How far is the bazaar you 'went to?

The bazaar I went to is one mile away.

Whose implements are the ones that you borrowed?

Your implements are the ones that I. borrowed.
Who is the farmer you talked- cp?
Raman is the farmer I talked to.

'I

How is 'the pappu caru you tasted?

The pappu caru I tasted is hot.

What is the proverb you quoted?

The proverb I quoted is if you're going to say something then .say it'
(if she has come'f.or buttermilk then why has she hidden the pot?)
.0-

392-

3.91_
237

Drill for Cycles 8, 9

Transformation

10, 11

Drill

1.

anga indru seiyEda vglaiya

seidu mudippft
nEhga indru VFlai seidu mudikkaville
seidu.mudippM

2._

ihga.ihdru ulada vayalai nalai uluvom

nEhga indru vayalai uluvom

nalaiuvwn
3.

danga indru tilvada urattai ralai tuvuvam

hanga indru uram tuvaille
rialak.uram tuvuv6m

4.

anga indiu tanni paichadi nilittikku naiai tanni paichuvati

hInga'indru.vilattikku tanni paichalle
nalai tanni paichuvain.

5.

nghga indru. paludu pErkkada kalappaiai nilai paludu parppri

riarige indru kalappaiai:Palypirkall7e
riglai paludu parppa

6.

rianga indru.padikkgaa 1cYble'ai Alai-padippeiM

riEnga indru

nalai padippBm

nahga indru tuvaikkgda tuniai nalai tuvaipOm

nEhga indrustuni tAvaikalle

halal tuvaipOm

393+.
1238

Drill for Cycles 8, 9, 103_11

Transformation

Drill

-Wa- will fi ish the ibrk tomorrow we didn'tdo today.

We didn't finish the work today;
we will finish it tomorrow.'
We will plow the field tomorrow we 'didn't plow today.
We didn't plow the yield today;
we will glow it tomorrow.

We will spread the fertilizer tomorrow we didn't spread today.

We didn't spread the fertilizer today;
we will spread it tomorrow.
'We will irrigate the land tomorrow we didn't irrigate today.
We didn't irrigate the ,land today;
we will irrigate it tomorrow.
We will fix the plow tomorrow we didn't fix today.
We didn'. fix the plqw tode ;
we will, fix it tomorrow.
We will learn the cycle tomorrow-we didn't learn today.
t
We didn't learn thecycla today;
we will learn it tomorrow.
We will wash the clothes tomorrow, we didn't wash today.
We didn't wash the clothes,today;
.
we will wash them tomorrow.
TE-

394
239

\\

Cycle 12

M
1

SIta neram irukkumbodu kadaiteruvukku poval

kadaiteruvukku vNndadanNle engu nalla.kaikari kidaikkumo-angu poval
avalukku piditta madiri vrnguve

Rgman neram irukkumbodu hadaileruvukku Ovra

-kadaiteruvukku vandadarinle engu urudiyana karuvikal kidaikkumo angu povan
avanukku pidatta madiri karuvikal.ai vanguvRh
G6pAl neram irukkumbodu kadaiteruvukku Ovan
kadaiterukku vrthdadanlie engu pandu gSli pattam kfaaikkumo angu povan
avanukku piditta
veiguvrn
Kamala neram irukkum kadaiteruvukku
kad9.iterurvukku vandadgle engu
avalukku'pfditta adiri lianguvr1

Ata

M
2

eppo kadaiteruvukku Oval?

man

riCavAn

T451

Ovan
Oval

Kamala

Site

kadaiteruvirkku.vandadal enge

'Icarian

rw

npal

Raman'
Kamala
C

3U')

p5vg.1?

Ovdh
pbvIn

Kamala
.,Srta

oval
kilinjal kidaikkumo angu poval

Oval
enda m

iri ktlfkari yanguvai?

karuvikal vgaguvrn
pandu goli,pattam vEllguvan

kilanjalkal vaigwin

Sita eppo kadaiteru

povgI?
-Sita neram irukkumbodu kadaiteruvukku pavda

Cycle 12

Sita will go to the bazaar whenever she has time.

Having come to the bazaar, she will do wherever she can find good vegetables.'
She will buy whatever kinds she like

Raman will go tothe bazaar whenever/he has time.

1-laving come to the bazaar, he will o wherever he can find strong tools.
He-will-buy whatevef-kinds of tools he likes.
Gooaludu will go to the bazaar whenever he has time.,
Having come to the bazaar, he willigo wherever he can find balls, marbles and kites.
Hewill buy whatever kinds he likeS.

Kamala will go to the bazaar whenever she has time.

Having come to the bazaar, she will go wherever she can find good sea shells.
She will buy whatever kinds she likes.

When will

Sita go- to the bazaar?

When will Raman go tp the bazaar?

When will Gopaludu go4to te bazaar?
When will Kamala go to the bazaar?
Having
Having
Having
keying

come
come
come
come

to
to
to
to

the
the
the
the

bazaar,
bazaar,
bazaar,
bazaar,

where
where
where
where

A"'

will Site go?

will Raman go?
will, Gopaludu go?
will Kamala go?

What kinds of vegetables will Sita buy?

What kinds,__of to
will Ramanbuy?, ,What kinds of balls,.marb1es and kites will Gopaludu bily?
What kinds of sea shells will Kamala buy?
when wlll Sita go tc the bazaar?
Site willgo to_the bazaar whenever she ha..

.391
P

time.

Grammar Notes
-

4111finitive)

A. 'to
1.

Forma

on:

infinitive

verb

eg. nn tesanukku tikat vanga Orin

I am going to the station to buy a ticket
Comparison

1.

-"than'

object (pro)noun + object marker - vida

eg.

.2.

'Rocky' malaigal Nilagiriyai,vita uyaram

The ,Rocky mountains are higher than the Nilgiris,
.

'like'
f.

object (pro)noun + object marker

pola (madiri)

eg. 'Rocky' malaigal Nilagiri a pa irukkin

Are the Rocky mountains.

the Nilgiris?
1

. Note - when iniadiri, is.usel, the'objact markezniay/be dropped.

'Rocky' malaigal Nilagiri adiri Irukkal.
eg.

Note - Ipalal-is also used-to-express'the idea,

eg.

Reiman
'

Raman fsn't as tlred as Rameeh

1.

"393
-242

L.

Grammar Notes"(cont'd)
,

C.

'because,oe-having...en(e0
1:

%-

Formation:

'Ilto6articipial stem + /-dgle/

-eg.

D.

niraya milaga iappitadale enakku sikku vandadu

'I got sick from eating too many chilies

'by having...en(ed)'
Formation:

'by...ing

1.

participial stem
eg.

/7-dal/

+ udambu:

Opal yoggsanam slidadl udambu sallai achchu

_
Gopal became wel 2r
yoga'
,

1..

E.

'without...ing'
1.
Formation:

infinitive
eg.

F.

/24/Tial/

anda prasnayai romba pgamg1 ungalgl tarkamuliyumg?

How can you soave Tgat problem without much talking-Z._
(Can that problem be solved by you W trout Much talking?)

Present Participle
1.
Formation:

16

participial stem '+ /-kiW '+

2.

Agreement:

3.

one! form
Use:

/-irukkum/

As a descriptive adjective
eg.
sigappu selai kattikondu irukkum pombafai SItAvudaya akka.
The woman wearing the redTaTITS Sita's _older sister

400 Note - _participial + /ira/ iq used for t}

243,
4.4..n-....

habitual Pre' ent prticiple

4 al ,

Grammar Notes
G.

cont'd)

Pas t-Tartic

orma

sitive

/0/

st
9

.01.011000"

Infinitive
I $

f
-4)

or participial stem of verb 'to be'

Negative
/-da/

2.

3.

Agreement:
1
Positive endings will.change for tense...eg. seida (done); seidirunda (had done
... but there are seidirunda (had done)..'. but there are no personal endings.
Use:

As descriptiie adjectives
eg.

kadan kodutta kalapPaiyi nettu Raman ubay5gichchln

Yesterday, Raman used tho plow Ramesh lent'him.
0011up Kamalayumiindru aeiyada VElaiirriglaikki seidu madupOnga
Copal and Kamala will finish the work tomorrow they didn't dultoday.

I-

4O2'

4.

403

Sample Survey.Form
ungal prr'enna?

___ungaluk4evvaiavu nilam iruKkiradu?

nanSaya?

punjaya?

pSna pOgattil inda nilattil

enna payir seidInga?
inda pOgattil enna payir seiyapOringa?
ungalidam evvalavu mattu uram irukku?
porukku vidai ungaliqam iIrukia?
o

ungalukku ka(pn tiVaiya?

evvalavu trvai?

*************44.
What is your name?
How many acres of land do
you own?

Are they wet or dry?

What crops did you raise in these

,lands during the last season?
0
What crops do,you propose to raise during
the coming 'season?
How many cartloads of farmload
manure do jou I,ave?

Have you4any improv_ed seeds with you?

Do you need any loan?

If you need, how much?

VW"
24 5
4/

Land Tenure

13

unga kudumbatturd yettanai per irukkanga?

yen,ponjEdil /iglu kolandeingal vayasana tayar, yen tambi-irukkanga

2.

jvanattukku yenna seiyiiInge,

nilatte nambi pqaikkirom

3.

unga sonda nil/3/711T?

,.

illinga.
4.

kuttangaikku Outtu sagupadi seiyar3m

yeppaliii kuttagaiye kaVparinga?

"arubadukku nappadu, ru'vZle seiyar&

5.

yevalam varuAaMal inda, nilatte gavanithchukkittirukiinga?

yen tagappahar kalattulerundul gavanichchukkif4rukkirBm

1.

How many members are there in yoUr family?

I have my wife, four children, aging mother, my younger brother.

2.

What do,you do for'your livelihood?

We depend on land (to live).

3.

Your own land?

No.
I am a'cultivating tenant.

4.

How dO you pay your rent?

'60-40 terms'

How long have you been looking after this land?

Since my father's days, we have been looking after this land.

2)16

Land and Yield

1.

unga kite yevalavu nilam irukku?

mcttam nllu ekarI nilam irukkunga

2.

yettanai IkarIle agupadi papnaringa?

rrinnu Zkargle iigupadi seiyarEn; blkki oruekarli tarisI kidakku

unga nilam nanjaYi, punjayi?

,nanja nilaiiga
4'.

endEranaMI, yenna ihgupasli seiyarrhga?

nellu dIgupali seiyar'n

5.

yettanmi-ngam Sigupasli teiyarInga?

varuattUkku

velachchal -Walla

ngum undu
kIi undA?

sumArI irukkUnga.
7.-

munne Ole avalavu ille

nalla uram'Ottu pliunga

inda varusam ijbttu pIkkanum; 'compost' uram, niraye kiglaikkudu

8.

uram maWm-OdIdu.

nalla uyarnda vide'VIngi Odunga

40.1

247

Land and Yield

l...

How much of land do you have?

I have- total four acres of-land.

2.

How many acres do you cultivate?

I cultivate three acres. The remaining one lies barren.

3.

Is your land staple crop land or unstaple crop land?

Staple crop yielding -land.

4.

Usually what do you cultivate?

I cultivate rice paddy.
How many 'crops' do you cultivate?*
There arethree crops a year.

6.

Do you get good yield?

Oh fair. Not as much as it used to be.

7.

Try using=good manure.

I should try it this year.

8.

Ust manure is not enough.

There is plenty of compost manure available.

Buy art

use hybrid seeds as well;

.409

410
248

How to Harness Bullocks

mittai toluvattilerundu aVilttu tanni iattu_
..

valadu mattai valadu pakkattilum, isladu mattai idadu pakkattilum nirruttu

nugattadiyai iattin kaluttile vai

riiiqtu

pugattagyin maddiyile erkalai vaittu kattu

*****************************

Unteather the animals and take them to water.

Ensure that the left animal is on the left side and the right animal is on
the right side.
Place the yoke on the necks of the animals.
Secure the neck of the animal by the neck rope.

Place the plOw pole on the center of the yoke and tie it.

4n
249

How to Survey Land

vayalinlala agalangalai ka1 et,tugalE1 ala
sarasari /gli agalangalai kanakidu
sadarapa nasiayil oru ettungaradu menu 'links'
_4
ulla nela agalattai ilinksaial thatru

riglattaiyum agalattaiyum perukku

Perukkiridaccadai iyirattal vagu

vaguttpkidaikkam enp vayalin parailpai cent alavil kodukk4m
nixru 'cent' oru

Measurethe length and breadth of the field in steps.

Calcu

Onp st

to the mean both for length And for breadth..

is 3 links in an ofdinary walk!:
.

ConVert the steps for the length and breadth into links.
.

'Divide the product of the above multipication by 1000.

What you get in,the above calculation is the area of 'the field in cents.
100 cents makes an acre.

413
250.

a.hurBI Weeding
Tolf-dreSsing for Paddy
zamaMiakkinadum rian n4av,ukkumunhadi, superphosphatum,,ammorium sulphatum iran1um

kalandu Odaren

'acTe'kky 100 pavundu superphosphatem 150 pavunau ammonium sulphatum tavaien

trragu

nel

payirai nattrangalilirundu kondu Vandu nadaran

natiu suMar irubataru hal ka.;_iccunel karunaslugai tirumbina piragu kalai eduttuvittu
MITI.uram Odaran
nEttrin dihusukku takkapW,cambadu rattal alladu Vubatti anju rat,;a1 ti.ivaf6n
arf.monium sulphate 15Ottadum nel tala talannu valarum

*******************
After levelling I apply a mixture of superphosphate, and ammonium sulphate before
planting the Eeedings.
-I apply 100 pounds ,of sip.erphosphate and 150 pounds of ammonium sulphate per acre.

Then I bring the paddy seedlings from .the nursery a. plant them.
About 21 dEs aftar planting i.e. whin the seedlings get established well,. I remove the
0,
weeds and do the top dressing.
.
.

I_broadcasi: 50.pouhds or 75 pounds of ammonium sulphate per acre depending on the variety"
the crop.
ter ammonium sulp'1:ite is applied the paddy will L-cow luxuriantly.

41-,J

r-

416

Plant Protection and Harvesting

kahappadra_puchikkam, riBikkum takkapag marundu telikka vgnum

,

folidalZ alladu copper iimpoIunlo alladu rendum settu tel ikkeren

piragu muppadIfnal kaliccu rendiVadu kalai eslukkarin

idu kurugiya kala payirunna dap alladu ialu masattile aruvadai seiyalam

aruvaslai seida piragu nellai taniyiga e0u;tiptu vaikkolail5Or p6ttu vaikkire'n

vikkarin

v.7nriiya nellai vaccikkittu

,

vittu kiOacca panattai vaccu vendiya saMangalia.v5hgitu ntldiyai. bankile PBdare.ri

******************************

Eased on the appearance of insects and fungal disease, pestiqides'should be sprayed.

I mix and spray either folidol or appper,compound or both.
Then after 30 days I do the second weeding:
If the crop is of short duration, harvesting will be in 3 or 4 months.
After harvest, I take the,paddy away separately and stack the straw.
Keeping enough paddy for consumption, I ;.ell the balance.

Prom the sale proceeds I-get my agricultural and other requisites and deposit the balance
amount.in the bank.

411

418
52

Irrigation for Ragi

nilattin sArivukku takkapadi talai Valkiale amai

talai vgikialilirundu kalai vaikkal amai
kilai Vaikkal,analkka varappukattum karliviyai ubay75gi
io

piragu varappukattiyal sinna attiyal amai

ells pattigalakum tannir ka.qaratukku vasadiya kiiai Vaikialum pattigalum amaikka Vadum
sariyakku

kilai-Vaiialaiyrm Pattigalaiyum map

tannir PllicuMndu kalai Vaikkalgalai or;IA onnEga manual adaittu vidu tanniyai o4vuru ligttikum
tiruppi vidu
ti

tannir pattigal ulangl udanukkudane pattiyai sariyakku

********************

Foim the main channel according to the slope of the land.

Foi the secondary channels from the main channel.

Use the bund former to form the secondary channels.
Then form small beds with the bund former.
Ensure that each bed is served by a secondary channel.

PPctify bunds of the bed and,seconday channels with a manvitty (sPade).

While irrigating divert water into the segvadary channels one after another by crossdamming with mud and by diverting water into one bed aftet another.
Tf the bunds get damaged by water, rectify them then oral ther-.
253

42o

A.D.T. Irubattielu Nel

A

A.D.T. - Part I
1.

A.D.T. fi.ubattiZIu adiga-Vil aichaltarum oru pOrukku vittu, 'clan vayadu 105 Ija)

2.

idan sagupadi muraipatti ipfb sollafiBren

J .

oru 'acre' A.D.T. irubattiZlu nel payiriaa padinettu kilo vidai nell.eOuttukka vellum

inda vidaiOde oru kinvukku rendu girim alavile agfitsan marundainalig kalakkanum
5.

oru 'acre' napavu seivadukku pannenp sendiljatru Plva vellum

atrarigalukku kuranjadu rendu \rang tolu uram alladu compost pada venum

7.

riatranalile-, munneccarikkayaga attru pari'padakku oru VIrattukku munala endar41

marundu
venum

irubattialu

iLbattfaru riatkalike rTtru naOugaikku taYira irUkkum

arum

Of

42i
254

A.D.T.' Irubattielu Nel

.

A.D.T. 2 - Part I
1.

A.D.T. is improved strain with potential for high yield.

It comes to harvest in

.105 days.
2.

I shall talk.to you now on the cultivation practices -for this strain.

3.

18 kilos of paddy seed are required for raising one acre of A.D.T.. crop.

4.

Mix agrosan with the paddy seed at the ratio of 2 grams per kilo seeds.

5.

To transplant an acre, raise nursery'in

6.

Apply at least 2 cartloads of farmyard manure of compost 'for- the nursery.

7.

As a prophylactics- measure, spray endrir.in the nursery a week before pulling the
seedlings.

8.

The seedlings will be fit for transplanting after 24-26 days.

.423

424255

A.D.T. Irubattieluiel
A.D.T. 27 - Part II

1. ,nadavu vayalai natta panpadutti patu \rang attu uram pottu madakki uiu. irunutti
.mupatti menu kil3 padinanjith namber kaluppu uram mele trIvu. 8X4-idaiveli vittu
natrunlai nada venum
kalai edukkum karuviyil rendu tadavailOu kalaikalai edukka venum

2.

3.- natta niuppadam riga elupadirki175 ammonium sulphate alladu muppatfOru kin uria,

uramgga Oda velum

4.

natta padinanSim nalum, tondaikadir varu munnum endirinaiyum faitolyhaiyum kalandu

rendu daram telikka venum

5.

inda mjdiri muraigalai pinpatringl acre'kku saiisari -iendulyiratti ainirru kilo

vilaichal nichayam kidaikkum

************************** **
Prgpare the main fields thoroughly. Apply 10 cartloads'of farmyard manure and 233
f Adios of mixed fertilizer No. 15. Then transplant with a spacing of 8"x4".

1.

Work the intercultivator twice and remove the weeds.

'.
,

30 dlikks after transplanting, top-dress with 70 kilosof ammonium sulphate or 31 kilos

of
urea.
_ ., .

\
,

4.

Spray with a mixture of endrin and fytolin twice. The first, spray on the 15th day
after transplanting and the second at the'boot-leaf stage.
.

5.

By adopting these methods an average acre yield of 2500 kgm can be secur1.
(.

,
DeillppsOgtion for CO7 Ragi

1. 0 elu rggi nuttianju rialpayir

Dru 'acre'ukku rendu kii3 vidai vgnum

2.

rendu kilq vidaiyai mums

cent natrangalili nap

.

4. -nattruvittU irubadu - irubattanju nalile ecluttu nadu

5.

nadavu vayalukku irubadu vandi sang uram alladu kampost fottu madakki ulu

5.

padinalu kilo ta4ai-sattu, padinglu kilo mans sattu, padinglu kilosamba:1 sattll,

Wan galaiyum p6Ou madakki uiu

nUtiambadu.ki175 adliknambet kalappu urattile. J.nda sattugal kl,daikkum

7.

-ft

attigal kattu

8.
C

.9.

4,

..

natrukalai marundil nanai

.,.

nadu
nnir k4ti natrukalai aru angula idaiveii vittu rXdu rendaag
.

10.

pittigalil

11.

mupavadu nalile tirumbavtim tannir kittu

12.

tannir katti thanu alladu naiu nalil mannai kilari vidu

mannai oru vgrattukku nalla kgya vilu

padirialu ki1.5 talaisattu (elubadu kilo!ammonium sulphate') uram pottu tannir kIttu
rends rial kalicca mgrundu tell

kalai eluttu mannai kilari yip

'hatranjghl nalil (natruvitpadilirundu) aruvadai sei
18.

ayirattu ainaru kolo rggi ki9aikkum

427

4c
257

.16

Demonstration for CO7 Ragi

7;

007 ragi is of 105 days duration..

2 kg of sped is required for an acro.
2 kg of seed should be sown in 3 cents seed bed.
Transplant the seedling after 20-25 days.
Elicorporate 20 cartloads of farmyard manure or compost in the main field.
Encorj, rate 14.kg of -nitrogen, 14 kg of phosphorus, 14 kg of potassium also.
150 kg of misture fertilizer-no., 5 will supply these plant nutrients.

8.

Form beds.

1.
2.

3.

4.
6.

Dip the seedlings in the pesticide.10. 'Let in water in the 'bees and pIttnt seedlings 6 inchep apart 2 seedlings per hole.
11. Irrigate again on the third day.
9.

Stir the soil after 3 to ,6 days.

13. Allow the soil to get dried up well for a week.
12.
14.

Apply 14 kg of nitrogen (70 _kg of ammonium 4uipiaate) a I i'rrigate.

15.' Spray the crop after 2 days with pesticide.

16.

Repeat weeding and hoeing.

Harvest of the 105th day (from the date- of sc. ig in seed bed).
1# 3\500 kg of ragi can be obtained from an aci17.

a.

4 `') 9

4 30

Demonstration for Hybrid Bejra

1.

viriya ottu kambu adiga makasul kodukkum

2.

idar vayadu embadu nal

3.

orll

4.

oru kil6 vidoiyai munu 'cent' nattralil natru vidu

5.

nattu vittu padinettam nalil _edUttu nadavu sei

."'

'acre' naqa orukil6 vidai vent um

nadavukku mundi vayalatnallg taygr sei

irubadu vandi sgni uram alladu kamOst uramittu uluduvip

8.

padinettu 'inch' idaiveliyiiitu pgrpidi

9.

pl-rkalin agyil nilapakkamaga ombadu kilo talaisattu padinglu kil7 manisattu, ombadu kilo

sattu urattai Odu

10.

idarkku hUttiambadu ki16'padinanjam namber kalappu urattai (6-9-6) polavendum

11.

uratirkku rendu 'inch' angulattirkku met pWril Iru arigula idaiveliyittu rendu rendu

ngttrukalTga nap
12.

nadava seidu irubadu natkalil ombadu kilo talaisattai Meluramgga pop

13.

idarkku hgrpattianju kil6 'ammonium sulphate' vendum

14.

enbadu ngtkalil aruvadai seiyanum

15.

oru 'acre'ukku a-yirattu ainuru kiY6vilirundu rendgYiram kilo kambu dgnyam kilaikkum

4:3i

43?,

Demonstration for Hybrid Bajra

.Hybrid kambu 3ives high yield.
2.

Its duration is'80 days.

3.

To plant an acre 1 kg of seed is required.

4.

Raise nursery in 3 cents.

_traliaplant on the 15th day.

Prepare the mainfield thoroughly before transplanting.

7.

Apply 20 cartloadilli farmyard manure or compost per acre as basal dose and plow-it in.

8.

Form forrows and ridges 18 inches apart.

At the base of the ridu,in a back apply, 9 kilos of nitrogen

14 kilos of phosphoric

acid, 9 kilos of .400$4-611.

10.

150 kilos of mixtu'e no:15 will supply the above requirementS.

11:' Transplant 2 seedlingsp6r hole 2 inches above the fertilizer i?ank and 6 inches apart on

the ridge.
12.

Apply 9. kilos of nitrogen 20 days after transp anting.

13.

45 kilos of ammonium sulphat

l4.

Harvest on the 80th day.

15.

Such a crop will give an acre yield of 1500

will supply this

433

equirement.

o 2000 kilos of kambu.

434
260

Demonstration for Hybrid Cholam

1.

2.

ottu cadam adiga Maguial kodukkum

idukku vayadu tornuru riitkal

3. ,oru 'acrelukku nilu kin vadai.vendum.

vidaippadarkku.mundi vidaiyil marundu (kandagam) kala

5.

acre or} ukku irubdu yang makkina sans uram aL'adu kamOstpodu.
padinettu kin mapisattu. padinetu atilt slmbalsattu

6.

inda urattai,anSim nambar kalappu uramaga

padinettu Kilo talaisattu

iraparu kin p-dalam

7,-=T--uratukktr-meleLTqu angulattukku paril vidaiya3 -rendu-61-ladU impu vidaigal vidam-andru

8.

tannir pilchchu

9.

mundram nal tirumbavum tannir paichchu

10.

ediM nol kuruOu puluval talilukkaenderin marundaiyum + mettangingtax'(metasystax)

marundaiyum kalanda teli

11.

padinal7m mil tirumbavtim marundu teli

12.

irubadam ral kandagamum endrine marundum serttu telichch-tannir paichchu

13.

m14.padim rill marundu teli

14.

adarttiy'ina payirgalai eduttu vidu

15.

udane pattu kii6 talaisattu (50 kilo ammonium sulphate) uramiqu

16.

arubatti anjiM nal kadirputtaiyilurukkumbodu 5%, D.D.T.-yum

10% B.H.C. marundum kalandu

padinariju kilo tuvri

I..

toppura nal aruvadai sei

18.

acre onnukku renalyiratti ainaru

19.

Zvayiram kilo chOlam kidaikkum

436

'Demonstration for Hybrid Cholam

1.

Hybrid cholam will give high yield.

%.

Its duration is 90 days.

Four kgs of seed is required for an acre.

Treat the seed with chemicals (sulphur) before sowing.
5.

Apply 20 cartloads of farmyard manure or compost per acre and encorporate.

18 kg phosphorus. 18 kg potassium
These N P K

7.

18 kg nitrogen

can be suppled by putting the mixture fertilizer no. 5 (9-9-9) @200 kg acre.

Two-inches above the fertilizer band, on the ridges, dibble the cholam seeds at 2 or 3
per hole.
Irrigate.
e

9.

Irrigate again

the, third day.

lr.

Spray endrin and metasystax on the seventh day against shoot fly.

11.

Repeat the spraying on the 14th day.

12.

Spray endrin and sulphur (wet) on the 20th day.

13.

Repeat on the 30th day.

14.

Thin out seedlings.

ltd.

Top-dress with 10 kg of nitrogen (go kg of ammonium sulphat-e),

When the crop is in short blade'stage at the 65th day (earheads jest emerging) dust D.D.T.
5% and B.H.C. 1096 at 15 kg acre.

.17.

Repeat on 75th day.

13.

Harvest on the 90th day.

19.

Yield'of cholam will be 2500 kg to 300 kg an acre.

436

43'7
262

Pronunciation Guide

The following symbols represent the sounds of colloquial Tamil

Most of them
are similar to sounds we use in English and are therefore easy to use. You
should take special note of the two,diagrammed sets of sounds, however, as
they are important sounds in Tamil which are not used in Engli sh.
.

Vowel Sounds
English Equivalent

Tamil Sound/

but
father
pit
feet
put
boot
pet
fate
iraht
fold
token
caught

a
i

e
ai
0

o
au
A

Consonant Sounds
luck

k
g
n
ch

Fame
.sink

church
seat
ship 4.

10Y

onion
see diagram
see diagram

ry
t

43,E

26

Tamil Sound

English Equivaent
see diagram
see diagram
neck
sia
bag
fair
Flake

year
see diagram
hick
pronounced midway
between English
-

hi' and 'w'

-se-3 diagram

set diagram
see diagram

44i
264

Prdnunciation Guide Diagram

t,r,rr
.

Sounds ronounced wish t

Sounds pronounced with tongue forward

ae back

tongue
tongue-

Fold your tongue back so .that the

tip,df the tongue almost touches
the bsick part of the roof of vOur"
mouth. Then flap your tongue 'orward while saying 'law'.

Put your tongue di'ectly beh-ind,your

teeth (as when you pay Ithen1)
pronounce the 't' in 'team'

,and in the same

Pronounce this
way as for 1 but start with your
tongue further forwa-2d,

With your tongue a little further back

This -time, touch the back of the

roof of your mouth with the tip of
your tongue and say (naught'

rr,Put more stress on 4r,

&

flap it-1.x. a,sainst the roof of your

mouth (it'd a rolled 'I.')

Pronounce these'' like the 't'

and 'd' of English but with

your tongue further back

44'

44;
265

Example,

Verb Forms
do

sei

2.

to do

seiya

3.

I will do

seiv'an

4.

You (Plu) will do

seivinga

5.

They will do

seivanga

6.

I did

deiden

You (Plu) did

seidinga

They did

seidanga

which I do

seiyara

10.

which'I am doing

seidukittirukkira

11.

which I did

seida

12.

which I was doing

seidukiptirunda

13.

which I will do

seiya pora

14.

which I will be doing

seidukittirukkaPOra

8.

MEP

Normally '13' form would be enough)

11,rE:

in the case of participle

forms', the verb form remains
the same for all persons and
numbers

44q
4,6

do - zeidanga
senjanga
seida
senga

two colloquial
forms
two colloquial
forms

44:-)

TAMIL VERBS
(Collo. Forms)

Imper

Inf in

Englisn verb

Ven

sei
po

%e

ve

zay

speak

kondup5
vg
konduvl
to

eludu
sollu
pEsu

saP041
plant

todu
nadu
purappadu

seiya
poga
kondup6ga
vara
konduvara
tara
eluda
solla
pEsa

1st Per.

seivinga

sell/611ga

Ovinga
konduOvinga

p5vgnga

varu"ringa

varnvEnga
kcnduvarnvgnga
taruvinga
eluduvanga
solluvinga
ptsuvAnga
slppiduvEnga
kUppiduvinga
toduvEnga
naduvanga
purappaduvanga
mUduvanga
pOduvEnga
5duvEnga
paduvinga
tEduvalga

kondufewbn
varuvEn
konduvaruvEL
taruvEn
eludulan
solluvEn
p'esuvn

appiduvEn

AppiduiInga

kUppiduvEn
toduvEn
naduvEn
purappaduvEn

taruvinga
naduvInga

muduva

muluvinga

poduvEn

Odulanga
quvinga

-Irop

p54u

Oda

run

Z5du
pEtdu

'Oda

TiduvEn

Oda

pAduvEn

tedu

tEda

tgcluvUn

pour
shoW

konduvaruvinga
taruvinga
eluduvInga
solluvinga
pEauVinga

sypida

Mildu

vilayidu
attu

5__-

seivEn

kuppila
.toda

3rd plu-'they'

fk?vEn

nada
purappada
muda

ch
archf:

2nd plu -'you'

4

B49.

-vilay-41uven

uituttu

vilayada
Utta
udutta

kattu

kgAtet

kt5tuvEn

atuvgn
riduttuv-en

puranaduvInga

paduiinga
tEduiinga
gduvinga
vilaygduvinga
attuvinga
uduttuvinga
kittuvinga

konduOvinga

gdyirAnga

vilaylduvanga
attuvghga
Tiduttuvanga
klit'quviInga

446

44 /
26 7

Past

Znglish verb

Ven

do
go

take
come
bring
give
write
say
speak
eat
call
touch
plant
start
close
drop
run
sing
search
dance
play
pour
wear
show

Participles

1st Per.
6

2nd plu-'you'

3rd plu-'they'

Present*

Present(continuous)*
10,

seidgn

seidinga

seidinga

Ongn

piininga

OnAnga

kondup6hgn
vandgn
konduvandgn
tandEn

kondupdninga
vandlnga
konduvandinga
tandrnea
eludininga
sonninga
pgsininga

kondupniAnga
vandAnga
konduvandAnga,
tandInga

appittInga

seiyara
kondUp-ora

krippit.An

kUppittinga

appitranga
kUppkOgnga

vara
konduvara
tara
eludara
solra
pgSara
sAppidara
kUppidara

totEn

teMinga

tottanga

tocjara

natianga-

nai:tinga
pui-appattinga

nadara
purappadara
mUlara

e;.udingn

sonngn
,ThinEn
sAppittgn
-

natygn
purappatrin
mndingn
p1otgn

Uingn

purappaOrnga
maiininga
plAtinga

pAclinEn

EidinInga
pAclininga

tgdingn
10ingn
vilayAlingn

tgOinInga
Aaininga
vilaylOininga

attirign

aOininga

Tacluttingr

kAttinZn

kattininga

eludintinga

sonhAnga
pEsinAnga

mnOinEnga

OtpAnga
WinAnga

seidukittirukkira
paikitturukkira
kondu poikitpurukkira
vandukitturukkira
kondu vandukitturukkira
tandukitturukkira
eludikitturukkira
soli kitturukkira
pEsi
sEppittu
11

kappiqu

toou
naou
purappaou
madi
pattu

plOinAnga

Nara
Alara

trqi
pAsli

te4irianga

tgclara

Acg.natIga

tEdi
R01
vilayAdi
utti

aglittinInga

idara
vilayidara
dttara
nduttara

ridutti

kattinAnga

kAqara

katti

vilayAlinAnga
attinanga

*There. are two common forms.

Example:
seiyara
seiyum - more irre. but note that
all verbs can use this form

#12wel forms.

Example:

kOndu - gra.
kittu - cello.

446
268

44

'd

Participles

(same for all persons & numbers)

English -:erb

Past

Past(continuous)#

Future*

12

13

11

Ven

seida

dz
7C,

Ona

take

kondu pona
vanda
kondu vanda
tanda
eludina
sonna
pesina
sappitta
kUppitta
totta
natka
purappatta
mudipa

kondu pZi
vandu
kondu vandu
tandu
eludi
solli
pEsi
Sappitpu

drop_

Otpa

plittu

ran
zing
search
dance
clay

Zdina
pllina
tedina
Edina
vilayalina
Uttina
nduttina
kat:Una

Udia

c=e
'ring
write

E5y
zneak
at

all

plant
.-;tart

p cur

chow

seidu kittirunda
"

4511

p731

Oppitpu
riatpu

14

_Ora
seiya
poga
kondu paga
vara
kondu vara
tara
eluda
solla
pEsa

seidu kittirukkappora
poi
kondu pbi
vandu
kondu vandu
tandu
eludi
solli

sappicla
klippi4a

sappittu
kappitpu
tottu

toda
nada

tottu

Future(continuous)*#

psi

na4u

pui-appacla

purappttu-

nada
prda
ada

madi
pOttu

p d1

pda

pEgi

tFli

tela
aka
vilayada
qtta
uqutta

purappatpu
muds

&di
vilayadi
utti
=u4utti
kEtti

kAta

269

odi

t6cli

Edi
velayadi

ut ti

uclutti

katti

451

Future

English verb

2nd plu -'you'

4

3rd plu-'trey'_.

kaWvEn

ka..quvInga

tanguien
iranguvEn
vInguvEn

tanguvInga
irangUvinga
vInguvInga
anu#puvInga

kattuvanga \
tanguvInga
irangu vAnga\_
vIngu vEnga

Imper.

Infin.

1st Per.

At

katu

tie
stay

get down
buy
send
turn
climb
dig

tangu
irangu
vangu
anuppu
tiruMbu
kru
tiondu

pEchchu
ukkEru
tIvu
ttngu
iru
elundiru
padi
kudi
kuli
aci
mudi
pi4i
kadi
urn
siri
teruvi

1.42t go

sit
.spray
sleep
pen be
gdt up
study

drink
bathe

bit
finish
catch
bite
peel
laugh
inform

4tanga
.4a

iranga
vgnga
anuppa
irumba
"era

t6nda
plchcha
ukkgra
ttva
ttnga
irukka
e lund'irukka

padikka
kudikka
kulikka
adikka
mudikka
pidikka
kaslikka

urikka
sirikka"

teruvikka

04*

anuppuv'en

tirumbuvEn
EruvEn
fOnduvEn
plchchuven
ukkgruvEn
tdvuvgn
ttnguvEn
iruppEn
elundiruppEn
padippEn
kudippEn
kulippEn
adippgn
mudippEn
pidippgn kaaippEn
urippfn
sirippEn
teruvippEn

-tit4puvIno
gtuvinga
tOnAuvinga

achchuvInga
ukkgruvInga
ftvuvInga
t'anguvInga

iruppinga
elundiruppinga
padippInga
kudippinga
kulipprnga

alipanga
mudippinga
pidippinga
kaaippinga
surippinga
sirippInga
-teruvippInga

anuppuvlinga

tirumbilanga
EruvInga
tBnduvEnga
plchchuvEnge
ukkgruvEnga
ttvuvEnga.
tanguvEnga
iruppanga
elundiruppAnga
phlippanga
kudippInga
kulippAnge
adippnaga
mudippEnga
piaippunga
kadippEnga-

urippEnga
sirippanga
teruvippanga

e-

45'

45,1

Past
1st Per.
6

2nd plu-'you'

tie
stay
'get down
buy

katpiriZn

ka'qVinInga

tangian

-.And

anuppian

tangininga
irangininga
vanginInga
anuppininga
tirumbinInga

lish, verb

turn
climb
dig
.

pen

7.

iranginFn
viingian

-tirumbian

tan,inA'nge
'4.ranginanga

jvanginInga
anuppinAnga
tirumbi// rl anga

A'rinInga

t5n4inVn

tUnginEn
irunden
.elundirundgn

tans nInga
ptchchinThga
ukkirndInga
tavinInga
tanginInga
irundInga
elundirundInga

pagchonn

pallichchInga

paclichchInga

kuOichchInga
kulichchInga

kulichchAnga
kulichchgnga

plchchian

zit
spray
sleep

ukkErndEn
trIvinNn

kattiranga

grian

let. go

get up
study
drink
bathe
hit. ,finish

3rd/plrithey'

kugchchNn
kulichch'en

Oichchgn
muclichchffn

-catch'

pidichchZn

bite
peel
laugh
inform

kagchchgn

aclichchInga
muclichchinga

'ErinAnga
trmciinAnga

PachchInAnga

ukkTndEnga
t vinanga
Znga
irundN
e lundi r

anga

.alichcanga
mulichchInga
pilich6hRnga

urichchgn

pidichchfnga
kaaichchInga
urichchInga

sirichcnn

sirichcanga

urichchanga
sirichchInga

teruvichch'en.

teruvidhchInga

teruvichchlinga

45q

kaclichchanga

455
271.

4,
Participles
(same for all persons & numbers)
Present
9

English verb
tie
stay

10

1-..atpi

vghgara '

vgngi
anuppi
tirumbi

anuppara
tirumbara
Erara
tUn4ara

.sit
'

sleep

pm be r

tavara
:tringara

tringi

irukkira

get up
study
drink-

bathe
hit
finish
catch
bite
peel
laugh
inform-

e4.undirukkira
,

padikkira
kulikkira
kulikkira
aOikkira
mu9ikkira
pilikkira
kadikkira
urikkira
sirikkira
teruvikkira

"Eft

t6hOi
pgchchi
ukkgrndu
tavi

kaina

Ondina
plictchina

ukkgrnda
tavinav
tangina
irunda
elunda

irundu
e.undu
paqichchu

paclichcha

kulichcna
kulichcha
aqichcha
mudichcha
piaichcha
kaiichcha
urichcha

kuclichchu

kulichchu
ailichchu

mulichchu
pidichchu
kaqichchu
urichchu
sirichchu
teruvichchu

siricficha

teruvichchf

.0
4'1

45(

272
,o

Past
71

tangina
irangina
vSngina
anuppina
tirumbina
Erina

tangi
irangi

pg.chcbara,--ukkgrara/.

let go.

kiurukkir

kattara
tangara
irangara

get dowr
buy
send
turn
climb
dig
spray,

Present(continuous)

.*

Participles
four all persons & numbers)

(sam
Englisn ,rerb

Past(continuous)
12

tie
stay

get down
buy
send
turn
climb
dig
let go
sit

/ spray
/ sleep
pen be
/
get up
study
/
drink
-bathe
hit
finish
catch
bite
poet
laugh
inform
'

katti
\tangi -

kitirunda

Future

Future (continuous )

13

14,

r,
:

irangi

),fangi

'anuppi

katta
tangstang
iranga
vanga
anuppa
\ tirumba
\!ra

tirumbi

"i
Ong

\Oncla

pachcha
ukkire

piic:ichi

ukkarndu

tiva
tqhga

tfivi

'Oingi

a
Ar,
e undiruk4A
pa4ikka

irandu
elundu
oadichchu
kudichchu
kulichchu

kuclikka

kulikka
adikka
madikka
pidikka
kadikka
uFikka'
sirikka
,teruVikka

aclichchu

muqichchn
pi ichchu

*kailichcu
urichchu
sirichchu
teruvichchu

Pl5ra
u

kirrirn kkarara
katti
tangt
irangi
vangi
anuppi
tirumbi
!ri
t5nqi
pachchi
ukkErndu
cavi

fungi

irundu
elundu
paqichcu
kudichcnu
kulichchu
alichchu
mudichchu
pidichchu
kaaichchu
uriclichu

sirs

teruvichchu

450

45I
c

Future

1111111.11,

En

'=s._ -.erg;

Imper.
'1

Irambi
strinkle

Infin.

1st. Per.

1.ciwmbikka

grambippgn_
telippgn,

2nd pla-'you',

equpOn

--arpibl.ppinga
telippInga
equppinga

,koduppgn

koluppinga

tali
edu
kodu
sollikkodu

telikka
elukka
kodUkka
sollikoclukka

sollikkopppEn

sollikkopppinga

paciu

pacluppgn

paduppinga
vaippinga
samaippinga

e:k

ala
pgr
kgf

palukka
vaikka
samaikka
tuvaikka
ninaikka
nanaikka
tirakka
nalakka
kalakka
alakka
pErkka
kElkka
(kgkka)

(kBppgn)

stand

nil

nirkka

nirppEn

(nikka)

(nippgn)

zive
'12e

soak
oter.

.walk

vai
samai
tuvai
ninai
nanai
tira
nada
kLia

45.)

vaippen
samaippgn
tuvaippgn
ninaippgn
nanaippEn
tirappgn

tuvaippiliga

naclappgn
-kalappgn

ninaippinga
nanaippinga
tirappinga
nadappinga
kalaprInga

alapptn
parpptn
ktlppgn

p5rppinga
kelppinga

- ,wo

?rd plu- 'they'

Eldpghga
(kEppInga)
nippInga

Arambippanga
telippinga
ecluppInga

koluppanga
sollikkoduppInga
paduppInga
vaippgnga
samaippAnga
tuvaippEnga
ninaippAnga
nanaippringa

tizuppAnga
na4ipplinga
kolapplalga

alappghga
parppgnga,
Welpanga
(kgppAnga)
nippinga

41;,

1117

274

Past

Englfpar. -ferb

1st Per.

2nd plu -'you'

3rd plu
8

Irambichchinga
telichchInga

IrE;.mbichchNnge

6
te=in

Arambichclien

sr.rinkle

telichcnn
OuttEn
icOuttSh

so2. .kkoduttEn-

rinze
think-

pgiattEn
vaittSn
samaittEn
tuvaitten
ninaittEn
nanaittEn
tirandEn
nalandea

=pen

walk

.-

teach

7.1x
measiiire

kg.landEn

s.,and

ninn-en

461

alandEn
pIrttSn
kE'qgn

Outtinga
koluttinga
sollikkoduttinga
paOuttinga
vachchinga
samachchinga
tuvachchTlga
ninachchinga
nanachchinga
tirandinga
-nalandinga
kalandinga
alandinga
VarttInga
kEttinga
ninnihga

telichchRnga
eluttanga
koduttAnga
sollikkoduttAnga
paluttAnga
vachchAnga
samachchAnga
tuvachchAnga
ninachchAnga
nanachchanga
"tirandAnga
nadandanga
kalandanga
alandInga
parttAnga
kettAnga
ninnanga

Participles
(same for all persons & number)
Present

English verb

sr:rInkle
7.Pk=

telikkira
edukhara
kodukkara

sollikkopkkara

papkkara

lie

vaikkara
samaikkara
tuvaikkara
ninaikkara
nanaikkara
tirakkira
na4akkira
kalakkira
alakkira
pgrkkira

it
/rinse
7.nink

s:ak

walk
miz
neasure

11

10

gq.bikkira

Past

Present(continuous),

gr4mbichchu
telichchu

"exadDichcha
telichcha

kitturi kkira
It

It

ellItta:

eiluttu

koduttu
sollikkoluttu
paOuttu
vachchu
samachchu
tuvachchu.
ninachchu
nanachchu

tirandu
nalandu
kalandu
alanduparttu .

ask

kUkara

lattu

stand

nikkara

ninnu

kodutta
.sollikociutta
paqutta'
..
,

vachchasamachchatuvachcha
ninachcha
nanachcha
tiranda
naqanda
kalanda
alanda
pArtta
kgtta
ninna

46i
A

276

46q
4

11

Participles
m

-Ergifsr. verb

Past.( continuous)
12

begin

ir4mbichchu
telichchu

:sprinkle

take
.zive

eOlattU
kocjuttu

teach
lie
put
cock

sollikkoquttu
paputtu
vachchu
samachchu

rime

t,.vachchu

think
soak
-_,I.,_
open
walk
=ix
measure
look
ask
stand

ninnu
r

Future(continuous)

13

-kittirunda
_

tr4mbikka
telikka

14

Ora

irambichchu
kitturukkapp3ra.
telichchu
eduttu
koauttu
sollikkoquttu

e'dukka

ninachchu
nanachchu
tirancu
nalandu
kllancu
alendu
pgrttu
kEttu

Future

kodukka
sollikkOdukka
padukka
vaikka
samaikka
tuvaikka
ninaikka
nanaikka
tirakka
nadakka
kaiakka
alakka
pgrkka
kgkka

nikka

pacjuttu
va.chchu

samachchu
tuvachchu
ninachchu
nanachchtt

tirandu
naaandu
k4landu
alandu'
,

parttu
kgttu

ninnu