Proceedings of LINAC 2006, Knoxville, Tennessee USA TUP038

STATUS OF THE SPARC PHOTOINJECTOR

D. Alesini, M. Bellaveglia, S. Bertolucci, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, M. Castellano, A. Clozza,
L. Cultrera, G. Di Pirro, A. Drago, A. Esposito, M. Ferrario, L. Ficcadenti, D. Filippetto, V. Fusco,
G. Gatti, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, M. Incurvati, C. Ligi, F. Marcellini, M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci,
L. Palumbo, L. Pellegrino, M. Preger, R. Ricci, C. Sanelli, M. Serio, F. Sgamma, B. Spataro,
A. Stecchi, A. Stella, F. Tazzioli, C. Vaccarezza, M. Vescovi, C. Vicario (INFN/LNF);
F. Alessandria, A. Bacci, I. Boscolo, F. Broggi, S.Cialdi, C. DeMartinis, D. Giove, C. Maroli,
M. Mauri, V. Petrillo, M. Romè, A. R. Rossi, L. Serafini (INFN/Milano);
D. Levi, M. Mattioli, P. Musumeci, G. Medici, D. Pelliccia, M. Petrarca (INFN /Roma1);
L. Catani, E. Chiadroni, A. Cianchi, E. Gabrielli, S. Tazzari (INFN /Roma2);
A. Perrone (INFN /Lecce);
L. Giannessi, L. Picardi, M. Quattromini, C. Ronsivalle (ENEA/FIS);
J. Rosenzweig, G. Travish, S. Reiche (UCLA)

Abstract 120 MV/m. The particular design of the emittance-

compensating solenoid, with 4 different coils inside the
The SPARC Project is starting the commissioning of its
magnetic yoke, allows a unique study of how different
photo-injector. RF gun, RF sources, RF network and
magnetic field configurations affect the electron beam
control, power supplies, emittance meter, beam
dynamics, in particular varying (in sign and absolute
diagnostics and control to measure the RF gun beam have
values) the current setting independently for each coil
been installed. The photocathode drive laser has been
power supply. The results of these findings are reported in
characterized in terms of pulse shape and quality. We will
Ref. [3].
report also about first tests made on RF gun and on the
The electron beam is created illuminating the cathode
emittance meter device. Additional R&D on X-band and
using a state-of-the-art laser system capable of producing
S-band structures for velocity bunching are in progress, as
flat-top laser pulses via an acousto-optics crystal for
well as studies on new photocathode materials. We will
pulse-shaping [4]. The optical system that delivers the
also discuss studies on solenoid field defects, beam based
UV pulse onto the cathode creates the uniform transverse
alignments and exotic electron bunch production via
profile by truncating the tails of the beam distribution
blow-out of short laser pulses.
with an iris and compensates for the 72 degrees incidence
BEAM MEASUREMENTS WITH undesirable effects of beam ellipticity and amplitude
front-tilt by imaging the plane of a 3560 lines/mm grating
EMITTANCE METER onto the cathode [5].
The first phase of the SPARC project [1] consists in With a laser-based cleaning process we were able to
characterizing the electron beam out of the photoinjector improve the quantum efficiency both in absolute value
at low energy before the installation of the three and uniformity and reach a level of 10-4 over a region of
accelerating sections. The experimental layout for this 2.5 mm around the cathode center (see Fig. 2).
phase of the project is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: Block diagram for first phase of SPARC

photoinjector commissioning.

In order to study the first few meters of beam Figure 2: Quantum efficiency map before (a) and after (b)
propagation, where space charge effects and plasma the laser cleaning procedure.
oscillations dominate the electron dynamics, a new
sophisticate diagnostic tool was installed and Figure 3 shows the beam energy and energy spread
commissioned, the movable emittance-meter [2]. The measured varying the launch phase of the laser pulse. The
SLAC/BNL/UCLA 1.6 cell S-band RF gun was differences between the low and high charge case are due
conditioned up to > 10 MW, corresponding to a field of to longitudinal space charge effects (including the image

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Particle Sources and Injectors
TUP038 Proceedings of LINAC 2006, Knoxville, Tennessee USA

charge at the cathode) and to the wakefield effects in the The 1-D pepper pot technique allows not only to
long bellows. The maximum beam energy of 5.65 MeV measure the beam and the Twiss parameters, but also to
corresponds to a peak field in the gun of 120 MV/m, in reconstruct the phase space [7].
complete agreement with RF power measurements. Here in Fig. 5 the phase space reconstruction in
different positions, measured at low charge, 100 pC.

Figure 3. Beam energy and energy spread as functions of

the launching phase.
A longitudinal diagnostic, based on Cherenkov
radiation produced by the beam passing through a 5 mm
thick aerogel slab with index of refraction n = 1.017, was
installed with the main purpose of studying the
photoinjector response to hundreds femtosecond long
laser pulses created by the Ti:Sa laser system (blow-out
regime). A field-lens narrow band filtering optical system
delivers the Cherenkov light to the entrance slit of a 2 ps Figure 5: Phase space measure along the e-meter.
resolution Hamamatsu streak camera enabling pulse
length measurements. [6]. In Table 1 we report the beam R&D ON PHOTOCATHODES
parameters measured so far at low and high charge.
We investigated the deposition of high quality metal
Table 1: SPARC photoinjector experiment parameters
films directly on the RF gun cavity end plate, to be used
Charge 200 pC 900 pC as photocathodes.
Emittance 0.8 mm-mrad 2.2 mm-mrad Main aim of this study is to circumvent problems of RF
Energy 5.65 MeV 5.55 MeV breakdown shown at the metal junction by Mg disks
Energy spread 1% 2.6% inserted by press fitting in the end Cu plate of the gun. A
Pulse length 8 ps 12 ps key parameter determining the adherence of a deposited
film is the kinetic energy of the particles impinging on the
Using the emittance-meter we were able to observe substrate. Therefore it is worthwhile to study alternative
clear indications of emittance oscillations driven by space deposition processes with inherent higher particle
charge forces in the drift downstream of the RF gun, in energies, as pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and vacuum
agreement to what expected from our theoretical model arc discharge.
and numerical simulations (see Fig. 4). The PLD deposition apparatus used in this study is
made up of an UHV chamber containing the Mg target to
be ablated and the substrate to be coated. A powerful
laser beam from a XeCl excimer laser (pulse duration 30
ns), impinges on the target and forms a plume of Mg
vapor. The substrate is placed in the plume cone at a
suitable distance from the target. Films with thickness
from 0.2 to 2.5 microns, covered or not with thin
protective layer either of graphite, palladium or silicon
have been synthesized.
A computer controlled laser cleaning procedure has
been implemented in order to clean the surface gradually
and uniformly, thus allowing a controlled removal of the
contaminated surface layers and avoiding pure film
deterioration. Mg films grown by PLD either with or
without protective layers gave remarkable results in terms
of QE, ranging from 1.4 x 10-4 up to 7.9 x 10-4 at low dc
Figure 4. Measured emittance along z compared with electric field (1 MV/m). Figure 6 shows the results of the
Parmela simulations. laser cleaning process.

334 Technology, Components, and Subsystems

Particle Sources and Injectors
 Proceedings of LINAC 2006, Knoxville, Tennessee USA TUP038

Resonant frequency, quality factors and electric field

have been measured on the copper prototype in the open
and close stop-band cases. Even if the prototype is not
brazed the measurement results are very close to the
expectation.
Thermal analysis has been carried out using ANSYS
code.
Brazing tests are now in progress in the LNF for the
construction of the final device.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge many fruitful exchanges with several
SLAC-LCLS members, and the loan of two SLAC 3 m
S-band sections for the SPARC photoinjector.

Figure 6: Emission curves of different Mg samples

deposited by PLD on Cu substrates, after the laser
REFERENCES
cleaning of the protective or contaminated layers. [1] D. Alesini et al., IEEE Cat. N. 05CH37623C, (2005)
1327.
3 X-BAND STRUCTURE [2] A. Cianchi et al., Characterization of the SPARC
photo-injector with the Movable Emittance Meter,
A Bi-Periodic X-Band accelerating section for
Proceedings of EPAC06, Edinburgh June, 21-30
linearizing the longitudinal phase space in SPARC project
2006.
has been proposed and the copper prototype, shown in
Fig. 7, has been realised. [3] C. Ronsivalle et al., Study of the Effect of Multipolar
Components in the SPARC Emittance Compensation
Gun Solenoid, Proceedings of EPAC06, Edinburgh
June, 21-30 2006.
[4] M. Petrarca et al., Production of Temporally Flat Top
UV laser pulses for SPARC, Proceedings of
EPAC06, Edinburgh June, 21-30 2006.
[5] C. Vicario et al., Commissioning of the Laser System
for SPARC Photoinjector, Proceedings of EPAC06,
Edinburgh June, 21-30 2006.
[6] Dunning et al., Optimum Beam Creation in Photoinj.
Using Space-charge Expansion, Proceedings of
EPAC06, Edinburgh June, 21-30 2006.
[5] S. G. Anderson et al. ”Space-charge effects in high
brightness electron beam emittance measurements”,
Figure 7: Copper prototype of the structure. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 5, 014201 (2002).

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Particle Sources and Injectors