Keywords: Steel Fiber, Concrete, Properties, Crack, Ductility, Technology

STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
Nguyen Van CHANH (1)
SUMMARY
It is now well established that one of the important properties of steel fibre
reinforced concrete (SFRC) is its superior resistance to cracking and crack
propagation. As a result of this ability to arrest cracks, fibre composites possess
increased extensibility and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate,
particular under flexural loading; and the fibres are able to hold the matrix
together even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to impart to
the fibre composite pronounced post cracking ductility which is unheard of in
ordinary concrete. The transformation from a brittle to a ductile type of material
would increase substantially the energy absorption characteristics of the fibre
composite and its ability to withstand repeatedly applied, shock or impact
loading.
In this paper, the mechanic properties, technologies, and applications of SFRC
are discussed.
Keywords: Steel fiber, concrete, properties, crack, ductility, technology.
INTRODUCTION
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) may be defined as a composite materials made with Portland
cement, aggregate, and incorporating discrete discontinuous fibres.
Now, why would we wish to add such fibres to concrete? Plain, unreinforced concrete is a
brittle material, with a low tensile strength and a low strain capcity. The role of randomly
distributes discontinuous fibres is to bridge across the cracks that develop provides some postcracking ductility. If the fibres are sufficiently strong, sufficiently bonded to material, and
permit the FRC to carry significant stresses over a relatively large strain capacity in the postcracking stage.
There are, of course, other (and probably cheaper) ways of increasing the strength of concrete.
The real contribution of the fibres is to increase the toughness of the concrete (defined as
some function of the area under the load vs. deflection curve), under any type of loading. That
1
Dr.Eng. Deputy Dean, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology,
email: nvchanh@hcmut.edu.vn
108
is, the fibres tend to increase the strain at peak load, and provide a great deal of energy
absorption in post-peak portion of the load vs. deflection curve.
When the fibre reinforcement is in the form of short discrete fibres, they act effectively as
rigid inclusions in the concrete matrix. Physically, they have thus the same order of magnitude
as aggregate inclusions; steel fibre reinforcement cannot therefore be regarded as a direct
replacement of longitudinal reinforcement in reinforced and prestressed structural members.
However, because of the inherent material properties of fibre concrete, the presence of fibres
in the body of the concrete or the provision of a tensile skin of fibre concrete can be expected
to improve the resistance of conventionally reinforced structural members to cracking,
deflection and other serviceability conditions.
The fibre reinforcement may be used in the form of three dimensionally randomly
distributed fibres throughout the structural member when the added advantages of the fibre to
shear resistance and crack control can be further utilised . On the other hand, the fibre
concrete may also be used as a tensile skin to cover the steel reinforcement when a more
efficient two dimensional orientation of the fibres could be obtained.
MIX DESIGN OF SFRC

As with any other type of concrete, the mix proportions for SFRC depend upon the
requirements for a particular job, in terms of strength, workability, and so on. Several
procedures for proportioning SFRC mixes are available, which emphasize the workability of
the resulting mix. However, there are some considerations that are particular to SFRC.
In general, SFRC mixes contain higher cement contents and higher ratios of fine to coarse
aggregate than do ordinary concretes, and so the mix design procedures the apply to
conventional concrete may not be entirely applicable to SFRC. Commonly, to reduce the
quantity of cement, up to 35% of the cement may be replaced with fly ash. In addition, to
improve the workability of higher fibre volume mixes, water reducing admixtures and, in
particular, superlasticizers are often used, in conjunction with air entrainment. The range of
proportions for normal weight SFRC is shown in table 1.
For steel fibre reinforced shotcrete, different considerations apply, with most mix designs
being arrived at empirically. Typical mix designs for steel fibre shotcrete are given in table 2.
A particular fibre type, orientation and percentage of fibers, the workability of the mix
decreased as the size and quantity of aggregate particles greater than 5 mm increased; the
presence of aggregate particles less than 5 mm in size had little effect on the compacting
characteristics of the mix. Figure 1 shows the effects of maximum aggregate size on
workability.
The second factor which has a major effect on workability is the aspect ratio (l/d) of the fibres.
The workability decreases with increasing aspect ratio, as shown in figure 2, in practice it is
very difficult to achieve a uniform mix if the aspect ratio is greater than about 100.
109
Table 1 Range of proportions for normal weight fibre reinforce Concrete [6]
Property
Mortar
3
Cement (kg/m )
w/c ratio
Fine/coarse aggregate(%)
Entrained air (%)
Fibre content (%) by volume
smooth steel
deformed steel
415-710
0.3-0.45
100
7-10
9.5mm Maximum
aggregate size
355-590
0.35-0.45
45-60
4-7
19 mm Maximum
aggregate size
300-535
0.4-0.5
45-55
4-6
1-2
0.5-1.0
0.9-1.8
0.4-0.9
0.8-1.6
0.3-0.8
Table 2 Typical steel fibre reinforce shotcrete mixes [7]

Property
Cement
a
Blended sand (<6.35mm)
9.5mm aggregate
b, c
Steel fibres
Accelerator
w/c ratio
123-
Fine aggregate
3
mixture (Kg/m )
446-559
1438-1679
35-157
Varies
0.40-0.45
9.5mm Aggregate
3
mixture (Kg/m )
445
697-880
700-875
39-150
Varies
0.40-0.45
The sand contained about 5% moisture

3
1% steel fibres by volume = 78.6kg/m
c
Since fibre rebound is generally greater than aggregate rebound, there is usually a
smaller percentage of fibres in the shotcrete in place
b
Figure 1 Workability versus fibre content for

Matrices with different maximum aggregate sizes [8]
110
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STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Nguyen Van CHANH (1)

MIX DESIGN OF SFRC

Table 2 Typical steel fibre reinforce shotcrete mixes [7]

The sand contained about 5% moisture

Figure 1 Workability versus fibre content for

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