CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION
Super Steel Industries set up for manufacturing a material made from Steel. It is manufacturing
Sheets, bars, rods, and Blooms for OE market. The manufacturing facilities include rolling mills,
Steel rods, Steel bars and Blooms (6*6).
This Industry is started from a very small business of Scrabs in Khanna City, which is not so
successful on that time.Then someone suggest Mr. Kashmir chand to open a small scale industry
for manufacturing steel bars, Rods and many more. And in Year 2000 Super Steel Industry is
established And now has a turnover of Rs.1 crore and has a man force of almost 50 peoples.

PICTURE FROM INSIDE OF SUPER STEEL IND.

CHAPTER 2. METAL ROLLING

Metal rolling is one of the most important manufacturing processes in the modern world. The
large majority of all metal products produced today are subject to metal rolling at one point in
their manufacture. Metal rolling is often the first step in creating raw metal forms. The ingot or
continuous casting is hot rolled into a bloom or a slab, these are the basic structures for the
creation of a wide range of manufactured forms. Blooms typically have a square cross section of
greater than 6x6 inches. Slabs are rectangular and are usually greater than 10 inches in width and
more than 1.5 inches in thickness. Rolling is most often, (particularly in the case of the
conversion of an ingot or continuous casting), performed hot.
At a rolling mill, blooms and slabs are further rolled down to intermediate parts such as plate,
sheet, strip, coil, billets, bars and rods. Many of these products will be the starting material for
subsequent manufacturing operations such as forging, sheet metal working, wire drawing,
extrusion, and machining. Blooms are often rolled directly into I beams, H beams, channel
beams, and T sections for structural applications. Rolled bar, of various shapes and special cross
sections, is used in the machine building industry, as well as for construction. Rails, for the
production of railroad track, are rolled directly from blooms. Plates and sheets are rolled from
slabs, and are extremely important in the production of a wide range of manufactured items.
Plates are generally considered to be over 1/4", (6mm), in thickness. Plates are used in heavy
applications like boilers, bridges, nuclear vessels, large machines, tanks, and ships. Sheet is used
for the production of car bodies, buses, train cars, airplane fuselages, refrigerators, washers,
dryers, other household appliances, office equipment, containers, and beverage cans, to name a
few. It is important to understand the significance of metal rolling in industry today, as well as its
integration with other manufacturing processes.

FIGURE-1

2.1 PRINCIPLES OF METAL ROLLING

Most metal rolling operations are similar in that the work material is plastically deformed by
compressive forces between two constantly spinning rolls. These forces act to reduce the
thickness of the metal and affect its grain structure. The reduction in thickness can be measured
by the difference in thickness before and after the reduction, this value is called the draft. In
addition to reducing the thickness of the work, the rolls also act to feed the material as they spin
in opposite directions to each other. Friction is therefore a necessary part of the rolling operation,
but too much friction can be detrimental for a variety of reasons. It is essential that in a metal
rolling process the level of friction between the rolls and work material is controlled, lubricants
can help with this. A basic flat rolling operation is shown in figure:2, this manufacturing process
is being used to reduce the thickness of a work piece.

FIGURE-2

During a metal rolling operation, the geometric shape of the work is changed but its volume
remains essentially the same. The roll zone is the area over which the rolls act on the material, it
is here that plastic deformation of the work occurs. An important factor in metal rolling is that
due to the conservation of the volume of the material with the reduction in thickness, the metal
exiting the roll zone will be moving faster than the metal entering the roll zone. The rolls
themselves rotate at a constant speed, hence at some point in the roll zone the surface velocity of
the rolls and that of the material are exactly the same. This is termed the no slip point. Before this
point the rolls are moving faster than the material, after this point the material is moving faster
than the rolls.

FIGURE-3

Sometimes in metal rolling practice, tension, (force), is applied to a work piece as it is being
rolled. This tension may be applied to the front, (front tension), the back, (back tension), or both
sides. This technique will assist the forces necessary to form the work, and is usually used on
hard to roll materials.

FIGURE - 4

2.2 Spreading In Metal Rolling

In metal rolling operations, the plastic deformation causing a reduction in thickness will also
cause an increase in the width of the part, this is called spreading.

FIGURE - 5

When the work being processed has a high width to thickness ratio, the increase in width is
relatively small and usually of no concern in industrial manufacturing practice. In cases of low
width to thickness ratios, such as a bar with a square cross section, spreading can be an issue.
Vertical rolls can be employed to edge the work and maintain a constant width.

FIGURE - 6

2.3 Grain Structure In Metal Rolling

In common industrial manufacturing industry, the ingot or continuous casting is hot rolled into a
bloom or slab. In addition to producing a useful shape for further processing, the hot rolling
process converts the cast grain structure into a wrought grain structure. The initial cast material
will possess a non uniform grain structure, typically large columnar grains that grow in the
direction of solidification. These structures are usually brittle with weak grain boundaries. Cast
9

structure characteristically contains many defects such as porosity caused by gases, shrinkage
cavities, and solid inclusions of foreign material that becomes trapped in the metal, such as
metallic oxides.
Rolling a metal above its recrystallization temperature breaks apart the old grain structure and
reforms a new one. Grain boundaries are destroyed and new tougher ones are formed, along with
a more uniform grain structure. Metal rolling pushes material, closing up vacancies and cavities
within the metal. In addition, hot rolling breaks up inclusions and distributes their material
throughout the work.

FIGURE - 7

It should be apparent that the advantages of metal forming are not just in the creation of useful
geometric forms but also in the creation of desired material properties as well. Cold rolling
processes as discussed earlier, are useful for imparting strength and favorable grain orientation.
Since metal rolling affects grain orientation, a part can be rolled in a way as to create grains
oriented in a direction such that they give directional strength to a part useful to that part's
specific application. An example of this can be the difference in grain structure between the
threads of a machined bolt and a rolled bolt. The favorable grain orientation of the cold rolled
bolt will give it directional strength beneficial to its application.

2.4 Rolls For Metal Rolling

Metal rolling manufacturing can produce a wide range of different products. The width of rolled
work can be as much as several meters, or narrower than a thousandth of an inch. Metal rolling
manufacture also creates rolled work over a wide range of thicknesses. Metal plates for some
boilers may be rolled to a thickness of 12 inches, while foil for wrapping cigarettes and candy
10

can be .0003 inches thick. Rolls used in metal rolling are of various sizes and geometries. In flat
rolling processes, during industrial manufacture, the rolls may typically be 24 to 54 inches in
diameter. In some metal rolling operations, in the forming of very thin work, the rolls can be as
small as 1/4 inch.
Roll materials are selected for strength, rigidity, and wear resistance. Roll materials vary
dependent upon the specific metal rolling process. Common roll materials are cast iron, cast
steel, and forged steel. Forged rolls are stronger and more rigid than cast rolls but are more
difficult to manufacture. In industrial metal manufacturing processes, rolls are commonly made
from nickel steel or molybdenum steel alloys.
Rolls are subject to extreme operating conditions during the metal rolling process. Conditions
include, tremendous forces, bending moments, thermal stresses, and wear. Roll materials are
selected for strength, rigidity, and wear resistance. Roll materials vary dependent upon the
specific metal rolling process. Common roll materials are cast iron, cast steel, and forged steel.
Forged rolls are stronger and more rigid than cast rolls but are more difficult to manufacture. In
industrial metal manufacturing processes, rolls are commonly made from nickel steel or
molybdenum steel alloys. With metal rolling operations of certain materials, rolls made of
tungsten carbide can provide extreme resistance to deflection.

2.5 Roll Deflections

Strength and rigidity are important characteristics of the rolls used to form product in metal
rolling manufacture. The particular attributes of the rolls will affect dimensional accuracy as well
as other factors in the operation. During the rolling process great forces act upon the rolls. Rolls
will be subject to different degrees of deflection. In any particular metal rolling process, it is
important to understand how these deflections will affect the rolls and hence the work being
rolled. The rolls initially start out flat. During a basic flat rolling operation, it can be observed
that the work material will exert greater force on the rolls towards the center of the material than
at its edges. This will cause the rolls to deflect more at the center, and hence gives the work a
greater thickness in the middle.

11

FIGURE - 8
To solve this problem in industrial metal rolling manufacture, the rolls are often ground so that
they are thicker towards the center in such a way as to exactly offset the deflection that will
occur during the process. This extra thickness is called camber.

FIGURE - 9
12

The camber that must be ground into a roll is very specific to a particular work width, material,
and force load. A roll must usually be manufactured for only one metal rolling process. In some
industrial metal rolling processes, rolls are given temporary camber by applying forces through
their bearings. Another way that rolls deflect is by the shortening of their radius along the contact
of the work. In other words, they flatten like a tire on a car might. This type of deflection is
important to consider in manufacturing practice, as it will affect roll radius calculations and
friction.

2.6 Defects In Metal Rolling

A wide variety of defects are possible in metal rolling manufacture. Surface defects commonly
occur due to impurities in the material, scale, rust, or dirt. Adequate surface preparation prior to
the metal rolling operation can help avoid these. Most serious internal defects are caused by
improper material distribution in the final product. Defects such as edge cracks, center cracks,
and wavy edges, are all common with this method of metal manufacturing.

FIGURE - 10

13

Often times a sheet is not defective, it is just not flat enough. In sheet metal industrial practice, a
sheet may be passed through a series of leveling rolls that flex the sheet in opposite directions to
flatten it. Another interesting defect that can occur in flat rolling is alligatoring, where the work
being rolled actually splits in two during the process. The two parts of the work material travel in
opposite directions relative to their respective rolls.

FIGURE - 11

In shape rolling manufacture, a work piece will often experience different amounts of reduction
in different areas of its cross section. One of the goals of roll pass design is to properly design a
series of reductions in such a way as to mitigate the relative differences in shape change between
areas, in order to avoid material defects. Improper reductions of the product can cause warping
or cracking of the material.The wire rod containing low carbon content was often subjected to
the alligatoring when a considerable amount of pearlite was formed by the slow cooling and thus
ferrite bands were thinly formed between populated pearlite bands.. These results were
confirmed by the in situ observation of crack initiation and propagation occurring near a sharp
notch tip and the R-curve behavior. In order to prevent the alligatoring, thus, it was
recommended that the carbon content should be maintained below 0.1% at least, and that the fast
cooling rate should be achieved above a certain cooling rate level to form MnS inclusions
discontinuously inside thick ferrite bands Metal rolling practice is not always the cause of
warping or cracking, sometimes defects in the metal being rolled may be the reason.
14

FIGURE - 12

CHAPTER 3. Rolling Mills

15

In metal forming industry, rolls themselves do not function in isolation. In a metal rolling
process, rolls, stands, bearings, housing, motors, and other mechanical equipment are all a
necessary part of the manufacturing operation. The place where all the equipment for metal
rolling manufacture is set up is called a rolling mill. Rolling mills often vary in the type, number,
and position of rolls. Rolling mill arrangements commonly used in manufacturing industry today
include:
Two High Rolling Mill
Two High Reversing Mill

FIGURE - 13

In the two high reversing mill the direction of spin of the rolls can be reversed. This enables the
work to travel through in one direction, then back through in the other direction. A series of
16

reductions can be made using the same set of rolls, by passing the work back and forth.
Disadvantages of the two high reversing mill include the mechanical requirements and power to
constantly overcome and reverse the angular momentum of the rolls.

FIGURE 14

CHAPTER 4. LATHE MACHINE

17

A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the work piece on its axis to perform various operations
such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are
applied to the work piece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, Thermal spraying/ parts
reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design
being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to
produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes
can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The material can be held in place
by either one or two centers, at least one of which can be moved horizontally to accommodate
varying material lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the axis
of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs.
Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue
sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball
bats,
musical
instruments
(especially woodwind
instruments), crankshafts, and camshafts.

FIGURE - 15

18

4.1 PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE

A lathe may or may not have a stand (or legs), which sits on the floor and elevates the lathe bed
to a working height. Some lathes are small and sit on a workbench or table, and do not have a
stand.
Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost always) a horizontal beam (although CNC lathes
commonly have an inclined or vertical beam for a bed to ensure that swarf, or chips, falls free of
the bed). Woodturning lathes specialized for turning large bowls often have no bed or tail stock,
merely a free-standing headstock and a cantilevered tool rest.
At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a headstock. The
headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal
axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the spindle. Spindles are often hollow, and have
exterior threads and/or an interior Morse taper on the "inboard" (i.e., facing to the right / towards
the bed) by which work-holding accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also
have exterior threads and/or an interior taper at their "outboard" (i.e., facing away from the bed)
end, and/or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end.
Spindles are powered, and impart motion to the work piece.
The spindle is driven, either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or gear drive
to a power source. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral electric motor, often
either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the
stand.
In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert the motor
speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speed-changing mechanism achieve this,
from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low
range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to that
of a manual-shift auto transmission. Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls,
which obviates cone pulleys or gears.
The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose head, as it
can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed, by undoing a locking nut, sliding it to the
required area, and then re-locking it. The tail-stock contains a barrel which does not rotate, but
can slide in and out parallel to the axis of the bed, and directly in line with the headstock spindle.
The barrel is hollow, and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various type of
tooling. Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel center, which is used to support long
thin shafts while turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the work piece. Many
other uses are possible.[2]
19

Metalworking lathes have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron) topped with a cross-slide,
which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed, and can be cranked at right angles to the bed.
Sitting atop the cross slide is usually another slide called a compound rest, which provides 2
additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a tool post, which holds a cutting
tool which removes material from the work piece. There may or may not be a lead screw, which
moves the cross-slide along the bed.
Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but rather have banjos, which
are flat pieces that sit crosswise on the bed. The position of a banjo can be adjusted by hand; no
gearing is involved. Ascending vertically from the banjo is a tool-post, at the top of which is a
horizontal tool rest. In woodturning, hand tools are braced against the tool rest and levered into
the work piece. In metal spinning, the further pin ascends vertically from the tool rest, and serves
as a fulcrum against which tools may be levered into the work piece.

FIGURE 16

4.2 JOBS DONE IN LATHE MACHINE

4.2.1 TURNING
20

Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes
a helical tool path by moving more or less linearly while the work piece rotates. The tool's axes
of movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves or angles,
but they are essentially linear (in the nonmathematical sense). Usually the term "turning" is
reserved for the generation of external surfaces by this cutting action, whereas this same essential
cutting action when applied to internal surfaces (that is, holes, of one kind or another) is called
"boring". Thus the phrase "turning and boring" categorizes the larger family of (essentially
similar) processes. The cutting of faces on the work piece (that is, surfaces perpendicular to its
rotating axis), whether with a turning or boring tool, is called "facing", and may be lumped into
either category as a subset.
Turning can be done manually, in a traditional form of lathe, which frequently requires
continuous supervision by the operator, or by using an automated lathe which does not. Today
the most common type of such automation is computer numerical control, better known as CNC.
(CNC is also commonly used with many other types of machining besides turning.)
When turning, a piece of relatively rigid material (such as wood, metal, plastic, or stone) is
rotated and a cutting tool is traversed along 1, 2, or 3 axes of motion to produce precise
diameters and depths. Turning can be either on the outside of the cylinder or on the inside (also
known as boring) to produce tubular components to various geometries. Although now quite
rare, early lathes could even be used to produce complex geometric figures, even the platonic
solids; although since the advent of CNC it has become unusual to use non-computerized too
lpath control for this purpose.
The turning processes are typically carried out on a lathe, considered to be the oldest machine
tools, and can be of four different types such as straight turning, taper
turning, profiling or external grooving. Those types of turning processes can produce various
shapes of materials such as straight, conical, curved, or grooved work piece. In general, turning
uses simple single-point cutting tools. Each group of work piece materials has an optimum set of
tools angles which have been developed through the years.

21

FIGURE - 17

4.2.2 GROOVING
Grooving is one of the more complicated operations performed on the engine lathe. The cutting
of grooves often requires high levels of precision, and a "feel" for the machine.
Although theory dictates a method of selection of the correct speed and feed, sometimes practice
and experience will make the job much easier.
A groove is the location of an indentation in the part. This indentation can be square, round or
angular in the shape. The function of a groove is usually to allow room for a fitting part, such as
a rubber O-ring. It could also be the place where another part fits into this part. Grooves also
provide a relief in the back side of a thread where the thread terminates.

22

FIGURE 18

FIGURE 19

4.2.3 DRILLING
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-section in
solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit is pressed against
the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This
forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is
drilled.

23

Exceptionally, specially-shaped bits can cut holes of non-circular cross-section; a square crosssection is possible.

FIGURE 20

24

CHAPTER 5: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

5.1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:
The main purpose of our study is to render a better understanding of the concept Working Capital
Management.
To understand the planning and management of working capital at SUPER STEEL INDUSTRY.
To measure the financial soundness of the company by analyzing various ratios.
To suggest ways for better management and control of working capital at the concern.

5.2 Research methodology

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of
studying how research is done scientifically. In other words research methodology is the specification of method of
acquiring the information needed to structure or solve the problem at hand.
DATA COLLECTION: Both primary data and secondary data was collected.
TECHNIQUES USED: Working Capital Statements, Operating cycle and Ratio analysis.

5.3 MEANING OF WORKING CAPITAL

Working Capital is the capital used for the day-to-day operations in the organization. It denotes the
money that circulates in the organization for smooth functioning of the organization.
Working Capital is the difference between resources in cash (current assets) and organizational
commitments for which cash would be soon required (Current Liabilities).
Working capital, also called net current assets, is the excess of current assets over current liabilities.

5.4 RATIO ANALYSIS

A ratio is assessment of the significant of one figure in relation to other. It measures the comparative
significant of individual item of income and position statements. Thus it shows the mathematical
relationship between tw orelated items express in quantitative form.

25

5.5 CLASSIFICATON OR KINDS OF WORKING CAPITAL

G
K
P
T
O
I
E
N
R
N
R
M
O
D
M
P
T
S
A
O
H
S
N
R
/E
O
E
A
N
F
N
R
B
E
Y
A
T
W
S
IO
W
R
S
O
K
R
I
O
K
N
IF
G
N
T
C
G
IC
O
A
M
N
C
P
E
C
A
I
E
P
T
IP
A
T
L
A
L

On The Basis Of Concept:

Gross Working Capital:- It refers to all current assets. Thus the gross working capital is the
capital invested in total current assets of the company.
Net working capital:-Net working capital is the difference between the current assets and the
current liabilities.

On The Basis Of Time:

Permanent:- Permanent working capital is the minimum amount which is required o ensures
effective utilization of fixed facilities and or maintaining the circulation of current assets.
Temporary:-Temporary working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to
meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working capital can be further
classified as seasonal working capital and special working capital.

26

CHAPTER 6: ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND WELFARE

6.1 UNDERSTANDING THE ATTITUDES OF EMPLOYEES
Understanding the attitudes of employees is one of the most important aspects an engineer
should gain in his currier. Collaborating with employees with different mentalities is inherently
difficult. Some of the points that were possible to discover are listed below.
Different employees have different expectations from their jobs:
Faithful earning to live the life.
Just earning money to live the life.
Earning some extra money.
Acquiring experience for a better job position.
Acquiring the name of the current working organization in his curriculum vitae for a
better job.
While coming to the work, employees come with different mentalities:
Fresh mind and pleasure to work.
Burdened mind and unpleasant to work.
Different personalities:
Living with the community.
Showing the existence.

6.2 JOB DISPATCHING AND ADMIRING THE WORK

Faithful job dispatching among the employees in the organization makes the environment
pleasant for the employees to work and the administration becomes easier. In the Engineering
Workshops job dispatching was done by the Workshop Engineer.
Though the organization had excessive human resources and workmen were given less tasks than
they could carry, in some cases it was seen that some workmen saying I have been given more

27

work than others. Some even said, Since I am the only person who knows the subject I am
always burdened with the work. It was interesting to find out whether they state the truth.

In response to these statements a secret survey was conducted. Four workmen were elected
including the ones who said that they were burdened and their work was observed in intervals of
15 minutes for two days. The results showed that they just lie. Some were not even possible to
find for hours. One just signed the attendance register in the morning and evening and did
nothing at all. Not a single was found to work at least quarter the nominal time period.
On the other hand, persons in the tool stores were truly burdened with work. They had to serve
others all the times. In fact they disliked working there.
Whatever the case it was seen that workmen always tried to show the Workshops Director that
they work. When the Director was not near by, workmen did there work in lethargy.
This was discussed with the Director and the final point was: Yes, they want to show their boss
that they work. Though a very little work is done, they are quite happy to be admired by me.
In any case, accepting feedback from the employees and acting on them necessarily upholds the
productivity of any organization.

6.3 GUIDE LINES FOR BETTERMENT

In some places of the Engineering Workshops guidelines for improving the performance of
workmen could be found. Among them the ones that most people did not follow and the ones
that should be followed are listed below:
Keep your eyes on the man ahead you may be called on to take his place some day.
Read one or two of the technical magazines related to your line of work.
It was unfortunate to say that most guidelines were in English and many workmen did not
understand them.
Furthermore a discussion with the Workshops Director revealed that earlier there were some
sessions for the employees about implementing the Japanese S5 Concepts in the Workshops and
they just died. Later he was seen refreshenning it by dividing the Workshops area among the
workmen and allocating each area to several employees to maintain the enclosed machines. In
Figure, the thick lines indicate the boundaries of the divided areas.

28

CHAPTER 7: PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED

Several problems and difficulties that were encountered during the training are listed below.
Getting a job done by a lazy workmen:
Sometimes it was very difficult to find some workmen and get something done. Some
workmen were inherently lazy and they seemed to be postponing their work giving various
excuses. Following are some of their own words:
Now it is the teatime.
We will do it after the lunch.
Mr. X may be working in the machine now and ask him to do the work.
I will come soon.
Steeling tools:
Sometimes it was found that tools suddenly disappear from the Workshops. It was not possible to
find the person who took them and it was usual to see people pointing others leading to
unpleasant situations.
Sometimes some workmen temporarily borrowed others equipment and later just left them in the
place they worked without returning them. When they were asked about them it was common to
get the answer I kept it right here. Somebody seems to have taken it.
Collaboration problems with the workmen:
People differ. Some wanted to do their job disregarding others jobs. On the other hand some just
wanted to learn all the things in the Workshops doing nothing. Collaborating with them was
difficult.

29

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION

8.1 CONCLUSION
The profit of an organization entirely depends on the way the top chairs manage the resources the
organization has. Whatever the other aspects may be, it was seen that managing human resource
was extremely difficult. The stability or the sustainability of the organization mostly depends on
this factor.
On the other hand, it was prominently seen that thinking should precede doing. In most cases it
could be seen that there exists easier or better ways to do something.
As far as the above mentioned factor is considered, continuous knowledge mining followed by
experience in a cycle upholds the entire system in every aspect.
Earning and living a satisfactory life is the desire of all.

8.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE ENGINEERING

WORKSHOPS
The experiences I had in the Engineering Workshops suggest me the following to be
implemented for the improvement of the place.
1. Maintain a simple booklet on materials that are used in the Engineering Workshops. This
should contain the properties and the processing aspects (cutting speeds, coolants, etc.)
2. Maintain a booklet on each machine about the capabilities of them and the current condition.
3. Implement a method to return the unused consumable goods to the stores.
4. Maintain a training program for the employees at least one session a month.
5. Teach the employees how to collaborate with others.

8.3 SUGGESTIONS
PROGRAM

FOR

THE

IMPROVEMENT
30

OF

TRAINING

A group of 14 undergraduates including myself had the first year in-plant training at the Faculty
Workshop together and all of us did what we were supposed to do separately. Though we
discussed what we were doing among ourselves a little, I feel it would have been better if we
were explicitly encouraged by the Industrial Training Unit to had formal discussions at least once
a week. Some of the undergraduates (I feel I was one of that group) were seen to work harder
gaining more knowledge and the real taste of engineering and some were not. If discussions of
this nature were conducted, all of us could have gained a better knowledge and improved
ourselves collectively. The participation of the training supervisor would have been a further
encourage.
Furthermore I suggest that it would have been better if all the undergraduates were exposed to
some presentations on the in-plant training before we were released. Some illustrative.

31

REFERENCE

www.supersteelindustry.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki
Hot Rolling of Steel by William L. Roberts
Steel-rolling Technology: Theory and Practice by Vladimir B. Ginzburg
High-quality Steel Rolling: Theory and Practice by Vladimir B. Ginzburg

32