AESA BASED IPM Package No.

78

AESA based IPM Curry Leaf

Pests

Directorate of Plant Protection

Quarantine and Storage
N. H. IV, Faridabad, Haryana

Defenders

National Institute of Plant Health

Management
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, A. P

National Centre for

Integrated Pest Management
LBS Building, IARI Campus,
New Delhi

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

Ministry of Agriculture
Government of India
1

The AESA based IPM Curry Leaf, was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the
Chairmanship of Dr. K. Satyagopal DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri. Utpal Kumar Singh JS
(PP). The package was developed taking into account the advice of experts listed below on
various occasions before finalization.
NIPHM Working Group:
Chairman
Vice-Chairmen
Core Members
1.
2.
3.
4.

: Dr. K. Satyagopal, IAS, Director General

: Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor
: Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM)
:

Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise.

Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise.
Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise.
Dr. Richa Varshney, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Entomology Expertise.

Other Members

1. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise.

3 Dr. M. Narsi Reddy, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Entomology Expertise.
Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Shri. Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM),

Dr. K. S. Kapoor, Deputy Director (Entomology),
Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology),
Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science)
Dr. C. S. Patni, Plant Protection Officer (Plant Pathology)

Contributions by External Experts:

1. Dr. A. Krishnamurthy, Principal Scientist & Head, Division of Entomology and Nematology,
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka.
2. Dr. Uma Devi, Professor of Pathology, Agricultural College, ANGRAU, Hyderabad. Andhra
Pradesh.
3. Dr. Koteshwar Rao, As. Prof. of Entomology, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
4. Dr. M. Vijaya, Principal Scientist, Pathology, Vegetable Research Station, YSR Horticultural
University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
5. Dr. K. Sireesha, Scientist, Entomology, Vegetable Research Station, YSR Horticultural
University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
6. Dr. Madhavilatha, Scientist, Agronomy, Vegetable Research Station, YSR Horticultural
University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
7. Prof. S. Sreedharan, Department of Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
8. Dr. R. P. Chandel, Professor of Entomology, YS Parmar University of Agriculture and
Horticulture, Sholan, Himachal Pradesh.
9. Dr. Y. S. Kotikal, Professor of Entomology, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bhagalkot,
Karnataka.
For internal circulation only. Not for sale.

Contents
I. Pests
A. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
II. AESA based IPM
A. Agro-ecosystem analysis
B. Field scouting
C. Yellow pan water trap/sticky traps
D. Light traps
III. Ecological engineering for pest management
IV. Crop stage-wise IPM
V. Insecticide resistance and its management
VI. Description of common weeds
VII. Description of insect pests
VIII. Description of diseases
IX. Dos and Donts in IPM
X. Basic precautions in pesticides usage
XI. Pesticide application techniques
XII. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief
XIII. References

IPM Package for Curry Leaf

I. Pests
A. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
1.1 Citrus butterfly: Papilio demoleus, (Esper, 1798) P. polytes polytes,
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
1.2 Citrus psylla or psyllid: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
1.3 Scales: Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
1.4 Mealy bugs: Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
1.5 Aphids: Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
1.6 Tortoise beetle: Silana farinose (Boheman) (Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
1.7 Two spotted mites: Tetranychus spp. Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
1.8 Citrus leaf miner: Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera:
Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae)
2. Diseases
2.1

Leaf spot (Phyllosticta leaf spot)

3. Major weeds
Broadleaf weeds
3.1.1

Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F.

3.1.2

Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.

3.1.3

Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L.

3.1.4

Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L.

3.1.5

False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk.

3.1.6

Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L.

3.1.7 Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L.

3.1.8 Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All.

3.1.9

Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam.

3.1.10 Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L.

Grassy weeds
3.1.11 Rabbit/Crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv.
3.1.12 Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd.
3.1.13 Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Scop.
3.1.14 Blue grass: Poa annua L.
3.1.15 Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz.
Sedges
3.1.16 Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L.
3.1.17 Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L.
II AESA based IPM
A. Agro-ecosystem analysis
The integrated pest management (IPM) has been evolving over the decades to address the
deleterious impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides on environment ultimately affecting the
interests of the farmers. The economic threshold level (ETL) was the basis for several decades
but in modern IPM (FAO 2002) emphasis is given to AESA where farmers take decisions based
on larger range of field observations. The health of a plant is determined by its environment
which includes physical factors (i.e. soil, wind, rain, and sunshine hours) and biological factors
(i.e. pests, diseases and weeds). All these factors can play a role in the balance which exists
between herbivore insects and their natural enemies. Understanding the intricate interactions in
an ecosystem can play a critical role in pest management.
Decision making in pest management requires a thorough analysis of the agroecosystem. Farmer has to learn how to observe the crop, how to analyze the field situation and
how to make proper decisions for their crop management. This process is called the AESA.
Participants of AESA will have to make a drawing on a large piece of paper (60 x 80 cm), to
include all their observations. The advantage of using a drawing is that it forces the
participants/farmers to observe closely and intensively. It is a focal point for the analysis and for
the discussions that follow, and the drawing can be kept as a record.
AESA is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries and
farmers to analyze the field situations with regards to pests, defenders, soil conditions, plant
health and the influence of climatic factors and their relationship for growing a healthy crop.

The basic components of AESA are

Plant health at different stages

Built-in compensation abilities of plants

Pest and defender population dynamics
Soil conditions
Climatic factors
Farmers past experience

Principles of AESA based Integrated Pest Management (IPM):

Grow a healthy crop

Select a variety resistant/tolerant to major pests

Treat the seed with recommended pesticides especially biopesticides
Select healthy seeds and seedlings
Follow proper spacing
Soil health improvement (mulching and green manuring)
Nutrient management especially organic manures and biofertilizers based on the soil
test results. If the dosage of nitrogenous fertilizers is too high the crop becomes too
succulent and therefore susceptible to insects and diseases. If the dosage is too low, the
crop growth is retarded. So, the farmers should apply an adequate for best results. The
phosphatic fertilizers should not be applied each and every season as the residual
phosphate of the previous season will be available for the current season also.
Proper irrigation
Crop rotation

Observe the field regularly (climatic factors, soil and biotic factors)
Farmers should
Monitor the field situation at least once a week (soil, water, plants, pests, natural
enemies, weather factors etc.)
Make decisions based on the field situation and P: D ratio
Take direct action when needed (e.g. collect egg masses, remove infested plants etc.)

Plant compensation ability

Compensation is dened as the replacement of plant biomass lost to herbivores and has been
associated with increased photosynthetic rates and mobilization of stored resources from
source organs to sinks (e.g., from roots and remaining leaves to new leaves) during active
vegetative growth period. Plant tolerance to herbivory can arise from the interaction of a variety
of plant traits and external environmental factors. Several studies have documented such
compensation through increased growth and photosynthetic rate.
Understand and conserve defenders

Know defenders/natural enemies to understand their role through regular observations

of the agro-ecosystem
Avoid the use of chemical pesticides especially with broad-spectrum activity

Insect zoo
In field various types of insects are present. Some are beneficial and some may be harmful.
Generally farmers are not aware about it. Predators (friends of the farmers) which feed on
pests are not easy to observe in crop field. Insect zoo concept can be helpful to enhance
farmers skill to identify beneficial and harmful insects. In this method, unfamiliar/unknown
predators are collected in plastic containers with brush from the field and brought to a place for
study. Each predator is placed inside a plastic bottle together with parts of the plant and some
known insect pests. Insects in the bottle are observed for certain time and determined whether
the test insect is a pest (feeds on plant) or a predator (feeds on other insects).
Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio):
Identifying the number of pests and beneficial insects helps the farmers to make appropriate
pest management decisions. Sweep net, visual counts etc. can be adopted to arrive at the
numbers of pests and defenders. The P: D ratio can vary depending on the feeding potential of
natural enemy as well as the type of pest. The natural enemies of curry leaf pests can be
divided into 3 categories 1. parasitoids; 2. predators; and 3. pathogens. The important natural
enemies in curry leaf are given in ecological engineering on page ..
Model agro-ecosystem analysis chart
Date:
Village:
Farmer:

10

Pests

Defenders

Decision taken based on the

analysis of field situation
Soil condition
:
Weather condition
:
Diseases types and severity:
Weeds types and intensity :
Rodent damage (if any)
:
No. of insect pests
:
No. of natural enemies
:
P: D ratio
:

The general rule to be adopted for management decisions relying on the P: D ratio is 2:
1. However, some of the parasitoids and predators will be able to control more than 2 pests.
Wherever specific P: D ratios are not found, it is safer to adopt the 2: 1, as P: D ratio. Whenever
the P: D ratio is found to be favourable, there is no need for adoption of other management
strategies. In cases where the P: D ratio is found to be unfavourable, the farmers can be
advised to resort to inundative release of parasitoids/predators depending upon the type of pest.
In addition to inundative release of parasitoids and predators, the usage of microbial
biopesticides and biochemical biopesticides such as insect growth regulators, botanicals etc.
can be relied upon before resorting to synthetic chemical pesticides.

11

Feeding/egg laying potential of different parasitoids/predators

Predators/ Parasitoids

Feeding potential/ Egg laying capacity

Predatory rate of adult coccinellid on aphids is 50 aphids per
day

Lady bird beetle

Hover fly

1st instar larva can consume 15-19 aphids/day

2nd instar larva can consume 45-52 aphids/day
3rd instar larva can consume 80-90 aphids/day
In total life cycle they can consume approx. 400 aphids.
Each larva can consume 100 aphids, 329 pupa of whitefly and
288 nymphs of jassids

Green Lace wing

Reduviid bug

1st & 2nd nymphal instars can consume 1 small larva/day

3rd & 4th nymphal instars can consume 2 to 3 medium
larvae/day
5th nymphal instar & adult can consume 3 to 4 big larvae/day
In total life cycle they can consume approx. 250 to 300 larvae
5 big larvae/day

Spider
Predatory rate of adult is 20-35 phytophagous
mites/female/day
Predatory mite
http://www.eduwebs.org/bugs/predatory_mites.htm

Egg laying capacity is 100-200 eggs/female. 1-8 eggs/larva

Bracon hebetor
Egg laying capacity is 20-200 eggs/female.

Trichogramma sp
Decision making
Farmers become experts in crop management
Farmers have to make timely decisions about the management of their crops. AESA farmers
have learned to make these decisions based on observations and analysis viz. abiotic and biotic

12

factors of the crop ecosystem. The past experience of the farmers should also be considered for
decision making. However, as field conditions continue to change and new technologies
become available, farmers need to continue improving their skills and knowledge.

Farmers are capable of improving farming practices by experimentation

Farmers can share their knowledge with other farmers

AESA methodology

Go to the field in groups (about 5 farmers per group). Walk across the field and choose
20 plants/acre randomly. Observe keenly each of these plants and record your
observations:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Plant: Observe the plant height, number of branches, crop stage, deficiency
symptoms etc.
Pests: Observe and count pests at different places on the plant.
Defenders (natural enemies): Observe and count parasitoids and predators.
Diseases: Observe leaves and stems and identify any visible disease symptoms
and severity.
Rats: Count number of plants affected by rats.
Weeds: Observe weeds in the field and their intensity.
Water: Observe the water situation of the field.
Weather: Observe the weather condition.

While walking in the field, manually collect insects in plastic bags. Use a sweep net to
collect additional insects. Collect plant parts with disease symptoms.
Find a shady place to sit as a group in a small circle for drawing and discussion.
If needed, kill the insects with some chloroform (if available) on a piece of cotton.
Each group will first identify the pests, defenders and diseases collected.
Each group will then analyze the field situation in detail and present their observations
and analysis in a drawing (the AESA drawing).
Each drawing will show a plant representing the field situation. The weather condition,
water level, disease symptoms, etc. will be shown in the drawing. Pest insects will be
drawn on one side. Defenders (beneficial insects) will be drawn on another side. Write
the number next to each insect. Indicate the plant part where the pests and defenders
were found. Try to show the interaction between pests and defenders.
Each group will discuss the situation and make a crop management recommendation.
The small groups then join each other and a member of each group will now present
their analysis in front of all participants.
The facilitator will facilitate the discussion by asking guiding questions and makes sure
that all participants (also shy or illiterate persons) are actively involved in this process.
Formulate a common conclusion. The whole group should support the decision on what
field management is required in the AESA plot.
Make sure that the required activities (based on the decision) will be carried out.
Keep the drawing for comparison purpose in the following weeks.

Data recording
Farmers should record data in a notebook and drawing on a chart

13

Keep records of what has happened

Help us making an analysis and draw conclusions

Data to be recorded

Plant growth (weekly)

Height of plant
Number of leaves
Crop situation (e.g. for AESA)
Plant health
Pests, diseases, weeds
Natural enemies
Soil condition
Irrigation
Weather conditions
Input costs
Seeds
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Labour
Harvest
Yield (kg/acre)
Price of produce (Rs./kg)

Some questions that can be used during the discussion

Summarize the present situation of the field?

What crop management aspect is most important at this moment?
Is there a big change in crop situation compared to last visit? What kind of change?
Is there any serious pest or disease outbreak?
What is the situation of the beneficial insects?
Is there a balance in the field between pests and defenders?
Were you able to identify all pests and diseases?
Do you think the crop is healthy?
What management practices are needed at this moment?
When will it be done? Who will do it? Make sure that responsibilities for all activities are
being discussed.
Are you expecting any problems to emerge during the coming week such as congenial
weather conditions for pest buildup?
What problems? How can we avoid it? How can we be prepared?
Summarize the actions to be taken.

14

Advantages of AESA over ETL

One of the problems of the ETL is that it is based on parameters that are changing all the time,
and that are often not known. The damage or losses caused by a certain density of insects
cannot be predicted at all. In ETL the due recognition of the role of natural enemies in
decreasing pest population is ignored. Farmers cannot base their decisions on just a simple
count of pests. They will have to consider many other aspects of the crop (crop ecology, growth
stage, natural enemies, weather condition, etc.) and their own economic and social situation
before they can make the right crop management decisions. In ETL based IPM, natural
enemies, plant compensation ability and abiotic factors are not considered. In AESA based IPM
emphasis is given to natural enemies, plant compensation ability, abiotic factors and P: D ratio.
AESA and farmer field school (FFS)
AESA is a season-long training activity that takes place in the farmer field. It is season-long so
that it covers all the different developmental stages of the crop and their related management
practices. The process is always learner-centered, participatory and relying on an experiential
learning approach and therefore it has become an integral part of FFS.
Farmers can learn from AESA

Identification of pests and their nature of

damage
Identification of natural enemies
Management of pests
Water and nutrient management
Influence of weather factors on pest buildup
Role of natural enemies in pest management

15

FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills

Active involvement of the farmers

Participatory

Practical

Farmers learn from other IPM

farmers
Not classroom training
Active involvement of the farmers
Group meetings

Regular meetings

Throughout cropping season

Guided by IPM facilitator

AESA based IPM

training for farmers

Learning through
field experiments

Design studies to solve problems

Problem oriented

Farmers choose topics

Learning by doing

Learning about crop ecology

Understanding role of beneficial insects

B. Field Scouting
AESA requires skill. So only the trained farmers can undertake their exercise. However, other
farmers also can do field scouting in their own fields at regular intervals to monitor the major
pest situation.
Surveillance on pest occurrence at the main field should commence soon after crop
establishment and at weekly intervals thereafter. In each of the fields, select five spots
randomly. Select four random plants at each spot for recording counts of insects as per
procedure finalized for individual insects.
For sucking pests :
For aphids, whitefly and mites: Count and record the number of both nymphs and adults on
five randomly selected leaves per plant.
C. Yellow pan water trap/sticky traps
Set up yellow pan water trap/sticky traps 15 cm above the canopy for monitoring whitely and
blue sticky trap for thrips @ 4-5 traps/acre. Locally available empty tins can be painted yellow/
coated with grease/Vaseline/castor oil on outer surface may also be used.
D. Light traps
Set up light traps 1 trap/acre 15 cm above the crop canopy for monitoring and mass trapping
insects. Light traps with exit option for natural enemies of smaller size should be installed and
operate around the dusk time (6 pm to 10 pm).

16

III. Ecological engineering for pest management

Ecological engineering for pest management has recently emerged as a paradigm for
considering pest management approaches that rely on the use of cultural techniques to
effect habitat manipulation and to enhance biological control. The cultural practices are
informed by ecological knowledge rather than on high technology approaches such as
synthetic pesticides and genetically engineered crops (Gurr et al. 2004a).
Natural enemies may require
1. Food in the form of pollen and nectar for adult natural enemies.
2. Shelters such as overwintering sites, moderate microclimate, etc are needed.
3. Natural enemies may also require alternate host when primary host are not present.
Ecological Engineering for Pest Management Above ground:
Raising the flowering plants / compatible cash crops along the field border by arranging
shorter plants towards main crop and taller plants towards the border to attract natural
enemies as well as to avoid immigrating pest population
Growing flowering plants on the internal bunds inside the field
Not to uproot weed plants those are growing naturally like Tridax procumbens, Ageratum
sp. Alternanthera sp., which act as nectar source for natural enemies,
Not to apply broad spectrum chemical pesticides, when the P: D is favourable. The plant
compensation ability should also be considered before applying chemical pesticides.
Ecological Engineering for Pest Management Below ground:

Crop rotations with leguminous plants which enhance nitrogen content.

Keeping soils covered year-round with living vegetation and/or crop residue.
Adding organic matter in the form of FYM, Vermicompost, crop residue which enhance
below ground biodiversity.
Reducing tillage intensity so that hibernating natural enemies can be saved.
Applying balanced dose of fertilizers and nutrients.
Applying Trichoderma as seed and nursery treatment and Pseudomonas fluorescens as
seed, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for
label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their
fields, registration is not required).

Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids and predatory

natural enemies number also will increase due to availability of nectar, pollen, fruits, insects,
etc. The major predators are a wide variety of spiders, lady bird beetles, long horned
grasshoppers, Chrysoperla, earwigs, etc.

17

Good insectary plants belonging to Compositae, Leguminaceae, Umbelliferae,

Brassicaceae etc. families

French bean

Marigold

Carrot

Sunflower

Mustard

Caraway

Cowpea

Buckwheat

Dill

Maize

Coriander

18

Cosmos

19

Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Insect
Leaf eating
caterpillar
(Citrus
butterfly)

Natural enemies
Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp.
(egg), Telenomus sp (egg),
Distatrix papilionis (larval),
Brachymeria spp. (larval),
Pteromalus spp. (pupal) etc.

Attractant Plants
Attractant plants:
Dill, anise, caraway, spearmint,
buckwheat, yarrow, white clover,
tansy, cowpea, fennel, and
cosmos (chalcid wasps)

Predators: Chrysoperla carnea,

coccinellids, King crow, common
mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider,
robber fly, reduviid bug, praying
mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs
(Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug
(Eocanthecona furcellata), earwigs,
ground beetles, rove beetles etc.
2

Citrus psylla
or psyllid

Parasitoids: Tamarixia radiata

(nymphal), Diaphorencyrtus
aligarhensis (nymhal) etc.
Predators: Predatory wasps, lady
beetles, lacewings, syrphid fly
larvae etc.

Scale insect

Predators: Predatory wasps,

lacewings, ladybugs, ants and
mites etc.

Aphids

Parasitoids: Aphidius colemani,

Diaeretiella spp., Aphelinus spp.
etc.
Predators: Anthocorid bugs/pirate
bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs,
syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings
(Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla
carnea), predatory coccinellids
(Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid
beetle (Oligota spp.), predatory
cecidomyiid fly (Aphidoletis

20

Attractant plants:
Bachelor's buttons or cornflower
(Centaurea cyanus), coriander,
prairie sunflower, cosmos
(lacewings).
Cosmos, sunflower (syrphids)
Golden rod, buckwheat,
coriander, sunflower (lady
beetles)
Nectar rich plants with small
flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill,
parsely, mustard, sun flower,
buckwheat and cowpea attract
parasitic wasps (braconid wasp)
Bachelor's button or cornflower
(Centaurea cyanus), coriander,
prairie sunflower, and cosmos
(lacewings).
French bean (predatory mites)
Carrot family, sunflower family,
marigold, buckwheat, spearmint
(syrphid fly, lacewing, minute
pirate bug, damsel bug and lady
beetle)
Nectar rich plants with small
flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill,
parsely, mustard (aphid
parasitoid and braconid wasp)
Sunflower, buckwheat and
cowpea (braconid wasp)

aphidimyza) and predatory gall

midge, (Feltiella minuta), earwigs,
ground beetles, rove beetles,
spiders, wasps etc.
Predators: Predatory wasps,
syrphid/hover flies, ladybugs or
mealybug destroyers (coccinellid,
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) etc.

Mealybug

Citrus leaf
miner

Parasitoids: Closterocerus spp.,

Cirrospilius spp., Pnigalio spp.,
Chrysocharis spp., Sympieses spp.
etc.

Two spotted
mites

Predators: Anthocorid bugs

(Orius spp.), mirid bugs,
syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings
(Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla
carnea), predatory mites
(Amblyseius alstoniae, A.
womersleyi, A. fallacies and
Phytoseiulus persimilis), predatory
coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum),
staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.),
predatory cecidomyiid fly
(Anthrocnodax occidentalis),
predatory gall midge (Feltiella
minuta) etc.
Beauveria bassiana (entomo
pathogen)

21

Attractant plants:
Bachelor's buttons or cornflower
(Centaurea cyanus) and
coriander attract wasps.
Attractant plants:
Dill, anise, caraway, spearmint,
buckwheat, yarrow, white clover,
tansy, cowpea, fennel, and
cosmos
Citrus, avocadoes, bananas,
papaya, palms, tea, cassava,
maize, strawberries, vegetables,
and cotton, as well as
ornamental plantings,
grasslands attract Stethorus
punctillum.
Daucus carota (Queen Anne's
lace) attract lady bugs.
Border crops: Strips of rye,
grass, cover crops and mulch
beds (rove beetle).

IV. Crop stage-wise IPM

Stage

Pre-sowing*

Management
Nutrients

Activity
The field is ploughed 3-4 times to get a fine tilth.
Before last ploughing well decomposed farm yard
manure (FYM) is applied @ 8 t/acre.
Pit size of 30 x30x30 cm is dug one to two
months before planting at a spacing of 1.2 x 1.5
m (in case of sole crop) or 1.5 x 3 m or 1.5 x 2m
Apply 26: 9: 8 kg N: P: K/acre
acre at the time of planting

Weeds

Remove or incorporate previous crop residues

before planting.
Plan to grow suitable intercrops like legumes,
ginger, tapioca etc.

Deep summer ploughing

Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene
sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three
weeks before sowing for soil solarization which
will help in reducing the soil-borne pests.

Resting stages of
pests,
soil-borne fungus

* Applying Trichoderma as seed and nursery treatment and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed,
nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim.
However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is
not required).
Vegetative
Nutrients
Apply 4 kg of FYM, 5: 10: 10 g N: P: K/plant and
stage
mix with soil after every harvest.
Weeds & Inter
cultivation

Periodical hoeing/ hand weeding from pits should

be done after every irrigation.
In the first year intercropping with pulses can be
grown.
After attaining 1 m height, the terminal bud is cut
off to encourage basal branching. In total 5-6
branches are maintained per bush.

Leaf spot

Cultural control:
Disease-free seed and seedlings should always
be used
Biological control:
Preventive spray of tobacco decoction could be
sprayed (dose).
Citrus oil at 1360 ppm inhibited the maximum
growth of the fungus followed by lemongrass oil
at 1720 ppm and peppermint at 2260 ppm,
respectively.

22

 Spray NSKE 5%
Tortoise beetle

Mechanical control:
Hand picking of larva
Biological control:
Conserve parasitoids such as Trichogramma
evanescens (egg), Telenomus sp (egg), Distatrix
papilionis (larval), Brachymeria sp (larval),
Pteromalus sp (pupal),
Spray NSKE 5% or neem oil @ 1-2 %

Leaf eating
caterpillar (Citrus
butterfly)

Cultural control:
Yellow sticky traps @4-5 /acre for monitoring
Biological control:
Conserve predators such as predatory wasps,
lady beetles, lacewing, syrphid fly larvae.
Horticultural mineral oils @ 0.5 -1%
Dusting of cow dung ash.
Spray NSKE 5% or 0.03 % azadirachtin
Application of fish oil rosin soap at one part in 25
parts of water is highly effective against this
sucking pest.

Citrus psylla or
psyllid

Cultural control:
Close monitoring and pruning of the infested
plant parts
Biological control:
Conserve natural predators such as predatory
wasps, lacewings, ladybugs (Chilocoris nigritus),
predatory ants, predatory mites etc.
Horticultural mineral oils @ 0.5-1%

Scale insects

Biological control:
Predatory wasps, syrphid/hover flies, ladybugs
or mealybug destroyers (a conccinellid,
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) etc.

Mealybug

Biological control:
Predatory midges, green lacewings, lady bird
beetles, hover flies, wasps etc.

Citrus leafminer

Biological control:
Conserve parasitoids such as Closterocerus
spp., Cirrospilius spp., Pnigalio spp.,
Chrysocharis spp., and Sympieses spp.
Spray NSKE 5%

23

Aphid

Reproductive
Nutrient
stage
management
(in subsequent Weed management
seasons)
Citrus psylla or
psyllid
Mealybug
Aphid
Scale
Citrus leaf miner

Biological control:
Conserve parasitoids such as Aphidius
colemani, Diaeretiella spp. Aphelinus spp. etc.
Conserve predators such as anthocorid
bugs/pirate bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs,
syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings (Mallada
basalis and Chrysoperla carnea), predatory
coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid
beetle (Oligota spp.), predatory cecidomyiid fly
(Aphidoletis aphidimyza) and predatory gall
midge, (Feltiella minuta), earwigs, ground
beetles, rove beetles, spiders, wasps etc.
Apply 4 kg of FYM, 5: 10:10 g N: P: K/plant and mix
with soil after every harvest.
Need based hoeing and weeding should be done
around the plant to keep it weed free.
Same as in vegetative stage
Same as in vegetative stage
Same as in vegetative stage
Same as in vegetative stage
Same as in vegetative stage

V. Insecticide resistance and its management

Insecticide resistance: Resistance to insecticides may be defined as a heritable change in the
sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the
expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest
species (IRAC). Cross-resistance occurs when resistance to one insecticide confers resistance
to another insecticide, even where the insect has not been exposed to the latter product.
Causes of resistance development: The causes and rate at which insecticide resistance
develops depend on several factors, including how rapidly the insects reproduce, the insects
level of resistance, the migration and host range of the insects, the insecticide's persistence and
specificity, and the rate, timing and number of applications of insecticide made. For instance,
insect pests that survive in large populations and breed quickly are at greater advantage of
evolving insecticide, especially when insecticides are misused or over-used.
General strategy for insecticide resistance management: The best strategy to avoid
insecticide resistance is prevention and including insecticide resistance management tactics as
part of a larger integrated pest management (IPM) approach.
1) Monitor pests: Monitor insect population development in fields to determine if and when
control measures are warranted. Monitor and consider natural enemies when making control
decisions. After treatment, continue monitoring to assess pest populations and their control.
2) Focus on AESA. Insecticides should be used only as a last resort when all other nonchemical management options are exhausted and P: D ratio is above 2: 1.

24

3) Take an integrated approach to managing pests. Use as many different control measures
as possible. Select insecticides with care and consider the impact on future pest populations
and the environment. Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides when a narrow-spectrum or more
specific insecticide will work.
4) Time applications correctly. Apply insecticides when the pests are most vulnerable. Use
application rates and intervals recommended by the manufacturer, university insect
management specialist, county Extension agent, or crop consultant.
5) Mix and apply carefully. While applying insecticides care should be taken for proper
application of insecticides in terms of dose, volume, timing, coverage, using techniques
recommended by the manufacturer etc.
6) Alternate different insecticide classes. Avoid the repeated use of the same insecticide,
insecticides in the same chemical class, or insecticides in different classes with same mode of
action and rotate/alternate insecticide classes and modes of action.
7) Preserve susceptible genes. Preserve susceptible individuals within the target population
by providing unsprayed areas within treated fields, adjacent "refuge" fields, or habitat attractions
within a treated field that facilitate immigration. These susceptible individuals may outcompete
and interbreed with resistant individuals, diluting the resistant genes and therefore the impact of
resistance.
VI. Description of common weeds:
Major kharif weeds
1. Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. Amaranthaceae
It is an erect 6 to 100 cm tall annual herb with especially upwards glabrous to pubescent stem.
Leaves are also glabrous or pubescent on the veins of the lower surface; petioles long (up to 10
cm), occasionally longer than the blade; blade ovate to rhombic-oblong, base tapered to blunt,
tip rounded. Flowers green, unisexual, male and female intermixed, in slender axillary to
terminal paniculate spikes 2-12 cm long and 2-5 mm wide, or in dense axillary clusters in the
lower part of the stem. Fruits are capsule almost round shaped 1.25-1.75 mm long with rough
surface. Seeds 1-1.25 mm, round, slightly compressed, dark brown to black with a paler thick
border.

2. Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. Brassicaceae

An annual herb with , horizontal or ascending stem, multiple from the base, radiating from a

25

central point; glabrous, green. Leaves are alternate, petiolate, pinnate, 4-5 cm long, 2 cm broad,
glabrous. Divisions of the leaves opposite, lobed or devided, linear-elliptic to linear oblong.
Inflorescence is a small raceme, up to 4 cm long, opposite to one of the stem leaves, compact.
Flowers minute, greenish. Fruits are glabrous, 3-4 mm broad, 2 mm long, slightly compressed,
sub-globose, 2-seeded.

3. Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae

A variable annual herb upto 1 m tall with an erect, glabrous or sparsely pubescent stem and
staggered branching pattern. Leaves are 2.5-9 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, ovate, glabrous, thin,
margins toothed, tapering into the petiole, apex subacute. Flowers small, white, borne in
drooping, umbellate 3-8 flowered cymes. Fruits berries globose, 5-8 mm in diameter, red, yellow
or purplish-black. when ripened, fruits having numerous, disc-shaped, 1.5 mm in diameter,
yellow, minutely pitted seeds.

4. Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. Portualacaceae

An annual glabrous herb with prostrate and succulent stem. Leaves spatulate, flattened, apex
round nearly truncate. Flowers 3-10 mm diameter and yellow. Fruits capsules ovoid, 4-9 mm
diameter. Seeds black or dark brown, orbiculate or elongate, flattened, 0.6-1.1 mm; surface
cells sooth, granular, or stellate, with rounded tubercles.

26

5. False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. Amaranthaceae

An annual herb, 30-60 cm high with spreading branches. Leaves variable, 2-7.5 cm long and
1.3-4.5 cm wide, ovate or elliptic, acute or rounded at the apex, sometimes with reddish
margins, glabrous. Flowers pink, borne in threes axillary, pedunculate spikes, 2.5-12.5 cm long.
Fruits globose, approximately 0.3 cm in diameter having yellowish-brown.

6. Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd Poaceae

Annual, very variable, grass, 10-44 cm high. Stem erect or creeping culms, rooting from the
profusely branched nodes. Leaves are linear, tapering to a fine point, 2-10 cm long and 0.2-0.4
cm wide, flat, glaucous, glabrous or hispid; leaf sheaths striate, the lower whitish; ligules
membranous, very short. Inflorescence comprised of 2-6 digitate spikes, 0.5-4 cm long, olivegrey; spikelets 2-5 flowered, spreading at right angles, pendulous, strongly striate. Grain 0.5-1
mm long, subglobose, reddish, very rugose.

7. Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Poaceae

A prostrate or ascending annual grass with spreading, branched stem having rooting at nodes.
Leaves are 3-20 cm long, 3-10 mm wide, with hairs on both the surfaces. Stem sheaths hairy

27

and closed. Leaves and sheaths may turn dark red or maroon with age. Seed head composed
of 4-6 branches (spikes) at the top of the stems, each approximately 3-15 cm long. Fruit
caryopsis shiny, yellowish-brown, 2-3 mm long.

8. Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Poaceae

Robust, tufted annual grass, erect or at the base decumbent and rooting at the nodes, 20-150
cm tall. Culms cylindrical, glabrous, filled with white spongy pith. Leaf sheaths glabrous and 913 cm long. Leaf blades merging into the sheath, linear, with a broad, rounded base and acute
top; rough margined, glabrous or at the base with a few long hairs, smooth or the upper surface
minutely bristly. Inflorescence is an apical panicle of 5-40 spikes like racemes. Fruit are
caryopsis ovoid to obovoid, compressed, 1.5-2 mm long.

Sedges
9. Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. Cypraceae
A perennial sedge, hard, fragrant, globose-ovoid tubers, up to 1.2 cm long and 0.3-0.7 cm in
diameter; culms solitary or few together, sparsely tufted, erect, 10-75 cm tall, 3-angled at top.
Leaves narrowly linear, sometimes longer than stem, 0.4-0.8 cm wide, dark green above, pale
beneath. Inflorescence is a simple or compound umbel, rays 2-8, each up to 7.5 cm long,
bearing short spikes of 3-10 spreading, red-brown spikelets. Nuts oblong to ovate-oblong, 3sided, 1.3-1.5 mm long and 0.5-0.7 mm wide, maturing brown.

28

10. Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. Cypraceae

Annual sedge, sometimes behaving as a perennial with 8 to 60 cm high. The culms are tufted,
triangular, smooth, green and 0.6-3.0 mm thick. The roots are numerous, short and yellowishred. Leaves are linear-lanceolate, usually all shorter than the culm, 1-8 mm wide, flat, and rough
on the margin and major ribs; leaf sheaths are green to reddish-brown, membraneous and
envelope the culm at the base. Inflorescence is simple or compound, usually open, 1-20 cm
long and 1-20 cm wide, with groups of spikes which are either attached directly to stem or on
0.5-15.0 cm long peduncles (rays). Spikelets are erect-spreading, crowded, 6-24-flowered, 2-13
mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, golden to yellowish green. Nutlet, 1.0-1.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm
wide, obovate, triangular in cross section, dark-brown to almost black; the surface is almost
smooth.

11. Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae

It is an annual weed found in agricultural fields. It is a polymorphous, non-aromatic, erect herb,
0.3-3 m tall with angled stems that are often striped green, red or purple. Leaves are variable in
size and shape, lower leaves are toothed or irregularly lobes, 10-15 cm long, with petioles often
as long as leaf blades. Flowers are green, borne in clusters forming a compact or loosely
panicled axillary spike. Fruits utricle, seeds round, compressed, black and shining.

29

12. Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis Primulaceae L

A low-growing annual, up to 30 cm tall with branched or erect herbaceous, 4-angled, glabrous to
pubescent stem. Sometimes rooting observed at the nodes. Leaves are opposite, entire,
sessile, ovate variously pubescent, margins somewhat tuberculate. Flowers are bright blue,
solitary arising from the area between the stem and leaves (leaf axils) and occur on relatively
long stalks (pedicels). Fruits capsule, globose, seeds1.3 mm long, trigonous, brown.

13. Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. Fabaceae

It is a sweet-smelling erect herb, up to 10-60 cm high with hairless, spreading or erect stem.
Leaves odd-1-pinnate; leaflets 1-2.5 cm, inverted, lance-shaped to wedge-shaped, generally
sharply toothed on the broader part. Flowers yellow; appear in slender, compact racemes that
are 1-2 inches in length. Plant bear papery, small, round, 2-3 mm long, yellow or grey,
reticulately wrinkled and slightly hairy pods. Seeds 2 mm long; 1.5 mm wide; broadly oval, one
side plane, the other side rounded; yellowish green; roughened by minute tubercles.

30

14. Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam. Fumariaceae

Annual herb, up to 60 cm tall. Stem Slender, much branched and succulent. Leaves 2-3
pinnatisect, 2-5 cm long, segments linear oblanceolate, apiculate. Flowers Purplish-red,
spurred, in terminal or leaf opposed bracteate racemes. Fruits are rounded nuts, 2-3 mm in
diameter, wrinkled when dry.

15. Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. Caryophyllaceae

A diffuse annual herb. Stem branched from the root, grooved. Leaves are in pseudo whorls,
fleshy, linear-subulate, spreading. Flowers small, white. Fruits capsule rounded, five valved.
Seeds are circular, thick lens shaped in cross section; margins winged with one small notch.
Seeds are greyish black to black with margins usually light brown.

16. Bluegrass: Poa annua L. Poaceae

Annual cool-season grass grows 6 to 8 inches high when left unmowed. It has light green
flattened stems that are bent at the base and often rooted at the lower stem joint. Leaf blades
are often crinkled part way down and vary from 1 to 3 inches long with typical Poa boat-shaped
leaf tips- a key characteristic of annual bluegrass. Inflorescence is branched with three to eight
flattened florets in each spikelet.

31

17. Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. Poaceae

A tufted annual bunchgrass, up to 1.8 meters in height. Stem is erect or horizontal with long,
linear leaves. Ligule is an oblong hyaline membrane, about 2-5 mm long, often truncate and/or
fringed; auricles absent, sheath smooth. Panicle more or less protruding or entirely protruding
from the uppermost swollen leaf sheath, ovate to oblong, 5-8 cm long, green. Spikelets green,
broadly lanceolate on short pedicels, shining, 4 -6 mm long, strongly laterally compressed.

32

VII. Description of insect pest:

1) Tortoise beetle:
Biology:
Grub: Black with a forked posterior and a flattened body.
Adults: Reddish-brown beetles.
Life cycle:
4. Adult

Tortoise Beetle
(Silana farinosa)

1. Eggs
15 to 30

3. Pupa

2. Grub

Damage Symptoms:
Cause heavy defoliation of commercial crops.
Both the adult beetle and the grub feed on the leaves, boring holes into them.
*For management refer to page number------------2) Citrus butterfly:
Biology:
Eggs: Yellowish white, round, smooth eggs are laid singly on tender leaves and shoots by P.
demoleus. Egg hatches in about 3 8 days.
Larva: Freshly hatched caterpillars are dark brown and soon develop irregular white markings
on their body resembling birds drop. The caterpillars feed voraciously on tender leaves right up
to the mid ribs and defoliate the entire seedlings or the tree leaving behind the only midribs.

33

Adults: Papilio demoleus is a big beautiful butterfly with yellow and black markings on all the
four wings, having wing expanse of about 50-60 mm. Its hind wings have a brick red oval patch
near the anal margin and there is no tail like extension behind though common in Papilionidae.
Papilio polytes males are black and females vary in form. Papilio helenus has black wings with
three white distal spots.
Life cycle:
4. Adult

Citrus butterfly
(Papilio demoleus)
3. Pupa

2. Larvae

Parasitoids:
1. Trichogramma evanescens (egg) 2. Telenomus sp (egg)

1. http://gsquaredbugs.com/?page_id=318
.
2.http://www.plantwise.org/default.aspx?site=234&page=4279&dsID=52991

34

1. Eggs
15 to 30

3. Brachymeria sp (larval) 4. Pteromalus spp. (pupal)

3..http://insectsgalore.blogspot.in/2010_07_01_archive.html
4. http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/hymenopt/Pteromalus.htm
*For management refer to page number-----------------------3) Citrus psylla/psyllid:
Biology:
Nymphs: Its nymphs are yellow, orange or brown with flattened bodies. They are hard to see,
since they're only 1/100 to 1/14 inch long. The nymphs also secrete a sticky substance called
honeydew that attracts sooty mold.
Adults: Citrus psyllid is a tiny, mottled-brown, winged insect that damages curry leaf plants
when it sucks sap out of young leaves. This psyllid grows to be between 1/16 and 1/8 inch long
with red eyes and short antennae.
Life cycle:

35

2. Adult

Citrus psylla/psyllid
Diaphorina citri

2. Nymph

1.Egg

16-17days

Damage symptoms:
Citrus psyllids are mottled brown insects that feed directly on the leaf of the curry leaf tree.
This causes damage to the leaves and stems, and can also introduce bacteria to the tree.
Symptoms include twisted and curling leaves, and dieback of shoots.
Parasitoids:
1. Parasitic wasp

http://bugguide.net/node/view/175277
Predators:
1. Ladybird beetle

2. Lacewing

3. Syrphid fly larva

36

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinella_septempunctata
2. http://uconnladybug.wordpress.com/2013/04/30/the-green-lacewing-delicate-fierce/
3. http://ippc2.orst.edu/potato/syrphidfly.html
*For management refer to page number-----------------------4) Scales:
Scales are tiny insects that appear as small, flat bumps on the surface of a leaf.
Life cycle:

Adult

Crawler

Eggs

Nature and symptoms of damage:

Scales damage plants by sucking out plant sap as a result leaves to yellow and wilt. While a few
scales will not damage a curry tree, this insect reproduces rapidly and a small population can
quickly become an infestation. Close monitoring of your curry tree can also help to catch scale
problems before they become infestations.

37

Parasitoids:
1. Aphytis melinus

1. http://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v047n01p16&fulltext= yes
Predators:
1. Rhyzobius lophanthae 2. Lacewing

1.
2.
3.

3. Predatory mite

4. Ants

1 http://bugguide.net/node/view/589307
2.http://uconnladybug.wordpress.com/2013/04/30/the-green-lacewing-delicate-fierce/
3. http://www.planetnatural.com/product/predatory-mites-spidex/
4. http://jonlieffmd.com/blog/ants-individual-and-colony-superorganism- leadership-and-fire-ants
*For management refer to page number-----------------------5) Mealybugs:
Biology:
Citrus mealy bugs are soft pinkish-white insects with a waxy appearance. Mealy bugs are softbodied, wingless insects that grow between 1/20 and 1/5 inch long. Mealy bugs lay large
clusters of several hundred eggs on the surface of a leaf, which then hatch into yellow nymphs,
which feed on plant sap.
Life cycle:

38

3. Adult

Mealy bugs
1.

Eggs
150- 600 eggs

2. Nymphs

Damage symptoms:
In addition to causing leaves to shrivel, large infestations of citrus mealybugs can cause a trees
fruit to drop prematurely. Mealybugs usually gather in large numbers, causing premature leaf
drop and twig dieback when they feed. Like psyllids, they secrete honeydew, which attracts
black sooty mold.
Parasitoids:
1. Parasitic wasp

http://bugguide.net/node/view/175277
Predators:
1. Hover flies

2. Ladybird bettle

3. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

39

1. http://ucanr.edu/blogs/bugsquad/index.cfm?tagname=hover%20flies
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinella_septempunctata
3. http://chem-gro.com/cart/product_info.php?products_id=191
*For management refer to page number-----------------------6) Aphids:
Biology:
Aphids are small pear-shaped insects that may appear in a range of colors, including yellow,
green, brown or white.
Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:
Aphids suck the juices from a plant, causing the leaves to mottle and curl, and can also
introduce mold fungus. Aphids tend to feed in dense clusters and are slow to react when
disturbed.
Predators:
1. Lady beetle

2. Lacewing

3. Syrphid fly

40

1.http://llladybug.blogspot.in/
2.http://www.macro-world.cz/image.php?id_foto=514&gal=29
3.http://freepages.misc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~larsonmorgan/flies/flies.html
Parasitoids:
1. Aphidius colemani 2. Aphidius sp

3. Aphelinus sp

1. http://www.pbase.com/image/103498236
2. http://www.evergreengrowers.com/aphidius-colemani-133.html
3. http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/Aphelinus-wasp- stings-aphid- Denis-Crawford/
*For management refer to page number-----------------------7) Two spotted spider mite:
Two-spotted mites reproduce sexually, and the females lay eggs on buds, leaves, twigs, stems
and trunks. The eggs, which are laid in vast numbers, hatch to produce nymphs which grow
through a succession of moults. The first stage nymphs are six-legged; the subsequent stage
produces nymphs with a full complement of eight legs. Two-spotted mites overwinter in the soil.
Generation time will vary according to temperature, but in warm conditions this time can be as
short as four days.
Life cycle:

41

Adult
3-5 days

Two spotted spider mite

Eggs

Nymphs

1-3 days

Damage symptoms:
Two spotted spider mite and carmine spider mite damage to strawberries appears as stippling,
scarring, and bronzing of the leaves and calyx.
damaging during the first 2 to 5 months following transplanting in late summer or fall, and yield
loss is detectable at all mite infestation levels exceeding one mite per leaflet
Predator mites:
1. Phytoseiulus
persimilis

5. Damsel bug

2. Galendromus
occidentalis

6. Lacewing

3. minute pirate bug 4. Black lady beetle

7. Six-spotted thrips

42

1.http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/scientific-advances/biocontrol/phytoseiulus-persimilis/index.html
2.http://chem-gro.com/cart/product_info.php?products_id=169
3.http://www.bloomingarden.com/Newsletters2012/032212/4ohiosbeneficialbugs032212.html
4.http://bugguide.net/node/view/286215
5.http://mint.ippc.orst.edu/damselid.htm
6.http://www.macro-world.cz/image.php?id_foto=514&gal=29
7.http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/sixspotted_thrips.html
VIII. Description of disease:
1) Leaf spot
Phyllosticta leaf spot symptoms range from a few round spots or
lesions. It may cause early loss of leaves in case of severe
infestation and can debilitate the tree. The irregular, round,
yellowish brown lesions are produced on leaves. Under the
favourable conditions, tiny black fruiting bodies of the pathogen
are produced, usually they form a circle. The center of these
spots is dead tissue that easily breaks away leaving a hole
Primary infection: Through soil and rain splash
Secondary infection : through air and rain splash during wed
condition

43

IX. Dos and Donts

S. No.
Dos
1.
Deep ploughing is to be done on bright sunny
days during the months of May and June.
The field should be kept exposed to sun light at
least for 2-3 weeks

2.
3.
4

Donts
Do not plant or irrigate the field after
ploughing, at least for 2-3 weeks, to allow
desiccation of weeds bulbs and/or rhizomes
of perennial weeds.

Adopt crop rotation.

Grow only recommended varieties.

Avoid growing monocrop.

Do not grow varieties not suitable for the
season or the region.
Sow early in the season
Avoid late sowing as this may lead to
reduced yields and incidence of white grubs
and diseases.
Always treat the seeds with approved Do not use seeds without seed treatment with
chemicals/bio products for the control of seed biocides/chemicals.
borne diseases/pests.

6.

Sow in rows at optimum depths under proper Do not sow seeds beyond 5-7 cm depth.
moisture conditions for better establishment.

7.

Apply
only
recommended
herbicides
at
recommended dose, proper time, as appropriate
spray solution with standard equipment along
with flat fan or flat jet nozzles.

8.

Maintain optimum and healthy crop stand which Crops should not be exposed to moisture
would be capable of competing with weeds at a deficit stress at their critical growth stages.
critical stage of crop weed competition

44

Pre-emergent as well as soil incorporated

herbicides should not be applied in dry soils.
Do not apply herbicides along with irrigation
water or by mixing with soil, sand or urea.

.
9

Use NPK fertilizers as per the

soil test recommendation.

Avoid imbalanced use of fertilizers.

10
11

Use micronutrient mixture after sowing based test

recommendations.
Conduct AESA weekly in the morning preferably
before 9 a.m. Take decision on management
practice based on AESA and P: D ratio only.

Do not apply any micronutrient mixture after

sowing without test recommendations.
Do not take any management decision
without considering AESA and P: D ratio

12

Install pheromone traps at appropriate period.

Do not store the pheromone lures at normal

room temperature (keep them in refrigerator).

13

Release parasitoids only after noticing adult moth

catches in the pheromone trap or as pheromone
trap or as per field observation

Do not apply chemical pesticides within

seven days of release of parasitoids.

45

14

Apply HaNPV or SINPV at recommended dose

when a large number of egg masses and early
instar larvae are noticed. Apply NPV only in the
evening hours after 5 pm.

15

In case of pests which are active during night like Do not spray pesticides at midday since,
Spodoptera spray recommended biocides/ most of the insects are not active during this
chemicals at the time of their appearance in the period.
night.

16

Spray pesticides thoroughly to treat the

undersurface of the leaves, particularly for mites,
whiteflies, Spodoptera etc.

Do not spray pesticides only on the upper

surface of leaves.

17

Apply short persistent pesticides to

pesticide residue in the soil and produce.

Do not apply pesticides during preceding 7

days before harvest.

18

Follow the recommended procedure of trap crop Do not apply long persistent on trap crop,
technology.
otherwise it may not attract the pests and
natural enemies.

avoid

46

Do not apply NPV on late instar larva and

during day time.

X. Basic precautions in pesticides usage

A. Purchase
1. Purchase only just required quantity e.g. 100, 250, 500, 1000 g/ml for single
application in specified area.
2. Do not purchase leaking containers, loose, unsealed or torn bags.
3. Do not purchase pesticides without proper/approved labels.
4. While purchasing insist for invoice/bill/cash memo
B. Storage
1. Avoid storage of pesticides in house premises.
2. Keep only in original container with intact seal.
3. Do not transfer pesticides to other containers.
4. Never keep them together with food or feed/fodder.
5. Keep away from reach of children and livestock.
6. Do not expose to sunlight or rain water.
7. Do not store weedicides along with other pesticides.
C. Handling
1. Never carry/ transport pesticides along with food materials.
2. Avoid carrying bulk pesticides (dust/granules) on head shoulders or on the back.
D. Precautions for preparing spray solution
1. Use clean water.
2. Always protect your nose, eyes, mouth, ears and hands.
3. Use hand gloves, face mask and cover your head with cap.
4. Use polythene bags as hand gloves, handkerchiefs or piece of clean cloth as mask
and a cap or towel to cover the head (Do not use polythene bag contaminated with
pesticides).
5. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution.
6. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution.
7. Prepare the spray solution as per requirement
8. Do not mix granules with water
9. Concentrated pesticides must not fall on hands etc. while opening sealed container.
Do not smell pesticides.
10. Avoid spilling of pesticides while filling the sprayer tank.
11. Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew while preparing solution
12. The operator should protect his bare feet and hands with polythene bags
E. Equipment
1. Select right kind of equipment.
2. Do not use leaky and defective equipment
3. Select right kind of nozzles
4. Dont blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Use old tooth brush tied with the
sprayer and clean with water.
5. Do not use same sprayer for weedicide and insecticide.
F. Precautions for applying pesticides
1. Apply only at recommended dose and dilution

47

2.
3.
4.
5.

Do not apply on hot sunny day or strong windy condition

Do not apply just before the rains and after the rains.
Do not apply against the windy direction
Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used for spraying with battery
operated ULV sprayer
6. Wash the sprayer and buckets etc. with soap water after spraying
7. Containers buckets etc. used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic
purpose
8. Avoid entry of animals and workers in the field immediately after spraying
9. Avoid tank mixing of different pesticides
G. Disposal
1. Left over spray solution should not be drained in ponds or water lines etc. throw it in
barren isolated area if possible
2. The used/empty containers should be crushed with a stone/stick and buried deep
into soil away from water source.
3. Never reuse empty pesticides container for any other purpose.

XI. Pesticide application techniques

Equipment
Category A: Stationary, crawling pest/disease
Vegetative
Insecticides Lever operated knapsack
stage
and
sprayer (Droplets of big
i) for crawling fungicides
size)
and soil borne
Hollow cone nozzle @ 35
pests
to 40 psi
Lever operating speed = 15
to 20 strokes/min
or
ii) for small
Motorized knapsack
sucking
leaf
sprayer or mist blower
borne pests
(Droplets of small size)
Airblast nozzle
Operating speed: 2/3rd
throttle
Reproductive
Insecticides Lever operated knapsack
stage
and
sprayer (Droplets of big
fungicides
size)
Hollow cone nozzle @ 35
to 40 psi
Lever operating speed = 15
to 20 strokes/min

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Category B: Field flying pest/airborne pest

Vegetative
Insecticides
Motorized knapsack
stage
and
sprayer or mist blower
fungicides
Reproductive
(Droplets of small size)
stage
Airblast nozzle
(Field Pests)
Operating speed: 2/3rd
throttle
Or
Battery operated low
volume sprayer (Droplets of
small size)
Spinning disc nozzle
Mosquito/
Insecticides
Fogging machine and ENV
locust
and and
(Exhaust nozzle vehicle)
spatial
fungicides
(Droplets of very small
application
size)
(migratory
Hot tube nozzle
Pests)
Category C: Weeds
PostWeedicide
Lever operated knapsack
emergence
sprayer (Droplets of big
application
size)
Flat fan or floodjet nozzle
@ 15 to 20 psi
Lever operating speed = 7
to 10 strokes/min
Preemergence
application

Weedicide

Trolley mounted low

volume sprayer (Droplets of
small size)
Battery operated low
volume sprayer (Droplets of
small size)

XII. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief

1.

For application rate and

dosage see the label and
leaflet
of
the
particular
pesticide.

2.

It is advisable to check the

output
of
the
sprayer
(calibration)
before

49

commencement of spraying
under guidance of trained
person.

3.

Clean and wash the machines

and nozzles and store in dry
place after use.

4.

It is advisable to use
protective clothing, face mask
and gloves while preparing
and applying pesticides.
Do not apply pesticides
without protective clothing and
wash clothes immediately
after spray application.

5.

Do not apply in hot or windy

conditions.

6.

Operator should maintain

normal walking speed while
undertaking application.

50

7.

Do not smoke, chew or eat

while undertaking the spraying
operation

8.

Operator should take proper

bath
with
soap
after
completing spraying

9.

Do not blow the nozzle with

mouth for any blockages.
Clean with water and a soft
brush.

XIII. References
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r734400111.html
http://bugguide.net/node/view/286215
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/
http://www.cabi.org

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