Scribd
Upload
78 views

CS30002: Operating Systems: Arobinda Gupta Spring 2012

This document provides an overview of the CS30002 Operating Systems course taught by Professor Arobinda Gupta in Spring 2012. It discusses the textbook, course webpage, and grading policy. It then introduces operating systems, describing them as resource allocators that manage hardware and provide interfaces for user programs. The main components of an operating system are process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, storage management, security, and networking. System calls provide the interface for programs to request services from the operating system.

Uploaded by

awadhesh.kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
78 views

CS30002: Operating Systems: Arobinda Gupta Spring 2012

This document provides an overview of the CS30002 Operating Systems course taught by Professor Arobinda Gupta in Spring 2012. It discusses the textbook, course webpage, and grading policy. It then introduces operating systems, describing them as resource allocators that manage hardware and provide interfaces for user programs. The main components of an operating system are process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, storage management, security, and networking. System calls provide the interface for programs to request services from the operating system.

Uploaded by

awadhesh.kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

CS30002:

Operating Systems
Arobinda Gupta
Spring 2012

General Information
z

Textbook:
z
z

Course Webpage
z

Operating System Concepts, 8th Ed, by Silberschatz,


Galvin, and Gagne
I will use materials from other books as and when
needed
http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~agupta/OS

Grading Policy
z
z
z

Midsem 30%
Endsem 50%
TA 20% (Two class tests, may also have
assignments)

Introduction

What is an Operating System?


z

User-centric definition
z

A program that acts as an intermediary between


a user of a computer and the computer hardware
Defines an interface for the user to use services
provided by the system
Provides a view of the system to the user

System-centric definition
z

Resource allocator manages and allocates


resources
Control program controls the execution of user
programs and operations of I/O devices

Computer System Components


1. Hardware provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers,
databases, games, ).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

Abstract View of System


Components

Types of Systems
z

Batch Systems
z

Multiprogrammed Batch Systems


z
z

Multiple jobs, but only one job in memory at one time


and executed (till completion) before the next one starts
Multiple jobs in memory, CPU is multiplexed between
them
CPU-bound vs I/O bound jobs

Time-sharing Systems
z

Multiple jobs in memory and on disk, CPU is multiplexed


among jobs in memory, jobs swapped between disk and
memory
Allows interaction with users

Personal Computers
z

Multiprocessing Systems
z
z
z

Different types of systems with multiple CPUs/Machines

Real Time Systems


z

More than one CPU in a single machine to allocate jobs to


Symmetric Multiprocessing, NUMA machines
Multicore

Other Parallel Systems, Distributed Systems, Clusters


z

Dedicated to a single user at one time

Systems to run jobs with time guarantees

Other types possible depending on resources in the


machine, types of jobs to be run

OS design depends on the type of system it is


designed for

Our primary focus in this course:


z

Uniprocessor, time-sharing systems running general


purpose jobs from users
Effect of multicore/multiprocessors

Will discuss some other topics at end

Resources Managed by OS
z

Physical
z

CPU, Memory, Disk, I/O Devices like keyboard, monitor,


printer

Logical
z

Process, File,

Main Components of an OS
z

Resource-Centric View
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

Process Management
Main Memory Management
File Management
I/O System Management
Secondary Storage Management
Security and Protection System
Networking (this is now integrated with most OS, but will
be covered in the Networks course)

User-centric view
z
z

System Calls
Command Interpreter (not strictly a part of an OS)

Process Management
z
z

A process is a program in execution.


Needs certain resources to accomplish
its task
z

CPU time, memory, files, I/O devices

OS responsibilities
z
z
z

Process creation and deletion.


Process suspension and resumption.
Provide mechanisms for:
z process synchronization
z interprocess communication

Main-Memory Management
z

OS responsibilities
z

Keep track of which parts of memory are currently


being used and by whom
Decide which processes to load when memory space
becomes available
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed

File Management
z

OS responsibilities
z
z
z

z
z

File creation, deletion, modification


Directory creation, deletion, modification
Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories
Mapping files onto secondary storage.
File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media

I/O System Management


z

The I/O system consists of:


z
z
z

A buffer-caching system
Device driver interface
Drivers for specific hardware devices

Secondary-Storage Management
z

Most modern computer systems use disks as


the principle on-line storage medium, for both
programs and data.
OS responsibilities
z
z
z

Free space management


Storage allocation
Disk scheduling

Security and Protection System


z

Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling


access by programs, processes, or users to both
system and user resources.
The protection mechanism must:
z
z
z

distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage


specify the controls to be imposed
provide a means of enforcement

System Calls
z

System calls provide the interface between a


running program and the OS
z

z
z

Think of it as a set of functions available to the program


to call (but somewhat different from normal functions,
we will see why)
Generally available as assembly-language instructions.
Most common languages (e.g., C, C++) have APIs that
call system calls underneath

Passing parameters to system calls


z
z
z

Pass parameters in registers


Store the parameters in a table in memory, and the
table address is passed as a parameter in a register
Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the
program, and pop off the stack by operating system

Command-Interpreter System
z

Strictly not a part of OS, but always there


z

the shell

Allows user to give commands to OS, interpretes


the commands and executes them
z
z

Calls appropriate functions/system calls


You will write one in your lab

You might also like