The document discusses Legendre's equation and Bessel's equation, which are important differential equations that arise in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. Legendre polynomials Pn(x) are defined as the solutions to Legendre's equation. Some key properties and formulas for generating Legendre polynomials are provided. Bessel's equation is also introduced, along with Bessel functions Jn(x) which are solutions to Bessel's equation when the order v is an integer n. Recurrence relationships and other properties of Bessel functions are listed.
The document discusses Legendre's equation and Bessel's equation, which are important differential equations that arise in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. Legendre polynomials Pn(x) are defined as the solutions to Legendre's equation. Some key properties and formulas for generating Legendre polynomials are provided. Bessel's equation is also introduced, along with Bessel functions Jn(x) which are solutions to Bessel's equation when the order v is an integer n. Recurrence relationships and other properties of Bessel functions are listed.
The document discusses Legendre's equation and Bessel's equation, which are important differential equations that arise in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. Legendre polynomials Pn(x) are defined as the solutions to Legendre's equation. Some key properties and formulas for generating Legendre polynomials are provided. Bessel's equation is also introduced, along with Bessel functions Jn(x) which are solutions to Bessel's equation when the order v is an integer n. Recurrence relationships and other properties of Bessel functions are listed.
The document discusses Legendre's equation and Bessel's equation, which are important differential equations that arise in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. Legendre polynomials Pn(x) are defined as the solutions to Legendre's equation. Some key properties and formulas for generating Legendre polynomials are provided. Bessel's equation is also introduced, along with Bessel functions Jn(x) which are solutions to Bessel's equation when the order v is an integer n. Recurrence relationships and other properties of Bessel functions are listed.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 5
CHAPTER II
2.1 LEGENDRES EQUATION
Legendres equation and Bessels equation are two special equations which occur frequently in applied mathematics, physics and engineering. Any equation of the form 1 x 2 y"2 xy' n( n 1 ) y 0 .
(2.1)
In solving this equation, we consider only the case when the
parameter n is a nonnegative integer. Observe that x = 0 is an ordinary point. Thus, a power series solution may be obtained similar to solving a second order differential equation with x = 0 as an ordinary point. Legendre Polynomials denoted by Pn(x) are the solutions to Legendres equation. The first few polynomials are the following. P0(x) = 1 P1(x) = x 2 P2(x) = (3x 1) P3(x) = (5x3 3x) 1 1 35 x 4 30 x 2 3 63x 5 70 x 3 15 x P4(x) = 8 P5(x) = 8 y Po
P1 x -1
1 P2 -1 Graph of Legendre Polynomials
Properties of Legendre Polynomials
a) Pn(-x) = (-1)n Pn(x) b) Pn(1) = 1 c) Pn(0) = 0, n = odd d) Pn(-1) = (-1)n e) Pn(0) = 0, n = even There are several formulas that will generate Legendre Polynomials. Among these are the following. 1. Recurrence Formula k 1 Pk 1 x 2k 1 xPk x kPk 1 x 0 This formula is valid for k=0,1,2,. 2. Rodrigues' Formula is another fundamental identity involving Legendre polynomials.
1 d n ( x 2 1 )n Pn ( x ) n 2 n! dx n
n = 0, 1, 2,
2.2 BESSEL'S EQUATION
2.2.1 GAMMA FUNCTION Extension of Factorials to any integer v can be done by the gamma function (v) defined by the integral
(v) 0 e t t v t dt Properties of Gamma Function A) B) C)
(v+1) = v (v) (1) = 1 (n + 1) = n!
D)
(1/2) =
Examples: 1) Show that (v+1) = v (v). HW
2) 3)
Show that (1) = 1. HW
Evaluate the following. 3.1) (6) 3.2) (3/2) 3.3) (4/3)
2.2.2 BESSEL'S EQUATION
x2y" + xy' + (x2 v2) y = 0.
(1)
Bessel's equation appears in cases of cylindrical symmetry in
electrical fields, vibrations and heat conduction. This equation can be solved by the Frobenius method. Indicial Equation:
(r + v)(r v) = 0
Roots:
r1 = v
(>0)
and
r2 = -v
Interval of Convergence: (0, )
2.2.3 Solutions of Bessel's Equation. Bessel Function of the First Kind, Jn(x) for Integer v = n. J n (x) x n
( 1) m x 2m 2m n
m 0 2 (2) where n is the order of the function.
Example 4.
m! (n m)!
Obtain the Bessel functions of order 0 and 1.
1 J0 J1 x
Bessel functions of the first kind.
For large x, 2 n
cos x . x 2 4
J n (x)
Bessel Function Using Gamma Function
J v (x) x v J -v (x) x
m 0 2
-v
( 1) m x 2m 2m v
m! (v m 1)! ( 1) m x 2m
2 2mv m! (-v m 1)!
m 0
The series converges for all values of x.
Linear Dependence of Bessel Functions Jn and J-n for v = n. J-n(x) = (-1)n Jn(x)
n=1,2,3,
2.2.4 Other Properties of Bessel Functions
d v x J v (x) x v J v 1 (x) A) dx d -v x J v (x) x -v J v 1 (x) dx B)
C)
J v 1 (x) J v 1 (x)
2v J v (x) x
D) J v1 (x) J v1 (x) 2 J' v (x)
Theorem: If v is not an integer, a general solution of Bessel's
equation for all x 0 is y(x) = c1Jv(x) + c2J-v(x) EXAMPLE 5: Find the general solution of 2 x y +xy'+( {x} ^ {2} - {1} over {4} ) y=0 .
Example 5:
Evaluate the given integral using Table 6.1 p296 Zill.
Development of A Reviewer Manual in Mechanical Engineering With Theories and 5,001 Solved Problems and Answered Questions (Elements) : For Computerized Mechanical Engineering Licensure Examination PDF
Development of A Reviewer Manual in Mechanical Engineering With Theories and 5,001 Solved Problems and Answered Questions (Elements) : For Computerized Mechanical Engineering Licensure Examination PDF
