Physics Module Answer

PHYSICS MODULE ANSWER
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
NO
TERMS
DEFINITIONS / MEANING
1.
Physical quantities
Quantities that can be measured
2.
Base quantities
Physical quantities that cannot be

defined in terms of other quantities
3.
Derived quantities
Physical quantity obtained from the

combination of base quantities
through multiplication or division or
both
4.
Base units
Units that cannot be defined in

terms of other units
5.
Derived units
Units which are obtained from the

combination of base units through
multiplication or division or both
6.
Consistency
The ability (of a measuring

instrument) to measure a quantity
with little or no deviation among
the measurements
7.
Accuracy
The closeness of a measurement

to the actual value
8.
Sensitivity
The ability (of a measuring

instrument) to detect a small
change in the quantity to be
measured
9.
Error
The difference between the

measured value and the actual
value.
10.
Systematic errors
Errors in the calibration of

instruments or the non-zero reading
when the actual reading should be
zero
11.
Random error
Errors due to the mistakes made by

the observer when taking
measurement either through
incorrect positioning of the eye or
the instrument
12.
Parallax error
Error due to the incorrect

positioning of the eye when
reading a measurement
FORMULA
13.
Zero error
The non-zero reading when the

actual reading should be zero that
is the pointer of the instrument
does not return to the zero position
when it is not being used
CHAPTER 2 : FORCES AND MOTION

NO
TERMS
DEFINITIONS / MEANING
1.
Vector quantity
Physical quantities that have both

magnitude and direction
2.
Scalar quantity
Physical quantities that have

magnitude only
3.
Distance
The total path length travelled

from one location to the other
4.
Displacement
The distance between two

locations measured along the
shortest path connecting them in a
specified direction
5.
Speed
Rate of change of distance OR

Distance travelled per unit time
6.
Velocity
Rate of change of displacement
7.
Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity
8.
Deceleration
Rate of decrease in velocity
9.
Inertia
The tendency of the object to

remain at rest or if moving to
comtinue its motion
10.
Mass
The quantity of matter in an object
11.
Momentum
Product of mass and velocity
FORMULA
s
t
s
v
t
vu
a
t
v
p mv
12.
Principle of
conservation of
momentum
In a closed system, the total

momentum before collision is equal
to the total momentum after
collision provided there is no
external force
13.
Elastic collision
A collision in which the objects do

not combine after collision
14.
Non-elastic collision
Force
A collision in which the objects are

combined after collision
15.
Unbalanced / net /
resultant force
A single force that represents the

combined effect of two or more
forces with magnitude and direction
16.
Balanced forces /
Forces in equilibrium
Situation in which forces acting on

an object produces no net force.
The object is satationary or moves
with a constant velocity in a
straight line.
17.
m1u1+m2u2 =
m1v1+m2v2
F = ma
m( v u )
t
Force / Impulsive
force
Rate of change of momentum
18.
Impulse
Change in momentum
19.
Gravitational field
The region around the earth which

an object experiences a force
towards the centre of earth
g = 10 N kg -1
g = 10 m s -2
impulse mv mu
Impulse = Ft
20.
Gravitational field
strength
The gravitational force acting on a

mass of 1 kg placed at that point
21.
Gravitational
acceleration
The acceleration of an object due

to the pull of the gravitational force
22.
Free fall
The motion in which the object falls

due to gravitational force only
23.
Weight
The gravitational force acting on

the object
24.
Newtons Second Law

of Motion
The acceleration produced by a net

force on an object is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the
net force applied and is inversely
proportional to the mass of the
object.
W mg
m( v u)
t
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin
25.
Resolution of forces
The separation of a single force

into two perpendicular
components called the vertical
and the horizontal component
26.
1 Newton
Is the force which acts on a body of

mass 1 kg and causes the body to
accelerate at 1 m s -2
27.
Energy
The ability to do work
28.
Work done
The product of the applied force

and the displacement in the
direction of the applied force
29.
Power
The rate at which work is done OR

the amount of work done per
second
F = ma
1N = 1kg x 1ms-2
W Fs
E
t
P=W/t
P
1W = 1J/ 1s
30.
1 watt
The power generated when 1 J of

work is done in 1 s
Ek
31.
Kinetic energy
The energy of an object due to its

motion
E mgh
32.
Gravitational potential
energy
The energy of an object due to its

higher position in the gravitational
field
33.
Density
Mass per unit volume
34.
Principle of
Conservation of
energy
Energy cannot be created or

destroyed. Energy can be
transformed from one form to
another.The total energy in a
closed system is constant .
35.
Efficiency
The percentage of the energy input

that is transformed into useful
energy
36.
Elasticity
The ability of an object to return to

its original size / length / shape
when the force that is acting on it is
removed.
1
mv 2
2
m
V
Ef =P out x100
P in
Ef = E out x100
E in
F=kx
37.
Hookes Law
The extension of a spring is directly

proportional to the applied force
provided the elastic limit is not
exceeded
38.
Elastic limit
The maximum force which can act

on an object before it loses its
elasticity
39.
Force constant /
spring constant
Force per unit extension
40.
Elastic potential
energy
The energy stored in an object

when it is stretched or compressed
F
x
1
Fx
2
1
E kx 2
2
E
CHAPTER 3 : FORCES AND PRESSURE

NO
TERM
DEFINITION / MEANING
FORMULA
1.
Pressure
Magnitude of force acting perpendicularly to a

surface per unit area of the surface
2.
1 pascal or 1 N m -2
The pressure exerted on a surface when a force of

1 N acts perpendicularly to an area of 1 m 2
3.
Atmospheric pressure
The pressure due to the weight of the air acting per

unit area on the earths surface
4.
Pascals Principle
The pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is

transmitted uniformly to every part of the liquid.
F1 = F2
A1 A2
5.
Buoyant force
The upward force exerted by a fluid when an

object is wholly or partially immersed in the fluid
F=Vg
6.
Archimedes Principle
For a body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid,

the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the
fluid it displaces
7.
Bernoullis Principle
In a moving fluid, where the speed is low, the

pressure is high and where the speed is high, the
F
A
pressure is low
CHAPTER 4 : HEAT
NO
1.
TERM
Thermal equilibrium
The situation in which two objects which are in thermal

contact have the same rate of heat transfer and the
same temperature The NET heat flow between the
two objects is zero
2.
Lower fixed point / ice

point
The temperature at which pure ice melts under the

standard atmospheric pressure
3.
Upper fixed point /. Steam

point
The temperature of steam from pure water that is

boiling under standard atmospheric pressure
4.
Heat capacity
The amount of heat required to increase the

temperature of an object by 1C
5.
Specific heat capacity
The amount of heat that must be supplied to an object

of mass 1 kg to increase its temperature by 1C
6.
Specific latent heat of

fusion
7.
8.
60.
FORMULA
Q
m
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a

substance from solid to liquid without any change in
temperature
Q
m
Specific latent heat of

vaporisation
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a

substance from liquid to gas without any change in
temperature
Q
m
Boyles Law
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is

inversely proportional to its volume when the
temperature is kept constant
P1V1=P2V2
9.
Charles Law
For a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is

directly proportional to the absolute temperature of
the gas when the pressure is
kept constant
10.
Pressure Law
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is

directly proportional to the absolute temperature of
the gas when the volume is
kept constant
11.
Absolute zero
The lowest temperature in theory in which the

pressure and the kinetic energy of gas molecules are
zero
NO
TERM
CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT
1.
Law of reflection
i)The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all
lie in the same plane
ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection
2.
Principal axis of
a curved mirror
The line passing through the vertex, P and the centre

of curvature, C
3.
Centre of curvature,C
The centre of the sphere that forms the curved mirror
4.
Focal point, F of a
concave mirror
The point on the principal axis where the reflected rays

converge that is meet and intersect
5.
Focal point, F of a
convex mirror
The point on the principal axis where the reflected rays

diverge that is appear to spread out from behind the
mirror
6.
Real image
The image that can be formed / displayed on a screen
7.
Virtual image
The image that cannot be formed on a screen
8.
Reflection of light
The return of light waves when they hit a reflector
V1 = V2
T1 T2
P1 = P2
T1 T2
FORMULA
( mirror)
9.
Refraction of light
The bending of light ray at the boundary as it travels

from one medium to another of different optical
densities
10.
Law of refraction
The incident ray, the refracted ray and normal all lie in
the same plane.
The ratio of sin i / sin r is a constant
( Snells Law)
11.
Refractive index, n
The value of the constant (sin i / sin r) for a light ray

passing through a vacuum into a given medium
12.
Real depth
The distance of the real object from the surface of a

medium ( eg water, glass)
13.
Apparent depth
The distance of the virtual image from the surface of the

medium ( eg water, glass)
14.
Critical angle, c
The angle of incidence in the denser medium when the

angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90
n=sin i
sin r
n=v
u
n=H
h
n=1
sin c
c=sin-1 1
n
15.
Total internal reflection
The condition in which the light ray from a denser

medium to a less dense medium is reflected back into
the denser medium when the angle of incidence is
greater than the critical angle
16.
Focal point , F of a lens
A common point on the principal axis where all the rays

parallel to the axis converge to it after passing through
a convex lens or appear to diverge from it after passing
through a concave lens
17.
Focal length, f
The distance between the focal point and the optical

centre
18.
Power of lens
The reciprocal of the focal length
P =1/f
19.
Linear magnification
The ratio of the image size to the object size OR the

ratio of the image distance to object distance
v
u
m=image size
object size
f = 1/P
NO
TERM
CHAPTER 6 : WAVES
1.
Wave
A travelling disturbance from a vibrating or oscillating

source which carries energy along with it in the direction
of the propagation
2.
Vibration / oscillation
A uniform to and-fro motion of an object / particle from

a vibrating source
3.
Transverse wave
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in

the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the
wave moves
(eg water, light, all EM waves)
4.
Longitudinal wave
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in

the direction parallel to the direction in which the wave
moves
( eg sound)
5.
Wavefront
An imaginary line that joins all identical points on a

wave
6.
One complete oscillation
The to-and-fro motion of an object / particle from one

particular point
7.
Amplitude, a
( SI unit : m)
The maximum displacement from the mean position of

a wave
8.
Period, T (SI unit :s)
The time taken to complete one oscillation
9.
Frequency, f
( SI unit : Hz)
The number of complete oscillations made in 1 second
10.
Wavelength,
The horizontal distance between two successive

equivalent points on a wave
11.
Damping
Energy loss from an oscillating system to the
FORMULA
1
f
1
T
=v/f
v=f
surrounding in the form of heat energy

12.
Natural frequency
The frequency in which an oscillating system

vibrates when no external force is applied
13.
Resonance
The phenomena in which an oscillating system is driven

at its natural frequency by a periodic force. Maximum
energy transfer occurs to the system and it oscillates at
a large amplitude
14.
Reflection of waves
The phenomena when all or part of the wave return

after they encounter an obstacle known as reflector
15.
Refraction of waves
The phenomena in which there is a change of

direction of propagation due to a change of speed
when water waves travel one area to another of
different depths
16.
Diffraction of waves
The phenomena that refers to the spreading out of

waves when they move through a gap or round an
obstacle
17.
Interference of waves
The phenomena in which two sets of coherent waves

meet / combine
18.
Coherent waves
Waves which maintain a constant phase difference,

amplitude and frequency
19.
Principle of Superposition
The combined wave forms of two or more interfering

waves waves is given by the sum of the displacement
of the individual wave at each point of the medium
20.
Constructive interference
The combination / superposition of two coherent waves

in which the vertical displacements of the two waves are
in the same direction
21.
Destructive interference
The combination / superposition of two coherent waves

in which a positive displacement of a wave meets a
negative displacement of another wave and the
combined amplitude becomes zero
22.
Audio waves
Sound waves generated between 20 Hz and 20 kHz

and can be heard by normal human ears
23.
Infrasound
Sound with frequency below 20 Hz
24.
Ultrasound
Sound with frequency above 20 kHz
25.
Electromagnetic spectrum
Consists of a group of waves with similar natures and
are arranged in increasing frequencies and decreasing

wavelengths
26.
Electromagnetic waves
Waves which consist of a joint electric and magnetic

fields which oscillate perpendicular to each other
CHAPTER 7 : ELECTRICITY
NO
TERM
FORMULA
Q
t
1.
Electric current
The rate of charge flow in a circuit
2.
1 ampere
The electric current that flows through a conductor if 1

coulomb of charge flows through the conductor in 1
second
A = C s -1
1A = 1C
1s
3.
Electric field
A region in which an electric charge experiences an

electric force
4.
Potential difference
The work done or the energy that would be required to

move 1 C of charge from one point to another in a circuit
5.
1 volt
The work done to move 1C of charge between two

points is 1 J
6.
Resistance
The ratio of potential difference across a conductor to

the electric current flowing through the conductor
7.
Ohms Law
The electric current passing through an ohmic conductor

is directly proportional to the potential difference
between its end provided that the temperature and
other physical properties of the conductor are
constant
8.
Series circuit
All the components are connected one after another in a

single path
9.
Parallel circuit
All the components are connected with their

corresponding ends joined together at common points to
form separate and parallel paths
10.
Electromotive force
The work done by a source ( dry cell / battery) in driving
E
Q
V = J C -1
1V = 1J
1C
R=V/I
V = IR
E=I(R+r)
r=E-R
(EMF)
a unit charge around a complete circuit
11.
Internal resistance, r
The resistance against the moving charge due to the

electrolyte in the cell / battery
12.
Electrical power
The rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred
CHAPTER 7 : ELECTROMAGNETISM
NO
TERM
FORMULA
1.
Electromagnet
A temporary magnet made by winding a coil of insulated wire

round a soft iron core
2.
Magnetic field
A region round a current carrying conductor in which a

magnetic force acts
3.
Catapult field
The resultant magnetic field due to the combination of the

magnetic field due to the current in the conductor and the
external magnetic field
4.
Electromagnetic
induction
The setting up of an electromotive force in a conductor due to a

change in the magnetix flux caused by the relative motion of the
conductor and a magnetic field. The induced emf will cause
induced current to flow
5.
Lenzs Law
The direction of the induced current in such that the change

producing it will be opposed
6.
Faradays Law
The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to

the rate of change of magnetic flux or the rate of cutting of the
magnetic flux
7.
Direct current
A current that flows in one direction only in a circuit and the

magnitude of the current maybe constant or changes with time
8.
Alternating current
A current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions in a

circuit and it changes its direction periodically
9.
Transformer
A device which works on the principle of electromagnetic Ns = Vs

induction which steps up or steps down alternating current Np Vp
voltages
W
t
Ef=VsIsx100
VpIp
10.
Step-up
transformer
A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary coil is

greater than the number of turns in the primary coil, the voltage
across the secondary coil is greater than the voltage across the
primary coil
11.
Step-down
transformer
A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary coil is

less than the number of turns in the primary coil, the voltage
across the secondary coil is less than the voltage across the
primary coil
12.
Ideal transformer
A transformer in which the output power is equal to the input

power and there is no energy loss during the process of
transforming the voltage
13.
Eddy current
The current induced in the soft iron core due to the changing
magnetic field produced by the alternating current in the coils
14.
National Grid
Network
A network system of cables which connects all the power

stations and substations in the country to the consumers in a
closed network to transmit electricity
P out =P in
VsIs=VpIp
CHAPTER 9 : ELECTRONIC
NO
TERM
1.
Thermionic
emission
The process of emission of electrons from the surface of a

heated metal
2.
Cathode ray
The stream of electrons which moves from cathode to

anode at high speed across a vacuum
3.
Semiconductor
A material which can conduct electricity better than insulator,

but not as well as conductor
4.
Doping
A process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities

called dopants to a semiconductor to increase its
conductivity
5.
n-type
semiconductor
Semiconductor obtained when pentavalent atoms which are

doped into the intrinsic semiconductor contribute extra
electrons. Free electrons become the majority charge
carrier and the holes become the minority carrier
FORMULA
6.
p-type
semiconductor
Semiconductor obtained when trivalent atoms which are

doped into the intrinsic semiconductor contribute extra holes.
Free electrons become the minority charge carrier and the
holes become the majority charge carrier
7.
p-n junction
Formed when pieces of n-type and p-type semiconductors are

fused together
8.
semiconductor
diode
An electronic device made from a p-n junction that allows

current to flow in one direction only but blocks it in the
opposite direction
9.
Forward bias
The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the diode is

connected to the positive terminal of a battery and the n-type
(cathode) is connected to the negative terminal of the battery
10.
Reverse bias
The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the diode is

connected to the negative terminal of a battery and the n-type
(cathode) is connected to the positive terminal of the battery
11.
Rectifier
An electrical device that converts alternating current to direct

current
12.
Half-wave
rectification
A process where only half of every cycle of an alternating

current is made to flow in one direction only.
13.
Full-wave
rectification
A process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating

current is made to flow in the same direction
14.
Transistor
An electronic device which has three terminals labelled base,

collector and emitter, made by coalescing (fusing) the n-type
and p-type semiconductors
15.
Logic gates
A switching circuit made up of a combination of transistor

switches which has one or more inputs but only one output
16.
Truth table
A record of all the possible combinations of inputs and the

corresponding outputs for a particular logic circuit
CHAPTER 10 : RADIOACTIVITY
NO
1.
TERM
Proton
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
FORMULA
number,Z
2.
Nucleon number, A
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an

atom
3.
Isotopes
Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but

different nucleon number
4.
Radioactivity
The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable

nucleus accompanied by the emission of an
energetic particle or a photon ( or radioactive
emission)
5.
Radioactive decay
The process in which an unstable nucleus changes into a

more stable nucleus by emitting radiation
6.
Radiation
The energy given out by an unstable nucleus in the form of

energetic particles or photon
7.
Ionising effect
The production of charged particles called ions when the

energetic particle or photon passes through a medium, it can
knock electrons out of the atoms and molecules of the
medium.
8.
Half-life
The time taken for the number of the undecayed nuclei in the
sample to be reduced to half of its original number
9.
Radioisotopes
Unstable nuclei of an element which have the same number of

protons but different number of neutrons which decay and
give out radioactive emissions
10.
Atomic mass unit 1/12 of the mass of the carbon-12 atom

( amu or u)
11.
Nuclear fission
The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two lighter

nuclei which releases emormous amount of energy
12.
Chain reaction
Self-sustaining reaction in which the products of

a reaction can initiate another similar reaction
13.
Nuclear fusion
The process of combining two lighter nuclei to form a

heavier nucleus which releases enormous amount of energy
14.
Einsteins Principle
Mass and energy are not conserved separately and can be

exchanged one for the other by using this equation : E = mc 2
where
E = energy released(J), m=mass defect(kg)
c = speed of light (3x108 ms -1)
2,1
Arms and legs are open :

Increases the surface area , Increases the air resistance
Resultant force decreases
Reduce the velocity during falling
2.2
It shape is width to reduce the pressure and avoid hurt.

Avoid injury to the driver.
Can be stretch.
Add the time of impact / reduce impulsive force
2.3 In upwards direction the ball decelerates

The gravitational force acts in opposite direction to direction of the ball.
In downwards direction the ball accelerates
The gravitational force acts in same direction as the direction of the ball.
2.4
In upwards direction the ball decelerates.The gravitational force acts in opposite direction to direction of
the ball.
In downwards direction the ball acceleratesThe gravitational force acts in same direction as the
direction of the ball.
2.5
Upthrust = weight of the boat

Sea water is denser.
Boat displaced less sea water and gain the same upthrust .
Therefore boat sinks less in sea water
2.6 When the boy jumps onto the river bank, his momentum is forward.
Using the Principle of conservation of momentum
the total momentum before and after jumping is equal.
The boat moves backward to balance the forward momentum
2.7
When the girl jumps on the trampoline bed, the force of the jump stretches the springs.
As the springs are stretched, they store elastic potential energy.
At that point, the potential energy in the springs is converted to kinetic energy, and
the springs begin to restore themselves to their initial position.
The kinetic energy provided by the springs pushes the girl up into the air and change to
potential energy.
3.1
To support the weight of users and vehicles that moves on it // total weight of users and
vehicles > maximum weight .
3.2
Spinning ball moving in the opposite direction with air flow at the upper surface
Spinning ball moving in the same direction with air flow at the lower surface
Lower surface spins more faster than the upper surface of the ball
3.3
The submarine has a ballast tank in front and at the end of submarine.
A water is filled in the ballast tank to increase the density of the submarine // the weight of
submarine.
The submarine will sank in the sea when it weight is bigger than buoyant force.
3.4
Atmospheric pressure higher than air pressure inside dust bin //different pressure //
Forces occured pushed the dust inside //
3.5
The area in contact with the ground for the shoes in figure 3.5.2 is larger than the shoes in
figure 3.5.1
The pressure exerted by the shoes in figure 3.5.2 is lower than the
shoes in figure 3.5.1
The shoes in figure 3.5.2 is difficult to sink into the ground compared to the shoes in figure
3.5.1.
So, it is easier to run using the shoes in figure 3.5.2.
A cargo ship displaces a larger volume of water
The buoyant force acted on the ship is higher compare to iron nail
3.6
3.7
B is denser than A.
The weight of water displaced is the same of the weight of the rod.
Weight of B is greater than weight of A
B will displace more volume of water
3.8
when the small piston, X is pressed down, the pressure is exerted under the piston
X.
the liquid transmit pressure to all directions and to large piston, Y.
when the pressure acted on larger piston, Y it will produced a large force.
the large force will push the load up
3.9
The shape of cross section of the wing causes the speed of airflow
Above the wings to be higher than the speed of airflow below
When the speed of moving air is higher ,the pressure is lower
Hence air pressure below the wings is higher compare to above the wings
4.1
The specific heat capacity land less than sea water.

During the day time, the land is warmer than the sea.
Air above the land is hot and less dense, so it will move up.
The cooler air from sea more dense move to land
4.2
The paper doesnt burned initially

Heat transferred to the iron rod
Until the temperature of paper is equal to temperature of the iron rod at 2300C
The paper will burned after.

4.3
Put the thermometer in melting ice , mark the lower part of mercury thread,l0
Place the same thermometer in the boiling water,mark the top part of the mercury
thread,l 100
Divide the length between the two marks inti 100 equal divisions
Each division is now equal to 1 o C
4.4
Cup B
The ice is exposed to the surroundings
The ice absorb heat from the srrounding
4.5
It doesnt react to the inner part of the engine

high specific heat capacity
can absorb large amount of heat energy
cheap and easily available
4.6
The energy transferred from a hot object to a cold object // the energy transfer because of
the difference in temperature
The temperature of the forehead is higher than the temperature of the pad
Heat is transferred from the forehead to the pad
5.1
Concave surface gives inverted image
Sketch a ray diagram to show a diminished inverted real image
Convex surface give upright image
Sketch a ray diagram to shown diminished upright virtual image.
5.2
the layer of air near the ground are hotter and less dense medium //
the layer of air higher up are cooler and denser medium
light from the sky in refracted towards normal after passing through less dense medium from
denser medium.
Near the ground, the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
the total internal reflection occur and the light is reflected to the eyes observer.
the layer of air near the ground are hotter and less dense medium //
the layer of air higher up are cooler and denser medium
5.3
Increase the angle of incidence, i, then angle of refraction,r will also increase
Keep on increasing the angle of incidence until angle of refraction is 90
The angle of incidence is called critical angle
Increase the angle of incidence more than the critical angle
The ray will be reflected.
5.4
The convex lens with its holder is aimed at a distant object like a tree.
Adjust a screen until you see a very sharp and clear image of the distant object.
When parallel light rays from a distant object pass through a convex lens, they
will converge to a point called focal point/ label on a diagram

Measure the distance between the convex lens and screen./ label on a diagram
5.5
draws the objective and eyepiece lenses.
correct label of objective and eyepiece
label fo and fe correctly
draw the correct position for the object ( fo < u1 < 2fe )
draw ray diagrams to show the position of image 1
draw ray diagrams to show the final image
5.6
C is centre of a circle or CM is radius of circle

The light strike perpendicular to the mirror.
Incident angle is 00.
reflection angle is 00 or reflection law is obeyed
5.7
Draw a correct ray diagram with at least 2 rays
Box
Using two right-angled prisms
Arrangement of prism
Total internal reflection
5.8
Draw a diagram to show the rays of light
Total internal reflection.
180 0 fish eye view
Obstacle
5.9
6.1
The refractive index of the internal layer of the optical fibre is greater than the external
layer or air
Angle of incidence, i > critical angle, c
Total internal reflection occur
Sound waves from two loudspeakers produced two coherent sources

Sounds wave interfere
Constructive interference produced loud sound
Destructive interference produced soft sound
At the centre of the ocean the water waves travel at uniform speed as the depth of the sea
is uniform reduced, refraction occurs when the waves reach the shore
,the water is shallower wave speed
Refraction causes the wave front bend toward the normal

This results the wave front following the shape of of coastline
6.2
6.3 The distance between the water molecules is closer compared to air molecules.
Thus, the sound energy can be transferred faster.
6.4 Sound wave produces by audio generator and aeroplane engine are coherent
Interference occur between two sound waves
The distance between generator and aeroplane are short
To produce destructive interference
6.5 Light ray is refracted through the diamond
Light ray is totally reflected back before refracted out
The light is spread out into a spectrum of colour
6.6
When the wave passing through shallow water// convex area, the wavelength and speed
decrease
After the wave passing through shallow water// convex area, the circular waves
converge at focal point an then diverge from the focal point
6.7 The kinetic energy of the stone

makes the water surface move up and down near where the stone lands and ripples
spread out outwards
6.8 Ships send the sound waves
The time interval is measured between a pulse of sound and its echo from the sea bed.
Distanced travelled by pulsed = speed x time/2
7.1 The two dry cells are connected in parallel
The effective e.m.f. remains the same
The effective internal resistance of the two cells is smaller
A larger current will flow through the bulb to make it brighter
7.2
State the situation when touching the live wire correctly
Our bodies are at earth potential (0V)
If we touch the live wire, there will be a large potential difference (p.d) the live wire and our
body. A large current flow through it, probably fatal.
State the situation when touching the neutral wire correctly
The neutral wire stays at earth potential (0V), roughly at the same potential as our bodies.
If we touch the neutral wire, there is no p.d. across us and so no current flows.
7.3
The lighted candle / the heat from the candle causes the air molecules (surrounding it) to be
ionized.
The positive charges would be attracted to the negative plate and/or the negative charges
would be attracted to the positive plate
The flame of the candle would be dispersed (flattened) into top parts // suitable diagram
More the flame is attracted to the negative plate //diagram
Positive charges are heavier than negative charges.
( any 4 correct)
7.4 The current through each electrical appliance is higher//The bulbs in the parallel circuit light
up brighter compared to the same bulbs in series circuit// Effective resistance is much
smaller when connected in parallel circuit
If any devices/components broke down, others can still be used
The circuit breaker / fuse can be connected to each path for safety
Only certain devices that are not in used can be switched off. The current can still flow
through the other path
8.1 Magnetic flux is cut , induced current is produced
When = 90 o
maximum current produced //
= 0o
minimum current produced
Commutator is used to ensure the direction of the current that flows through the external
circuit is in one direction
8.2
Electric current flow trough copper strips from ZY to WX.
Magnetic field produced in the copper strips when the current flows.//
The direction of the magnetic fields is the same. // Diagram
The copper rods repel to each other// the copper rods bent// diagram.
Diagram.
8.3 Solenoid experiences a change in magnetic field.

An induced current / e.m.f induced in the solenoid
8.4
(a)
Force acting on the cooper rod

moved the cooper rod towards the magnet
(b)
the cooper rod vibrates

as current change direction
8.5 When the current flow into the coil, magnetic field is produced.
And forces are produced
Catapult field is produced
The forces are in the opposite direction
These pair of forces produce the turning effect on
the coil.
8.6
When the switch is on, the soft iron core becomes electromagnet. End A becomes north
pole.
End B becomes south pole
Magnet P repels from end A
Magnet Q attracts to end B
8.7
When the switch is on, current flows in the solenoid, soft iron core becomes
electromagnet
electromagnet attracts the iron armature, the hammer hits the gong and bell rings
when the hammer moves towards the gong, the contacts open, current stops flowing
The iron core loses its magnetic
8.8
When an alternating current (a.c.) is passed through the primary coil, an alternating
magnetic flux occurs.
The iron core becomes an electromagnetic
The magnetic flux grows outward from the primary coil and they cut the secondary coil
An alternating electromagnetic force (emf) is induced in the secondary coil
9.1 Doping process

With pentavalent atom // Diagram
To produce covalent bonds // Diagram

Have one extra electron // Diagram
9.2
Connect the dry cell terminal to the Y-input of CRO.
The Y-gain is set to a value so that the direct current wave form displayed on the screen
CRO
Determine the distance / part of y-axis.
Potential different = ( Y-gain scale) x (Vertical distance of direct current wave)
9.3
1.
@
2. when current flow, (capasitor) charged up
3. when no current flow, (capacitor) is discharged
4. capacitor connected parallel // diagram
9.4
10.1
At night, no light fall on the LDP, resistance, R of LDP .

As R , the voltage, V across the LDP also .
V across the base circuit > Vmin , this will switch on the transistor and the collector circuit
works.
Penetration power ray is weak and cant penetrate aluminium plate.
Penetration power ray is too high and effect our health.
10.2
Put the radioactive source opposite the detector

Detector is connected to the thickness indicator
Detector detect the reading of the changes in counts
Thickness is measured with the thickness indicator
If the reading of the detector is less than the specified value, the thickness of the paper
is too tick/ vice versa
10.3
The resulting nucleus (nuclei) formed has a smaller mass than the original nucleus
(nuclei)
The mass defect caused energy to be released (resulting in a more stable nucleus
/nuclei)
10.4
The fertilizer that contains a radioisotope of one of the elements is injected into the
soil/plant
Wait for a few days for the fertilizer to be absorbed
Use the G-M tube and ratemeter to detect the radiations
The locations of where the fertilizer has gone to are located and analysed
10.5
Put a radioactive substance into the water and let the water flow to the location of the
leak
After some time use a radiation detector above the ground to detect the location of
increased activity
This position is the location of the leak
The radioactive substance would flow out together with the water and remained outside
the pipe
1.1 Group 1
= 51.25g
Group 2
= 56.25g
1.2 Reading
= (6.5 + 0.47) -0.02
= 6.95mm
2.1 =12.3cm
2.2 =100cm
2.3 =10Ns
2.4 More than 10N
2.5 6ms-2
ii)
1212N
2.6 140m
3.1 = 2.3 x 104Pa
3.2 11.0cm Hg
3.3 I) 2.5Ncm-2
ii)
F = 12.5N
3.4 4000N
4.1 metal Y has the highest specific heat capacity
4.2 T = 23.33oC
4.3
L = 12.43cm
4.4 ( a ) 300s
( b ) L = 1.5x105Jkg-1
m=2.5
5.1
height of image= 6cm
5.2
apparent depth = 22.5cm
6.1 a) 30/15 =2 Hz
b) T = 1/f = s = 0.5 s
6.2 a) 5 cm
b) 4 s
c) f = 1/T = = 0.25 s
6.3 a) 5 cm
b) 4 cm
6.4 Amplitude = 2 cm
Wavelength= 10 cm
Speed = 120 cm s-1
6.5
(a)
(b)
6.6
Water waves
Ripple tank
Screen
B = Bright
D = Dark
6.8
(a)
(b)
(c)
6.9
(d)
Before superposition
During
superposition
2a
3a
6.10
6.11
a) A , B
b) C, D, E, F
(a) = 633 nm = 633 x 10-9
a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 x 10-3 m
D =4m
x=
633 x10 9 x 4
0.5 x10 3
x = 5.064 x 10-3 mm
After superposition
6.12
d = 1250 x 0.6 = 750.0 m

f = 5.8 x 105 Hz
v = 1250 ms-1
= 0.00215 m / 2.15 x 10-3 m
6.13
Gamma
ray
X-ray
Ultra
Violet
Visible
light
infrared
microwave
radiowave
7.1
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE CHARGE
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A NEGATIVE CHARGE
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND TWO NEGATIVE CHARGES
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND TWO POSITIVE CHARGES
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A NEGATIVE CHARGE AND A

POSITIVELY CHARGED PLATE
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE CHARGE AND A

NEGATIVELY CHARGED PLATE
ELECTRIC FIELD BETWEEN TWO CHARGED

PARALLEL PLATES
7.2
i) Rp > RQ >Rr
ii) From V-I graph, resistance = gradient

The greater the gradient, the greater the resistance
Gradient of P > Gradient of Q > Gradient of R
7.3
7.4
7.5
1. X with K
Y with M
Z with L
2. Mk 1 all symbols correct
Mk 2 circuit is correct
E = 3.0 V, V = 1.35 V, I = 0.3 A
Substitute in :
E = V + Ir
1.5 = 1.35 + 0.3(r)
r = 0.5
7.6
=
=
=
VI t
24 (5) (2 x 60)
144 000 J
8.1
Current
flows
Switch is
closed
N
8.2
Magnetic
filed
Soft iron
core is
magnetised
S
+
Attracts
pins
8.3
10.2 - no relative motion between the magnet and the coil //

10.3 - there is relative motion
Number of turns in 10.3 is less than number of turns in 10.4
Number of turns increases,
The change in magnetic flux increases
Induced current increases
Faradays Law
8.4
i)
- 12 X 1500 240
-
75 turns
0.1 X 240 X 0.85//0.1 X 240 X 85/100

20.4 W
ii)
9.1
i) alternating current
ii) T = 3 x 0.02 = 0.06s
f = 1/ T = 1/0.06 = 16.7 Hz
iii) sketch the waveform correctly
- sinusoidal with one complete cycle
9.2
1. Current in transformer is alternating current.

2. In diagram 10.1 the current through R flows in the first cycle , stops flowing in the
second cycle / half wave rectification / diagram
3. In diagram 10.2 the current through R flows in the first cycle and also flow during
the second cycle./ full wave rectification / diagram
4. The direction of current in both diagram is in one direction / direct current
5. Name of process rectification
9.3
i)
Transistor NPN
ii) 7.5 V
9.4
Input
Output
Input
Output
AND GATE
10.1
i)
ii)
10.2
10.3
5400 per minute

-E
2. the most radioactive emission pass through the juice
10.4
8.45 x 10
2.1 Force that acted on the springs are the same

Daya yang bertindak pada kedua-dua spring adalah sama
Both springs are extended

Kedua-dua spring mengalami pemanjangan
Spring N is extended more than spring M
Spring N mengalami pemanjangan yang lebih daripada spring M
Spring M has a bigger spring constant than spring N
Spring M mempunyai pemalar spring yang lebih besar dari spring N
The shorter the spring the bigger the spring constant //
The longer the spring the smaller the spring constant
Spring yang lebih pendek mempunyai mempunyai pemalar spring yang lebih besar//
Spring yang lebih panjang mempunyai pemalar spring yang lebih kecil.
2.2 Diagram 2.2.1 time for change of momentum is shorter
Diagram 2.2.2 time for change of momentum is longer.
Rate of change of momentum produces impulsive force.
Both diagram have same impulsive force//change of momentum is same
Time for change of momentum is longer so the impulsive force is smaller // vice versa
3.1 Mass of 3.1.2 > 3.1.1
Volume of water displaced in 3.1.2 > 3.1.1
Buoyant force in 3.1.2 > 3.1.1
Buoyant force = weight of water displaced
object float because buoyant force = weight of object
3.2 The depth of the water in Diagram 3.2.1 >3.2.2
The water spurts out in Diagram 3.2.1> 3.2.2
The water spurts out further in Diagram 3.2.1>3.2.2
The deeper the water, the further the distance of water spurt
The deeper the water, the higher the pressure of the water
The pressure of water increases with the depth of the water
4.1 More ice cube in diagram 4.1.1 > diagram 4.1.2
Thermometer reading is 0oC // Thermometer reading is the same // No increase in
thermometer reading // constant // unchanged
Heat did not use to increase kinetic energy (temperature) of molecule // Heat is use to
break bonds of the molecule // Heat is used to change its state of matter.
Latent heat
4.2 the mass of naphthalene in the Figure 4.2.1< 4.2.2
the time taken for the naphthalene in Figure 4.2.1 to solidify <4.2.2
the latent heat released in Figure 4.2.1< 4.2.1
Latent heat released depends on mass of naphthalene
The smaller the mass, the smaller the latent heat released // Q = mL = Pt
5.1 The thickness of lens J>K

The focal length of K > J
The high of image lens J>K

The focal length is the distance between optical centre and focal point
As the focal length increases the power decreases // inversely proportional // P = 1
f
5.2 (a) same
(b) diagram 5.2.2 > 5.2.1
(c) diagram 5.2.2 < 5.2.1
(d) the further the object from the mirror, the smaller the image formed
the further the object, the smaller the linear magnification
5.3 Refractive index diagram 5.3.2 >5.3.1
Refraction angle diagram 5.3.2 < 5.3.1
Critical angle diagram 5.3.1> 5.3.2
When the refractive index is large, the critical angle is small
6.1 Sea bed and cave are hard surface
The wavelength unchanged after hit the sea bed or the cave
Amplitude of the sound wave unchanged
The angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Reflection
6.2
Two coherent sources

Double slits or two loud speakers
Yellow fringes and dark fringes // loud sound and soft sound
Yellow fringes //loud sound caused by the constructive interference
Dark fringes // soft sound caused by the destructive interference
7.1
The bulb in parallel circuit // Diagram 7.1.2 is brighter than those in series circuit //
Diagram 7.1.1
The potential difference across each bulb in the parallel circuit is the same as that of
the battery // dry cell.
The potential difference across each bulb in the series circuit is smaller than that of the
battery // dry cell.
The current flowing through each bulb in the parallel circuit is higher than the current
flowing in the series circuit.
When the potential difference across each bulb is higher, the current flowing through it is
also higher and the bulb is brighter
7.2
The voltmeter in Figure 7.2.1(a) is parallel to the resistor while in Figure 7.2.2(a) the
voltmeter is parallel to the battery.
The graph in 7.2.2(b) shows that potential difference is directly proportional to current.
Obeys Ohms law
Voltage drop is due to the internal resistance of the battery
Graph in Figure 7.2.2(b) shows that the potential difference across the cell decreases
when the current flowing through it increases.// V decreases linearly with I
8.1 8.1.2 - no relative motion between the magnet and the coil //
8.1.3 - there is relative motion
Number of turns in 8.1.2 is less than number of turns in 8.1.3

Number of turns increases,
The change in magnetic flux increases
Induced current increases
Faradays Law
8.2
Production of e.m.f. /current in a conductor produced by the relative motion between the
conductor and the magnetic field
The induced current in the alternator is bigger
The induced current in the dynamo is smaller
Magnets used in the alternator are stronger than in the those used in the dynamo
The number of turns in the coil is larger in the alternator than in the dynamo
The speed of rotation of the alternator is faster
Physics concept: Electromagnetic induction
8.3 Number of turns in solenoid in Diagram 8.3.1 is more

The magnitude of current flowing in Diagram 8.3.1 is bigger
The number of paper clips attracted to solenoid in Diagram 8.3.1 is more
The strength of the magnetic field increases when the magnitude of current increases
The strength of the magnetic field increases when the number of turns in solenoid
increases
9.1 Current in transformer is alternating current.
In diagram 9.1.1 the current through R flows in the first cycle , stops flowing in the
second cycle / half wave rectification / diagram
In diagram 9.1.2 the current through R flows in the first cycle and also flow during the
second cycle./ full wave
The direction of current in both diagram is in one direction
Name of process rectification
10.2
Time elapsed for Diagram 10.2.1 is larger than Diagram 10.2.2

The radioactive mass for both source are the same initially
The radioactive mass decrease exponentially with time
The mass for the radioactivity and fraction of radioactive is inversely proportional with
the time elapsed
Half-time is the time taken for the radioactive of any given sample to fall to half of its
the original value
2.1
Design / way / modification
Reason/Explanation
Surface area of outside sailboard larger

than inside.
Outside surface of sailboard more curve.
Designing can be rotated easily by using
steering or rudder.
Use more lightly (low density) strength
material beam to build curve shape
Using the strength material of sailboard.
Attach at the centre of the yachts keel
To produce larger different velocity / pressure of wind /

air.
Air travel more quickly round the outside of the
sailboard than inside.
To control the direction of the yacht // To push the boat
sideway easily.
Reduce mass, acceleration increases // Withstand
the curve shape to the wind // Easy to control.
Using the strength material of sailboard.
The yacht more stable and can be controlled more
easily
2.2
The bottle in inverted position (drawing)
Reason / Explanation
To exhaust water downward / backwards.
At the top end of the bottle in a cone shape
Aerodynamic shape reduce air ressistance
Polystyrene / plastic
Strong / light
The volume of water the height of the

bottle // less than half of the height of the
water
Three / four wings
Required a large air space // light
The angle is 45o
The time to fly increases
The rotation motions not occur
2.3
Suggestion /Design / Modification
1. Wearing tight costumes.
2. Wearing light costumes.
3. Wearing spike shoes.
4. Body posture must be bent when
running.
5. Jumping with bending the body on air
upside of
bar.
6. Using an elastic pole.
7. Put thicker mattress at the landing
area.
8. Landing on the centre of thick
mattress.
3.1
Explanation / Reason
1. Reduce air resistance.
2. Reduce mass, can increases acceleration
and jumping.
3. Avoid skidding and increasing grip when
running.
4. Aerodynamic shape increasing velocity //
Stored more kinetic energy.
5. Increasing lift force to increase high of
jumping.
6. Store more elastic potential energy from
kinetic energy to change to gravitational
potential energy.
7. Lengthen impact time to reduce
impulsive
force.
8. To ensure the force can be absorbed by
mattress effectively.

The bottom wall must be thicker
The wall is constructed using stronger
materials / Using reinforce concrete
Withstand to the water pressure at the bottom as
the depth of water increases
To avoid the wall from breaking / To increase the
strength of the wall / To avoid leaking
Locate at the high region
To ensure water can flows easily
Equipped with the water overflow system
To avoid flooding / To channel away the overflow

water
Water can be filtered and chlorinated to be used
as public water supply
To drive turbines for the generation of
hydroelectricity
Built tunnel to flow water to public supply

Built tunnel for electrical generation
3.2
Large piston of bigger cross-sectional area
Low density material
Can support greater force (weight) // Produces
large force
Lightweight // easy to carry
Incompressible liquid
Piston can be lifted up efficiently
Longer handle
Less effort needed to press the small piston
Attach released valve between small and

main reservoir
Liquid can be released into small reservoir to

moves down the load
4.1
Modification
Made from material with low specific heat
capacity
Made from a low density material
Made from material that is not easily
corroded or oxidized
The handle of the pot is made from
material with high specific heat capacity
The pot is designed to have vertical
compartments which can be added or
removed
Explanation
Temperature in the pot can be increased
quickly when heated. This saves fuel /
cooking gas.
Pot is light and more portable
Pot is more durable and will not
contaminate the food with dangerous
material
The handle becomes hot slower and can
be held without scorching the hand
This makes the pot versatile because
different food can be cooked at the same
time
4.2
Modification
Explanation
Use insulator behind the absorber panel

Use an absorber panel which is painted
black.
The pipe inside the plate must be made of
metal
Pipe embedded in plate must be long
A storage tank must be place at a higher
level
Use glass cover on the top of the panel
To prevent the loss of heat energy

A black surface is a good absorber of
radiation so it will absorb heat faster
Metal is a good heat conductor,
so it will transmit heat to water easily
Longer pipe will enlarge
surface area will absorbs heat faster
To give higher pressure
To trap heat energy.(energy is radiated in,
but cannot radiate out again).
4.3
Modification
Coiled pipe is used around freezer box
Low specific heat capacity material
Used Freon
Box is made up of insulator
Used thermostat
Freezer is at the top
Explanation
Absorb more heat
Good conductor/ Absorb heat faster
Easily change to steam/gas
Prevent short circuit
Control the temperature
Cold air moves downward
5.1
Modification
An inner core of higher refractive index
Outer layer of medium with a lower
refractive index
Lower density
The thickness of the glass is thin
Strong and flexible
Explanation
Light ray is reflected more easily through
total internal reflection
Light ray is reflected more easily through
total internal reflection
The optical fibre will be lighter
Save pace / can be used in narrow
space
Does not break easily and the shape can
be adjusted
5.2
Modification
Convex mirror
Large diameter
More curve the mirror
Less thickness
Top corner
6.1
Explanation
The image formed is virtual, upright an
diminished
More object can be seen
Wider field view
Avoid multiple image formed
Can look easily by observer

Build a slanting barrier (to reduce the
deepness of the sea)
The surface of the barrier is made rough /
uneven / porous
Build the new jetty at the bay
Build a barrier with a small opening,
surrounding the bay
Barrier is made of concrete / rigid material
High retaining wall
Reason
Speed / amplitude / energy / wavelength of the
wave is reduced when depth of water is
reduced
4. To reduce reflection of the waves / to absorb
the waves
Water is calm in the bay
Diffraction of waves happens at the opening
Not easily eroded / broken down by strong
waves
Sea water cannot reach the house
6.2
Reason
The roof gradient is small
To reduce the difference of pressure
The roof with large mass

The concrete wall
The house is built at the bay / far from cape
Required large force to lift the roof

More strong // withstand high pressure
Small amplitude/ small wave
Wall in front the house
To reflect the water waves
6.3
.
Suggestion / Modification
Build near bay
Build retaining walls

Build concrete structures with a gap in between
at designated area for children
Build near bay
Build retaining walls
6.4
Waves are calmer due to divergence of
energy Convergence of waves at the cape
The bay is shallower .
The speed of waves decreases.
The amplitude of waves at the bay is small.
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the
shore. To reflect the waves from the shore.
Protect the area from large waves
Waves passing through the gap will be
diffracted in the childrens area. .
Smaller amplitude of the diffracted waves
causes the sea to be calmer there.
Energy of waves decreases.
Waves are calmer due to divergence of
energy Convergence of waves at the cape
The bay is shallower .
The speed of waves decreases.
The amplitude of waves at the bay is small.
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the
shore. To reflect the waves from the shore.
Protect the area from large waves
Gelombang radio dihasilkan oleh litar pengayun
elektrik
Guna aerial untuk dipancarkan ke penerima
melalui udara
Gunakan gelombang radio yang panjang
gelombangnya panjang
Gelombang diterima di beberapa substesen
Gunakan gelombang mikro
Amplitud kekal @ rajah
Frekuensi gelombang audio dan radio
dimodulasi @ rajah
Gelombang dibelaukan oleh bukit dan
bangunan /gelombang sampai ke
penerima walaupun terlindung bukit /
bangunan kerana belauan
Gelombang ditinggikan frekuensi /tambah
tenaga di substesen
Ia mempunyai tenaga tinggi/boleh
bergerak pada jarak jauh
7.1
Attach one fuse to the live wire in the consumer
unit/ fuse box
Using the insulating wires // thicker wires
Attach switch for each lamp
Connect the metal fitting lamp to the earth
wire/cable
Using only 240 V light bulb.
To break/switch off the circuit when large
current before the wire become hotter and
produce fire.
To prevent short circuit // To reduce
resistance, improve efficiency
To allows each lamp to be switched on and
off independently
To flows electron (extra) to earth to avoid
lethal shock
To ensure the bulbs light up with normal
brightness
7.2
Diameter of wire used as flexible cable must be
thicker
Length of cable is shorter
Heating element must made of material with
high resistivity such as nichrome
The kettle is made of good heat insulator
Use a suitable fuse. The current flow through the
cable is 8.33 A. The suitable fuse is between 11
A to 13 A
So that the resistance will be reduced. A
thinner wire has a higher resistance. If
large current flows through it, it becomes
overheated and may burn and cause a fire.
So that the resistance is smaller
Can produce the higher heat energy with
small current. So that water will boil faster
So that the heat will not loose to the
surroundings and water will boil faster. It is
safer to handle
If there is a short-circuit, a very high
current flows and melt the fuse wire. The
kettle will not be damaged.
8.1
Modification
The sensitivity of the ammeter can be increased
by using a hairspring of lower stiffness //
increasing the strength of the permanent
magnet // increasing area of the coil //
increasing the number of turns of the coil //
smaller mass of the coil and indicator.
Explanation
To produce a larger of rotation of the coil
Using a pair of concave permanent magnet

The core used is cylinder in shape
To produced a radial magnetic field

To supply the total magnetic flux uniformly
to the coil
Using the soft iron core

Using the linear scale
To concentrate the magnetic flux

Because the angle of the rotation of the
indicator is linear
9.1
Modification
LDR is needed to remove
LED is needed to remove
Use thermistor
Use alarm
Replaced R with thermistor and LDR with R
Replaced LED with alarm
Explanation
Sensitive to the intensity of light
Emits light and difficult to see when fire
occur
Sensitive to the temperature
Emit sound and easy to hear when fire
occur
Transistor is switched on when fire occur
To produce sound when fire occur
10.1
Suggestion
Choose a small amount of Thalium201//Natrium-24//Technetium-99
Short half-life of a few days
GM tube can be as a detector
The thallium will reach those region of the body
Analysing the reading of a gamma ray
10.2
Explanation
The most penetrating radiation which
would be able to penetrated the patients
body
Produce / emit X-ray
not pose any serious health risk
To detect the gamma ray emitted in
practice
Have an adequate blood supply.
Identify the region that is not receiving
enough blood.//
Higher reading means blockages
Suggestion
The half-life should be a few days long
The source should emit particles
The detector should be able to detect particles
(low ionising particles)
Explanation
This allows for the location to be detected
and thereafter the radioactive
contamination is reduced
This allows the radiation to be able to be
detected above the ground
High ionising particles like and particles
are absorbed by the ground
10.3
Modification
Uses thick lead box
Packed into concrete drum and buried
underground
Suggestion
Radioactive rays cannot pass through
Prevent the radioactive waste discharged to
the environment
Use forceps/ robotic hand

Avoid direct contact
Use siren
Faster warning when leakage
Wearing photographic films

Detect the exposure radiations
2.1
Characteristic
Number of wheel must be large and all rear
wheels must be doubled
Size of tyres must be large and wider.
Using air brake system and antilock brake
system (ABS).
Space of tanker must be divided to small
partitions.
Increase the contact surface area on the road
to reduce pressure.
Increase frictional force, easy to moves. // Can
convey more water / load.
Inertia and momentum is high, need to reduce
velocity slightly.
To reduce concentration of weigh / inertia
when brake applied / accident. // Liquid in
tanker is fluid can flow concentrate to forward.
The most suitable tanker is L

Because large number and doubled rear wheels, large size and wider tyres, using air brake
system and space of tanker divided to small partitions.
2.2
Characteristic
Spring constant is small
Density is small
Elastic limit is high
The strength is high
More elastic
The spring is lighter
Elastic for a large range of fore / Can support
the large force
Can support the large force
The most suitable spring is C

Because more elastic, lighter, elastic for a large range of force and can support the large force
2.3
Characteristic
Fibre composite
Volume is bigger
Distance of the plimsoll line is further
Size of the propeller is big
Easy to float
Volume of water displaced is bigger//
increased the bouyant force
Difficult to sink
Increased the force
The most suitable boat is Q

Because fibre composite, volume is bigger, distance of plimsoll line is further and the size of the
propeller is big
3.1
Characteristic
Type of liquid is oil
Incompressible
Thickness of brake transmission line is high
Withstand the high pressure from the liquid
The ratio of cross sectional area for wheel

piston and master piston is high
The type of brake for front wheel is disc and
rear wheel is drum
To produce larger force on wheel piston

Disc brake is more efficient than drum brake
The most efficient hydraulic brake system is S.

Because liquid used is oil, high thickness of brake transmission line, high ratio of cross sectional
area wheel piston and master piston, and using disc for front wheel and drum for rear wheel.
3.2
Characteristic
Type of liquid is oil.
No corrosions inside hydraulic jack.
Incompressible liquid.
Transmits pressure equally to all directions.
Has lower density
The hydraulic jack is not heavy / light
Has lower rate of vaporization
Volume of liquid will not easily vaporize
The most suitable liquid is L

Because L has the type of liquid is oil, incompressible liquid , lower density and lower rate of
vaporization .
4.1
Characteristic
Specific heat capacity is low
Melting point is high
Good conductor of heat
Rate of expansion is moderate
Reason
Faster to get hot
Does not melt easily
The heat can be lost easily
The shape of the fin unchange
I choose P because specific heat capacity is low, melting point is high, conductor heat is good,
rate of expansion is moderate
4.2
Characteristic
High specific heat capacity
High melting point
Difficult to compress.
High degree of hardness
Reason
Friction between pads and discs will cause
an increase in temperature but the
increase in temperature is slow.
Does not melt easily if there is an increase
in temperature.
Pressure will be transmited uniformly in all
directions/ flows easily
Can withstand great force / does not break
easily
I choose S because high specific heat capacity and high melting point for the brake discs the
brake fluid is difficult to compress , the degree of hardness of the brake pads is high
4.3
Characteristic
Use concave mirror
Concave mirror with small curvature
Black wall
Specific heat capacity is small
Reason
Reflect and converge the sun light to the
furnace
Short focal length // focu strongly
The rate of heat absorption is high
The container hot faster
I choose R because Use concave mirror, concave mirror with small curvature, black wall and
specific heat capacity is small
5.1
Characteristic
Shape should be convex
Excellent weather resistance
Height impact resistance
High reflectivity
Reason
Gives wider field of view and upright
image.
So that mirror will not get blur under heat,
light and rain.
prevent damage due to strong force cause
by accident or vandalism.
Produce brighter image under dim light.
I choose R because convex, excellent weather resistance, high impact resistance, high
reflectivity
5.2
Characteristic
High refractive index
Small amount of light energy being
absorbed by the material
Material with weak rigidity
Material with high strength
Reason
Total internal reflection can occur easily
The object under observation can be seen
clearly // more light can be transmitted
The optical fibre can be bent easily
The optical fibre can last longer/not easily
spoil
I choose R because high refractive index, low % of light energy absorbed, weak rigidity, height
strength
6.1
Characteristic
High amplitude
Long wavelength
Low damping
There is medium
Reason
More energy / can propagate longer
distance
Can diffract easily
Can be heard clearly
Sound wave required medium to propagate
I choose Q
Because high amplitude , long wavelength, low damping and there is medium
6.2
Characteristic
Electromagnet wave
High velocity
High wavelength
wide coverage
Reason
High energy / can use micro wave
Can send signal faster
Can diffract easily
Can reach wide area
I choose Q
Because electromagnet wave, high velocity, high wavelength, wide coverage
6.3
Characteristic
Bay
High retaining wall
Slope retaining wall with holes
Many big rocks in water nearby the beach.
of waves.
Reason
Still water // Energy of wave is spreading
Withstand to the big waves.
to absorb the energy of waves // To prevent
high energy of waves.
Diffraction occurs and spreading the
energy
I choose Region P
Because Bay, high retaining wall, slope shape retaining wall with holes and has many
big rocks in water nearby the beach.
6.4
Characteristic
Reason
High frequency
Large amplitude
Large percentage reflected
Low sound energy absorbed
Can penetrate water

Greater energy
can detect more signals
Less energy lost
I choose U
Because high frequency, large amplitude, large percentage reflected, low sound energy
absorbed
7.1
Characteristic
Low density
High melting point
Low oxidation rate
High resistance
Reason
light
Does not melt easily
Can last longer
Can produce more heat
I choose S
Because low density, high melting point, low oxidation rate, high resistant
7.2
Characteristic
Thin wire
Ceramic cartridge
13 A fuse
Low melting point
Reason
High resistance
Can withstand heat / fire resistant
Can allow high current (more than 10 A)
Can melt when high current flow.
I choose R
Because Thin wire, Ceramic catridge, 13 A fuse, Low melting point
7.3
Characteristic
Three-core
13 A cable rating
13 A to live wire
Three pin plug
Reason
Can accommodate live, neutral and earth
wire
Heating element need high current
Can cut current during short circuit
Metal fitting body need earthing
I choose S
Because three-core, 13 A cable rating, 13 A to live wire and use three pin plug
7.4
Characteristic
Reason
Low resistance
Current will flow through
Low melting point

Low rate of oxidation
Maximum current 5 A
The wire will melt when excess current flows through

The wire will not easily rust / oxidized
If fuse 3A is used, the current is insufficient for the radio to
function.
I choose Wire N
Because it has low resistance, low melting point, low rate of oxidation and can allow maximum
current of 5 A to flow.
7.5
Characteristic
Resistance is high
Melting point is low
Reason
To produce more heat
Melt easily at low temperature
Specific heat capacity is small
Hot faster
The diameter is small
High resistance and produce more heat
I choose R
Because rintangan tinggi, takat lebur rendah, muatan haba tentu kecil dan diameter kecil
7.6
Characteristic
Large diameter
small resistance
Reason
Low density
Low rate of expansion
High melting point
light
Does not increase in length
Can withstand high heat
I choose cable Q
Because large diameter, low density, low rate of expansion and high melting point.
8.1
Characteristic
Size of the hammer is big
Reason
Surface area contact is big
Larger distance between the hammer and

The force applied on the gong is greater
the gong
The number of turns of the coil is greater
The strength of the magnetism is greater
High curvature of the gong
The area of air molecule vibrate is greater
I choose Q
Because the size of the hammer is big, larger distance between the hammer and the gong, the
number of turns of the coil is greater and high curvature of the gong
8.2
Characteristic
Reason
Low resistivity
Low density
Low cost
Low rate of thermal
expansion
To reduce heat loss in the cables

The cables will be lighter
Cost of project will be lower
The cables will not expand under
hot weather
I choose cable Q
Because low resistivity, low density, medium cost, low rate of thermal expansion
8.3
Characteristis
Reason
Low density material
Coil has smaller mass / lighter
High number of turns
Larger force acting on the coil / higher
High strength magnets
Larger force acting on the coil
More segments
Coil rotates smoothly
Motor R
Lowest density, high number of turns, high strength magnets and commutator splits into the
most number of segments
9.1
Characteristics
Explanation
Use step-down transformer
To reduce the a.c. voltage
Ratio Np: Ns = 4000 : 200
To reduce 240 V to 12 V
Use for diodes
To produce full wave rectification
Use capacitor
To smooth the wave
I choose circuit M because use step-down transformer, ratio Np: Ns = 4000 : 200 , use for diodes
and use capacitor
10.1
Characteristic
emits particles,
sufficiently long half-life
Use a Geiger- muller tube
Use a ratemeter
Reason
can penetrate the soil and emerge from the
ground
after a period of 2 days the activity of the
source will be weak enough to not pose
any danger
Very sensitive detector/ it can be carried
about from place to place
It gives the count rate directly
R is suitable
Because emits particles, have sufficiently long half-life
10.2
Characteristics
Has a short
half-life
Reason
can be active in a body for a short
period of time
has moderate
ionising power
emits gamma
ray
causes minimum damage to the

tissues in the body
can be detected outside the body//high
penetrating power,so can be detected by the
GM tube that is placed near to the head
Substance R is the most suitable with short half-life, emits gamma ray and has moderate
ionising power
10.3
Characteristic
Reason
The state of matter of radioisotope is solid
Easier to handled.
Emits gamma-ray.
Penetrating power is high.
Long half-life.
Last longer.
The most suitable radioisotope is Cobalt-60.
Because the state of matter is solid, emit gamma-ray and long half-life
1.1
(a) (i)
Length / L
(ii) Resistance / R // Potential difference / V // Current /

(iii) Diameter of the wire // Cross-sectional area of the wire // Type of wire
(b)
Reduce parallax error
(c)
Give a tick () based on the following:
A
Columns L, I, V and R
Correct units for I, V and R
All values of I correct
All values of I consistent to 2 d.p.
All values of V correct
All values of V consistent to 1 or 2 d.p.
All values of R correct
All values of R consistent to 2, 3 or 4 d.p.

L / cm
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
I/A
0.36
0.42
0.50
0.62
0.70
V/V
0.4
0.7
1.1
1.7
2.3
R/
1.11
1.67
2.20
2.74
3.29
Note for G : Accept e.c.f. from C and E

Number of
8
6-7
4-5
2-3
1
(d)
Marks
5
4
3
2
1
Give a tick () based on the following:

A
R at the y-axis, L at the x-axis
Correct units at both axes
Uniform scale at both axes
5 points plotted correctly
[Note : 3 or 4 points plotted correctly : ]

E
F
Best straight line

Minimum size of graph 5 x 4 big squares
(Big square : 2 cm x 2 cm)
(From the origin to the last point)
Number of
7
5-6
3-4
2
1
Marks
5
4
3
2
1
(e) States the correct relationship based on the straight line drawn
For a straight line with positive gradient passing through the origin,
Resistance is directly proportional to length / R directly proportional to L / R L
For a straight line with positive gradient that does not pass through the
origin,
Resistance increases linearly with length
(f)
Check the voltmeter for zero error and make zero adjustment // Position of
the eye such that the image of the pointer in the mirror is blocked by the pointer to
avoid parallax error
1.2
(a) (i) Object distance, u
(ii) Image distance, v
u /cm
v /cm
34.0
14.2
30.0
15.0
26.0
16.3
20.0
20.0
16.0
26.7
(iii) Focal length
1/u
(cm -1)
0.029
0.033
0.038
0.050
0.063
1/v
(cm -1)
0.070
0.067
0.063
0.050
0.037
(b) Tabulate data

1
1
and
u
v
1
1
2. State the correct unit for 3. u , v,
and
u
v
3. All values of v are correct
1
4. Values of
and are consistent to 3 decimal places.
u
1
5. Values of
are consistent to 3 decimal places.
v
1. Shows a table which have u , v,
(c) 1.Draw the graph of
1
1
against
v
u
1
1
at y axis, the manipulated variable,
at x axis
v
u
3.States the unit of the variable correctly
4. Both axis with the even and uniform scale
5. 5 points correctly plotted
6. A smooth best fit straight line
7. Minimum size of the graph is 10 cm x 8 cm
2.The responding variable,
No of ticks
7
5,6
3,4
2
1
Marks
5
4
3
2
1
1
1
is decreases linearly to
v
u
(e) Put on the curtain to avoid excess light from outside.
The position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading taken to avoid parallax
error.
(d)
2.1
(a) 7 N
(b) a increased
(c) (i) Shows on the graph appropriate right triangle ( > 5 x 4)
Gradient , m = 35 10
91
= 3.125 N m-1s2 // 3.125 kg
(ii) Marked on the graph
a = 5.5 ms-2 6.0 ms-2
(iii) F increases linearly with a
(d) 1. Make sure elastic strings are stretched at constant length.
2. The position of the eye perpendicular to the scale of the metre rule when
measuring the ticker tape to avoid errors due to parallax/systematic error
2.2
1.00 x 105 Nm-2
(i) k = (1.06 1.03 ) x 105
(0.7 0.35)
= 8.5714 x103 Nm-3
(ii) = 1.0286 x 103 kg m-3
(c) Pliquid = 1.043 x 105
P = Pliquid + Patm
= (1.043 x 105 + 1.00 x 105) Nm-2
= 2.043 x 105 Nm-2
(d) (i) Increases
(ii) k is directly proportional to
(e) The position of the eye is aligned to the scale of the metre rule
to avoid errors
(a)
(b)
2.3
(a) is increases linearly to
1
m
(b) o = 27.5oC
1
= 0.6 kg-1
m
m = 1.667 kg
(d) (i) k = 33.5 29.3
0.6 0.2
= 10.5 oC kg
(ii) Q = 5.2 x 103 x 10.5
= 5.46 x 104 J
(e)
The container used to fill the liquid should be insulated to avoid heat loss to the
surroundings.
(c) When = 33.5 ,
2.4
(a) v = 5.0 cm
(b) v is increases linearly to M

(c) (i) k = 12.8 7.8
1.6 - 0.6
= 5 cm
(ii) f = 5 x 0.97
= 4.85 cm
(d) v = 8.8 cm
(e) Ensure that the object, lens and screen are placed vertically//
The bulb filament, optical centre of the lens and the screen are at the same
height and in the same line//
Ensure that the sharpest image is formed on the screen
2.5
(a) k decreases
1
(b) (i)
= 0.9 , T2 = 4.5
k
T = 2.1213 s
(ii) gradient = 3.7 - 0
0.8 - 0
= 4.625 kg
m
k
Gradient = 4 2 m
4.625 = 4 2 m
m = 0.1172 kg
(c) Unchanged
2
2
(iii) T 4
2.6
(a) (i)
f is directly proportional to
1
// f is inversely proportional to x
x
1
= 0.5 m
x
f = 380 Hz
(iii) m = 600 0
0.76 0
= 789.47 mHz
(b) D =fax
v
(c) 2.8 = (1.2) (789.47)
V
v = 338.344 ms-1
(d) The position of the eye is aligned to the scale of the metre rule
to avoid errors
The experiment is carried out outside the labrotary to avoid reflection of sound
wave
(ii) x = 2.0 m ,
2.7
(a) (i) v2 is increases linearly to T

(ii) v2 = 320 (ms-1)2
v = 17.89 ms-1
(b) (i) k = 660 - 380
60 - 10
= 5.6 m2s-2 oC-1
(ii) c = 1
k
1
=
5.6
= 0.1786 s2 oC m-2
(c) T = 30o C , v2 = 540
v = 23.24 ms-1
(d) The position of the eye is aligned to the scale of the thermometer
to avoid errors
2.8
(a)
(i)
R is directly proportional to
(ii) d = 0.20 mm ,
(b) (i)
(ii)
1
= 25
d2
R = 360
45 0
= 1.3333 mm2
Rd 2
4l
d2
m = 4l
1.333 mm = = 4 (1000 mm)

2
= 1.0469 x10-3 mm
= 1.0469 m
// R is inversely proportional to d2
m = 60 - 0
R = 4l
(c)
1
d2
Rd 2
4l
R(0.00025) 2
1.0469 =
4(2)
R = 42.655
(d)
The connection of the wires should be fasten to ensure the resistance in the
circuit unchanged.
2.9
(a) R is directly proportional to l
(b) (i) m = 5 - 0
80 0
= 0.0625 cm 1
(ii) = mA
= (0.0625 cm 1 ) (1.5 x 10-5cm2)
= 9.375 x 10-7 cm
(c) (i) l = 16.0 cm , R = 1
1
1 1

(ii)
R' R R
1
1 1

R' 1 1
1
2
R'
R t 0.5
(d)
The connection of the wires should be fasten to ensure the resistance in the
circuit unchanged // Dont closed the circuit for a long time to avoid the
temperature in the circuit increases.
2.10
(a) (i) The potential difference decreases linearly.
(ii) Extrapolation of the graph.
V = 3.5V
(b) 1. Shows the triangle with an acceptable/minimum size 8 cm x 8 cm
2. Substitute correctly
- (1.5 3.5)
(1.2 -0.0)
3. States the value of gradient and its unit
- 1.67 VA -1 // .
(c)
Show the vertical line from I= 0.80A until touches the graph then horizontal line
until it touches the V-axis.
V = 2.15V
(d) 1. E = I(R + r)
3.5 = 0.80(R + 1.67)
2. R = 2 .71
2.11
(a)
(i)
R increases linearly with
(ii) When R = 5 ,
1
I
1
= 4.6
I
I = 0.2174 A
(iii) R-intercept = 1.5
(iv) Gradient = 7 - 0
6-1
= 1.4 A
= 1.4 V
E
-r
I
1
R = E r
I
E = gradient of the graph
= 1.4 V
r = R-intercept
= 1.5
(b) R =
2.12
(a) 28 m s1
(b) 51 m s1
(c) The acceleration decreases as time increases
The acceleration becomes zero at the end of the motion
(d) (i) Draws a tangent to the curve at t = 6 s
Constructs a triangle using the tangent drawn
56 20
=
10.6 1.0
= 3.75 m s2
(ii) 0.20 x 3.75
= 0.75 N
3.1
(a) The inertia depends on the mass
(b) As the mass increases as the inertia increases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the mass and the inertia
(ii) Manipulated variable: the mass
Responding variable: the inertia
Fixed variable: number of oscillation , the length of the jigsaw blade.
(iii) Jigsaw blade , plasticine , G-clamp , stop watch , balance.
(iv)
(v) The mass of the plasticine is measured by a balance,m= 30.0g

The jigsaw blade is clamped at one end and a plasticine ball is fixed at the other
The jigsaw blade is displaced horizontally to one side and then released so that it
oscillates.
The time for 20 oscillations ,t is taken by a stop watch. The experiment is repeated
5 times by using plasticine balls with different masses.
(vi)
Mass/g 30
40
50
60
70
80
Time/t
(vii) Plot the graph time, t against mass, m
3.2
(a) The acceleration depends on the mass
(b) When the force increased, the acceleration will be increased
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the acceleration and the force.
(ii) Manipulated variable: Force
Responding variable: Acceleration
Fixed variable: Mass
(iii) A Trolley, ticker timer, ticker tape, 6 elastic cords, a wooden runway, 12 V a.c
power supply.
(iv)
(v) Measure the mass of the trolley = m

The ticker-timer is switched on and a trolley is pulled using a rubber band. The
extension of the rubber band is ensured to be of the same length
Acceleration of the trolley is calculated using the ticker-tape.
v u
t
The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the number of the trolleys.
a
(vi)
F
m
(vii) Plot the graph m against F
3.3
(a) The final velocity of the girls depends on the initial height
(b) As the initial height increases ,the final velocity increases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between he final velocity depends on the initial
height
(ii) Manipulated variable: The initial height
Responding variable: The final velocity
Fixed variable:The length of the runway
(iii) A Trolley, ticker timer, ticker tape, wooden blocks, runway, transformer and metre
ruler.
(iv)
(v) The initial height of the trolley by using a metre ruler , h

The ticker-timer is switched on and a trolley is released .
The length of the last 10 tickers on the ticker tape is measured = L
L
The final velocity is calculated , v
0.02
The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the number of the wooden
blocks.
(vi)
h
v
(vii)
Plot the graph v against h
3.4
(a) The kinetic energy depends on the elastic potential energy
(b) As the elastic potential energy increases ,the kinetic energy increases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the kinetic energy and the elastic potential
energy
(ii) Manipulated variable: The elastic potential energy
Responding variable: The kinetic energy
Fixed variable: The elastic cord , the mass of the trolley
(iii) A Trolley, ticker timer, ticker tape, elastic cord,runway, transformer,nails and metre
ruler.
(iv)
(v) The trolley is hooked to the elastic cord and pulled to the back for a distance.
The distance of the trolley moved is measured by using a metre ruler, x
The trolley is released and the distance the last 10 ticks on the ticker tape is
measured , L.
L
The final velocity is calculated , v
0.02
The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the distance of x.
(vi) Tabulate the data
x
v
(vii) Plot the graph v against x
3.5
(a) The extension of an elastic material depends on the force applied.
(b) As the force increases , the extension increases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the force and the extension
(ii) Manipulated variable: The force
Responding variable: The extension
Constant variable : Spring constant , diameter of the spring
(iii) Spring , metre ruler , slotted mass , retort stand.
(iv)
(v) The original length of the spring is recorded , Lo

The mass of the slotted mass is recorded , m
The new length of the spring is recorded after the slotted mass is hung , L
The extension of the spring is calculated , x = Lo L
The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the number of the slotted mass.
m
x
(vii) Plot the graph v against x
3.6
(a) The pressure between two solids depends on the surface area
(b) As the surface area increases the pressure decreases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the surface area and the pressure
(ii) Manipulated variable: The surface area
Responding variable: The pressure
Fixed variable: Force (the reading of the compression balance)
(iii) Compression balance, plasticine , wooden rod , meter ruler .
(iv)
(v) The surface area of the wooden rod is measured by using a metre ruler, A
The wooden rod is pressed into the plasticine until the reading of compression
balance is 2 kg.
The depth of sinking of the wooden rod in the plasticine is measured = h
The experiment is repeated 5 times by using the wooden rods with different
surface area but has same weight.
A
h
(vii) Plot the graph h against A
3.7
(a) The pressure in the water depends on the depth of the water
(b) As the depth of water increases , the pressure in the water inceases.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the pressure in the water and the
depth of water
(ii) Manipulated variable: depth of water
Responding variable: the pressure in the water.
Fixed variable: density of the water
(iv) Measuring cylinder, thistle funnel, rubber tube, manometer, and retort stand.
(v) The measuring cylinder is completely filled with water.

The thistle funnel is connected to the manometer with a rubber tube.
The thistle funnel is lowered with the water to a depth h = 10.0m
The manometer reading, p is measured.
The experiment is repeated 5 times with values of depth y = 20.0m, 30.0 cm,
40.0 ,50.0 cm and 560.0 cm.
(vi) Tabulate the data:
h
p
(vii) Plot the graph p against h
3.8
(a) The buoyant force depends on the weight of water displaced
(b) As the weight of water displaced increases the buoyant force increases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the buoyant force and the weight of
water displaced
(ii) Manipulated Variable: Weight of water displaced
Responding Variable : The buoyant force
Constant Variable : Density of the water
(iii) The wooden rod, spring balance, beaker, eureka can ,water ,balance
(iv)
(v) The weight of the wooden in air is recorded by using spring balance = W1
The wooden rod is submerged in the water partially , and the weight of
the wooden rod is recorded = W2
The buoyant is calculated ,
F = W1 W2
The weight of the water in the beaker is measured by using balance , W
The experiment is repeated 5 times by submerging the wooden rod in
different height.
F
W
(vii) Plot the graph W against F
3.9
(a) The volume of the boat in water is affected by the weight/mass of the boat
(b) When the weight (of load) increases, the volume of liquid/water displaced
increases. //When the number of slotted masses increases, the volume of liquid/
water displaced increases
(c) (i) To study the relationship between weight/number of slotted masses and the
volume of liquid/water displaced
(ii) Manipulated variable : weight, W / number of slotted masses
Responding variable: volume of liquid/water displaced, V
The fixed variable : density of liquid,
(iii) wooden block, water, beaker, measuring cylinder/ruler
(iv)
(v) Slotted weight of mass m= 20 g placed on the wooden block

Measure immerses distance of the wooden block in the water,h
Repeat the experiment 4 times with different mass of weight such as 30g,
40 g ,50 g and 60 g
(vii)
Tabulate the data
m
h
(vii) Plot the graph h against m
3.10
(a) The heat depends on the mass
(b) As the mass increases , the heat increases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the mass and the heat
(ii) Manipulated variable: The mass
Responding variable: The heat
Fixed variable: Type of material, specific heat capacity, mass of water and
initial temperature of the water, heating time
(iii) Copper bobs, thermometer , beaker , Bunsen burner , water , beaker , forceps and
balance, stop watch
(iv)
(v) The mass of a copper bob is measured by using a balance =m

The initial temperature of the water in the beaker is measured by using a
thermometer = 1
The copper bob is heated by a Bunsen Burner in 5 minutes.
The heated copper bob is inserted in the beaker and the maximum temperature of
the water in the beaker is recorded , 2
The raise of the temperature of the water is calculated , = 2 1
The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the number of copper bob.
m
(vii) Plot the graph against m
3.11
(a) mass/volume/ influences to increasing/decreasing of temperature/change of
temperature of water
(b) As mass /volume (decrease)// increase as increasing of temperature /temperature
change increase// decrease
(c) (i) To study the relationship between the mass/ volume (of water ) and the increasing
of temperature/temperature change
(ii) Manipulated variable : mass/volume
Responding variable : temperature change
Constant variable : density of liquid/water/time/power of water heater/initial
temperature
(iii) Water, triple balance/beaker, thermometer/ water heater/stop watch
All items must be listed or in the diagram/explanation/description later
(iv)
(v) The water mass of 30 g filled into the beaker

Record the initial temperature of the water , 1
The maximum reading on the thermometer is recorded = 2 after 5 minutes
The increase in temperature is calculated , = 2 1
The experiment is repeated 5 times with the difference mass of water
m
(vii)
Plot the graph against m
3.12
(a) Pressure depends on volume// Volume influences pressure
(b) When the volume decrease , the pressure increase
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between volume and pressure
(ii) Manipulated : volume
Responding : pressure
Constant
: mass of gas // temperature
(iii) Syringe, clip , thick rubber tube, bourdon gauge .
(iv)
(v) The piston of the syringe is pushed in until the volume is V.

The pressure of the Bourdon gauge is recorded, P
The experiment is repeated 5 times with the difference value of V
V
P
(viii)
Plot the graph P against V
3.13
(a) The volume of the gas depends on the temperature
(b) The larger the temperature, the larger is the volume of a fixed mass of gas. / The
volume of a gas varies directly with its temperature.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the temperature and volume for a fixed
mass of gas at a constant pressure
(ii) Manipulated : Gas temperature, T
Responding : Gas volume, V
Constant :
Gas pressure, P or mass of gas, m
(iii)
beaker, stirrer, heater, capillary tube,sulphuric acid thread, thermometer, metre
rule, water, thermometer, metre rule, water,
(iv)
(v) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above..

Read thermometer when the temperature , reach 30C.
Stir the water continuously, and repeat the experiment when the temperature
reach 40C, 50C, 60C, 70 C and 80o C.
Measure the length, L of air trapped inside the capillary tube
Repeat the experiment when the temperature reach 40C, 50C, 60C and 70 C.
L
(ix)
Plot the graph L against
3.14
(a) The pressure of the gas depends on the temperature
(b) When the temperature of a gas increases , its pressure increases too.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the temperature and the pressure
(ii) Manipulated ; Temperature of the trapped air
Responding : Pressure
Constant : Mass and volume of trapped air
(iii) thermometer, round flask , beaker, retort stand, Bunsen burner, tripod stand,
wire gauze, ruler, Bourdon gauge, rubber tube, wooden block, water and ice.
(iv)
(v) The mixture of water and ice is stirred continuously until the temperature of
the bath is steady.
By using thermometer the temperature of the trapped air is recorded ,
By using Bourdon Gauge the pressure of the trapped air is recorded , P
The experiment is repeated for 5 times with different value of
P
(vii) Plot a graph P against
3.15
(a) The angle of reflection depends on the angle of incidence
(b) The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence increases.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle
of reflection.
(ii) Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence
Responding variable: Angle of reflection
Fixed variable: position of the plane mirror
(iii) Ray box, plane mirror, plasticine, protractor and white paper
(iv)
(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable.
A normal line ,ON is drawn on the white paper.
A ray of light from the ray box is directed to the plane mirror.
By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured = i and the angle of
reflection = r
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of incidence.
i
r
(vii) Analysis the data:
Plot the graph r against i
3.16
(a) The apparent depth depends on the real depth
(b) The apparent depth increases as the real depth increases.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between apparent depth and the real depth
(ii) Manipulated variable: real depth
Responding variable: apparent depth
Fixed variable: Refractive index
(iii) Pin, ruler, water, retort stand ,tall beaker
(iv)
(v) A pin is placed at the base of the beaker as object O.

The another pin is clamped horizontally onto the retort stand as image position
indicator, I
The beaker is filled with water.
By using a ruler ,the real depth of the pin is measured = H
The pin O is seen vertically above the surface of the water.
The position of pin I is adjusted until parallax error between the pin O and the pin I
is non- existent.
By using the ruler again ,the position of pin I is measured as the apparent depth =
h
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other value of H
H
h
(vii)Plot the graph m against u
3.17
(a) The linaer magnification depends on the object distance
(b) The greater the object distance, the smaller the linear magnification
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the object distance and the linear
magnification
(ii) Manipulated variable : object distance, u
Responding variable : linear magnification, m
Constant variable
: Focal length of the lens / type of lens
(iii)
Convex lens with holder, light bulb with power supply, screen, metre ruler and
Cardboard with triangular cut-out , cross wire
(iv)
(v) The convex lens is placed at distance of, u = 15 cm from the object
The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on it.
The image distance , v is measured.
v
The linear magnification , m is calculated m measured with a ruler.
u
The procedure is repeated with values of u = 20 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm, 35 cm and 40
cm.
u
15
20
25
30
35
40
(vii) Plot the graph m against h
3.18
(a) The linaer magnification depends on the density //refractive index // focal length
//power of the medium //lens
(b) The greater the density //refractive index // focal length //power of the medium
//lens, the larger the linear magnification
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the object distance and the density
//refractive index // focal length //power of the medium //lens
(ii) Manipulated variable : the density //refractive index // focal length //power of the
medium //lens
Responding variable : linear magnification, m
Constant variable
: Object distance
(iii)
Convex lens with holder, light bulb with power supply, screen, metre ruler and
Cardboard with triangular cut-out , cross wire
(iv)
(v) The the density //refractive index // focal length //power of the medium //lens
Is recorded = n
The convex lens is placed at distance of, u = 15 cm from the object
The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on it.
The image distance , v is measured.
v
The linear magnification , m is calculated m measured with a ruler.
u
The procedure is repeated with difference the density //refractive index // focal
length //power of the medium //lens
n
15
20
25
30
35
40
(vii) Plot the graph m against n
3.19
(a) The frequency of oscillations of a spring depends on the mass
(b) As the mass increases , the frequency decreases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the frequency and the mass
(ii) Manipulated variable : mass of the load
Responding variable : frequency of oscillations
Constant variable
: Spring constant , diameter of the spring
(iii) Spring , slotted mass , retort stand ,stop watch.
(iv)
(v) The mass of the slotted mass is recorded = m

The slotted mass is displaced in downwards direction and released.
The time for 10 oscillations by using a stop watch = t
10
The frequency of oscillations is calculated , f =
t
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other value of m
m
f
(vii) Plot the graph f against m
3.20
(a) The wavelength depends on the depth of water
(b) The depth of water increases as the wavelength of water waves increases.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the wavelength
of water waves.
(ii) Manipulated variable: depth of water
Responding variable: wavelength
Fixed variable: frequency
(iii) Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply white paper , protractor
,plane reflector , perspex plate , metre rule and mechanical stroboscope.
(iv)
(v) The depth of water on a perspex is measured by using a metre rule = d

The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves which propagate onto
the perspex plate .
The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope.
The waves are sketched on the screen.
The distance between 11 successive bright bands is measured by the metre rule
=x
The wavelength is calculated i.e. = x
10
The experiment is repeated 5 by increasing the number of perspex plate to change
the depth the water.
d
(vii) Plot the graph against d
3.21
(a) The effect of bending (diffraction) depends on the size of aperture
(b) The angle of bent increases as the size of aperture decreases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the angle of bent and the size of
aperture
(ii) Manipulated variable: size of aperture
Responding variable: angle of bent
Fixed variable: frequency of vibrator
(iii) Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply white paper , two pieces
metal bar ,metre rule protractor and mechanical stroboscope.
(iv)
(v) By using a metre rule , the width of the slit is measured = a

The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves which propagate
towards the aperture.
By using a protractor , the angle of bent =
The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different widths of slit.
a
(vii) Plot the graph against a
3.23
(a) The distance between two consecutive antinodal lines depends on the distance
between coherent sources.
(b) The distance between two consecutive antinodal line increases as the distance
between to coherent sources decreases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the distance between to coherent sources
and the distance between two consecutive node lines
(ii) Manipulated variable: the distance between to coherent sources
Responding variable: the distance between two consecutive antinodal lines
Fixed variable: frequency of vibrator or the wavelength
(iii) Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply ,white paper , spherical
dippers ,metre rule and mechanical stroboscope.
(iv)
(v) By using a metre rule , the distance between two dippers is measured = a
The power supply is switched on to produce two circular waves from the dippers
By using the metre rule , the distance between two consecutive antinodal lines is
measured = x
The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different distances between two
dippers
a
x
(vii)
Plot the graph x against a
3.24
(a) The resistance of a metal conductor wire depends on the length of the wire.
(b) The resistance of metal conductor increases as the length increases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the resistance and the length of a
metal conductor.
(ii) Manipulated variable: the length of the metal conductor
Responding variable: the resistance
Fixed variable: temperature, the cross-sectional area and type of material
(iii) Ammeter, voltmeter, constantan wire, connection wires ,dry cells, metre rule
and switch.
(iv)
(v) The length of the conductor wire is measured by a ruler = l

The switch is closed.
The reading of the voltmeter ,V and the ammeter, I is recorded.
The resistance is calculated , R = V
I
The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different length of the wire
I
R
(vii) Plot the graph R against l
3.25
(a) The strength of the electromagnet depends on the magnitude of the current.
(b) The strength of an electromagnet increases as the current increases.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the strength of an electromagnet and the
current.
(ii) Manipulated variable: the current
Responding variable: the strength of an electromagnet
Fixed variable: number of turns of solenoid, type of core.
(iii) Ammeter, connection wires, rheostat, retort stand, ,switch, d.c. supply , soft iron
core, solenoid, small iron nails and plastic container.
(iv)
The switch is closed.
The reading of the ammeter is recorded = I
The end of the solenoid is dipped into the plastic container full of small iron nails.
The plastic container is removed and the number of nails attached to the
electromagnet is counted = N
The experiment is repeated 5 times with different value of current by adjusting the
rheostat.
I
N
(vii) Plot the graph N against l
3.26
(a) The magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnitude depends on
the magnitude of the current.
(b) The force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnitude field increases as the
magnitude of the current increases.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the magnitude of the force on a currentcarrying conductor in a magnitude field with the magnitude of the current.
(ii) Manipulated variable: with the magnitude of the current.
Responding variable: the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in
a magnitude field
Fixed variable: The strength of magnetic field and length of the current-carrying
conductor.
(iii) Magnadur magnets , U-shaped iron yoke , thick copper wire , short cooper wire
and d.c supply and ruler.
(iv)
(v) The voltage of the d.c. power supply used is recorded = V

The d.c. power supply is switched on.
The distance of short copper wire moves on the thick copper wire is measured by
a ruler = L
The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different voltage of the d.c. power
supply.
V
L
(vii)Plot the graph L against V
3.25
(a) The magnitude of an induced current depends on the speed of the relative motion
between conductor and magnet
(b) The magnitude of an induced current increases as the speed of the relative motion
between conductor and magnet increases.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the magnitude of an induced current and
the speed of the relative motion between conductor and magnet
(ii) Manipulated variable: the magnitude of induced current
Responding variable: the speed of the relative motion between conductor and
magnet.
Fixed variable: number of turns of solenoid and the strength of the magnet.
(iii) Sensitive zero-centre galvanometer, solenoid, bar magnet and ruler.
(iv)
The height of the magnet above the solenoid is measured by a ruler = H
The magnet is dropped into the solenoid and the reading of the galvanometer is
recorded = I
The experiment is repeated 5 times with different height of the magnet above the
solenoid.
H
I
(vii) Plot the graph I against H

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PHYSICS MODULE ANSWER

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

Quantities that can be measured

Physical quantities that cannot be

Physical quantity obtained from the

Units that cannot be defined in

Units which are obtained from the

The ability (of a measuring

The closeness of a measurement

The ability (of a measuring

The difference between the

Errors in the calibration of

Errors due to the mistakes made by

Error due to the incorrect

The non-zero reading when the

CHAPTER 2 : FORCES AND MOTION

Physical quantities that have both

Physical quantities that have

The total path length travelled

The distance between two

Rate of change of distance OR

Rate of change of displacement

Rate of change of velocity

Rate of decrease in velocity

The tendency of the object to

The quantity of matter in an object

Product of mass and velocity

In a closed system, the total

A collision in which the objects do

A collision in which the objects are

A single force that represents the

Situation in which forces acting on

Rate of change of momentum

The region around the earth which

The gravitational force acting on a

The acceleration of an object due

The motion in which the object falls

The gravitational force acting on

Newtons Second Law

The acceleration produced by a net

The separation of a single force

Is the force which acts on a body of

The ability to do work

The product of the applied force

The rate at which work is done OR

The power generated when 1 J of

The energy of an object due to its

The energy of an object due to its

Mass per unit volume

Energy cannot be created or

The percentage of the energy input

The ability of an object to return to

The extension of a spring is directly

The maximum force which can act

Force per unit extension

The energy stored in an object

CHAPTER 3 : FORCES AND PRESSURE

Magnitude of force acting perpendicularly to a

The pressure exerted on a surface when a force of