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Instruction: Select the correct answer for each of the following

questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.

with another sine wave at 50% modulation, calculate the total

transmitted power.

Strictly no erasures allowed. Use pencil no. 1 only.

NOTE: Whenever you come across a caret (^) sign, it means
exponentiation.

15. Determine the image frequency for a standard broadcast band

receiver using a 455 KHz IF and tuned in a station at 620 kHz.

BASIC COMMUNICATIONS
1.

An amplifier operating over a 4 MHz bandwidth has a 100 ohm I put

resistance. It is operating at 27 OC, has a voltage gain of 200 and
has an input signal of 5 Vrms. Determine the rms output voltage
signals.
Answer:

2.

Determine the noise current for a diode with a forward bias of 1 mA

over a 100 kHz bandwidth and determine also the diodes
equivalent noise voltage.
Answer:

3.

8.33 dB

5.01 V

Calculate the noise voltage for a 1 k ohm resistor at 17 OC of 1 MHz

frequency range. Repeat for the series and parallel combination of
three 1 k ohm resistors.
Answer:

9.

14, 11.46 dB

Calculate the noise voltage for a 1 k ohm resistor at 17 OC tuned by

an LC circuit with a BW of 1 MHz.
Answer:

8.

0.0692 W

DR=10 log

4 V, 6.93 V, 2.31 V

Calculate the NF and TEQ for an amplifier that has Zin = 300 ohm. It
is found that when driven from a matched-impedance diode noise
generator, its output noise id doubled when the diode is forward
biased with 0.3 mA.
Answer:

2.55 dB, 232 K

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
10. A 500 W carrier is to be modulated to 90% level. Determine the total
transmitted power.
Answer:

702.5 W

11. An AM broadcast station operates of its maximum allowed total

output of 50 kW and at 95% modulation. How much of its
transmitted power is intelligence sidebands?
Answer:

15.5 kW

12. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 12 A when unmodulated

but increases to 13 A when modulated, calculate the percent
modulation.
Answer:

59%

13. An intelligence signal is amplified by a 70% efficient amplifier before

being combined with a 10 kw carrier to generate am signal. if it is
desired to operate as 100% modulation, what is the dc input power
to the final intelligence amplifier?
Answer:

Po
Pi

17. A silicon varactor diode exhibits a capacitance of 200 pF at zero

bias. If it is in parallel with a 60 pF capacitor and a 200 H inductor,
calculate the range of resonant frequency as the diode varies
through a reverse bias of 3 to 15 V.
Answer:

966 kHz - 1.15 MHz

C d=

C0

1+2|V |
r

18. Calculate the required Q for the situation having a separation of two
sidebands 200 Hz, for a 1 MHz carrier with 80 dB sideband
suppression and for 100 kHz carrier and 80 dB sideband
suppression.
Answer:

125,000 , 12,500

log 1 (Gain /20 )

()
fc
4 f
Q=

1.75 fW, 0.716 dB

A three stage amplifier has an input stage with noise ratio (NR) =5
and power gain (PG) = 50. Stages 2 and 3 have NR=10 and P G =
1000. Calculate the NF for the overall system.
Answer:

7.

Answer:

0.311 mV, 3.45 dB, 0.462 mV

An amplifier has an impedance of 50 ohm. Using a matched

impedance diode noise generator, it is found that the DUT has
doubled the noise output power when the diode has a dc current of
14 mA. Determine the NR and NF for DUT.
Answer:

6.

1530 kHz

16. A receiver has a dynamic range of 81 dB. It has 0.55 nW sensitivity.

Determine the maximum allowable input signal.

A satellite system includes a dish antenna (T eq=75K) connected via

a coupling network (Teq=40K) to a microwave receiver (T eq=52K
referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receivers input
over a 1 MHz frequency range? Determine the receivers NF
Answer:

5.

Answer:

12.45 kW

0.00566 A rms, 0.147 V rms

A three stage amplifier has a 3 dB bandwidth of 200 kHz determined

by an LC tuned circuit at its input and operates at 22 OC. The first
stage has a power gain of 14 dB and a NF of 3 dB. The second and
third stages are identical, with power gains of 20 dB and NF=8dB.
The output load is 300 ohm, The input noise is generated by a 10 k
ohm resistor. Find noise voltage at the output assuming ideal
noiseless amplifiers, overall noise figure, and actual noise voltage at
the output.
Answer:

4.

1 mV rms signal, 0.514 mV rms noise

Answer:

7.14 kW

14. A transmitter with 10 kW carrier transmits 11.2 kW when modulated

with a single sine wave. If the carrier is simultaneously modulated

FREQUENCY MODULATION
19. Determine the bandwidth required to transmit FM signal with a
maximum deviation of 20 kHz for fi=10 kHz, and 5 kHz.
Answer:

20. An FM signal,

4 Significant Sidebands
7Significant Sidebands

2000 sin ( 2 x 108 t +2 sin ( x 104 t ) )

to a

50 ohm antenna. Determine

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Carrier frequency
Transmitted power
mf
fi
BW by Carsons and Bessels Rule

Answer:

100 MHz, 40 kW, 2, 5 kHz, 30 kHz & 40 kHz

21. Determine the worst case output S/N for a broadcast FM program
that has a maximum intelligence frequency of 5 kHz. The input S/N
is 2.
Answer:

30

22. A PLL is set up such that uts VCO free runs at 10 MHz. The VCO
does not change frequency until the input is within 50 kHz of 10
Mhz. After the condition, the VCO follows the input to + 200 kHz of
10 MHz before the VCO starts to free run again. Determine the lock
range and capture range of the PLL
Answer:

100 kHz, 400 kHz

WAVE PROPAGATION
23. Determine the ghost width on a TV screen 15 in wide when a
reflected wave results from an object mi behind the receiver.
Answer:

1.51 in

24. Calculate the power received at a satellite given the following

conditions:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Power gain of transmitting parabolic dish antenna is 30,000

The transmitter drives a 2 kW if power into the antenna at a
carrier frequency of 6.21 Ghz
The satellite receiving antenna has a power gain of 30
The transmission path is 45000 km

Answer:

12.9 pW

25. Calculate the electric field intensity, in volts per meter, 20 km from a
1 kW source. How many decibels down will that field intensity be an
additional 30 km from the source?
Answer:

RF Review Center : MANILA-CEBU-BAGUIO (0932-175-1218)

80 kHz, 70 kHz
m=2
m=4

8.66 mV/m, 7.96 dB

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26. Calculate the radio horizon for a 500 ft transmitting antenna and
receiving antenna of 20 ft. Calculate the required height increase
for the receiving antenna if 10% increase in radio horizon were
required.
Answer:

37.9 mi, 31.2 ft

27. A transmitter has a power output of 50 W at a carrier frequency of

325 MHz. It is connected to an antenna with a gain of 12 dBi. The
receiving antenna is 10 km away and has a gain of 12 dBi. The
receiving ntenna is 10 km away and has a gain of 5 dBi. Calculate
the power delivered to the receiver, assuming free space
propagation. Assume also there are no losses or mismatches in the
system.
Answer:

404 nW

28. A transmitter has a power output of 10 W at a carrier frequency of

250 MHz. It is connected by 10 m of a transmission line having a
loss of 3 dB/100m to an antenna with a gain of 6 dBi. The receiving
antenna is 20 km away and has a gain of 4 dBi. There is negligible
loss in the receiver feedline, but the receiver is mismatched: the
antenna and line are designed for a 50 ohm impedance, but the
receiver input is 75 ohm. Calculate the power delivered to the
receiver assuming free space propagation.
Answer:

2.04 nW

29. As a consultant engineer, you need to consider a space-diversity

microwave radio system operating at an RF carrier frequency of 1.8
GHz. Each station has a 2.4-m-diameter parabolic antenna that is
fed by 100 m of air-filled coaxial cable. The terrain is smooth, and
the area has a humid climate. The distance between stations is 40
km. A reliability objective of 99.99% is desired. Determine the
system gain.
Answer:

113.35 dB

30. A certain antenna has a gain of 7 dB with respect to an isotropic

radiator. What is the effective area if it operates at 200 MHz? How
much power would it absorb from a signal with a field strength of 50
V/m?
Answer:

0.897 m2 , 5.95 pW

31. A satellite transmitter operates at 4 GHz with an antenna gain of 40

dBi. The receiver 40,000 km away has an antenna gain of 50 dBi. If
the transmitter has a power of 8 W, find the EIRP in dBW and power
delivered to the receiver.
Answer:

49 dBW, 178 pW

32. A cellular radio transmitter has a power output of 3 W at 800 MHz. It

uses an antenna with a gain of 3 dBi. The receiver is 45 km away,
with an antenna gain of 12 dBi. Calculate the received signal
strength in dBm. Ignoring any losses in transmission lines.
Answer:

-54.7 dBm

33. An AM broadcast receiver has two identical tuned circuits prior to

the IF stage. The Q of these circuits is 60 and the IF frequency is
455 kHz and the receiver is tuned to a station at 680 kHz. Calculate
the amount of image frequency rejection.
41 dB

34. A receiver has a 20 dB noise figure (NF), a 1 MHz bandwidth, a +5

dBm third order intercept point, and a 0 dB S/N. Determine its
sensitivity and dynamic range.
Answer:

-94 dBm , 66 dB

S
N

2
DR= ( input intercept noise floor )
3
35. A receiver has a 1 MHz bandwidth, a +5 dBm third order intercept
point, and a 0 dB S/N. It has a preamplifier out at its input. The
oreamplifier has a 24 dB gain and a 5 dB NF. Determine its
sensitivity and dynamic range.
-108.5 dBm , 59.7 dB

Sensitivity=174 dBm+ NF+10 log f +

NR=NR 1+

36. A fiber optic system uses cable with an attenuation of 3.2 dB/km, is
1.8 km long, has one splice with 0.8 dB loss, 2 dB loss at both
transmitter and receiver due to source/receiver connection, and
requires 3 W of received optical power at the detector. Calculate
the required level of optical power from the light source.
Answer:

34.1 W

37. Calculate the maximum length of a dispersion-limited system where

the fiber has a 0.0015-s/km dispersion and a 50-Mbps bit rate.
Answer:

2.67 km

38. Calculate the NA and cutoff wavelength for a single mode fiber with
a core of 2.5m and refraction indexes of 1.515 and 1.490 for core
and cladding, respectively.
Answer:

0.274, 1.73 m

39. Determine the cutoff wavelength for a fiber with a 3 m diameter

core. The core and cladding indexes of refraction are 1.545 and
1.510, respectively.
Answer:

1.29 m

MICROWAVE
40. A line of sight radio link operating at a frequency of 6 GHz has a
separation of 40 km between antennas. An obstacle in the path is
located 10 km from the transmitting antenna. By how much must the
beam clear the obstacle
Answer:

11.6 m

41. Calculate the power gain and beamwidth of a microwave dish

antenna with a 3 m mouth diameter when used at 10 GHZ.
Answer:

47.8 dB, 0.7O

42. A 160 ft diameter parabolic antenna is driven by a 10 W transmitter

at 4.3 GHz. Calculate its effective radiated power (ERP) and its
beamwidth.
Answer:

29.3 MW, 0.10O

43. In a microwave system, the antenna sees a sky temperature of

120K and the antenna feedline has a loss of 2 dB. Calculate the
noise temperature of the antenna/feedline system. Referenced to
the receiver input.
Answer:

Answer:

182 K

45. Two /2 dipoles are separated by 50 km. They are aligned for
optimum reception. The transmitter feeds its antenna with 10 W at
144 MHz. Calculate the power received
Answer:

NR 21 NR 31
+
+
G1
G1 G2

RF Review Center : MANILA-CEBU-BAGUIO (0932-175-1218)

2.96 x 10-10 W

46. It is designed to build a /2 dipole to receive a 100 MHz broadcast.

Determine the optimum length of the dipole.
1.43 m

47. A ship radio telephone transmitter operates at 2738 kHz. At a

certain point distant from the transmitter, the 2738 kHz signal has a
measured field of 147 mV/m. The second harmonic field at the
same point is measured as 405 uV/m to the nearest whole unit in
decibels, how much has the harmonic emission been attenuated
below the 2738 kHz fundamental?
Answer:

51.2 dB

48. If the power of 500 kHz transmitter is increased from 150 W to 300
W, what would be the percentage change in field intensity at a given
distance from the transmitter? What would be the decibel change in
field intensity?
Answer:

S
N

0.464, 1.32 kW

ANTENNA

Answer:

Sensitivity=174 dBm+ NF+10 log f +

Answer:

FIBER OPTICS

44. An AM transmitter has 1 kW carrier and is modulated by three

different sine waves having equal amplitudes. If m eff = 0.8, calculate
the individual values of m and the total transmitted power.

COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES

Answer:

2
DR= ( input intercept noise floor )
3

141%, 3 dB

49. If a 500 kHz transmitter of constant power produces a field strength

of 100V/m at a distance of 100 mi from the transmitter, what would
be the theoretical field strength at a distance of 200 mi from the
transmitter?
Answer:

50 V/m

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50. If the antenna current at a 500 kHz transmitter is reduced 50%,

what would be the percentage change in the field intensity at the
receiving point?
Answer:

7.57 pW, 23.5 V

52. The ammeter connected at the base of Marconi antenna has a

certain reading. If the reading increased 2.77 times, what is the
increased in output power?
Answer:

7.67

53. Calculate the efficiency of an antenna that has radiation resistance

of 73 ohm and an effective dissipation resistance of 5 ohm. What
factors could enter into the dissipation resistance?
Answer:

93.6 %

54. If vertical antenna is 405 ft high and is operated at 1250 kHz, what
is the physical height expressed in wavelengths?
Answer:

5.54

55. What must be the height of a vertical radiator one half wavelength
high if the operating frequency is 100 kHz?
Answer:

136 m

TRANSMISSION LINE

Answer:

50 ohms, 50 ohms

57. Determine the amount of delay and the velocity of propagation

introduced by a 1 ft section of RG-8A/U coaxial cable used as delay
line.
Answer:

1.475 ns, 2.07 m/s

58. Determine the wavelength () of a 100 MHHz signal in free space

and while travelling through an RG-8A/U coaxial cable.
Answer:

3 m, 2.07 m

59. A citizens band transmitter operating at 27 Mhz with 4 W output is

connected via 10m of RG-8A/U cable to an antenna that has an
input resistance 0f 300 ohms. Determine
a.
b.
c.
d.

Reflection coefficient
Electrical length of cable in wavelength
VSWR
The amount if the transmitter 4W output absorbed by the
antenna

Answer:

60. Find the input impedance and VSWR of a transmission line 4.3
long when Z0=100 ohms and ZL=200-j150 ohms.
Answer:

40+j57 ohms, 3.33

61. The antenna load on a 75 ohm line has an impedance of 50-j100

ohms. Determine the length and position of a shirt circuited stub
necessary to provide a match.
Answer:

0.083 length, 0.093 from the load

62. If two towers of a 950 kHz antenna are separated by 120 electrical
degrees, what is the tower separation in feet?
Answer:

345 ft

On hook: 0 A, 48 V
Off hook: 40 mA, 8 V

64. What frequencies would be generated by a telephone usind DTMF

signaling, when number 9 is pressed?
852 Hz and 1477 Hz

65. A telephone signal takes 2 ms ro reach its destination. Calculate the

via net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo.
Answer:

69. Calculate the channel capacity (bps) of standard phone line that that
has a S/N of 511.
Answer:

0.8 dB

27 kbps

70. A telephone line has a bandwidth of 3,2 kHz and a signal to noise
ratio of 35 dB. A signal is transmitted down this line using a four
level doe. What is the maximum theoretical date rate?
Answer:

12.8 kbps

71. Calculate the CRC for 101001000 if a 1011 divisor is being used
Answer:

100

72. Convert the 12 bit sample 100110100100 into an 8 bit compressed

code?
Answer:

11011010

73. Determine the number of bits required to encode a system of 50

equiprobable events with a binary code. Calculate the efficiency of
this code. Calculate the efficiency of a decimal code to accomplish
the same goal.
94%, 85%

74. Calculate the channel capacity (bps) of standard phone line that that
has a S/N of 511.
Answer:

27 kbps

75. A signal that varies from 20 Hz to 5kHz is to be processed via a

pulse modulation scheme. Determine the minimum sampling rate
that will still allow adequate reproduction at the receiver. Calculate
the number of different time-division-multiplexed signals that could
be transmitted if each sample takes 10 s.
Answer:

10 kHz, 10

76. We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with a

bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many signal levels do we need?
Answer:

98.7

77. The signal to noise ratio is often given in decibels. Assume that
SNRdB=36 dB and the channel bandwidth is 2 MHz. The theoretical
channel capacity can be calculated as
Answer:

24 Mbps

78. A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of

12000 frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of
10,000 bits. What is the throughput of this network?
2 Mbps

79. What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a
2.5kbyte message (an e-mail) if the bandwidth of the network is
1Gbps. Assume that the distance between the sender and the
receiver is 12000 km and that the light travels at 2,4x108 m/s.
Answer:

50 ms, 20 s

80. A signal is carrying data in which one data is encoded as one signal
element (r=1). If the bit rate is 100 kbps, what is the average value
of the baud rate if c is between 0 and 1?
Answer:

Answer:

63. A local loop has a resistance of 1 k ohm, and the telephone

connected to it has an off hook resistance of 200 ohm. Calculate the
loop current and the voltage across the telephone when phone is on
hook and off hook.

Answer:

1.23 x 10-6, 8.14x105

50 kbaud

81. We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate, assuming
8 bits per sample?

TELEPHONY

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

0.71, 1,3 , 6, 1.96 W

30 kbps

68. Calculate the error probability and BER in a system that produces 7
error bits out if 5,700,000 total bits.

Answer:

56. A commonly used coaxial, RG-8A/U, has a capacitance of 29.5 pF.ft

and inductance of 73.75 nH/ft. Determine its characteristic
impedance for a 1 ft section and for a length of 1 mi.

105 bits, 104

67. Calculate the capacity if a telephone channel that has a S/N 0f 1023
Answer:

50 %

51. A /2 is driven with a 5W signal at 225 Mhz. A receiving dipole 100

km away is aligned such that its gain is cut in half. Calculate
received power and voltage into a 73 ohm receiver.
Answer:

Answer:

VNL=0.2t+ 0.4 dB

DIGITAL AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Answer:

66. A digital transmission has an error probability if 10 and is 10 bits

long. Calculate the expected number if error bits and the BER.
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25 kbps

83. Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel sends
100 bytes and we multiplex 1 byte per channel, show the frame
traveling on the link, the size of the frame, the duration of a frame,
the frame rate, and the bit rate for the link.
Answer:

4 bytes or 32 bits, 100 frames/second,

11100 seconds, 100 frames/second, 800 bps

84. The bandwidth of a video signal is 4.5 MHz. This signal is to be

transmitted using PCM with the number of quantization levels Q =
1024. The sampling rate should be 20% higher than the Nyquist
rate. Calculate the system bit rate
Answer:

-4

64 kbps

82. We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200
to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier frequency and the bit rate if
we modulated our date by using FSK with d=1?

108 Mbps

85. A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using a time slot of

2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary inputs. What is the frame

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rate? What is the frame duration? What is the bit rate? What is the
bit duration?
Answer:

50, 000 frames/second, 20 s

400 kbps, 2.5 s

TELEVISION
86. A video signal has a 30% of the maximum luminance level. Find its
level in IRE units.
Answer:

53.75 IRE

87. Calculate the percentage of the signal time that is occupied by:
horizontal blanking, vertical blanking, and active video.
Answer:

15.7%, 8%, 77.6%

88. An RGB video signal has normalized values of R=0.2, G=0.4,

B=0.8. Find the values of Y, I, Q.
Answer:

0.384, -0.248, 0.082

Y= 0.30R+0.59G+0.11B
Q= 0.21R-0.52G+0.31B

I = 0.60R-0.28G-0.32B

89. What portion of the maximum transmitter power is used to transmit a

black setup level?
Answer:

45.6 %

90. Consider a video signal that has a resolution of 640 by 480 pixels; with a
30 Hz frame rate and progressive scan. The luminance is sampled using
8 bits per sample. The two chroma channels also use 8 bits per sample,
but the color resolution is one fourth that used for luminance. Find the
approximate bit rate of this signal, neglecting synchronization, error
correction, and compression.
Answer:

110.6 Mbps

SATELLITE
91. Find the velocity and the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit:
500 km and 36,000 km above earth surface.
Answer:

7.6 km/s & 1.6hours, 3.07 km/s &24 hours

92. Calculate the angle of declination for an antenna using a polar mount at
a latitude of 45 OC.
Answer:

6.81 OC

93. Calculate the length of the path of a geostationary satellite from an earth
station were the angle of elevation is 30 O.
Answer:

39000 km

94. A satellite transmitter operates at 4 GHz with a transmitter power of 7 W

and an antenna gain of 40 dBi. The receiver has antenna gain of 30 dBi,
and the path length is 40000 km. Calculate the signal strength at the
receiver.
Answer:

-88 dBm

95. A receiving antenna with gain of 40 dBi looks at a sky with a noise
temperature of 15 K. the loss between the antenna and the LNA input,
due to feedhorn, is 0.4 dB, and the LNA has a noise temperature of 40
K. Calculate G/T.
Answer:

20.6 dB

96. The receiving installation of whose G/T was found in number 95 is used
as a ground terminal to receive a signal from a satellite at a distance of
38,000 km. The satellite has a transmitter power of 50 watts and an
antenna gain of 30 dBi. Assume losses between the satellite transmitter
and its antennas are negligible. The frequency is 12 GHz. Calculate the
carrier to noise ratio at the receiver, for a bandwidth of 1 MHz.

Answer:

30.6 dB

DATA & DIGITAL TERMS

97. It is a pulse of a direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) code, such
as a Pseudo-random Noise (PN) code sequence used in directsequence
code
division
multiple
access (CDMA) channel
access techniques
Answer:
chip
98. It is designed to be used in wireless applications in which stations must
be able to share the medium without interception by an eavesdropper
and without being subject to jamming from a malicious intruder.
ANSWER:
Spread Spectrum
99. It uses M different carrier frequencies that are modulated by the source
signal. At one moment, the sign modulates one carrier frequency; at the
next moment, the signal modulates another carrier frequency.
ANSWER:
FHSS
100. This technique expands the bandwidth of a signal by replacing each
data bit with n bits.
ANSWER:
DSSS
101. In block coding, we divide our message into blocks, each of k bits,
called
ANSWER:
datawords
102. We add r redundant bits to each block to make the length n = k + r. The
resulting n-bit blocks are called _________.

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ANSWER:
codewords
103. Which of the following encoding methods does not provide for
synchronization?
ANSWER:
NRZ-L
104. Which encoding method uses alternating positive and negative values
for 1s?
ANSWER:
AM
105. It is the process of converting digital data to a digital signal.
ANSWER:
Line coding
106. It provides redundancy to ensure synchronization and inherent error
detection. It is is normally referred to as mB/nB coding; it replaces
each m-bit group with an n-bit group.
ANSWER:
Block coding
107. It provides synchronization without increasing the number of bits.
ANSWER:
Scrambling
108. In ______ transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or
more stop bits (1s) at the end of each byte.
ANSWER:
Asynchronous
109. In _________ transmission, we send bits one after another without start
or stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the
bits.
ANSWER:
Synchronous
110. The ________ mode provides synchronization for the entire stream of
bits must. In other words, it guarantees that the data arrive at a fixed
rate.
ANSWER:
Isochronous
111. A _________ digital signal includes timing information in the data being
transmitted.
ANSWER:
Self Synchronizing
112. In decoding a digital signal, the receiver calculates a running average of
the received signal power, called the _______.
ANSWER:
baseline
113. In a _____ scheme, all the signal levels are on one side of the time axis,
either above or below.
ANSWER:
Unipolar
114. In ______ schemes, the voltages are on the both sides of the time axis.
For example, the voltage level for 0 can be positive and the voltage level
for 1 can be negative.
ANSWER:
Polar
115. In _____, the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.
ANSWER:
NRZ-L
116. In ______, the change or lack of change in the level of the voltage
determines the value of the bit.
ANSWER:
NRZ-I
117. The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZ-L are combined into the ________
scheme.
ANSWER:
Manchester
118. In _______ encoding, the duration of the bit is divided into two halves.
The voltage remains at one level during the first half and moves to the
other level in the second half. The transition at the middle of the bit
provides synchronization.
ANSWER:
Both Manchester and Differential Manchester
119. In ___________ there is always a transition at the middle of the bit, but
the bit values are determined at the beginning of the bit. If the next bit is
0, there is a transition; if the next bit is 1, there is none.
ANSWER:
Differential Manchester
120. In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition at
the middle of the bit is used for ________
ANSWER:
Synchronization
121. The minimum bandwidth of Manchester and differential Manchester is
____ that of NRZ.
ANSWER:
twice
122. In _______encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative.
ANSWER:
bipolar
123. The _____ scheme uses data patterns of size 2 and encodes the 2-bit
patterns as one signal element belonging to a four-level signal.
ANSWER:
2B1Q
124. The ______ scheme uses three levels (+V, 0, and -V) and three
transition rules to move between the levels.
ANSWER:
MLT-3
125. It substitutes eight consecutive zeros with 000VB0VB.
ANSWER:
B8ZS
126. It substitutes four consecutive zeros with 000V or B00V
ANSWER:
HDB3
127. A _________ digital signal includes timing information in the data being
transmitted.
ANSWER:
Self- synchronizing

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