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    AC Fundamentals

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    Anonymous bhNBKXzPo
    The document discusses alternating current (AC) systems and why AC is predominant over direct current (DC). It provides three key reasons: 1) Over 90% of electricity is generated by AC machines; 2) AC generation is more economical at large power plants; 3) AC voltage can be easily transformed to different voltages using transformers. It then discusses the generation of AC voltage through electromagnetic induction and defines terms related to AC systems such as cycle, period, frequency, waveform characteristics, and relationships between average, peak, and root mean square (RMS) values.

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    AC Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous bhNBKXzPo
    1K views17 pages
    The document discusses alternating current (AC) systems and why AC is predominant over direct current (DC). It provides three key reasons: 1) Over 90% of electricity is generated by AC machines; 2) AC generation is more economical at large power plants; 3) AC voltage can be easily transformed to different voltages using transformers. It then discusses the generation of AC voltage through electromagnetic induction and defines terms related to AC systems such as cycle, period, frequency, waveform characteristics, and relationships between average, peak, and root mean square (RMS) values.

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    AC Fundamentals

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    The document discusses alternating current (AC) systems and why AC is predominant over direct current (DC). It provides three key reasons: 1) Over 90% of electricity is generated by AC machines; 2) AC generation is more economical at large power plants; 3) AC voltage can be easily transformed to different voltages using transformers. It then discusses the generation of AC voltage through electromagnetic induction and defines terms related to AC systems such as cycle, period, frequency, waveform characteristics, and relationships between average, peak, and root mean square (RMS) values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views17 pages

    AC Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous bhNBKXzPo
    The document discusses alternating current (AC) systems and why AC is predominant over direct current (DC). It provides three key reasons: 1) Over 90% of electricity is generated by AC machines; 2) AC generation is more economical at large power plants; 3) AC voltage can be easily transformed to different voltages using transformers. It then discusses the generation of AC voltage through electromagnetic induction and defines terms related to AC systems such as cycle, period, frequency, waveform characteristics, and relationships between average, peak, and root mean square (RMS) values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17
    At a glance
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    Some of the key takeaways are that AC systems are preferred for power generation and transmission due to their ability to be transformed to different voltages and the economical aspect of larger power plants. AC voltage can be produced using alternators based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

    AC voltage is preferred over DC voltage for power transmission because AC voltage can be easily transformed to almost any desired value using transformers for efficient transmission over long distances. This allows for generation of electricity at high voltages to reduce line losses during transmission.

    The different characteristic values are the average, RMS and peak (or maximum) values. The average value is the arithmetic mean over one half cycle. The RMS value corresponds to equivalent heating power. The peak value is the maximum attained in one cycle.

    Why is the AC System is Predominant?

    Because more than 90 percent of electric energy


    is generate by ac machines.
    Because the Generation of AC is more
    economical with larger power plants.
    Because ac voltage can easily be changed to
    almost any desired value by means a
    transformer.

    Generation of AC Voltage
    An ac voltage is one that continually changes in
    magnitude and periodically reverses in polarity. An
    ac voltage can be produced by a generator called
    alternator.
    It came from the theory of electromagnetic
    induction
    Whenever the flux linking a coil changes an emf
    is induced

    Cycle the smallest non-repeatable portion of a


    periodic waveform
    Period the time needed by an alternating quantity
    to complete one cycle.
    T = 1/f
    where:
    T = period (seconds)
    f = frequency (Hertz or cycles per second)
    Frequency the number of cycles made by the
    alternating wave in one second.

    Note: The size of Electrical/ Electronics Equipment


    is inversely proportional to the Frequency

    Trivia No.1: Brownout and Blackout


    Brownout - an intentional lowering of utility
    voltage to reduce loading on the system.
    Blackout - total loss of power to the entire
    power system.
    Defined by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
    Electronics Engineer)

    Determine the periodic time for the frequency of


    50 Hz.
    Given: f = 50 Hz
    Solution:
    T = 1/f = 1/50
    T = .02 s = 20ms
    Determine the frequency for periodic time of 4ms.
    Given: T = 4ms
    Solution:
    f = 1/4ms = 250 Hz

    The voltage waveform is called a sine wave. The


    instantaneous value of voltage at any point on the
    sine wave is expressed by the equation.
    v(t) = Vm sin(t + )
    Where:
    v(t) instantaneous voltage (volts)
    Vm Maximum Voltage (volts)
    angular velocity (2f)
    t time (seconds)
    angular rotation (degrees)

    Converting Sine Wave To Cosine Wave and


    Cosine Wave to Sine Wave

    Sine Wave to Cosine Wave


    Vmcos(t + ) = Vm sin(t + + 90o)
    Cosine Wave to Sine Wave
    Vm sin(t + ) = Vmcos(t + - 90o)

    Characteristic Values of Voltage and Current


    The Average, RMS, and Peak Values

    Average Value the arithmetical average of all the


    values of ac quantity over 1 half cycle. The halfcycle is used for the average because over a full
    cycle the average value is zero.
    Ave =

    RMS (Root Mean Square) Value - corresponds to


    the same amount of direct current or voltage in
    heating power.
    Amplitude or Crest the peak or maximum value
    (positive or negative) attained by an alternating
    quantity in one cycle.

    Form factor of an ac waveform is the ratio of rms


    value to its average value

    Peak factor of an ac waveform is the ratio of


    maximum value to its rms value
    Phase shift is were two or more waveforms are out
    of step with each other
    A leading waveform is defined as one waveform
    that is ahead of another in its evolution. A lagging
    wave form is one that is behind another.

    Relationship of Average, Peak, RMS, Values


    For sine wave:
    For square wave:
    Ave =
    Ave = Vm
    RMS = Vm
    RMS =
    For Triangular Wave:
    Ave = 0.5 Vm
    RMS = 0.577 Vm

    A wire carries a current i = 3 cos 314t amperes.


    What is the average current over 6 seconds?
    Ans. 0 amps
    An alternating current of rectangular wave shape
    has amplitude of 10 and a frequency of 1. What is
    the rms current?
    RMS = I max = 10 A
    Find the average current of a sinusoidal current
    during the half cycle given the instantaneous
    maximum current of 20 A?
    Ave = 0.636Im = 0.636(20) = 12.72 A

    Trivia No. 2:
    The Design of the Insulation Resistance of the
    wire depends on the amplitude value of voltage.
    While the design of size of the wire depends on
    the amperage of circuit.
    Trivia No. 3:
    Did you know that in terms of voltage class in
    residential Philippines is more advanced than
    America? Why?

    Voltage Class in RP: 240V


    Voltage Class in USA: 120V

    From a 1200 watts appliance


    For 120 volt current supply:
    Current drawn = 1200 watts /120 volt supply = 10A
    For 240 volt current supply we have:
    Current drawn = 1200 watts/240 volt supply = 5A

    The higher the circuit voltage, the more


    economical the system will be

    Thank You!

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