Colloquial

Gujarati
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Colloquial

Gujarati
The Complete Course
for Beginners
Jagdish Dave

Second edition published 2012

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2012 Jagdish Dave
The right of Jagdish Dave to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Routledge 1995
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Dave, Jagdish.
Colloquial Gujarati : the complete course for beginners / Jagdish Dave. 2nd ed.
p. cm. (Colloquial series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Gujarati languageTextbooks for foreign speakersEnglish. 2. Gujarati language
Spoken Gujarati. 3. Gujarati languageSelf-instruction.
4. Gujarati languageSound recordings for English speakers. I. Title.
PK1845.D38 2011
491.4782421dc22
2011013939
ISBN:
ISBN:
ISBN:
ISBN:
ISBN:

978-0-415-58063-2
978-0-415-58065-6
978-0-415-58064-9
978-0-415-58067-0
978-0-203-85093-0

(pbk)
(audio CDs)
(pack)
(MP3s)
(ebk)

Typeset in Avant Garde and Helvetica

by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong

Dedicated to all my students/teacher-trainees in India

since 1950, in the United Kingdom since 1984 and
worldwide since 1995.
Jagdish Dave

Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
Gujarati alphabet chart
Gujarati alphabet and script
Map of Gujarat
1 ? kem chho?
Gitane gher ramesh
How are you?
Ramesh at Gitas home
2 post Ophise
phaVni dukanmp
At the post office
At a fruit shop
3 sathe kharidi karva
gujrati shakahari

resYoranYmp jamaW
Planning a shopping trip
Eating out in a Gujarati vegetarian restaurant
4 Yeliphonmp vatchit
kapUpni dukane
Telephone conversation
At a clothes shop
5 sYeshan taraph
sYeshan par
Towards the station
At the station
6 hoYelmp
jova layak jagyao
At the hotel
Places worth visiting

ix
xi
xiii
xiv
xv
xxx
1

12

23

34

47

61

viii

Contents

10

11

12

13

14
15

juna mitroni mulakate
jagyani shodhmp
Meeting old friends
Looking for accommodation
nishaVmp
mpdagi
At school
Sickness
gujarati philmo

shokh
Gujarati films
Hobbies
havai mathaknw udghaYan
matrubhashano mahima
Opening of the airport
Importance of the mother tongue
thieYar taraph
naYak joya pachi
Towards the theatre
After the play
pres par
boliwuU
At the newspaper office
Bollywood
gandhijini sansthaomp
savarmp pharva
At Gandhijis institutions
Morning walk
patralekhan
Letter writing
bhashantar
Translation
Key to exercises
EnglishGujarati glossary
Thematic EnglishGujarati vocabulary
GujaratiEnglish glossary
Thematic GujaratiEnglish vocabulary
Gujarati references and further reading
Grammatical index

74

86

99

113

132

148

162

175
184

193
214
239
250
275
287
288

Preface

We are delighted to present our readers with this revised edition

of Colloquial Gujarati, first published in 1995. That original edition,
followed by three reprints, was used widely by both teachers and
students. The Language Centre at the School of Oriental and African
Studies (SOAS), University of London, adopted Colloquial Gujarati as
its textbook. This current edition incorporates improvements which
we trust will make study both easier and more enjoyable.
Gujarati is spoken by some 50 million people in the State of Gujarat
and a further estimated 20 million around the world, mostly in the
United Kingdom and the United States.
Gujarati belongs to the Indo-Aryan group of languages a subgroup
of the Indo-European family. Modern Gujarati, along with Rajasthani
and Braj (Western Hindi), has its source in Shaureseni Apabhramsha,
which fell into disuse around the twelfth century. The language comprises four principal dialects Pattani, Surati, Charotari and Kathiawadi
of which the standard written form (used in education, the media
and literature) is by far the most common. The script is derived from
Devnagari (the name of the Sanskrit script; many of the Indian scripts
are derived from Devnagari).
Some sounds in Gujarati have no equivalent in English. The information contained in this book will demonstrate how to closely simulate
those sounds, but at best they are an approximation. It is only by
listening to the spoken language that correct pronunciation can be
achieved. Radio, television, video and films offer an excellent way of
achieving this end, and two audio-discs are available with this book.
One of the best solutions to this difficulty is to spend time with native
Gujarati speakers whenever possible.
The course assumes no prior knowledge of Gujarati and is designed
to lead the student to a good working knowledge of the written and
spoken language. It is divided into 15 lesson units, covering grammar
and colloquial quirks of the language, with dialogues, exercises and

Preface

related vocabulary. All lessons are presented in Gujarati with English

translation and transliteration. A new alphabet chart in large letters is
provided in this edition along with a list of Gujarati websites and a
list of books for further reading and information. Also included is a
2,000-word GujaratiEnglish/EnglishGujarati glossary, and a thematic
glossary.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank Swamishri Sachchidanand, Professor Gunvant Shah,

Mr Rajni Vyas, Professor Bernard Comrie, Mr K. N. Trivedi, Ex-Director
of Languages, Gujarat State, Father Vallace and Navjivan publishers
for permitting me to use their material in this course.
I would especially like to thank Dr H. C. Bhayani, eminent linguist
and honorary fellow of SOAS, for going through the entire manuscript
and making valuable suggestions; my friend, philosopher and guide
Mr A. D. Chappa for his constant help and guidance; Ms Maria Calivis
for giving me very helpful comments during the writing process,
especially in the Reference grammar; and Simon Bell, all of whose
continuous help was a great asset in the first edition in 1995.
For the second edition I thank the editor Ms Andrea Hartill, and
assistant editors Sonja van Leeuwen and Samantha Vale Noya, who
suggested many of the improvements contained in this new edition.
I would also like to thank Upendra Dave for typing, providing photographs and giving me many useful suggestions, Pathik Shah and
Chandrakant Patel for corrections, Raghav Dave for help in the tapescript.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my students from various
colleges in India whom I taught from 1950 until 1984, when I settled
in England. While in England, I have had both the pleasure and
privilege of teaching at the Institute of Education, University of
London, the School of Oriental and African Studies, Language Centre,
University of London, the Academy of Vedic Heritage, Harrow, the
Gujarati Literary Academy (UK) and the Chandaria Foundation. I thank
all my students and teacher-trainees (about 2,000) in England and
around the world where I could go and teach them as the project
director, Gujarati Teaching Worldwide (a project sponsored by the
Chandaria Foundation). Also during 199092, in Gujarat Samachar
(a prominent weekly published from London) my Learn Gujarati
column was serialized which gave excellent feedback from the
reader-learners.

xii

Acknowledgements

The valuable suggestions from all of them made this new edition
more meaningful.
I am indebted to each and every one of them.
Jagdish Dave

Abbreviations

a (v)
a (inv)
adv
conj
f
inf
m
n
prep
pron
vi
vi, t
vt

adjective variable
adjective invariable
adverb
conjunction
feminine noun
infinitive
masculine noun
neuter noun
preposition
pronoun
verb intransitive
verb intransitive and transitive
verb transitive

Gujarati alphabet chart

Vowels

(CD1; 2)

a
i

Consonants

ch

sh

kh

chh

Yh

th

ph

Sh

Ua

e ai

(CD1; 38)

gh

jh

Uh

dh

bh

o
au am

Gujarati alphabet and script

Vowels chart
High
Mid
Low

Front

Central

Back

i
e
E

a
a

u
o
O

Vowels
Letter

Pronounced as

Letter

Pronounced as

a
a
i

\
u

up
arm

e
ai
o
au

may
pain
go
ounce

E
O

cat
box

it
put

xvi

Gujarati alphabet and script

Labial

k
kh

Y
Yh

t
th

p
ph

Stops

Voiced

unaspirated
aspirated

g
gh

U
Uh

d
dh

b
bh

Voiceless

unaspirated
aspirated

ch
chh

Affricates

Voiced

unaspirated
aspirated

j
jh

Fricatives

Voiceless
Voiced

sh

Glottal

Dental

unaspirated
aspirated

Palatal

Voiceless

Velar

Cerebral

Consonant chart

s
z

Lateral

h
V

Flapped/trilled

l
r

Nasal

Semi-vowel

m
v

Gujarati alphabet and script

Consonants
Letter

Pronounced as

k
kh
g
gh
ch
chh
j
jh
Y
Yh
U
Uh
W
t
th
d
dh
n
p
ph
b
bh
m
y
r
l
v
sh
s
h
V

pickle
khaki
fog
like g above, but with an aspirated h
voucher
like ch above, but with an aspirated h
Jack
like j above, but with an aspirated h
butter
like Y above, but with an aspirated h
dull
like U above, but with an aspirated h
n with strong aspiration
as in tte (French)
third
de (French)
thus
nut
upper
firm (but following closed lips)
burn
abhor
mug
yes
rush
luck
verge
shut
support
hush
no equivalent

xvii

xviii

Gujarati alphabet and script

Script
Many Indian languages are rooted in Sanskrit, from which they derive
words and grammar. Written Gujarati is a modification of the Sanskrit
script (known as Devnagari).
Pronunciation in Gujarati corresponds closely to the written letter
(unlike the many variations in English, e.g. the u in but and put).
The simplest and most effective way to learn the Gujarati script is
by dividing it into groups according to letter shapes. We will start with
the first three groups:

Group 1

Ua
ka
pha
ha
Yha

as in dull
as in pickle
as in firm
as in hush
(no equivalent in English; see Introduction)

Group 2

ta
na
ma
bha

(no equivalent in English; French tte)

as in nut
as in mug
as in abhor

Group 3

pa
sha
ya
tha

as
as
as
as

in
in
in
in

upper
shut
yes
third

Practise writing the following words.

kaUak
Yhak

Uaph
kaYh

kaph
hak

haYh

xix

Gujarati alphabet and script

We can now combine letters from groups 1 and 2:

mat
bham

nam
maphat

man
tak

kaphan
kam

And finally from all three groups:

pakaU
math

kap
nath

paU
thaU

bhay

Group 4

Ya
Uha

as in butter
(no equivalent in English)

Group 5

la
ba
kha
va
Va

as in luck
as in burn
as in khaki
as in verge
(no equivalent in English)

Group 6

ra
sa
sha

as in rush
as in support
as in shut

The pronunciation of in group 3 and in this group is the same,

sh, although written differently in different words.
Write the following words and pronounce them loudly:
naY

kapaY

Yapak

maY

To form additional words we can combine letters from groups 15.

nakh
laU

laY
lat

xx

Gujarati alphabet and script

YaV
van
haV
baV

baYan
vatan
baUbaU

Now combine letters from all six groups to form more words.

ras
saras
taras
var

saphar
baraph
naram
ramat

For those sounds that have no equivalent in English, listen to the

audio for the correct pronunciation.

Group 7

da
gha
dha
chha
i

(no equivalent in English)

as in ghost
as in thus
as in church
as in sit

Write and then pronounce the following words (the letters are all from
groups 17).
das
had

dhan
ghar

chhat
vadh

ghan
kai

iya3

Group 8

ja

pronounced like Ge in German

There are no other letter shapes similar to in Gujarati.

Write and then pronounce the following words:
pharaj
sapharjan
jay
jam

jaU
bhaj
jash
taj

Go to the glossary for the meanings.

xxi

Gujarati alphabet and script

Group 9

ga
Wa
jha
cha
a

as in fog
(no equivalent in English)
(no equivalent in English)
as in voucher
as in up

Write and pronounce the following words:

gaW
jhagaU
chaU
aUak
jagat

paW
rach
gaUh
ananas

Group 10
,

u, e as in put

The difference between and exists in the script only. The pronunciation is the same.
Now we can combine all the letters from groups 110 to make
some new words:

upar
uYh
un
utar
ughad

wchak
ukhad
uchhal
ujav

Gujarati vowels are shown by the addition of signs above, below,

before or after the consonants. The ten Gujarati vowel signs are:

a
i
]
u
e

e
ai
o
ou
sign for nasalization

xxii

Gujarati alphabet and script

For example:

ka
ka
ki
k]
ku
ke
ke
kai
ko
kou
kam

kha
kha
khi
kh]
khu
khe
khe
khai
kho
khou
kham

ga
ga
gi
g]
gu
ge
ge
gai
go
gou
gam

The traditional order of the alphabet used in Gujarati dictionaries

largely follows the Sanskrit alphabet.

Consonants:

Vowels:

Copy the following sentences as neatly as possible:

, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
.
.
.
.
.

xxiii

Gujarati alphabet and script

Conjuncts
The joining of two consonants in Gujarati is achieved in various ways.
1 As previously mentioned, the Gujarati script is derived from the
Devnagari script, in which there are two letters which, although
they appear to be individual, are in fact conjuncts. The Gujarati
script has retained both these letters. They are:
ksha

gna

The first letter, , is made up of the two consonants ka and sha. The
second is a combination of ga and na.
2 In English the complete letters are always used even when the
sounds run into one another: for example, the letters n and c in
the words pencil do not change even though together they form
a close-linked sound. In Gujarati, however, the sound created by
their conjunction is reflected in the written word, with the first
letter losing half its shape.
The word pensil (the same in Gujarati as in English) is written .
You will see that has lost its -like shape before joining with .
All those letters which contain this shape lose it before joining to
another full letter.

3 The remaining twelve letters of the alphabet are:

, , , , , , , , , , , .
With the exception of , and , the letters follow a simple rule:
always write them as close to one another as possible:

akkal
jyp
dajhyo
vaYyw
uYhyo
uUyw
vaUhyo
phlu

xxiv

Gujarati alphabet and script

4 When , , and are involved in conjunctions the letter is

repeated, slightly smaller, underneath itself:

YaYYu
aYYhai
uUUayan
UhaUUho

5 combines in different ways with different letters:

+
+
+
+

da
da
da
da

+
+
+
+

ya
va
da
dha

=
=
=
=

e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.

vidya
vidvan
uddam
uddhar

The sign (known as khoUo) is written underneath when it joins

with the remainder of the letters. e.g.
+
+

da + ga
da + gha

=
=

e.g.
e.g.

udgam
udghaYan

dahyo
brahmaW

6 The letter joins in the following ways:

+
+

ha + ya
ha + ma

=
=

e.g.
e.g.

With all other letters the khoUo sign is used.

7 There are at least six ways of joining the half letter:
(a)

A ^ sign under the letter represents half :

Yra

(b)

rashYra

e.g.
e.g.
e.g.

grahak
pravesh
krikeY

When the r sounds like ru a sign is used under the letter:

(d)

A sign is added in the following way:

gra
pra
kra

(c)

e.g.

pru
kru

e.g.
e.g.

pruthvi
kruti

When the half is used between two consonants, a

(known as reph) is written above the following letter:

sign

xxv

Gujarati alphabet and script

(e)

When joins with it is written as

(f )

ashirvad
dharm

shri
shram

Joined with , it is written

trikoW
tris

Some of these conjuncts appear only infrequently, the others you will
come across more often and learn gradually.

Script revision
The purpose of this section is to look back over what we have learned
about the script. The examples given will also contain new grammatical constructions which will be explained fully in future chapters.
The main objective is to familiarize yourself with the letter shapes and
vowel signs. Repeated practice of these examples will facilitate
reading in the forthcoming units.
The examples are divided into vowel groups and are introduced in
a graded way. Group A contains only the vowel , while group B
adds . Each new group will include those vowels already studied,
e.g. in addition to the introduction of new vowels group D will also
contain those from groups A, B and C. This system is designed to
help you proceed easily and systematically.
As Indian names are likely to be unfamiliar to some students there
follows a list of all the proper nouns contained in this section:
Magan, Nayan, Akbar, Kanak, Amar, Manhar, Ratan, Lata,
Mahmad, Rama, Ramak, Mamta, Ram, Niti, Vijay, Sarita, Nirali,
Ramkik, Punam, Suleman, Anuradha, Bhairavi, Kailas, Kanaiyalal,
Shailesh, Sheela, Saiyad, Chaula, Gauri.

Group A
All sentences in this group are made of words containing the vowel a :

xxvi

Gujarati alphabet and script

1 , . magan vajan kar. Magan, weigh this.

2 , . nayan saras garam mag jam. Nayan,
eat good hot moong (lentils).
3 , . akbar saras ramat ram. Akbar, play a good
game.
4 , . kanak pag par tarat malam ghas.
Kanak, rub the ointment on your leg quickly.
5 , . amar saras bhaW. Amar, learn well.
6 , . manhar chha rakam lakh. Manhar, do (lit.
write) six sums.
7 , . ratan haraW gaW. Ratan, count the deer.

Group B
This group has a + a, + , :
1 , . aj raja kal paW raja. Today is a holiday,
tomorrow is also a holiday.
2 , . lata daV bhat papaU kha. Lata, eat dal
(a lentil soup) rice and a papadam.
3 , . mahmad daUam lav. Mahmad, bring a
pomegranate.
4 , . rama jhaU par chaU. Rama, climb (on) the tree.
5 , . ramaW barabar kam kar. Raman, do your
work properly.
6 , . mamta mara hath pakaU. Mamta, hold my
hands.
7 . ram haraW pachhaV gaya. Ram went after
the deer.

Group C
This group has the additional vowels i, :
1 , . niti basni YikiY ap. Niti, give (me) the bus
ticket.
2 . shanivar tatha ravivar rajana
divas. Saturday and Sunday are holidays.

Gujarati alphabet and script

3 , . vijay av. Vijay, come in.

4 , . sarita hisab gaW. Sarita, do (lit. count) the
accounts.
5 . shikari nadi agaV hata. The hunters were
near the river.
6 . niralina vichar sacha hata. Niralis
thinking was correct.
7 , . ramWik iyaV na pakaU. Ramnik, do not pick
up (catch) the worm.

Group D
Together with the previous vowels this group contains u, e :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

. punam uparthi khamis lav. Punam, bring

the shirt from upstairs.
. punathi kakana kushaV samachar
hata. There was news from Poona that uncle was well.
. suleman sakinane vadhu dudh

na ap. Suleman, do not give any more milk to Sakina.

. bhasta kutra karaUta nathi. Barking dogs

do not bite.
. tabiyat maYe upvas sara. Fasting is good
for (your) health.
. kudrati upchar kar. Use natural medicines.
. anuradha vadhu aram kar. Anuradha,
rest (some) more.

Group E
The vowels e ai are added:
1 . bhairvi keri le chhe. Bhairavi takes a mango.
2 . kailas vichar kare chhe. Kailas is thinking.
3 . vaid vaishaline dava ape chhe. The
doctor is giving medicine to Vaishali.
4 . varsad chhe eYle keYlak na
paW ave. As it is raining, some (people) may not come.

xxvii

xxviii

Gujarati alphabet and script

5 . kanaiyalal murli vagaUe chhe. Kanaiyalal

plays the flute.
6
. kale shailesh ane shila amerika
jashe. Shailesh and Sheela will go to America tomorrow.
7 . saiyadne aitihasik navalkatha
game chhe. Saiyad likes historical novels.

Group F
This group deals with o, au , , , :
1 . bharatno shiyaVano
taUko ghaWo saras hoy chhe. Indias winter sunshine is very nice.
2 . rohitne sathe lai chaula bahar
gai. Chaula went out with Rohit.
. pop nauka joi khush thaya. The Pope
3
was delighted to see the ship.
4 . amar oYlethi paUi gayo. Amar fell from
the verandah.
5 . kale mara moYabhai
naygarano dhodh jova jashe. My elder brother will go to see the
Niagara Falls tomorrow.
6 ? nail nadi sauthi moYi chhe? Is the Nile
the biggest river?
7 . gauri saras gito gay chhe. Gauri sings
beautiful songs.

Group G
~
Nasalization, indicated in the English transliteration by the sign , is
shown in the Gujarati script by above the relevant letter:
1 . chinta na karsho badhw sarw
thashe. Do not worry, everything will be all right.
2 . hw gharmp gayo ne m1
ggano sdesho joyo. I went inside the house and saw Gagas
message.

Gujarati alphabet and script

3 . himmat rakh govind. Be brave (lit. take

courage), Govind.
4 . mangaVvare badhw mangaVaj thashe.
Everything will be auspicious on Tuesday.
5 . ravivare b1k bandh hoy chhe. The bank
is closed on Sundays.
6
. nanw chhokrw wghi gayw. The young child
fell asleep.
7 . ah] marp dadimano phoYo chhe. Here
is the photo of my grandmother.

Group H
This group gives some of the Gujarati conjuncts:
1 . akshargnan sauthi mahatvanw chhe.
Literacy is very important.
2 . joUaksharo chokkha lakhvano abhyas karo. Practise writing the conjuncts clearly.
3
. vakya shabdonw banelw chhe. A sentence
is composed of words.
4
. svaro ane vyanjano
pratham shikhvp jaruri chhe. It is essential initially to learn the
vowels and consonants.

. gujratni asmita maYe
5

gujrati bhasha shikho. Learn Gujarati to understand the identity

of Gujarat.
6 . ishvarlal ichchhaben sathe gaya.
Ishvarlal went with Ichhaben.
7 . karma karo phaVni asha na rakho.
Work without hope of reward (saying from the Gita: lit. Do your
work, do not hope for the fruits).

xxix

Map of Gujarat

GUJARAT

Unit One
? kem chho?
How are you?

Git1ne gher
ramesh
Ramesh at Gitas home

In this unit you will learn about:

The use of simple greetings

The use of personal pronouns (I, you, he/she/it)
Formation of simple present tense (I am, we are, etc.)
The use of the honorific plural
The use of the case suffix mp (in)

Dialogue 1
? kem chho? How are you? (CD1; 11)
Two friends, Ramesh Patel and Gita Shah, meet on the road and
exchange greetings

, ?
, , , ?
, .
, .

Unit 1: kem chho?/Gitane gher ramesh

RAMESH

namaste gitaben, kem chho?

namaste rameshbhai, majamp chhw. tame kem chho?
majamp. ajkal YhanUi bahu paUe chhe.
ha. tabiyat jaVavjo.
tame paW jaVavjo. chalo tyare. avjo.
avjo.

GITA
RAMESH
GITA
RAMESH
GITA

RAMESH
GITA
RAMESH
GITA
RAMESH
GITA

, .

Hello Gitaben, how are you?

Hello Rameshbhai. Im OK. How are you?
Fine. Its cold these days.
Yes. Please take care.
You too. OK. Goodbye.
Goodbye.