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TABLE OF CONTENT
No.
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0

Tittle
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
THEORY
PROCEDURE
APPARATUS & MATERIALS
RESULTS
SAMPLE OF CALCULATION
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCE AND ATTACHMENT

Page
3&4
5
5
6&7
8
9
10-13
14-17
18
19
20
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1.0

ABSTRACT

The titration is a widely used chemical analysis that involves adding a known volume of a
reagent of wellknown concentration (the standard solution) that reacts quantitatively with
the substance of interest, called the analyte in order to determine the concentration of the
analyte. The principal acid present in vinegar is acetic acid, CH3COOH. Only the single
hydrogen bonded to the oxygen atom will react with base. Federal law requires that
vinegar contain at least 4% acetic acid by weight, but many vinegar products contain
more.
The chemical reaction has 1:1 stoichiometry.
NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
The process is conceptually simple: We add NaOH from a buret until it exactly
neutralizes the acetic acid in the vinegar sample. This volume is marked by a color
change in the phenolphthalein indicator. From the volume and concentration of the
NaOH, we can calculate the number of moles of NaOH, the moles of CH3COOH, and
ultimately the concentration of CH3COOH.
Acetic acid (HC2H3O2) is the active ingredient in vinegar and is responsible for its sour
taste. Acetic acid is an example of a weak acid. For a 0.1 mol/L solution of acetic acid
only about 1% of the acid ionizes. Compare this to a strong acid like hydrochloric acid.
Very close to 100% of hydrochloric acid ionizes.
Only one of the hydrogen atoms of the acetic acid molecule is acidic:
Equation 1. HC2H3O2 (aq)
H + (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq)
The hydrogen attached to the oxygen atom is acidic while the other hydrogen atoms are
not.
Another way of representing the acidity of acetic acid is to show its reaction with water:
Equation 2. HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
H3O + (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq)
Here the acetic acid protonates (transfers a proton to) the water molecule. In fact, the
hydrogen ion (H+ ) is very reactive and doesn't exist in water. However, there is evidence
that the hydronium ion does exist. Sometimes equation 1 is used because of its simplicity.
To determine the amount of acetic acid in vinegar (typically 4-5% by mass) we will use
an acid-base titration (neutralization reaction). In this experiment we titrate acetic acid
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with sodium hydroxide (a strong base). The reaction of acetic acid with sodium
hydroxide is shown below:
Equation 3. HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH (aq)
NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O (l) acetic acid
sodium hydroxide sodium acetate 2 Erlenmeyer flask with vinegar and indicator Buret
containing sodium hydroxide solution In the reaction between acetic acid and sodium
hydroxide, the acetic acid donates a proton to the hydroxide ion and acts as an acid. The
hydroxide ion accepts a proton and acts as a base.
The stoichiometric relationship between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide is 1:1 (from
Equation 2). If the number of moles of NaOH used to titrate a sample of acetic acid are
known, then the moles of acetic acid in a sample can easily be found. Evidence of the
reaction between acetic

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2.0

INTRODUCTION

Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. A

concentrated solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in a given amount of
solvent. Dilute solutions contain relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent.
There are 2 specifics term to express concentrations, which is molarity and percent by
mass.
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molarity(M)=

molesofsolute
literofsol ution

(Equation 1-1)

Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution
Percent solute=

gramsofsolute
100 (Equation 1-2)
gramsofsolution

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acitic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is
CH3COOH. Both molarity and percent by mass of aceric acid in vinegar solution can be
determine by performing a titration. A titration is s process in which small increments of a
solution of known concentration are added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown
concentration until the stoichiometry for that reaction is attained. Knowing the quantity of
the known solution required to complete the titration, calculation of the unknown solution
can be done. The purpose of titration is to determine the equivalence point of the reaction.
The equivalence point is reach when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact
amount necessary for stoichiometry reaction with another reactant.

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OBJECTIVES

To determine the morality of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar
by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.

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4.0

THEORY

In the titration process, a burette is used to dispense a small, quantifiable incremment of

solution of known concentration (Figure 1.1). A typical burette has the smallest
calibration unit of 0.1mL(Figure 1.2), therefore, volume dispense from the burette should
be estimated to the nearest 0.01mL.

Figure 1: a)Depicts a typical 50mL burette

b)Indicates smallest calibration unit, 0.1mL, on a typical 50mL burette

In this experiment, the equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution
equals to the moles of base added in the titration. For example, the stoichiometric amount
of 1 mole of the strong base, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is necessary to neutralize 1 mole
of the weak acid, acetic acid (CH3COOH), as indicated in equation below.
NaOH(aq)+CH3COOH(aq)

NaCH3COO(aq)+H20(l) (Equation 1-3)

The sudden change in the pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached the
equivalence point. pH in an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration.
Symbolically, the hydrogen ion concentration is written as [H30+]. pH is defined as the
negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
pH = -log [H30+]

(Equation 1-4)

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pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. Solutions having a

pH < 7 are acidic, pH > 7 are basic. For example, a solution having [H30+] = 2.35 10-2
M would have a pH of 1.629 and is acidic. pH electrode will be used in this experiment.
The titration is initiated by inserting a pH electrode into a beaker containing the acid
solution (pH within 3-5). As sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is incrementally added to the acid
solution, some of the hydrogen ions will be neutralized. A s the hydrogen ion
concentration decreases, the pH of the solution will gradually increase. When sufficient
NaOH is added to completely neutralize the acid (most of the H30+ ions are removed
from the solution), the next drop of NaOH added will cause a sudden sharp increase in
pH. (Figure 2-2)
The volume of based required to completely neutralized the acid is determine at the
equivalence point of titration.

In this experiment, titration of vinegar sample with a standardized sodium hydroxide

solution will be done. To standardize the sodium hydroxide solution, of a primary
standard acid solution is initially prepared. In general, primary standard solutions are
produce by dissolving a weighed quantity of pure acid or base in a known volume of
solution. Primary standard accid or bases have several common characteristics:

They must be available in at least 99.9 purity

They must have a high molar mass to minimize error in weighing
They must be stable upon heating
They must be soluble in the solvent of interest

Potassium hydrogen phthalate KHC8H4O4 and oxalic acid, (COOH)2, are common
primary standard acid. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is the most commonly used based.
Most acids and bases (e.g. HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, and KOH) are most available as
primary standard. To standardize one of these acid or based solutions, titration of the
solution with a primary standard should be done. In this experiment, NaOH solution will
be titrated with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The equation for this reaction will
be:
KHC8H4O4(aq)+NaOH(aq)

KNaC8H4O4(aq)+H20(l)

(Equation 1-5)

Once the sodium hydroxide solution has been standardizes, it will be used to titrate
10.00mL aliquots of vinegar. The equation for the reaction of vinegar with NaOH is
CH3COOH(aq)+NaOH(aq)

NaCH3COO(aq)+H20(l)

(Equation 1-6)
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5.0

PROCEDURES

A. Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution

1. 250ml of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution from NaOH solid is
prepared. The solution is prepared in a beaker, the calculation is checked by the
laboratory instructor in preparing the solution. The calculation is recorded.
2. A 50ml beaker is weighed and the mass recorded to the nearest 0.001g. 1.5grams of
potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) is added to the beaker. The mass of the beaker and
KHP is recorded to the nearest 0.001g. The mass of KHP is then calculated by the
difference and the data was recorded. 30ml of distilled water is added to the beaker. The
solution is stirred until the KHP has dissolved completely.
3. The solution with NaOH is titrated and the pH is recorded with 1ml additions of NaOH
solution.
4. Steps 1 to 3 were repeated to perform a second and third trial to standardize the NaOH
solution.
5. The graph of pH versus NaOH is plotted. The volume of NaOH required neutralizing
the KHP solution in each titration is determined from the plots.
6. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is calculated for titration 1 and 2.
7. The average morality of sodium hydroxide solution is calculated for titration 1 and 2.
The resulting sodium hydroxide concentration will be used in part B of the experiment.

B. Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar

1. 10ml of vinegar is used in this experiment. 100ml of water is added to cover the pH
electrode tip during the titration.
2. 1ml of NaOH is added to the vinegar solution and the pH is recorded.
3. The above steps is repeated for twice.
4. The graph of pH vs volume NaOH added is plotted. The volume of NaOH required to
neutralized vinegar in each titration is determined from the plotted and data is recorded.

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5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar is calculated in titration 1 and 2.

6. The average molarity of acetic acid is calculated in each titration.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar is calculated for titration 1 and 2.

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APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

APPARATUS
Beaker 50ml,
beaker 250ml,
burette 50ml,
pH meter,
cimarec digital hot plate stir,
distilled water,
analytical balance

MATERIALS
Solid Sodium hydroxide(NaOH),
1.5g potassium hydrogen phthalate(KHP),
10mL vinegar [1]

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7.0

RESULTS

Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution (KHP)

Table 1 : Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution (KHP)
Titration 1
Titration 2

Average

Mass of beaker (g)

95.54

95.52

95.53

Mass of beaker + KHP (g)

97.0526

97.0210

97.0368

Mass of KHP (g)

1.5036

1.5010

1.5023

12.5

12.5

Volume of NaOH to neutralize the 12.5

KHP solution (ml)

B) Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution (Vinegar)

Table 2 : Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution (Vinegar)
Titration 1
Titration 2
Volume of NaOH required to 10.5
10.5
neutralize vinegar (ml)

Average
10.5

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Figure 1.1: Titration 1 of KHP solution neutralised by required sodium hydroxide

(NaOH)

Figure 1.2: : Titration 2 of KHP solution neutralised by required sodium hydroxide

(NaOH)

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Figure 1.3:Average titration of KHP solution neutralised by required sodium hydroxide

(NaOH)

Figure 2.1:Titration 1 of sodium hydroxide required to neutralised vinegar .

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Figure 2.2: Titration 2 of sodium hydroxide required to neutralised vinegar.

Figure 2.3: Average titration of sodium hydroxide required to neutralised vinegar.

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8.0

SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS

Mass of NaOH
0.6M = 0.6
mol
g
Mass NaOH = 0.6n L 0.25L40 mol
= 6g
Experiment 1(KHP)
Moles of KHP for Titration 1
1molKHC 8 H 4O 4
1.5036g KHC8H4O4 204.2 gKHC 8 H 4O 4 = 0.007363mol KHC8H4O4
Moles of KHP for Titration 2
1molKHC 8 H 4O 4
1.5010g KHC8H4O4 204.2 gKHC 8 H 4O 4 = 0.007351mol KHC8H4O4
Moles of NaOH required to neutralize the moles of KHP (Titration 1)
1molNaOH
0.007363mol 1molKHP = 0.007363mol NaOH
Moles of NaOH required to neutralize the moles of KHP (Titration 2)
1molNaOH
0.007351mol 1molKHP = 0.007351mol NaOH
Molarity of NaOH (Titration 1)
1L
12.50mL NaOH 1000mL = 0.0125L NaOH
molNaOH
0.007363molNaOH
Lofsolutio
n
M=
= 0.0125Lsolution = 0.589M NaOH

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Molarity of NaOH (Titration 2)

1L
12.50mL NaOH 1000mL = 0.0125L
molNaOH
0.007351molNaOH
Lofsolutio
n
M=
= 0.0125 Lsolution = 0.588M NaOH
Experiment 2(CH3COOH)
Moles of NaOH that reacted (Titration 1)
1L
10.5mL NaOH 1000mL = 0.0105L NaOH
0.0105L NaOH 0.589M NaOH = 0.006185mol NaOH
Moles of NaOH that reacted (Titration 2)
1L
10.5mL NaOH 1000mL = 0.0105L NaOH
0.0105L NaOH 0.588M NaOH = 0.006174mol NaOH
Moles of CH3COOH neutralized by the moles of NaOH (Titration 1)
1molCH 3COOH
0.006185mol NaOH 1molNaOH
= 0.006185mol NaOH
Moles of CH3COOH neutralized by the moles of NaOH (Titration 2)
1molCH 3COOH
0.006174mol NaOH 1molNaOH
= 0.006174mol NaOH
Molarity of the CH3COOH solution (Titration 1)
1L
10mL CH3COOH 1000mL = 0.01L CH3COOH solution
0.006185molNaOH
0.01Lsolution
M=
= 0.6185M CH3COOH

Molarity of the CH3COOH solution (Titration 2)

1L
10mL CH3COOH 1000mL = 0.01L CH3COOH solution

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0.006174molNaOH
0.01Lsolution
M=
= 0.6174M CH3COOH

Mass of acetic acid in the solution (Titration 1)

1L
10mL CH3COOH 1000mL = 0.01L CH3COOH solution
0.6185molCH 3COOH 60.06 gCH 3COOH
1Lsolution
0.01L CH3COOH
1molCH 3COOH = 0.3715g

Mass of acetic acid in the solution (Titration 2)

1L
10mL CH3COOH 1000mL = 0.01L CH3COOH solution
0.6174molCH 3COOH 60.06 gCH 3COOH
1Lsolution
0.01L CH3COOH
1molCH 3COOH = 0.371g

Mass of the acetic acid solution

1gCH 3COOHsolution
10mL CH3COOH solution 1mLCH 3COOHsolution = 10.00g CH3COOH
Percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution (Titration 1)
MassCH3COOH =

0.375 gCH 3COOH

10.00 gCH 3COOH

100 = 3.75CH3COOH

Percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution (Titration 2)

MassCH3COOH =

0.371gCH 3COOH
10.00 gCH 3COOH

100 = 3.71CH3COOH

Average molarity NaOH

0.589 M 0.588M
2
M=
= 0.5885M NaOH

Average percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

3.75% 3.71%
2
MassCH3COOH =
= 3.73CH3COOH

Average molarity of CH3COOH solution

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0.6185M 0.6174 M
2
M=
= 0.61795M

Sample of calculation of errors

0.5885M 0.6 M
0 .6 M
Molarity of NaOH =
100% = 1.917%
3.73% 5%
5%
% by mass =
100% = 25.4%

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CONCLUSION

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The molarity of the solution and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration
with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution is obtained from the experiment.
Both experiment use the titration method to determine the concentration of acetic acid
and the sodium hydroxide solution.
Through the experiment 1, the equivalence point for titration 1, 2 and average are the
same which is 12.50mL. For the experiment 2, the equivalence point for titration 1, 2 and
average are the same which is 10.50mL. The molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1
is 0.589M, titration 2 is 0.588M and average is 0.5885M. The molarity of acetic acid for
titration 1 is 0.6185M, titration 2 is 0.6174M and average is 0.61795M. The percent by
mass of acetic acid for titration 1 is 3.75%, titration 2 is 3.71% and average is 3.73%.

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10.0

DISCUSSION

The method that used to determine the concentration of a solution of unknown molarity
or the number of moles of a substance is titration[4]. The chemical involved are sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydrogen phthalate(KHP) and acetic acid(CH3COOH). The first
experiment where involving the sodium hydroxide and KHP is repeated twice to achieve
the required precision reading. The pH electrode was placed into the solution each time
after a small amount of NaOH was added to record the pH of the solution[3]. The
molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 is 0.589M, titration 2 is 0.588M and average
is 0.5885M.
After the standardization of the sodium hydroxide solution, next experiment was
conducted to calculate the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar. The
molarity of acetic acid for titration 1 is 0.6185M, titration 2 is 0.6174M and average is
0.61795M.
The percent by mass of acetic acid for titration 1 is 3.75%, titration 2 is 3.71% and
average is 3.73%. The percent error was calculated for both the molarity of sodium
hydroxide and percent by mass of acetic acid which is 1.917% and 25.4%. The percent
error exist may be because of the reading of the meniscus at the burette. When taking the
reading, it should be on the lower meniscus. The reading taken was incorrect as the initial
volume of sodium hydroxide slightly higher than it should be.[2]

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11.0

RECOMMENDATION

There are several recommendations that can be donetoreduce theerror during

experiment. Some of them is when reading the meniscus on the burette, meniscus must be
perpendicular to eye level to get the accurate reading of volume and to avoid parallax
error.
Besides that, before taking the initial volume of sodium hydroxide, make sure check
the air bubble inside the nozzle of the burette. Get rid off the bubble and then start the
titration.[2]

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12.0

REFERENCES & APPENDIX

[1] Determination of acetic acid in vinegar,

http://www.chem.sc.edu/goode/chem141/Laboratory/5_Determination_of_Acetic_Acid_i
n_Vinegar.pdf, 23/3/16
[2] Lab report, http://documents.mx/documents/lab-report-determination-of-theconcentration-of-acetic-acid-in-vinegar.html, 29/3/16
[3] Determination of acetic acid, http://schoolworkhelper.net/determination-of-aceticacid-in-vinegar-lab-explained/, 28/3/16
[4] Discussion, http://www.slideshare.net/haifairiana/discussion-exp-1, 28/3/16

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