E TEP

Currents and Voltage+sInduced Durvlg EarthFaults

inaSystemConslsbngofalk.ansrmsslOonLine
and,a Parallel Pipeline
0

K. J. Satsios, D. P. Labridis, P. S. Dokopoulos

Abstract
A numerical procedure employing thefinite-element method (FEM) is used in conjunction with Faraday s law.

in order to predict the current in a faulted transmission line as well a s the induced voltages across points on
a pipeline running parallel to the faulted line and remote earth. The problem is a two-dimensional one, because the phase-to-ground fault is assumed to be outside of the parallel exposure so that the conductive interference is negligible. Therefore a two-dimensional finite-element mesh has been solved, that leads to the
field distribution andfinally to the induced voltages. The effectof the problem operational parameters (mitigation wires numbec earth resistivity and overhead transmission line geometrical configuration) has been
taken into account. The results lead to conclusions that may be useful to power-system engineers.

1 Introduction
The proximity of electric power lines and metal
pipelines transporting fluids has become more and more
frequent, owing to their having been assigned a common
course and to the continual increase in energy consumption. This leads to a stronger power-line interference on
pipelines, in view of the increase of fault currents linked
to electric network development. An insulated pipeline,
even below ground, which follows an electrical line or
cable over a certain distance is subjected to significant
voltages, especially in cases of earth faults.
AC interference in a pipeline sharing a corridor with
a power line consists of an inductive component and a
conductive component. Inductive interference, which is
occurred by the magnetic field generated by the power
line, is present during both normal load conditions and
fault conditions on the power line. Conductive interference arises when a power-line structure injects a large
magnitude current into the earth during a single-phaseto-ground fault and the pipeline is located near the faulted structure.
Using initially the widely-known Carsons relations
[ 11, various formulae have been proposed [2-51 to study
the above interferences. The introduction of computers
in the next decade has brought a considerable improvement to the procedures for calculating voltages appearing along an influence area, leading to advanced analytical models [6].Technical Recommendation No. 7 [6]
takes all new knowledge, both theoretically and experimentally derived, into account and represents the present
state of the art. On the basis of particular examples it is
possible to specify interferencecaused by earth-faultcurrents in high-voltage systems or by load currents.
Recently, two extensive research projects introduced practical analytical expressions which could be
programmed on hand-held calculators [ 7 ] and compuETEP Vol. 8, No. 3, MayNune 1998

terized techniques [ 8 ] , for the analysis of power-load

current inductive coupling to gas pipelines. Furthermore
the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the
American Gas Association (AGA) in ajoint research developed the Electromagnetic & Conductive Coupling
Analysis from Powerlines to Pipelines (ECCAPP) program [9- 111. Equivalent circuits with concentrated or
distributed elements are used in ECCAPP and the self
and mutual impedances are calculated using formulae
fromCurson[ 11, Pollaczeck[12]andSunde[5].In 1987,
Study Committee 36 - Interference - of the Cigre conducted an international survey on the problems of proximity of HV power structures to metal pipelines, with
emphasis on regulations governing their exposure. The
results obtained were published in [ 131.
More recently (1992),a general document [ 14- 171
entitled Guide Concerning Influence of High Voltage
AC power Systems on Metallic Pipelines coveringprob
lems of influence of HV power structures on metal pipelineshas been elaboratedwithin the Cigrd WorkingGroup
36.02. This guide has several different objectives:
- Presentation of different influences and problems
which result from them.

- Description of simple methods for calculating influ-

ences, as well as methods of measurement.

Presentation of the principal means of reducing influences and description of protection systems.

The authors of this paper believe that a finite-element solution of Maxwells equations which describe
the corresponding electromagnetic field problem may
lead to useful conclusions, complementary to already
proposed methods. In order to determine both inductive
and conductive interferences, a three-dimensional FEM
analysis is required. However, in the present work,the
two-dimensional electromagnetic field problem of a
I93

ETEP
faulted overhead transmission line in the presence of
buried conductorshas been numerically solved with the
help of FEM, because the fault is assumed to be outside
of the parallel exposure and therefore the conductive
interference is negligible.
145 kV 1240'

2 Problem Description
The system under investigation,shown in Fig. 1and
2, consists of a 25 km long corridor shared between one
pipeline and one transmission line. A phase-to-earth
fault is assumed on the transmission line at point B,
which is outside of the parallel exposure.Thereforeconductive interference becomes negligible and the present
work analysesthe inductive coupling between overhead
power transmission lines and neighbouring gas pipelines or other conductors, when they run parallel to a line
section. Currents are induced in the faulted conductor,
skywiresand earth. End effectsare neglected, i. e. a twodimensional problem is consideredconsistingof infinite
length conductors. This is reasonable for the lengths of
parallel exposure between transmissionlines and buried
conductors, as encountered in practical applications.
The fault is assumed to be in a steady-state condition
with 50 Hz nominal frequency.
Concerning the material properties, the earth is assumed to be homogeneouswith a varying resistivity corresponding to wet, dry and rocky grounds, respectively.
Homogeneity is not a restriction for the program developed, which is capable to solve for a multi-layer earth,
or earths with properties varying in the two dimensions
(x, y). Pipeline's metal and skywires have conductivities
a ,= ask = 7 . lo6 S/m and relative permeabilities pLm
= C(r,sk = 250, respectively. Pipeline's coating has a relative permeability pr,== 1 and is assumed to be perfect,
which is reasonable for nowadays synthetic coatings
[ 161. Therefore, the coating conductivity ocis assumed
to be zero and the corresponding leakage currents
a>

ha,

_I

Phase wires -

L\

Fig. 1. System under investigation

a) Cross-section of the system

b) Detailed pipeline cross-section

194

Coating

-Z, = (4 +j50) R
Phase L2+@
I45 kV S O o
Iw.

Z,
-

= (4 + j50) R

Faulted phase

Mitigation wires

Insulation

Insulation1

1, = 12.5 km

1,+l2=25krn

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the system under investigation

through the pipeline's coating are neglected. Copper or

aluminium mitigation wires shown in Fig. la are bare.
The geometry of the transmission line consists of a
pair of HAWK ACSR conductors. Skywire conductors
radius is 4 mm, pipeline inner radius is 0.195 m, its outer
radius is 0.2 m and coating thickness is 0.1 m. The source
phase voltage of the terminal is 145 kV behind an impedance of Zs= 4.0 + j50.0 $2. The neutral of the source
has a ground resistance of R, = 0.2 R. Tower's ground
resistancesare negligibleand the fault resistanceRfis assumed equal to 20 R.
Junctions isolate the pipeline at both ends H and K
(shown in Fig. 2 and 3) for cathodic protection purposes, and the nearest grounding of pipeline at point J lies
12.5 km away from each insulationjunction. Assuming
ac= 0 for nowadays synthetic coatings, the total current
in the pipeline sections between the insulationjunctions
and the grounding is zero. However, a voltage will appear across points on both of these sections HJ and KJ,
and remote earth. The magnitude of this voltage at a
point P is a function of its distance z from the grounding
of the pipeline.
The fault current If in the power line conductors,
which is influenced by the presence of the pipeline, is
calculated using E M results and Faruduy's law. Therefore, the required input data for our method are power
line and pipeline geometrical configuration,conductors
and pipeline physical characteristics,air and earth charETEP Vol. 8, No. 3, MayNune 1998

E TEP
acteristics, power system terminal parameters (such as
source voltages and equivalent source impedances) as
well as fault parameters describing fault location and
type. The output data are the fault current in the faulty
phase conductor, magnetic vector potential (MVP) distribution in the cross-section of the parallel exposure,
eddy currents induced in skywires and earth, and voltages induced at points across pipeline sections HJ and KJ
and remote earth.

to a mesh of 14000 to 16000elements. Relative element

distribution in this mesh reveals the good behaviour of
thecriterion chosen. A subsequent refinement is not necessary because, although it rises the number of triangles
up to 50 %, MVP results are hardly influenced.

4 Analysis of Currents and Voltages

The voltage /JAB across two points A, B is defined
from the electrical fieldE and the path joining A and B as:

3 Finite-Element Formulation
of the Electromagnetic Field
If the cross-section shown in Fig. l a lies on the x-y
plane, the linear two-dimensional electromagnetic diffision problem for the z-direction components& andl, of
the MVP vector and of the total current density vector, respectively, is described by the system of equations [ 181:

(3)

This voltage depends not only on the end points A

and B, but also on the path, because the field is time-varying. In Fig. 2 and 3 this path is assumed to be a straight
line joining A and B.
If displacement currents are neglected, path AB is
parallel to the direction of the current density and belongs on the surface of a conductor having conductivity
0,then eq. (3) leads to
B

CAB= j E d 1 = AJ -,1
where a i s the conductivity, o is the angular frequency,
po andpu,are the vacuum and relative perrneabilities, respectively, I,:is the source current density in the z-direction and _li is the current flowing through conductor i
of cross-section S,.
The FEM formulation of eqs. ( 1a) to ( I c) leads [ 191
to a matrix equation, which is solved using the Crout
variation of Gauss elimination. From the solution of this
system, the values of the MVP in every node of the discretization domain as well as the unknown source current densities are calculated. Consequently, the eddy
current density & of element e is obtained from the relation [ 181

and the total element current density J E will be the sum

of the conductor4 source current density J,; and of the
element eddy current density J',: given by eq. (2a), i. e.

Integration of eq. (2b) over a conductor cross-section will give the total current flowing through this conductor.
The total solution domain for our problem, which is
a square with 10km side, is subdivided in first-order triangular finite elements. A Deluunuy-based [20] adaptive mesh generation algorithm has been used for the
original discretization. The continuity requirement of
the flux density B on the interface between neighbouring elements has been chosen [2 I] as the criterion for an
iteratively adaptive mesh refinement. The Defuunuybased original mesh of approximately 3 OOO elements,
using the above criterion, led in almost.all cases tested
ETEP Vol. 8, No. 3, MayNune 1998

(4)

where J:, 0.1 are the z-direction component of the total

current density, the conductivity and the conductor
length, respectively.
The voltage /JBC across a path BC, e. g. from B to
the remote earth C of Fig. 3, through which a current _I(
flows, is given by
r

where R f is the fault resistance.

.
f!

Earth surface

195

ETEP
4.1 Faradays Law Application
for Fault-Current Determination

been checked with results from Carsons [ 11 relations in

simplified cases (i. e. without buried conductors) and the
differences found were less than 2 9%.

The earth fault shown in Fig. 2 and 3 leads to a total

current flowing in the section AB of faulted phase L1
and back along the path ABCLDEFGA. If reference
earth CLDEF is supposed to be a conducting plane of infinite conductivity, then current lrmay be determined by
combining FEM calculations and Faradays law applied
in the closed path ABCFGA

a 0 = 0,
f Ed1 + at

where 0 is the flux of the magnetic field through the

closed path ABCFGA. Using phasors, in a two-dimensional field this flux is given in the plane (x, y ) by

g=A_,1,
(7)
where 4:is the z-component of the MVP and 1 is the
length of the path AB.
Using eq. (6)with phasors instead of time functions
we obtain

UAB
+ Uec + UCF+ UFG+ UGA
+ j W = 0,

(8)

where
B

J.1
CAB= Ed1 = -,
A

(T

UBC=1rRf,

(9b)

U C F = 0,

(9c)

U f f i= LRgr
YGA=-UO+~~Z~.

(9d)

(9e)
Finally, the source phase voltage U Ocan be expressed with two additive terms in brackets as follows:
(10)

The first term on the right-hand side of eq. ( 10) is the

voltage due to the concentrated elements R,, Z,and Rf.
The second term contains quantities J ; and&, which are
uniquely determined by FEM calculations for a given
fault current If.So, if we impose a current lm = 1 A c O,
a base Voltage u b is computed from eq. (lo) as

4.2 Faradays Law Application

for Pipeline Voltage Determination
We consider now the pipeline HK of Fig. 2 and 3,
running parallel to the faulted phase L1. The pipeline is
grounded with a resistance R,, at the point J, while both
end-points K and H have no connections to earth, i. e.
they correspond to insulating junctions. Applying
Faradays law in the loop PNQDJP, the voltage across a
point P and remote earth N is obtained as a function of
its distance z from J:

UPN=j 4 , o z .

(12)
The maximum value of this voltage is occurred
across point K and remote earth M as:

UKM
= j4,olZ.

(13)
Due to the symmetry of pipeline HK across grounding point J, the same conclusions hold for both sections
KJ and HJ.
The above method can also be used for other
pipelines configurations, if for example the pipeline is
grounded with resistancesR,, at both ends -points K and
H as shown in Fig. 4. In this case section HK is part of
the closed loop HKLQDEH and a current 1, will flow
through it. Applying as previously Furuduys law eq. (6)
in the two loops PKLQNP, HKLQDEH, the voltage
across a point P, lying between the grounding points H,
K, and remote earth N is obtained as:

Therefore the voltage within the grounded in both

sides section HK varies, as we move from H to K, from
an initial phasor value R,, 1, to zero and finally to- R,, 1,.

Faulted phase L1

E d

Earth surface
Buried pipeline

where L:b and q z b are the current density and the MVP
on the surface of the phase conductors, respectively, calculated using E M . Finally, ifis calculated from

where YOis the known source phase voltage of the terminal, shown in Fig. 2 and 3.
The calculation of in eqs. (1 1a) and (1lb) takes
into account soil properties and buriedconductors. It has
196

c--c

1,

_ _

Fig. 4. Circuit diagram for the pipeline configuration with

resistances R , at both end-points K and H

ETEP Vol. 8, No. 3 , MayIJune 1998

ETEP
The corresponding magnitude variation will be from
IRELl to zero and finally to IRpg~cI.
It should be mentioned that eq. ( 14)holds if the leakage currents are neglected, which is reasonable for nowadays synthetic coatings [ 161.

Results

The system shown in Fig. 1,2 and 3 has been investigated for several different cases. According to eqs. ( 11a)
and ( 1 lb), the fault current of phase L1 has been calculated equal to 2 OOO A. Using this current, the twodimensional diffusion equation has been solved for different
separation distances d between the pipeline and the center of the overhead line, when initially no mitigation
wires are present. Using FEM MVP results and applying
Furuduy's law in the loop PNQDJP of Fig. 2 and 3, the
voltage across points at pipeline sections HJ and KJ and
remote earth is calculated. Fig. 5 shows the amplitude of
this voltage UPN = I u p N I for!r= 1OOO A <0" across a point
Pat a distance z = 1 OOO m from J and remote earth N, as
well as its dependence on variations of separation distance nand of earth resistivity.This voltage is proportional to the fault current. Therefore, Fig. 5 can be easily used
to predict the voltage for any value of current Lr.

3
2
1oo

lo2
2
d -

lo3 m 2

Fig. 5. Voltage U ~ for

N = 1OOO A < 0" across the point P (at a
distance z = 1 OOO m from J) and remote earth N of Fig. 2 and 3,
as a function of the separation distanced of Fig. 1a (i. e. of the
distance of the pipeline from the centre of the overhead line)
for three different earth resistivities; curve 1 is for earth resistivity 1OOO Rm, curve 2 for 100 R m and curve 3 for 30 R m

Number of
mitigationwires / material
none
1 I copper
2 I copper
3 I copper
. 1 /aluminum
2 /aluminum
3 I aluminum

UPN(in V)

(if=lOOOA<O")
100.3
45

29.2
21.2
57
38
28.3

Tab. 1. Effect of the buried mitigation wires of Fig. l a on

magnetically induced voltage Um,across point P (at a distance z = lo00 m from J) of pipeline and remote earth N; the
earth resistivity is 100 Rm, the separation distance d between
pipeline and the centre of the overhead line is 200 m, the bare
mitigation wires have a radius equal to 5 mm and they are
located at a distance equal to I m from the pipeline centre

ETEP Vol. 8, No. 3, May/June 1998

Fig 6.Flux lines ( A = const) of the electromagnetic field, for

a pipeline-overhead line separation distance equal to 200 m;
there are three aluminum mitigation wires near the pipeline
and the earth resistivity is 100 C!m

The calculated voltages are exactly valid for a phase

conductorheight of 11 m. For separationdistancesd> 50 m
the voltage differs less than 10 %, for conductor heights
8 m to 24 m. Consequently,the results presented here may
also be used for other phase conductor heights.
Tab. 1 analyses the reduction of voltage obtained by
installing progressively more bare mitigation wires with
low resistivity material such as copper and aluminium,
as shown in Fig. la. From the results of Tab. 1 it is clear
that buried mitigation wires may be very effective. For
example, the three aluminium mitigation wires reduce
the pipeline voltage by 72.4 %. Using FEM it was found
that, when the mitigation wire has a very low self impedance, the diameter of the conductor is much less important than the proximity of the wires to the pipeline and
the number of wires used.
The effect of voltage mitigation due to the aluminium wires may be easily understood from the MVP distribution shown in Fig. 6. In this case there are three aluminium wires near to pipeline, as shown in the basic
Separation
Technical
Difference
distance d Recommendation No 7 FEM
UPN(in V) (in %)
fin ml
UPNf in V)
25
70
100
200
500

800
lo00
2000

223.7
169.2
146.15
107.7
60.5
38.2
28.9
8.46

202.1
155.1
136.2
100.3
55.1
35. I
26.4
1.82

9.65
8.33
6.8
6.87
8.92
8.11
8.65
7.56

Tab. 2. Comparison between Technical Recommendation

No. 7 and FEM,concerning voltage UPNfOrdf = 1 OOo A < 0"
across point P (at a distance z = I OOO m from J) and remote
earth N of Fig. 2 and 3, as a function of the separation distance d of Fig .la (i. e. of the distance of the pipeline from
the centre of the overhead line) when no mitigation wires are
present; the earth resistivity is 100R rn
197

ETEP
B
E

magnetic flux density

electric field intensity
conductor length
magnetic flux
source phase voltage
voltage across point P of pipeline and remote
earth N
current flowing through the closed loop
HKLQDEH
separation distance between the pipeline and the
center of the overhead line

system of Fig. 1a. The presence of the mitigation wires

compressed the induction field towards the faulted line.
On the other hand when no mitigation wires are present,
the magnetic field has a y-axis symmetry and the flux
lines in the pipeline region are similar to those on the left
part of Fig. 6.
Finally, Tab. 2 shows a comparison between FEM
andTechnicalRecommendationNo. 7 161results, for the
same case shown in Fig. 2 and 3. This comparison concerns inductivevoltage UPNacrosspoints P (at a distance
z = 1 OOO m from J) and remote earth N of Fig. 2 and 3,
as a function of the separation distance d of Fig. la (i. e.
of the distance of the pipelinefrom the centre of the overhead line), when no mitigation wires are present. Since
the difference is smaller than 10 %, the authors believe
that FEM results are in good agreement with those provided by Technical Recommendation No. 7 [6].

7.3 Subscripts

6 Conclusions

e
b

1
@

UO
PN

1,
d

7.2 Superscripts
e

The finite-element solution of the two-dimensional

electromagneticdiffusion equation leads to useful conclusions concerning the inductive interaction between
overhead transmission lines and buried conductors.
Using the distribution of the electromagnetic field
(deriving from FEM solution) and Furuduy's law, fault
current of the overhead transmission line as well as induced voltages in buried pipelines have been computed.
The results concerning the voltage have been compared
with corresponding results of Technical Recommendation No. 7 [61 and the differences found were less than
10 %. The influence of buried bare mitigation wires has
also been investigated, leading in some cases to a pipeline voltage reduction up to 72.4 %. The method is also
capable to take into account any configurationand number of overhead transmission lines, buried conductors
and mitigation wires.

7 List of Principal Symbols, Subscripts,

Superscripts and Abbreviations
7.1 Symbols
source impedance
fault resistance
ground resistance of source neutral
pipeline-to-ground resistance
distance between a point P of pipeline and the
nearest grounding of pipeline
fault current
t-direction component of magnetic vector potential
z-direction component of total current density
conductivity
angular frequency
vacuum permeability
relative permeability
z-direction component of source current density
current flowing through conductor i
cross section of conductor i
z-direction component of eddy current density

finite element e

eddycurrent
base quantity
conductor i

7.4 Abbreviations
Electrical Power Research Institute
EPRI
American Gas Association
AGA
ECCAPP Electromagnetic & Conductive Coupling
Analysis from Powerlines to Pipelines
FEM
Finite Element Method
MVP
Magnetic Vector Potential

References
Carson, J. R.: Wave Propagation in Overhead Wires
with Ground Return, Bell System. Tech. J. 5 (1926)
no. 5. pp. 539-554
Pohf, J.: Beeinflussung von umhiiIlten Rohrleitungen
durch Hochspannungsfreileitungen. Cigd-Conf. 1966,
Conf.-Rec. no. 326
Bocker; H.; Oeding, D.: Induktionsspannung an Pipelines in Trassen von Hochspannungsleitungen.E1ektriz.wirtsch. 65 (1966) no. 5, pp. 157- 170
Kaiser; G.:Die elektrischen Konstanten von Rohrleitungen und ihre Messung. E n - A Elektrotech. Z. 87 (1966)
no. 2, pp. 792 -796
Sunde,E. D.: Earth Conduction Effects in Transmission
Systems. New YorkNSA: Dover Publ., 1968
Tech. Recomm. No. 7: Arbitration Agency for Problems
of InterferenceBetween Installationsof the German Federal Railways, the German Federal Post Office and the
Association of German Power Utilities. Frankfurt a. M.
/Germany: Verlags und Wirtsch.-gesellsch. der Elektrizitiitswerke mbH (VWEW),
1982
Dabkowski, J.; Tajlove, A.: Mutual Design Considerations for Overhead AC Transmission Lines and Gas
TransmissionPipelines. Palo Alto, CANSA: EPRI Rep.
EL-904, 1978, V O ~ .1, Ch. 3
Fraiser etal.: Power Line-Induced AC Potential on Natural Gas Pipelines for Complex Rights-of-way Configurations. Palo Alto, CA/USA: EPRI/A.G.A. Project 7422 EL-3106iT'R-151-127,1983
Power Line Fault Current Coupling to Nearby Natural
Gas Pipelines. Palo Alto, CANSA: EPRI/A.G.A. Project 742 EL-547UPR176-5 10.1987
[ 101 Dawalibi, E ; Southey, R. D.: Analysis of Electrical Interference from Power Lines to Gas Pipelines Part I: Computation Methods. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery
PWRD-4 (1989) no. 3, pp. 1840- 1846

ETEP Vol. 8, No. 3, May/June 1998

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[ 1 I ] Dawalibi, E ; Sourhey, R. D.: Analysis of Electrical Interference from Power Lines to Gas Pipelines, Part 11: Par-

ametric Analysis. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery

PWRD-5 (1990)no. I , pp.415-421
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[ 141 Meynaud, f?: Progress Report of Study Committee 36
(Interference)for I990 and I99 1. Electra no. 142, 1992,
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metalliques (a paraitre). ParidFrance: CigrC
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Manuscript received on May 14, 1996

The Authors
Kostas J. Satsios (1971) received the
Dip].-Eng. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering at the
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
/Greece in 1994. Since 1994 he is a
Ph.D. student in the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering
at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. His research interests are in finite elements and artificial-intelli-

ETEP Vol. 8, No. 3, May/June 1998

gence applications in poker systems. He is a member of the

Society of Professional Engineers of Greece. (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Power Systems Laboratory, P.O. Box 486,
GR-54006 ThessaloniWGreece,Phone: +303 1 /99 63 56, Fax:
+ 30 3 I 19963 02, E-mail: satsios@eng.auth.gr)
Dimitris P. Labridis (1958) received
the Dipl.-Eng. degree and the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical
Engineering at the Aristotle University
of Thessaloniki/Greece in 198I and
1989, respectively. From 1982to 1993
he has been working, at first as a Research Assistant and later as a Lecturer, at the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki. Since 1994 he has been
an Assistant Professor at the same Department. His special
interests are power-system analysis with special emphasis on
the simulation of transmission and distribution systems, electromagnetic and thermal field analysis and numerical methods
in engineering. (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Power Systems
Laboratory, P.O. Box 486, GR-54006 Thessaloniki/Greece,
Phone:+3031/996374,Fax: +3031/996302, E-mail: labridis
@eng.auth.gr)
Petros S. Dokopoulos ( 1939) received
the Dipl.-Eng. degree from theTechnical University of AthendGreece in
1962 and the Ph.D. degree from the
University of BrunswicWGermany, in
1967. From 1962 to 1967 he was with
the Laboratory for High Voltage and
Transmission at the University of
Brunswick, from I967 to 1974with the
Nuclear Research Centre at Julich/Germany, and from 1974 to 1978
with the Joint European Torus. Since 1978 he has been Full
Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering at the
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He has worked as consultant to Brown Boveri & Cie. Mannheim/Germany, to Siemens, Erlanged Germany, to Public Power CorporatiodGreece and to National TelecommunicationOrganization and
construction companies in Greece. His scientific fields of
interest are dielectrics, power switches, power generation
(conventionaland fusion),transmission, distribution and control in power systems. (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Power
Systems Laboratory, P.O. Box 486, GR-54006 Thessaloniki,
Greece, Phone: + 30 3 1 / 99 63 2 1, Fax: + 30 3 1/ 99 63 02, Email: dokopoulos@eng.auth.gr)

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